14 mount-everest-dingri by Ngawang tharpa

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Gu-Chu-Sum Book Published by the Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet (Ex-political Prisoners’ Association) Jogibara Road, P.O.McLeod Ganj Dharamsala-176219 H.P. India www.guchusum.org Biography of an activist. Vol 14

The Son of Mount Everest Biography of Dingri Ngawang Edited by Lobsang Tashi Cover and Design: Sonam Tsewang Copyright © Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet First edition 500 copies, 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this book maybe reproduced by any means without prior written permission from the publisher.

Printed at Indraprastha Press (CBT), New Delhi

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ÆP-¿S-¾ô¼-hP-ü hPÞ¾-ÆP-zhÝm-hP-Ÿô-¿Sü zTß-¾ô¼ü Zï¼-¿SºÛ-¾ô¼ü zM-¾ô¼-zTÅ-»ôhü ¯Û-Æô¾-mÛü Ÿô-GP-hP-Ç+¼-¤-GTÛG-¾-^ø-D-TÛGhP-ü Ÿô-GP-zTß-¾-ÆP-GP-ü ÆP-¿S-zTß-¾-lô-±h-GTÛG-»Ûmü wm±ßm-ÇKô-xãGÅ-hP-T-hPôÅ-Zô-hÝÅ-lô-±h-ˆÛ-IPÅ-¤-GbôGÅ-hPÞ¾-GŸmn¤Å-zïh-¤Û-uôhü hPÞ¾-hï-n¤Å-ˆÛ-fôG-zôh-»ÛG-hP-¤±ôm-hôm-¿kmqºÛ-¼Û-¤ô-Ço-±ôGÅ-¾Å-»ÛG-¼ÛGÅ-GŸm-GTÛG-ˆP-z;ôh-¤ïhü ¾-Çeôh-hÛP-¼ÛºÛ-»Þ¾-¤Û-n¤Å-VôÅ-¾-hh-TÛP.¾Å-ºƒÅ-¾-»ÛhVïÅ-qü „Àô-iP-¾-±ßGÅ-fÞz-qü ¼P-ZÛh-h¤º-Å-z¸ÞP-ŸÛP-GŸm-¾GÝÅ-qü zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-Dz-hP-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-¾-Á-Ÿïm-Vï-ŸÛP.z;º-z¯Û-GÝÅz;Ý¼-hP-¿km-qü ¾ÞÅ-hP-¾ôPÅ-uôh-GP-GÛ-V-mÅ-M¾-Dz-hP.¤Û-¼ÛGÅˆÛ-ŸzÅ-ºhïGÅ-ŸÝ-Mã¼-„Àô-GZÛÅ-fï-±ô¤-hP.ü Bô-P¾-¤ïh-q-zTÅ-ˆÛEh-VôÅ-hÝ-¤-hP-¿km-q-»Ûmü »Þ¾-hïºÛ-mP-¾-Çeôh-¿Ëô-hÛP-¼Û-hGº-¼-DP-GÅ¼-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-EÛ¤±P-ŸÛG-ˆP-GmÅ-zTÅ-ÁÛP-¤Û-¼zÅ-¼Û¤-qÅ-ŸÛ-iG-GZÛÅ-mÅ-M¾-DzhP.ü ¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-ŸzÅ-ºhïGÅ-TÛ-mÝÅ-ŸÝ-zŸÛm-qºÛ-EÛ¤-hïºÛ-zÞ-¤ô¼ü ¾-Çeôh-w-iâG-IôP-h;¼-zM-hqôm-HÛ-zÞ-¹-z-M¾-qô-¤G-q¼-zÅÞÅü DôPGZÛÅ-¾-zÞ-yâG-¤ÛP-ÆÛP-GÅÞ¤-‚ãP-ü hïºÛ-mP-mÅ-Vï-z-hP-VßP-z-GZÛÅzÞ-¤ô-»Ûm-ŸÛP-ºƒÛP-z-hï-zÞ-¿ËG-q-»Ûmü 6

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n¤Å-Gô-ºWô-Åï¼-D¼-Å-ÆâP-Vïh-zBôh-hGôÅ-qºÛ-z;º-¤PGÅ-¤²hq-zŸÛmü Í-¤-¤±ô-¤ôÅ-P-ÇK¾-q¼-ºEï¼-mÅ-w-¿ËG-qºÛ-XïÅ-ÅÞ-P-±ôGÅÞ¤-»P-ºƒPÅü PÅ-im-ÅôÅ-®¤-¾-w-h¤-q-¾-ÅôGÅ-q-¤Û-IPÅºGº-ŸÛG-Gô-Wô-Åï¼-D-mÅ-ZÛm-GÅÞ¤-®¤-HÛ-Å-V-ºhm-VôÅ-ºDô¼-hGômmÅ-M-h¤G-¤f¼-z=ôh-GbôP-z¼-wïzÅ-q-hP-ü P-±ô-»P-¤Z¤-ºFÛhGmP-Çeï-P-±ô-ºhm-DôG-bà-zŸG-Çeï-h¤G-ºfz-¾-xÛmü h¤G-fG-Vôh¤±¤Å-GmÅ-¤W¾-z¼-FÛh-q-hP.ü hïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-T-hP-hÛP-¼Û-h¤G-GÛÅ¤±m-ºGïzÅ-zbP-mÅ-zÅh-qºÛ-M-h¤G-ÁÛ-zºÛ-¼ô-ºGº-ŸÛG-Å-ÁÝ¾ŸÛG-bà-»ôh-q-P-±ôÅ-¤fôP-ü hï-mÅ-¤Þ-¤fÞh-Gô-ºWô-Åï¼-D¼-GmÅ-¤Þ¼GTßP-qô-q-ÅPÅ-z®Å-ÁÛP-ü hÛP-h¤G-n¤Å-¤hô-uÛºÛ-Ç+Ý-ÆâP-¾-z;ººGÝG-GmP-XïÅ-Vz-¤hô¼-GTßP-qô-d-¤IÛm-z®Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1942 ¾ô¼-w-¿ËG-q-hGÝP-IPÅ-Åô-zMh-¾-Åôm-qºÛÇ+zÅ-DôP-¾-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-¾ôP-D¼-GZm-ºzÞ¼-ŸÛG-BïÅ-bïü ²-iG-Wï-Vï¼Hã¼-mÅ-¼P-ZÛh-º±ô-¤Û-fÞz-q-ÁïÅ-ÁÛP-ü h¤G-ÇK¼-HÛ-¿kÛP-hqôm-Ç+¾z¸P-¾GÅ-ºzôh-mÅ-yâG-GÝºÛ-ºGô-ºhôm-º±ô-BôP-»ôP-zºÛ-¼ï-z-ŸÝÅ-bï¹-z-GZÛÅ-XïÅ-w-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼ü w-º±ô-zŸÝGÅ-Ç+zÅ-DôP-GÛ-¹-¼ïºÛ-wôGÅ-®¤-¤-¸hü Ÿô¼-hÝ±ôP-¾Å-‚Å-mÅ-P-±ôºÛ-EÛ¤-±P-GÛ-º±ô-z¼-h;º-P¾-TÛ-»P-¤ïh-ˆP-ü 8

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Ç+zÅ-hï-mÅ-z¸ÞP-P-±ôºÛ-º±ô-z¼-h;º-P¾-Wï-Vï¼-Hã¼-bï-º±ô-fzÅ-VïhÍ-¤-¾GÅ-hP-ü ¾ô-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾-Åôm-qºÛ-GTïm-¤ô-ÍÞ-Mm-Oô¾-¤Å¼Û-mÅ-¤ï-ÁÛP-hP-ü Çeôm-D¼-ÁÛP-bôG-hP-¼P-‚ãP-¼Û-BïÅ-GÅï¼-Á-ÅôGÅºfÞ-mÅ-z®ôP-q-hP-ü ¼P-¾ô-zTß-¾-Åôm-qºÛ-P-¼P-d-iï¾-HÛ-Mm-V-hPÇ~äG-V¾-¾ÞGÅ-MG-¤Dm-ƒG-G»z-q-n¤Å-ˆÛ-¤hÝmü Ç~äh-q-MG-qºÛ¾Å-;-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¤Û-G»ôG-MãG-Çeï-¿eô-GôÅ-º±ô¾-fzÅ-‚Åü

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GZÛÅ-qü

¾ô-zTß-¾-Åôm-qºÛ-hÐ-yâG-h¤G¤Û¼-ŸÝGÅ-qü (1942-1953)

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FÛ¤Å-h¤-mm-ÆâP-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-z;º-¤PGÅ-GmP-ü w-ºhÅ-qºÛ-Gb¤-Pm-hï-Çkï-hGï¼-fôÅ-qÅ-ZÛm-ŸÛG-Í-ŸPlô-Xï-¾GÅ-Vz-¤hô¼-P-±ô-fÞG-ºyh-hÝ-»ôP-Çeïü Á-±-¸ô¾-¤ïh-ˆÛÅ¤-zÞ-n¤Å-Çkï-hGï-hGº-Xï¼-ºIô-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-ÍÞ-±ßGÅ-mm-ˆÛÅ-zÁhˆP-ü Í-¤-¾GÅ-mÅ-zÞ-PG-hzP-h¤G-¤Û¼-º±ßh-q-hP-ü yâGGÝºÛ-wºÛ-Çtäm-Zï-f¤Å-Th-ˆP-hÛP-¼Û¼-»ôh-ÇezÅ-hÛP-¼Û¼-ºIô-»Û-»Ûmü z¸º-¹-ºhÅ-ˆP-zÞ-yâG-n¤Å-¾-zÅ¤-„Àô-¤-GbP-z¼-¼P-ºhôh-¿e¼‚ïh-fzÅ-¤ïh-TÛP-ü GTïm-qôÅ-Pïh-¤-Ç¨h-n¤Å-¾-Åï¤Å-ºDÞ¼-¸ô¾¤ïh-GmP-z¼-fÞGÅ-Xï-Vï-ŸïÅ-Åï¤Å-fG-Vôh-qôÅ-zÁhü iÛm-Tm-Bïh¤Å-P-±ôºÛ-zhï-ÇkÝG-¾-Åï¤Å-ºDÞ¼-HÛÅ-Í-ŸP-¾GÅ-GÛ-¤hÝm-Gh¤G-hï-¿e¼-¤²h-q-hP-ü ZÛm-ÁÅ-ÇSôm-P-h¤G-¤Û¼-º±ßh-q¼-hGº±ô¼-Vïm-qô-‚ïh-qºP-hôm-hÝ-P-±ô-D¤Å-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-Bô-qô¼¾ÞÅ-hôGÅ-¼ïhü zôh-M¾-Dz-Vïm-qôºÛ-h¤G-¤Û¼-GÅ¼-ŸÝGÅ-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-G¸ÞGÅfP-Gô-ºwï¼-fôG-¼P-¾ô-zTô-zMh-¾-Åôm-q-ŸÛG-hP-ü ¤hº-hqôm-¤hÝm¤Û-zz-um-zÁï¼-¾-zT¼-hGôÅ-qºÛ-V-Aïm-GZÛÅ-mÛ-¤-¤f¼-hGôÅü ºôm-ˆP-w-»Û-‚Å-z¸P-XïÅ-ºƒï¾-HÛÅ-¼P-ZÛh-h¤G-¤Û¼-º²â¾hÝÅ-h¤ÛGÅ-zÅ¾-fôz-q-hP-ü P-±ô-BïÅ-®¤-mÅ-h¤G-¤Û-hP-ºƒ¾11

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¾ô - zTß - ¾-Åô m -qºÛ - hÐ - yâ G -h¤G-¤Û ¼ -ŸÝ G Å-qü

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ºE¤Å-qôº-Û ºGô-G®ôü (1953-1958)

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100

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hzÞ Å -mÅ-Á¼-hÝ - FÛ h -qü

101

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101

102

Wô - ¤ô - JÀ P -¤ºÛ - zÞ - yâ G

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Hïm-¾PÅ-±ôGÅ-qü (1965-1968) v-¾ÞP-hÝ-Vz-¤hô-Å-DÞ¾-HÛ-z®ôm-q-¾Å-¤Û¼-zNå¼-z-¤ÛIPÅ-zMh-Tß - H-GTÛ G -hP-ym-±ô - ¤Z¤-hÝ - zŸG-Çe ï ü GP-‚ã P ºIô-zBôh-¤Û-VôG-qºÛ-Å-¤±¤Å-Gbm-ºDï¾-z¸ôÅ-q-hP-ü Åhï-mÅ-zL¾-hGôÅ-m-zTß-hqôm-zMãh-M-¾Å-¾-hGôPÅ-q-ŸÝ-hGôÅq-¤-¸hü DÞ ¾ -hï º Û - ¤Û - Åï ¼ -hP-ºƒï ¾ -zü mP-DÞ ¾ -¤Gô - zhï JÀGÅ-±ôP-ü M-¾Å-ˆÛ-z;º-¾-Hïm-¿kôG-¤Û-VôG-q-ÅôGÅ-¤hô¼m| Mãm-hÝ-GŸÝP-GÛ-z;º-¿e¼-¾Å-;-‚ïh-Mã-¾Å-BG-GTÛm-GbôPzºÛ-hzP-V-¤-GbôGÅ-¤ïh-TïÅ-GÅ¾-qô¼-zÁhü hï¼-¾Å-hôm¼Þ - DG-;Ý m -hGºÛ - ¤hÝ m -mÅ-fô z -qºÛ - hï z -¾-z¿e Å -qÅü ºƒÛ - Vß - ±ß m -HÛ - zô h -Å-n¤Å-Å-DÞ ¾ -zhÝ m -hÝ - zGô Å -ºhÝ G -q102

Hï m -¾PÅ-±ô G Å-qü

103

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104

Wô - ¤ô - JÀ P -¤ºÛ - zÞ - yâ G

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Hï m -¾PÅ-±ô G Å-qü

105

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106

Wô - ¤ô - JÀ P -¤ºÛ - zÞ - yâ G

¸z-‚Å-q-hP-ºIô-D¼-¤¼-ŸÛG-ˆP-zÇ+Ý¼ü G¸º-ºDô¼-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-XïÅ-PºÛ-ÇeïÅ-hzP-GÛ-IôGÅ-qô-h;¼-¤Gôm¾-fÞGÅ-Xï-Vï-ŸÝ-Vïhü »P-zB¼-v-¾ÞP-wÞ¼-xÛm-bï-xã-q-Çtä-yâG-GTÛG»ôh-q-hï-DôP-¾-¾G-dGÅ-±ß¾-hÝ-vh-qÅ-DôP-GÛÅ-¤-¿eôGÅ-®¤-hP-ü ¤-IP-®¤-‚ãP-mü Mã-mô¼-zÅGÅ-mÅ-ÅôÅ-h¾-Çkôh-qºÛ-hÝÅ-¤-»Ûmü P-¾-ÇS¼-z¸º-¹-EÛ¤-±P-hP-ü wÞ-¾-¼Þ-z-hP-¤hº-¾-Å-ŸÛP-»ôh-qºÛmô¼-zhG-Tm-»Ûm-»P-h-V-mô¼-¤ïh-hzÞ¾-zºÛ-wô-ÉïP-ŸÛG-bà-Hã¼ü hÝÅ-m¤-ŸÛG-¾-z®m-M¾-M-h¤¼-ºhÛ-hP-ºfz-ºFâG-‚ïh-qºÛGô-Ç+zÅ-ÇKÝG-zÇkh-q-¾Å-GŸm-zÅ¤-q-GP-»P-¤ïhü TïÅ-G»ô-¸ô¾Çtä-®¤-¤ïh-q¼-Áôh-qü PÅ-M-G¼-mÅ-fôm-qºÛ-;ô-zºÛ-¿eô-wh-GTÛG-»ôhq-hï-DôP-¾-ÍÞ-±ßGÅ-ˆÛÅ-¿Ë¤-z¸ô-Vïh-wÞ¾-ŸÛP-ü DôP-ÇÀh-wm-fôGÅ»ôh-qºÛ-¤Û-ŸÛG-»Ûm-q-ÁïÅ-‚ãP-¾-ZÛm-hï-¿Ëôh-qô¼-zÇkh-hï-JÀô-»Þ¾-zMãhM-G¼-hÝ-ºIô-¾¤-ŸÛz-q-hP-ü M-G¼-mÅ-ºhÛ-G¼-ZÝ¾-¤-ÇÀïzÅ-Å¤ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-qÅü DôP-GÛÅ-PºÛ-iÛ-z-hï¼-hô-ÇoP-Vïm-qôÅ-W-ºfÞP-zŸÛm-qºÛW-wô¼-ÇeïGÅ-zÞºÛ-fôG-zŸG-Çeïü hôm-hï-PÅ-ˆP-ÇKÝG-mÅ-ÇoP-ºWôG-‚ïhÇ+zÅ-Çtô-zô-μôP-GÛ-Á¼-xôGÅ-¼Û-¯ï¼-¤±m-¤ô-JÀôG-zŸÝºÛ-ºôh-¤hPÅ-¤fôPz-¤-¸hü M-GŸÝP-GÛ-Mz-xôGÅ-h¤G-ÇK¼-Vïm-qôºÛ-Zï-ºI¤-Çtô-zô-GÅÞ¤º²ô¤Å-ˆÛ-ƒG-hˆÛ¾-Å-ºôG-bàü M-G¼-Åô-qÅ-Ç~Å-qºÛ-¤Û-zŸÛÅ-zˆG106

Hï m -¾PÅ-±ô G Å-qü

107

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108

Wô - ¤ô - JÀ P -¤ºÛ - zÞ - yâ G

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Hï m -¾PÅ-±ô G Å-qü

109

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110

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Hï m -¾PÅ-±ô G Å-qü

111

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¤ô¾-‚Å-qºÛ-mP-LÝ-ÁP-hÝ-ºzÞ¤-fP-hq¾-¿km-¾GÅ-ˆÛÅ-ºGô-ºFÛh-hïOÛG-GŸÛ-ÅôGÅ-DôP-GÛ-fÞGÅ-hrh-GmP-Mã-hP-ü G®ô-Vï-ÁôÅ-±ôGÅqºÛ-GÅP-GmÅ-ÆâP-Bôz-Vïh-¤Û-ÅÞºÛ-¤hÝm-ÇS-mÅ-GÅP-GmÅ-H¼-»PhïÅ-¼P-ÆôG-hô¼-bïü ÇÀh-¯h-GTôh-‚ïh-»Þ¾-¤ïh-q¼-±ôGÅ-q-»Þm-GmÅ»ôP-fzÅ-‚ïh-hGôÅ-qºÛ-zÅ¤-¤fÞm-‚ãP-ü DôP-hP-¤W¾-z-hïÅ-ym-HÛ-ºhôh-fôG-d-MãG-q-®¤-¤-¸hü ¿ËGq¼-DôP-GÛ-fÞGÅ-ÇeôzÅ-ˆÛÅ-ym-¾-ÇÀ¼-»P-GÅôm-ÁÝGÅ-GÅ¼-q-ŸÛG¢Ûm-‚ãP-zÅü hGº-ŸÛP-vô-ŸÛP-¾ôG-Ç+zÅ-@P-qºÛ-ºhïGÅ-ºWôG-ˆPhÝÅ-Mãm-¾Å-»P-zºÛ-ÇoP-z-ºV¼ü h-hÝP-mP-GÅïÅ-iâG-q¼-zôh-Bôz-±ôGÅ-q-º²âGÅ-q¼-zdGhrh-ŸÛz-mm-‚Å-q-zMãhü hïºÛ-DôPÅ-ˆÛ-¾Å-¤Û-zz-¿ËÛP-zdm-GÅÞ¤¿km-qºÛ- **** ºôÅ-ÁôÅ-ÅÞ-¤fôP-Çeïü P-±ôºÛ-ŸÛP-¼ºÛ-mh-qÁï¾-h;¼-VôÅ-ÇkïºÛ-IÔ-„Àô-z¸P-¼ÛG-Iô¾-GhôP-VßºÛ-Ç¨m-DP-hÝ-Bï¾z¼-ºIô-Ç+zÅü fzÅ-ˆÛÅ-DôP-GbàGÅ-bï-P-GZÛÅ-IôÅ-¤ô¾-‚Åq-zMãh-mP-GÅïÅ-iâG-q¼-DôP-GÛÅ-ºGm-zÇo¤Å-qºÛ-zôh-Bôz-±ôGÅq-z®ßGÅ-ÁÛP-ü GÅP-GmÅ-ÆâP-Vïh-GôP-GÛ-IôÅ-hôm-hP-GTÛG-¤±ßPÅzÅ¤-¤fÞm-‚ãP-ü PÅ-h-hÝP-P-±ôºÛ-ŸÛP-¼ºÛ-hq¾-ºz¼-z-VôÅ-zÇem-¤PGÅ-bï112

Hï m -¾PÅ-±ô G Å-qü

113

ŸÛP-¼-GŸm-¾-»P-zôh-Bôz-±ôGÅ-q-¼ï-z®ßGÅü P-±ôºÛ-¼Þ-DG-zMh-¾-zôh-Bôz-OÛG-º²âGÅ-¼ï-¾ïGÅ-z®ßGÅfÞz-qÅü h-hÝP-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-xÛ-¼ô¾-Å-GmÅ-hï-GºÛ-»Þ¾-¤Û-hP-¾G-lP£ï¾-hGôÅ-G¾-Vï¼-¤fôP-mÅ-ºôÅ-¤Û-»P-ü Å-GmÅ-hïºÛ-¤Û-¤P-hzÞÅÇ‰m-IGÅ-Vï-ŸÛP-M-¾Å-ˆÛÅ-ÇkP-¸ÞG-Vï-zºÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-Ç¨m-q-;ô-fP-Íï¤VÛ¼-ºƒï¾-z-‚-fÞz-m-Ç‰¤-Çeïü mh-μâ-zbz-mÅ-M-¾Å-¾-zôh-Ç¨m-zÇeïmxÛ¼-zôh-ˆÛ-Ç¨m-q-;ô-fP-±ï-hqG-Å¼-GbôP-¼ôGÅ-ŸÝÅ-q-zŸÛmü ZÛmzhÝm-ºIô-Çkôh-‚-MãºÛ-hGôPÅ-ºFô¾-fôz-Çeïü DôP-¯h-GTôh-ˆÛm-;ô-fPhÝ-xÛm-bï-‚ÛÅ-q-¤P-qô-¯ï-¤ô-¯ïh-»Þ¾-ŸÛG-bà-ÇÀïzÅ-q-hP-ü hïºÛ-hˆÛ¾HÛ-‚ÛÅ-q-¾ô-zTß-®¤-Åôm-q-ŸÛG-¾-iÛÅ-qÅü ‚ÛÅ-q-hïÅ-¼Û-¿kïzÅ-ˆÛ-EÛ¤±P-GÅÞ¤-¾-¤²âz-¤ô-Gbh-hïü Á¼-¤fº-hï-;ô-fP-Íï¤-VÛºÛ-DP-q-¼ïhü TïÅ-Dô-¼P-¤Þ-¤fÞh-‚ÛÅ-q-hï-n¤Å-hP-¤Z¤-¯ïh-¤ô¼-ŸÝGÅü PÅ-‚ÛÅ-qºÛ-PG-zŸÛm-Á¼-¤fºÛ-DP-qºÛ-ÇKôºÛ-xÛ-mÅ-ºzôh-qÅü ÇKïºÞ-DÞP-mÅ-zÞh-¤ïh-¾ô-m-zŸÛ-Tß-®¤-Åôm-q-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-z¿eÅ-bï-»¼-ÁôGTïÅ-zÁh-q-zŸÛm-DP-qºÛ-mP-º²â¾-Ç+zÅü Ghm-fôG-bà-zÇkh-qºÛ-xãq-M-Ç¨äG-Hôm-ŸÛP-w¼-z¿eÅ-±ôh-¾ô-m-¿S-zTß-®¤-Åôm-qºÛ-¤Û-wô-zz-VGÅÁÛG-GÛÅ-P-¾-GP-mÅ-ºôPÅ-¤Ûm-iÛÅ-‚ãP-zü PÅ-P-¼P-G®P-¾-ÇeôhÁï¾-h;¼-mÅ-»Ûm-q-hP-ü hïP-Ç+zÅ-z®ôm-q-¾Å-¤Û¼-zNå¼-z-ŸÛG113

114

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»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zÁhü hï-ZÛm-m-±-zÇeïm-±ß¾-®¤-‚Å-q-hP-ÅP-ZÛm-hï-mÅ¼Û¤-qÅ-DôP-»Ûh-VïÅ-qºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-n¤Å-¼ï-¼ï-zŸÛm-Pô-vôh-hP-¼P-ZÛhºhÛ¼-m-±-zÇeïm-Vïh-¤-»Ûm-q¼ü zôh-Bôz-±ôGÅ-q-º²âGÅ-q¼-»ôP±ß¾-DôP-¾-ŸÝÅü DôP-GÛÅ-ym-ÅôGÅ-¾-z®ôm-DP-mP-»P-Ç‰ÛP-ÇeôzÅ-hï-¿e-zÞ-Bïhq¼-zTôÅ-¤Ûm-¾ïGÅ-GÅôºÛ-zÇSGÅ-zXôh-GmP-z-hP-ü Zï-ÇSôm-DôP¼P-¾-‚ãP-zºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-n¤Å-GÅÞPÅ-hômü zôh-Ç¨m-HÛ-¼ÛG-GŸÝPmÛ-¤Û-¤P-¾-wm-fôGÅ-È-TP-Vï-zºÛ-ÁÛm-bà-¯-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-¼ïhü ¿ËG-q¼hïP-Ç+zÅ-@P-q-Ÿ-zô-hP.ü wô-z-mh-GTôP.ü G¸º-Bôm-‚ãP-zºÛ-Mzôh-¤Û-¤P-¾-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-wm-fôGÅ-Vïm-qô-‚ãP-»ôhü hqï¼-mü μôP-ºhÛºÛºGô-FÛh-ˆÛÅ-G®ôÅ-qºÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-mh-q-hÝ-¤-ŸÛG-PºÛ-Ç¨m-zTôÅ-ˆÛÅ-iGBïh-‚ãP-»P.ü ¾ïGÅ-qºÛ-zÇeôh-zÇSGÅ-®¤-¤ïh-q¼ü mh-q-ºGº¾-m-±ºÛ-zz-zÇeàm-FG-Gb¼-z¼-¤ÛºÛ-¸ÞPÅ-FG-ºhôm-q-mÛü ¤Û-GÅôhqºÛ-fzÅ-‚ãÅ-¼ïhü TïÅ-Bôm-zXôh-hP-ºƒï¾-Çtô-zô-v-¤ô-μôP-GÛ-M-¤ÛºÛz¸ô-qºÛ-Ç¨m-DP-hÝ-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-hÝ-zbP-ü hï¼-Eïh-¼P-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-ŸzÅ-ºhïGÅ-q-ŸÛG-‚-ºhôh-m-uÛ-±ôGÅGÅ¼-qºÛ-Ç¨m-GŸÝP-ÇÀôz-hGôÅü Eïh-±ôÅ-wm-¤ïh-¸ÞPÅ-FG-Gb¼zºÛ-±z-¾-GÁG-zTôÅ-hP-ü G¸ÞGÅ-qô¼-¤ï-MG-qºÛ-±z-bà-GÅï¼-Dz114

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219

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220

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221

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222

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Çt-ô zô-v-©ôG-μôP-z¸ÞP-Ço¼Gm¤-»ÛG-G»ÞGÅ-qü (1980-1)

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224

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242

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243

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GTï m -GTß P -GZÛ Å -ˆÛ Å -PºÛ - „À ô - Ço - ºwGÅ-»Þ ¾ -hÝ - iPÅ-qü

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GTï m -GTß P -GZÛ Å -ˆÛ Å -PºÛ - „À ô - Ço - ºwGÅ-»Þ ¾ -hÝ - iPÅ-qü

247

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¾| GÁïGÅ-hÝÅ-¾ô-ÅÞ¤-Tß-Åô-zMh-®¤-»Ûmü 9] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-¯ÛzÅ-¼Û-‚P-ü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-ÇSôm-qôü ¤ÛP-zÞ;Ým-hGºü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-ÅôGÅ-zÞ-¼Ûm-Vïm-hP-¤±ßPÅ¾| GÁïGÅ-hÝÅ-¾ô-ÅÞ¤-Tß-Åô-zŸÛ-®¤-»Ûmü 10] BïÅ-»Þ¾-w-iâG Áï¾-h;¼-VôÅ-ÇkïºÛ-IÔ-q-¾ÞP-dôGÅVôÅ-ºwï¾ü MP-wÞG-GŸÛÅ-hqôm-»Ûm-qÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü GŸÛÅ-¯ï-z;¼-DP-hÝ-zTßG-mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1960 ®¤-¾-¤ÞG-ÁÛ-fïzÅü 11] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-¾ô-¾ôü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-h‚ï¼-¼ü ¤ÛP-Lm-Vïmü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-¾ô-¾ôºÛ-Lm-qô-»Ûm-qÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü z;¼DP-z®ôm-DP-ÅôGÅ-ÅÞ-¼Û¤-qÅ-zTßG-q-hP-ü hï-XïÅ-ZÛP-FÛ¼-FÛhhï-uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-ZÛP-FÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-¤ÞG-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ôzŸÛ-zTß-Ÿï-¿S-®¤-»Ûmü 12] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-w-iâG ¤ÛP-„Àô-z¸P-lô-Xïü IÔ-q-»Ûm-qhP-ü D¼-dºÛ-GŸÛÅ-hqôm-»Ûm-qÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-z;¼-DP-hÝ-zTßGq-hP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-z®ôm-DP-hï-G¼-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hïhÝÅ-¾ô-iâG-Tß-®¤-»Ûmü 13] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-GmÅ-GÅï¼-¤ôü ¤ÛP-zG-Iôü Áï¾-h;¼296

M-GŸÝ P -GÛ - Çk Ý G -¯ç z -ºô G -±ï - Æô G -Áô ¼ -zºÛ - zô h -¤Û ü

297

VôÅ-ÇkïºÛ-IÔ-q-»Ûm-q-hP-ü ¾Å-Çoï-»Ûm-q¼-zdïm-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG-mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼z®ôm-DP-hï-G¼-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-zŸÛ-zTß-®¤-»Ûmü 14] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-w-iâG EÛ¤-¤ÛP-±ÛÅ-¼ôh-Ç¨hü ¤ÛP-„Àôz¸P-¼ÛG-Iô¾ü Áï¾-h;¼-VôÅ-ÇkïºÛ-IÔ-q-hP-¾Å-Çoï-»Ûm-q¼-zdïmü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-z®ôm-DP-hï-G¼-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-¿SzTß-P-GTÛG-®¤-»Ûmü 15] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-Áï¾-h;¼ü ¤ÛP-±ôP-q-Çtïm-q-±ï-¼ÛP-ü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚ïh-hGôÅ-Mã-¤±m-GÅ¾-ÁïÅ-¤-‚ãP-»P-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-z;¼-DP-hÝ-zTßG-q-hP-hï-XïÅ-Íï-¤-ÇKP-ŸÛP¼¼-FÛhü Å-GmÅ-hï-G¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hïhÝÅ-¾ô-zŸÛ-zTß-Ÿï-IPÅ-®¤-»Ûmü 16] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-Á-lô¼ü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-Vô-¾ôü ¤ÛP-¿ËG-qü ThP-hÛP-h¤G-GÛ-Ÿ¾-Pô-»Ûm-qÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP‚Å-bïü z;¼-DP-hP-ü ¿Ë-Å¼-FÛh-hï-¤f¼-mô¼-JÀÛP-hÝ-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛfïzÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-iâG-Tß-¼ï-zŸÛ-®¤-»Ûmü 17] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-w-iâG EÛ¤-¤ÛP-z-¾Åü ¤ÛP-„Àô-z¸P297

298

Wô - ¤ô - JÀ P -¤ºÛ - zÞ - yâ G

VôÅ-ºwï¾ü Áï¾-h;¼-VôÅ-ÇkïºÛ-IÔ-q-»Ûm-q-hP-ü ¤±ô-h;¼-GŸÛÅ;ºÛ-GŸÛÅ-hqôm-»Ûm-qÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG-q-hP-uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-z®ôm-DP-hïG¼-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü 18] BïÅ-»Þ¾-D¤Å-Çkï-hGïü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-d-G»ôP-ü ¤ÛP-±ï¼ÛP-lô-Xïü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-Çkï-hGï¼-h¤G-ºfz-Ç+zÅ-º²Ûmz¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü Çkï-hGï-hP-Vz-¤hôü ±-z-Çtô¤-¤hº-zTÅ-ÅÞ-¼Û¤HÛÅ-z®ôm-zTßG-‚Å-q-hP-ü ¤f¼-Çtô-zô-v-©ôG-bà-zTßG-mÅ-¾ô-ÁÅh;º-P¾-TÛ-VïºÛ-PP-¤f¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1974 ¾ô¼-ÁÛP-zTh-mÅ-¼Û-mÅºIÛ¾-Ç+zÅ-ºwôG-mÅ-ºhÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-¿S-zTß-P-iâG-®¤-»Ûmü 19] BïÅ-»Þ¾-¿Ëô-D-hÐGÅ-qôü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-;ô-¯ü ¤ÛP-zÅôh-m¤ÅÇeôzÅ-M¾ü EÛ¤-±P-zÇem-ÆâP-hP-„ÀP-h¤G-GÛ-wôGÅ-DP-‚Å-qºÛMã-¤±m-¾-zdïmü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-M-±-μôPhP-ü ;ôP-qô¼-zbP-Çeï-uÛ-¾ô- 1980 ¾ô¼-Çtô-zô-v-©ôG-bà-ºhÅü hïhÝÅ-¾ô-zhÝm-Tß-hôm-IPÅ-»Ûmü 20] GôP-ºDôh-;ô-®-zÅôh-m¤Å-ÇeôzÅ-MÅ-ˆÛ-zÞü w-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP‚Å-XïÅ-M-h¤G-n¤Å-EÛ¤-±P-hÝ-GmÅ-Çkôh-‚Å-bï-¼P-GÛ-GTïm-¤ô¼z®m-G»ï¤-GbôP-Ç+zÅü GTßP-qôÅ-ºGôG-fzÅ-‚Å-q¼-M-h¤G298

M-GŸÝ P -GÛ - Çk Ý G -¯ç z -ºô G -±ï - Æô G -Áô ¼ -zºÛ - zô h -¤Û ü

299

GÛÅ-¤ï-¤hº-ºwPÅ-mÅ-zÅhü hï-hÝÅ-zÞ-hï-¾ô-ZÛ-ÁÝ-®¤-»Ûmü GmÅ±ß¾-ºhÛ-;ô-®-zÅôh-m¤Å-ÇeôzÅ-M¾-DôP-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛÅ-ym-PG-hzP¾-GÅÞPÅ-q-ŸÛG-»Ûmü 21] BïÅ-»Þ¾-¿Ë-Åü ¤ÛP-„À-xG-±ï-GŸômü hï-ÇSôm-wïzÅ-‚¤ÅºGô-q-»Ûm-q-hP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-zBôh-q¼zdïm-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü ¤f¼-Çtô-zô-v-©ôG-bà-zbP-mÅ-v-¾ÞP-hÝuÛ-¾ô- 1969 ¾ô¼-M-¾Å-ÁºÞ-lô-XïÅ-lÝP-lïG-zbP-mÅ-ºhÅü hïhÝÅ-¾ô-¿S-zTß-®¤-»Ûmü

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300

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zÞ-yâG-n¤Å-ˆÛ-¤-BÛh-º²ô¤Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1993ü 302

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1] zhï-Vïm-±ï-¼ÛP-ü 2] ‚P-Vßz-z¸P-¤ôü 3] Ç+¾-z¸P-¿Ë-¤ôü 303

300

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ÇSôm-HÛ-lôz-lôz-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-ºi-q¼ü Tibet in Turmoil A Pictorial A ccount 1950-1959 The Nihon Kogyo shimbum 304

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301

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308

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