16 Topchu by Ngawang tharpa

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Gu-Chu-Sum Book Published by the Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet (Ex-political Prisoners’ Association) Jogibara Road, P.O.McLeod Ganj Dharamsala-176219 H.P. India Web Site : www.guchusum.org Email : guchusummt@yahoo.com

Biography of an activist. Vol 16

A Tumultuous Life Biography of Ngawang Topchu Edited by Lobsang Tashi Cover and Design: Phurbu Tsering Copyright © Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet First edition 500 copies, 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this book maybe reproduced by any means without prior written permission from the publisher.

Printed at Indraprastha Press (CBT), New Delhi

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66 P-±ô - hGô m -mÅ-wÞ h -q-hP.ü ¿Ë G -zÅ¤-M¾-¤±m-Fô - Åï ¤ Å-Gmô m -¤-fÞ z -qü

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70 P-±ô - hGô m -mÅ-wÞ h -q-hP.ü ¿Ë G -zÅ¤-M¾-¤±m-Fô - Åï ¤ Å-Gmô m -¤-fÞ z -qü

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72 P-±ô - hGô m -mÅ-wÞ h -q-hP.ü ¿Ë G -zÅ¤-M¾-¤±m-Fô - Åï ¤ Å-Gmô m -¤-fÞ z -qü

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101

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103

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zTßG ¹-z-¿S-®¤-XïÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôz-ˆP-»P-zB¼- 1989 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5ü6ü7 zTÅ-ˆÛ-ŸÛ-Lô¾-mP-»P-ŸÝGÅü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-Pô-Lô¾-ZÛm-¤fº-¤ºÛ-¤±m-¤ô-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP‚Å-bï-ÍÞ-cÛ-bàh-z®ôm-DP-hP-ÅÛ-FâºÛ-½‰ÛP-q¼-zTßG ¹-z-GZÛÅhP-ZÛm-zTô-¿SºÛ-¼ÛP-iÛ-¯h-hP-iG-lÝP-ºDÞ¼-hÝ-„ÀPÅ-bï-¼PZÛh-Pô-Lô¾-¾-zBôh-qºÛ-DÅ-¾ïm-¯-z-mÅ-¤-‚Å-q-hP-ü Dôq-±ô¼-»P-hqP-dGÅ-Çeôm-Mã-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü ºôm-ˆP- 1990 ¹- 3 mP-IÔ-IPÅ-zŸÛ-zTß-Ÿï-¿S®¤-hP-¿Ëm-hGôm-mÅ-xÛ¼-wÞh-zbP-Çeïü DôP-±ô¼-¤Û-±ï-GTÛGhGôm-q-GP-¼ÞP-¾-º²â¾-¤Û-VôG-q-hP-ü ¤Û-zTß-»m-HÛ-ºGôºFÛh-‚Å-¤Û-VôG-q-zTÅ-ˆÛÅ-ZïÅ-ºGm-z;Ý¼-mÅ-BïÅ-»Þ¾-¾¯ÛÅ-vhü ¾ô-hïºÛ-uÛ-¹- 6 mP-z®m-‚ô¾-¾-»ôP-Çeï-h-Ç+zÅl-Å¼-»ôhü 2] z®ß m -¤-h;ô m -¤Vô G -¤±ô - ¤ô ü uÛ-¾ô- 1975 ¾ô¼-BïÅü »ï-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ¿km-HÛ-GTßP-¤ô-hP-ü M-¤±ô-¼Ûm-Vïm-HÛ-GTïm¤ô-»Ûmü VßP-hÝÅ-Å-DÞ¾-ÇÀôz-VßP-hÝ-zBôh-q105

¿Ë Û P -ºWGÅ-¤ï h -qºÛ - ±ï - Çe ô h ü

hP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1990 ¾ô¼-G¼-hGôm-hÝ-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-Vïh-¿Ë-Å¼zÇkhü uÛ-¾ô- 1992 ¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-DôP-hP-PG-hzPGÅP-Iô¾ü hGº-IÔ-¹-z-zÅôh-m¤Å-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-ŸÛ-zºÛQ¤-Çeôm-Fô¤-Ç+ô¼-‚ïh-Ç+zÅü z¼-Ç+ô¼-¤PGÅ-GbôP-DP-GÛZïm-dôG-qÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-LÝ-±¼-zB¾-z-hP-ü XïÅ-ÅÞFÛ¤Å-DP-mÅ-z®ôm-Vh-¾ô-GÅÞ¤-z¸ôÅ-bï-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zB¾ü IÔzŸÛ¼-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-¤ï-¤hºÛ-¤WâG-ÁÛP-lïG-Çeï-¾G-G»Å-qºÛ¼ÞÅ-q¼-Åï¼-D-z¸ôÅü z®ôm-DP-hP-ºƒÛP-¼Û¤-¤Û-h¤PÅFÛ¤Å-DP-zTÅ-¾-Ç¨m-DP-zÇeïm-MãºÛ-ŸÝ-GbàGÅ-‚Å-ˆP-»-¾m®¤-¤-‚Å-q¼-¾ô-GÅÞ¤-¼ÛP-¾ÞÅ-qÅü ¼ÞÅ-q-VG-qºÛ-¤±¤ÅÁ-BïÅ-bï-¾G-G»Å-wm-¤ïh-VGÅ-bïü uÛ-¾ô- 1995 ¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-z®ôm-mÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-»P-hïP-Ç+zÅ-¾GG»Å-qÅ-¾Å-;-hï-®¤-fÞz-ˆÛ-¤ïhü 3] M-¤±ô - ¼Û m -Vï m ü ¤ÛP-GŸm-zG-Iô-¸ï¼ü uÛ-¾ô- 1977 ¾ô¼-BïÅü »ï-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-¿km-hP-h;ôm-¤VôG¤±ô-¤ôºÛ-GTßP-qô-»Ûm-ŸÛP-ü VßP-hÝÅ-ÇÀôz-VßPºIÛ¤Å-¥ôP-z-hP.ü uÛ-¾ô- 1996 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ106

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6 ZÛm-7GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-Ç+Ý-q¼-Z¼-¤Û-VôG-qºÛ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-¾Pô-Lô¾-‚Å-Aïmü ±ïÅ- 7 ZÛm-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-LÝ-±-z;GZ¼-DP-hÝ-zTßG ¤f¼-z®ôm-Vh-¾ô-GZÛÅ-zbP-Çeï-FÛ-¸¤-z®ômDP-hÝ-zB¾-z-hP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-z®ômmÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü hïP-Ç+zÅ-¤¾-Iô¼-ŸÛP-qºÛ-º±ô-z-Bï¾zŸÛ m -GmÅ-»ô h ü 4] ±ï - zdm-hq¾-º‚ô ¼ ü uÛ-¾ô- 1932 ¾ô¼-¤¾-Iô-M-¤-FÛ-DP-hÝ-BïÅü Å-GmÅhï-GºÛ-ŸÛP-q-»Ûmü 1999 ¾ô¼-zôh-hôm-Vz-ÆÛh-ˆÛ-Gmh-hômJÀïP-q¼-zÇ‰h-zbGÅ-mÅ-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-mÅÅÛ-FâºÞ-z®ôm-DP-mP-¹-z-zhÝm-®¤-zTßG uÛ-¾ô- 2000 ¹4 mP-z®ôm-mÅ-JÀôhü 5] zÇe m -º²Û m ü uÛ-¾ô- 1971 ¾ô¼-BïÅü ±ï-zdm-hq¾º‚ô¼-HÛ-zÞ-hP-M¾-¤±m-hq¾-z¸P-GÛ-GTïmqô-»Ûmü ¾ô-VßP-mÅ-h¤PÅ-z®ßGÅ-ÇÀôz-IÔ-hPü μôP-ÇÀôz-ºƒÛP-ü ¿Ë-Å-ÇÀôz-ºƒÛP-GÅÞ¤-qzTÅ-ÅÞ-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-‚Åü ¿Ë-Å-ÇÀôz-ºƒÛP-fôm107

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¾-Zï-Ç+zÅ-¤ºÛ-D-Vï¤Å-zŸÛm-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-IÔ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1993 zôh-¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 15 ZÛm-ym-PG-hzP-ÇeôzÅzTß-hP-¤Z¤-z¼-Ç+ô¼-hÝ-ŸÛ-Lô¾-‚Å-Ç+zÅ-ym-ƒôÅ-f¼-»PDôP-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü LÝ-±¼-z®ôm-Vh-¾ô-¿S-zbP-Çeï-IÔ-zŸÛ¼zTßG uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 1 hP-ü 4 ZÛm-HÛ-IÔzŸÛºÛ-ºôÅ-¾PÅ-ÅÞ-DôP-»P-ŸÝGÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¾ô¼-JÀôhºIô¾-zbP-ü hïP-Ç+zÅ-¤¾-Iô-M-¤¼-ŸÛP-qºÛ-º±ô-z-Bï¾zŸÛ m -GmÅ-»ô h ü 6] M¾-¤±m-hq¾-z¸PM¾-¤±m-hq¾-z¸P-ü B-¤ÛP-¤ÛG-h¤¼ü uÛ-¾ô- 1980 ¾ô¼-BïÅü ±ï-zdm-hq¾-º‚ô¼-HÛ-zÞ-¤ô-hP-zÇem-º²Ûm-Vï-zºÛGTßP-¤ô-»Ûmü ¼P-¾ô-hGÝ-mÅ-¿Ë-Å-G-¼Û-hGôm-hÝVôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Å-q-hP.ü uÛ-¾ô- 1993 zôh-¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 25 ZÛm-G¼-hGôm-z®ßm-¤-zTß-GZÛÅ-hP-¿Ëm-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-z¼-Ç+ô¼-hÝŸÛ-Lô¾-¾-ŸÝGÅü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-M-GŸÝP-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP‚Å-bïü LÝ-±-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG-mÅ-DôP-hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-zTß-GÅÞ¤¾Å-Åôm-¤ïh-ˆP-ºiÛ-¯h-fïPÅ-zMh-®¤-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1994 108

Çt ä m -Zï - DG-GTÛ G -GÛ - ¾ô - Mã Å -¤hô ¼ -zÇk Ý Å ü

zôh-¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 19 ZÛm-μôP-GÛ-ºGô-FÛh-hP-w-±ï-zdmhq¾-º‚ô¼-¯ÛÅ-¾ïm-hÝ-zTßG-q-hP-ü XïÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¤Û-¿ËGqºÛ-DÅ-¾ïm-hP-zTÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-ü hïP-Ç+zÅ-Íô-ÅÛ-=ô¾Û-»¼-»ôhü 7] h¼-MÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1969 ¾ô¼-BïÅü ¤¾-Iô-M-¤-Çoôm-mP-DÞGmÅ-»Ûmü zÞ-VßP-±ï-¼ÛP-GÛ-GTïm-qô-»Ûmü uÛ-¾ô- 1984 mPhGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-IÔ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü XïÅ-ÅÞ-¿Ë-Å¼-¸-DP-GZï¼mÅ-±ôP-¾Å-‚Åü DôP-hP-Í-¤hô-ºWÛGÅ-¤ïh-M-¤±ôü ÆÛhVôÅ-±ï-¼ÛP-ü G®P-q-»ï-ÁïÅü „Àô-z¸P-»ï-ÁïÅ-zTÅ-ˆÛÅ-&GôPÅ-¤VôG-GÛ-¤²h-n¤Å-z=¤Å-q-hP-ü hô¾-MÅ-zÇeïm-GÅô¾‚ïh-¤Dm-n¤Å-¾-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-zÇem-bï-ÇÀôzGÅô-Çtï¾-zÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1995 ¾ô¼-¿Ë-Å-mÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Åbï-LÝ-±¼-zTßG-q-hP-¾ô-Vh-¿S-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zB¾ü uÛ¾ô- 2000 ¾ô¼-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü hïP-Ç+zÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-D-¾ô-z‚ïh-TÛP-GmÅ-»ôhü

109

¿Ë Û P -ºWGÅ-¤ï h -qºÛ - ±ï - Çe ô h ü

8] zÅô h -m¤Å-¼Û m -Vï m ü DôP-mÛ- 1969 ¾ô¼-¤¾-Iô-M-¤-¤hºÁ¼-z=-ÁÛÅ-DP-GÅ¼-EÛ¤-±P-hÝ-BïÅü d-¤IÛmHÛ-GTßP-qô-»Ûm-q-hP-ü fÞz-zÇem-»ï-ÁïÅ-hPDôP-GÅÞ¤-EÛ¤-GTÛG-GÛ-¤Û-»Ûmü VßP-hÝÅ-h¤PÅz®ßGÅ-ÇÀôz-IÔ¼-zBôhü 1987 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 27 mÅ-DôPGÛÅ-¤¾-Iô-zMãh-hÝ-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-»ÛG-V-ºIï¤Å-Çtï¾-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1992 ¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 30 ZÛm-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-¤¾-Iô-M-¤DÞ¾-HÛ-¤P-±ôGÅ-¾-uÛ-±ôGÅ-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-zÅ¤-qºÛ-hq¾-»ôm¸ï¼-zºÛ-ÇÀôz-GÅôºÛ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-Çtï¾-Ç+zÅü ±ôGÅ-hˆÛ¾-mÅzÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-Vïm-hP.ü zÅôh-m¤Å-lô-Xïü ¿Ëàm-Iâzü h;ôm¤VôG-„Àô-IôÅ-zTÅ-zŸÛÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-h¼-zOïPÅ-mÅ-ŸÛ-Lô¾‚Å-qÅü M-GŸÝP-GÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-n¤Å-¼ï-ŸÛG-TÛ-‚-Gbô¾-ƒ¾-PPxÛ¼-ƒôÅ-‚Å-Aïmü zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-h¼-ÇkÛPÅ-VºÛ-fôG-z®ßGÅü Ç+¼-¤-ZÛ-ÁÝºÛ-XïÅ-M-GŸÝP-GÛ-Zïm-dôG-q-hP-h¤G-¤ÛÅº²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-¤¾-Iô-GÝP-h;¼-μôP-GÛ-z®ôm-DP-hP-ü LÝ±-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-z®ôm-zTßG-hP-¤Û-uôh-¾Å-ºhÅ-qºÛ-¤m¼-GTôh±h-¤ïh-zbP-Çeïü G¸ÞGÅ-GTôPÅ-Tm-z¸ôÅü 1992 ¹- 10 110

Çt ä m -Zï - DG-GTÛ G -GÛ - ¾ô - Mã Å -¤hô ¼ -zÇk Ý Å ü

±ïÅ- 7 ZÛm-¿Ë-Å-ºƒÛP-¼Û¤-¤Û-¤P-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛÅ-z®ôm-ºWâG¾ô-Vh- 15 z¸ôÅ-mÅ-¹-z-GTÛG-¿ËG-®¤-XïÅ-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zB¾ü 1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 1 ü 4 ZÛm-IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝz®ôm-qÅ-Hïm-¾PÅ-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-h¤G-¤Û-hP-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-±zÅVïºÛ-ZïÅ-lÝP-zbP-Çeïü GTôPÅ-Tm-»Ûm-qºÛ-DôP-GÛ-º±ô-GmÅ¾-±zÅ-VïºÛ-Zïm-D-ºyh-hï-ºVÛ-¾-Zï-D¼ü Åï-¼-hGôm-qºÛ-ZïºI¤-HÛ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-uÛ-Ez-Ç¨m-¯ÓºÛ-¿eï-GmÅ-ŸïÅ-q¼Ç¨m-GbàG-¾-FÛh-ˆP-ü 1999 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 17 ¤±m-¤ôºÛVß-±ôh-GZÛÅ-q¼-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼ü XïÅ-ÅÞ-Ç+Ý-wÞP-¾-zdGhrh-‚Å-ºƒÅ->Àh-q-hP-JÀô-z-Ç+¤-q-ÁïÅ-q-¼ïhü 9] fÞ z -zÇe m -»ï - Áï Å ü uÛ-¾ô- 1958 ¾ô¼-BïÅü zÅôh-m¤Å¼Û m -Vï m -hP-d-¤IÛ m -HÛ - GTï m -¤ô º Û - ¤G-q-»Û m ü ¤¾-Iô-GÝP-h;¼-M-¤¼-ŸÛP-qºÛ-ºôÅ-¾PÅ-ˆÛ-hômAïm-¿ËG-mÅ-ZÛm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-XïÅ-bïü 1992 ¹- 7 ±ïÅ- 1 ZÛm-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-Vï-z-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-fôG-M-h¤G-Gô-¤±ômfôGÅ-q-hÝ-¤-ŸÛG-M-¤-DÞ¾-HÛ-¤Û-Åï¼-HÛ-DP-q-ÇSôG-q¼-º‚ô¼ü DôP-GÛ-EÛ¤-HÛ-M¾-ÇKô¼-zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-h¼-ƒÛÅ-»ôh-qÅ-DôP-º²Ûm111

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z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-¤¾-Iô-GÝP-h;¼-μôP-GÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG XïÅÅÞ-ŸÛP-qºÛ-ºôÅ-¾PÅ-‚ïh-¤Dm-HÛ-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-q-»Ûm-q-ÁïÅ-mÅLÝ-±¼-FÛh-q-hP-ü hï¼-¿Ë-Å-ºƒÛP-¼Û¤-¤Û-¤P-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛÅz®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô-Vh-zTô-¿S-hP-Vz-ÆÛh-hzP-V-¾ô-¿S-ºyôG uÛ¾ô- 2007 ¹- 6 XïÅ-ÅÞ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü 10] d-¤IÛ m ü uÛ-¾ô- 1967 BïÅü DôP-mÛ-zÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-Vïm-HÛGTïm-qô-hP-ü fÞz-zÇem-»ï-ÁïÅ-hP-DôP-GÅÞ¤-EÛ¤-GTÛG-GÛ¤Û-»Ûmü VßP-mÅ-hGº-¿km-hGôm-q¼-¼z-bà-‚ãP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1988 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 ŸÛ-Lô¾-mP-º²â¾-ŸÝGÅ-‚Å-qÅü M-h¤¼HÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-z®ôm-Vh-¾ô- 5 zTh-hï-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zTßG uÛ-¾ô- 1993 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 4 ZÛm-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü DôP-EÛ¤hÝ-ÇÀïzÅ-Ç+zÅ-»-P-zºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-hÝ-¤-fôm-»ôh-q-Çeïü GTßPqô-zÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-Vïm-hP-GTïm-¤ôºÛ-z¸º-¹-fÞz-zÇem-»ï-ÁïÅz®ôm-hÝ-º±ßh-q-hP-ü P¾-¯ô¾-Vï-VßP-GP-¾-@P-ºGm-ºEï¼hGôÅ-qºÛ-GTïm-¤ô-lz-Bôm-Áô¼-mÅ-Ç+ïh-q-VG-q-zTÅ-ˆÛÅEÛ¤-hÝ-¼P-¤Gô-¤Û-fôm-qºÛ-¼P-GÛ-¤-Lm-hP-GTïm-¤ôºÛ-yâG-GÝGÅÞ¤-¿ËG-»ôhü DôP-mÛ-IÔ-AP-n¤-hG-TÛG-»Ûm-»P-¼P-¤Gô112

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¤Û-fôm-qºÛ-¤Û-zŸÛºÛ-º±ô-GmÅ-ˆÛ-@P-ºGm-ºDÞ¼-mÅ-EÛ¤-HÛw-Lm-¿e-zÞ-GmP-mÅ-hïP-Ç+zÅ-¼P-EÛ¤-hÝ-zŸÝGÅ-»ôhü 11] hô m -Iâ z ü uÛ-¾ô- 1973 ¾ô¼-¤¾-Iô-M-¤-ÇtP-Çoï-DÞG-bà-BïÅü uÛ¾ô¼- 19 hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1992 ¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 10 ZÛm-DôP-hP-±ï-¼ÛP-zG-Iôü hq¾-ºz¼ü „Àôz¸P-M-¤±ô-zTÅ-hGº-¿km-IÔ-q-zŸÛÅ-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-z¼-Ç+ô¼-hÝ-ŸÛzºÛ-Q¤-Çeôm-Fô¤-Ç+ô¼-‚Åü z¼-Ç+ô¼-¤PGÅ-GbôP-DP-hPZÝ¾-ŸÛz-¤Û-ÇoÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-LÝ-±¼-FÛh-mÅ-hï¼-iÛ-¯h‚Å-bï-¹-z-iâG-¼ÛP-zŸG z®ôm-Vh-¾ô-iâG-z¸ôÅ-bï-IÔ-zŸÛ¼zB¾ü uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 1 hP- 4 Åô-Åô¼-IÔ-zŸÛz®ôm-DP-hÝ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-ŸÛ-zºÛ-Pô-Lô¾-‚Å-q¼ü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-»-P-Ç‰ÛP-Xï-Çtä-®¤-¤ïh-q¼-¤Û-uôh-¾Å-ºhÅ-qºÛiG-Gmôm-±zÅ-Vï-‚Å-q-hP.ü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-hôm-Iâz-ˆÛ-¾ÞÅÅï¤Å-GZÛÅ-;¼-»P-Gmôh-º±ï-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-wôG-qÅ-ü hÝÅ-±ôhPïÅ-¤ïh-mP-¾ÞÅ-qóºÛ-hzP-¯-hP.ü »m-¾G-f¤Å-Th-¼ïPÅqü ºÞ¼-O-Vï-®¤-fôÅ-Ç+zÅ-ÅÞ-JÀô-zÞ¼-im-q-z½ÀGÅ-bï-ºHï¾113

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z-ÅôGÅ-¤Û-±ïºÛ-Gôh-VGÅ-»-P-z-ŸÛG-‚ãP-»ôhü uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 9 ZÛm-¾ô-±h-G®P-z-zŸÛm-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü hïP-Ç+zÅ-m-±-iG-Bïh-GP-®¤-‚ãP-Çeï-¿Ë-Å¼-¸-DP-VßP-PÞ-ŸÛGGZï¼-mÅ-º±ô-fzÅ-‚ïh-TÛP-GmÅ-»ôhü 12] q-ÅPÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1965 ¾ô¼-¤¾-Iô-M-¤-Çoôm-¤h¼-BïÅü ¼P¾ô-ÅÞ¤-Tß¼-Åôm-Zï¼-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü uÛ¾ô- 1988 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 hP-zôh-¹- 1 ±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-¿ËÅºÛ-Ç¨ôm-¾¤-HÛ-‚¤Å-q-Ghm-ºiïm-Ç+zÅ-ŸÛ-Lô¾-mP-ŸÝGÅqÅü uÛ-±ïÅ- 18 ŸôGÅ-q-hGº-¿km-hGôm-mÅ-M-h¤G-GÛÅDôP-ÅôGÅ-hGº-¿km-IÔ-zTß-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü GÅP-»Ûzz®ôm-DP-hÝ-ºFÛh-mÅ-iÛ-G®ï¼-hÝ-¤-‚Å-bï-¹-z-zŸÛ-¿ËG-®¤GmÅ-¼ÛP-&;Ým-G¸ÛGÅ-qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-VïºÛ-fÞGÅ-XïÅ-DôPÅôGÅ-hGº-¿km-IÔ-ÅÞ¤-Tß-®¤-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü hïP-Ç+zÅ-¼P»Þ¾-hÝ-ŸÛP-qºÛ-º±ô-z-Bï¾-ŸÛP-GmÅ-»ôhü

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13] ¹-z-zÅô h -m¤Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1976 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 9 ZÛm-¤¾-IôGÝP-h;¼-M-¤-Çoôm-mP-DÞG-bà-BïÅü ¾ô-zTß-zŸÛ¼hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-IÔ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1992 ¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-z¼-Ç+ô¼-mP-ŸÛ-Lô¾-Ç+hºzôh-¾-ŸÝGÅü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-z¼-Ç+ô¼-¤PGÅ-GbôP-DP-GÛ-ZïmdôG-qÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-LÝ-±¼-zB¾ü hï-GºÛ-Zïm-dôG-qÅ¯ÛÅ-¾ïm-Ç+zÅ-ZïÅ-lÝP-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-zbP-z-hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-Çtäm¤Vïh-h;ôm-¤VôG-¤±ô-¤ô-hP-ü Pô-ÁïÅ-PG-hzP-GÅP-Iô¾GZÛÅ-hP-Gô¤-q-iâG-®¤-HÛ-Å-V¼-zŸG-Çeïü Hôm-GôÅ-±P-¤wÞh-zTßG-mÅ-h¤¼-ÉïP-¤¼-Vß-±ôh-GTÛG-®¤-zŸG-Çeï-±P-¤¼Ç+ï-¼GÅ-hP-JÀôG-MãG-GÛÅ-lïG-Çeï-lÝP-ü LÝ-±¼-¹-z-iâG-®¤z®ôm-zTßG-‚Å-¼ÛP-iÛ-¯h-fïPÅ-zTô-¿S-‚Å-q-hP-ü ¾ô-hïºÛ¹- 12 mP-z®ôm-Vh-¾ô-¿S-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zB¾ü uÛ-¾ô1997 ¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-ü hïP-Ç+zÅzŸÝGÅ-ÇK¼-l-Å¼-GmÅ-»ôhü

115

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14] „À ô - z¸P-hq¾-¿k m ü uÛ-¾ô- 1974 ¾ô¼-BïÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1996 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-Pô-Lô¾-mP-ŸÝGÅ-Aïm-mP-ŸÝGÅ-Aïmº²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-LÝ-±¼-z;G-Z¼-¹-z-iâG-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1996 ¹- 8 ±ïÅ- 30 ZÛm-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü hïP-Ç+zÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-M¤ÛºÛ-±ôP-DP-mP-¾Å-G»ôG-MãG-Çeï-GmÅü 15] wÞ m -±ô G Å-Vô Å -z¸P-ü ¤ÛP-GŸm-Ç¨ôm-¾¤-uÛ-¾ô- 1975 ¾ô¼-¤¾-Iô-GÝP-h;¼ü M-¤-FÛ-DP-hÝ-BïÅü VßP-hÝÅ-mÅ-ÇÀôz-VßP-hÝ-¾ô-GTÛG-¿ËG-®¤zBôhü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-¤¾-Iô¼-Gbï¼-D-ÇSôG-Ç+zÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1989 hP-ü 1990ü 1991 zTÅ-¾ô¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-»Ûm-q-hP-ü Gbï¼-D-z;G-hGôÅ-qºÛ-¢¼-»ÛG-¢¼-z-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Aïm-¾Åü uÛ¾ô- 1992 ¹- 1 mP-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-mÅ-¾ôGTÛG-hP-¹-z-GÅÞ¤-z®ôm-ºWâG-‚Å-¼ÛP-ü ZÛm-¤±m-h‚ïº‚ïh-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-¤Þm-DP-hÝ-ZÛm-Zï¼-zŸÛ-zTßG-q-hP-ü ¹-ziâ G -®¤-¼Û P -¤m¼-GTô h -iG-qô - zbP-Çe z Å-¾Þ Å -qô º P-G»ô 116

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ºGÝ¾-¤-fÞz-q¼-ºVÛ-GÅôm-PïÅ-¤ïh-¤±¤Å-ÅÞ-uÛ-¾ô- 1993 ¹- 5 mP-¼P-EÛ¤-hÝ-zB¾ü Ç¨m-DP-hÝ-hÝÅ-»Þm-GP-¤±¤Å-zÇeïm-XïÅ-iG-Bïh-‚ãPmÅ-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-¸Þ¼-ŸÝGÅ-ÅÞ-zÇkhü uÛ-¾ô- 1996 ¹5 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qóºÛ-Ç+Ý-q¼-wzhGôÅ-qºÛ-z®m-z;º-zbP-z¼-hGº-¿km-hGôm-IÔ-¤P-hP-¿ËmhÝ-Pô-Lô¾-mP-ŸÝGÅ-q-hP-ü iG-Gmôm-‚ïh-qºÛ-¤±m-¤ô¼-hGômq-mÅ-ƒôÅ-bï-¾ô-¤WâG-z¼-fG-¼ÛP-xôGÅ-¤fº-DG-bà-ºE¤Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1997 zôh-¹- 1 mP-M-G¼-hÝ-z®m-‚ô¾-¾-»ôP-Çeïü hïP-Ç+zÅ-M-G¼-¿Ëô-xôGÅ-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-hGôm-hÝ-ÇÀôz-GZï¼-‚ïh¤ÞÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅü

117

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106

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116

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dGÅ-¤±m-z¸P-qô-‚ãP-z-hP.ü ¤ôm-zôh-¤±¤Å-ˆÛBï-zô-IGÅ-Tm-h¼-¤-lô-Xï-ŸïÅ-‚-z-ºIô-¤Gôm-HÛ-Ç+Ý-G¤-hÝ¿ËGÅ-mÅü hqôm-h¼-¤-lô-XïÅ-ºIô-¤Gôm-HÛ-Ç+Ý-¤hÝm-hÝ-G®ßG¾G-DP-¤-±¼-z¼-hÝ-ÁÛP-ºiïm-qºÛ-h¤-zTº-wÞ¾ü „À-¤ºÛGh¤Å-PG-n¤Å-fÞGÅ-¾-zŸG-mÅü d-iïºÞ-zhÝm-®¤-HÛ-MzD¾-môm-q-‚Å-bï-TÛ-hGôÅ-qºÛ-V-Aïm-n¤Å-ºEï¼ü hGï-z®ßmzTß - ¿Ë G -®¤-hP-zTÅ-hqô m -G»ô G -¤Û - Zà P -z-ŸÛ G -GÛ Å -Çe G GŸï¼-¤Gô-VßP-¾-mÅ-GÅÞ¤-q-D-ÇKP-GÛ-‚P-¾¤-zMãh-zBôhhïü mGÅ-Áôh-GÅÞ¤-qºÛ-Çeôh-hÝ-ÁÛP-ºiïm-q¼-‚ômü ¹-z-GTÛGhP-ŸG-¿S-ºhÅ-q-m-;-¼ôP-¤fôP-zºÛ-¾-D¼-wïzÅ-qºÛ-±ï-mGÅÁôh-;-¼ôP->ÀâP-hÝ-zzÅ-mÅ-mGÅ-±¾-HÛ-hˆÛ¾-hÝ-ƒP-zbz-mÅzŸÝGÅü hqôm-Mãh-±ß¾-FÛ¤Å-M¾-qô-hP.ü ;-±->ÀôG-VßP-ü lô¼-ÅïP-¾-ÅôGÅ-q-Vï-zIïÅ-n¤Å-¾-¸-ºfÞP-GÛ-hPôÅ-qô-GbôhVï-z-zbïGÅ-mÅ-ÁÛP-ºiïm-qºÛ-ŸÝ-z-wÞ¾ü ¤Û-Vïm-hï-hG-GÛÅˆP-Gb¤-dôÅ-Vïm-qôÅ-ÁÛP-ºiïm-q-¾-zÅôh-m¤Å-Vï-zü ¾ôPÅuôh-Vï-zü ¾¤-ºIô-Vï-z-ŸÛG-hGôÅ-qÅ-hï-hG-¤ïh-m-ÁÛP-¤ÛºiôP-¸ï¼ü hqôm-h¼-¤-lô-XïÅ-hï-¾-Ç+zÅ-ºy¾-¾m-ºhïzÅq¼-¤²h-qÅ-GmP-z-fôzü hï-mÅ-mGÅ-±¾-¤fÞG-qô-hïºÛ-Fôh129

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