3 drapchi-prison by Ngawang tharpa

Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïzuÛ-¾ô- 1987 mÅ- 2001 z¼-¾ô-zTß-±m-GTÛG-hPüIPÅ-º²¼z·ÛºÛ-mPIÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q- 1014 z®ôm-ºWâG{Å-»ôh-q-hPü. Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q- 23 h¤¼-GÅôh-hP-. ÇkGÝ -¢ôP¤m¼-GTôh-ºôG-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-mP-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-xÛm-q. Vz-ÆÛhz®ôm-q- 50 hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-Gmôm-{Å-»ôh. hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô±h-¤fô-ÁÅô -PG-hzP-ÅPÅ-I¾ô -»mÛ -q-hPü. Dô-¤-ô hÅÝ -z;G-¾-ô ±h¾ô- 23 »Ûm-·ÛP-. ¾ô-±h-fïPÅ- 3 Çt¼-Gmôm-{Å-»ôh. d-mGºWÛGÅ-¤hï -z¸P-q-ô ¾GÅ-ºhÛ-¾-ô hGÝP-¾-ô 75 wïzÅ-»hô -TPÛ -h-z¼z®ôm-DP-mP-¤Û-¾ô- 32 zÇkh-»ôh-q-hPü. h-hÝP-¤Û-¾ô- 10 z®ômDP-mP-¤hÞ -¤fÞh-Çhôk -hGôÅ-M-ã ¼hï . DôP-hÅÝ -z;G-¾-ô hÅÝ -u-Û ¾-ó 2011 fÛ¤-Mã-hPü. Ç?zÅ-hï¼-DôP-hGÝP-¾ô- 85 wïzÅ-Mã-¼ïh. DôP-GZÛÅ-¿-e zºÞ -Û zhô -<-Û zhïm-hmô -ºfz-¯hô -q-¤P-q-ó ·GÛ ¤Û-¾-ô ¤P-q-ô z®ôm-ºWâG-fzÞ -»hô -<P-DPô -n¤-qºÛ-M¾-·mï -ÇPÛ[ -Çzôe Å-<ÅÛ -

9-10-3

FG-hP-¤ÛG-Vßº-Û Mãm-¤-Vh-qºÛ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

Gu Chu Sum Book

Published by the Gu Chu Sum Movement of Tibet (Ex Political Prisoners Association) Jogibara Road, P.O Mcleod Ganj, Dharamsala- 176219 H.P India. www.guchusum.org

FG-hP-¤ÛG-VßºÛ-Mãm-¤-Vh-zºÛ-

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

Biography of the activist (Drapchi)- Vol 3 Ceaseless tears and bloods –Drapchi Prison (Trag Thang Migchu Guen Ma Chey Pey Drapchi Tsonkhang) Edited by Ngawang TobchenGoPey.

uÛ-mô¼-&GôP-Å-&BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-zôh-M¾-Dz-Vïm-qôºÛ¾ÞGÅ-GZÛÅ-Vz-ÆÛh-<Û-fÞGÅ-ºGm-z·ïÅ-mÅ-¤Û-¾ô-¿S-zTßºDô¼-zºÛ-z;º-iÛm-XïÅ-im-HÛ-BïÅ-ÅÞ-q¼-Cæm-·ÝÅ.

zôh-<Û-hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-±ôGÅ-q. First Edition 500 copies, 2001.

zôh-M¾-¾ô- 2128 uÛ-¾ô- 2001 ¾ô.

h;¼-VG hq¾-¿km-¼P-G·ÝP-zhï-ÆâP-¾Å-DÞPÅ-mÅz°¾-zºÛ-Vïh-zXôh. q¼-Cæm-GÅ¾-zÁh. ------------------------------------------------------- I

hP-qô. GZÛÅ-q. GÅÞ¤-q. z·Û-q.

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q¼-Cæm-GÅ¾-zÁh. iâG-q.

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#$. .&GôP-Å-&BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-GÛ-ÇS-XïÅ-z;º-ÇÀôz-mP- Åô-Åô¼P-ZÛh-<ÛÅ-¤fôP-fôÅ-¥ôP-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-n¤Å-»ÛG-fôG-bà-ºGôh-hGôÅ- TïÅqºÛ-hGôPÅ-hmô -G·Û¼-z¸ÞP-ºhÛ-G-±Gô Å-qÅ-Vz-ÆhÛ -z®ôm-qºÛ-¾-ô MÅã -hzï -yPï -GÅÞ¤q-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-<<FG-hP-¤ÛG-VßºÛ-Mãm-¤-Vh-qºÛ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP>>·ïÅ-q-¯ô¤-OÛG-q¼-zCæm-{Å-»ôh. Mã-¤±m-GP-»Ûm-·ï-m. 1949 ¾ô-mÅM-mG-G·ÝP-GÛÅ-zôh-hÝ-z®m-º²â¾-HÛÅ-¤f¼- 1959 ¾ô¼-iG-qóºÛ-fôG-mÅ-zôh¤fº-hzÞÅ-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-μôGÅ-q-z®m-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-&GôP-Å-&BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qô-¤VôGz·ÝGÅ-GmÅ-mô¼-zÞ-JÀÛP-D¼-¤ï-NôGÅ-±h-ºhÅ-zMz-Çeï-zôh-¤ÛºÛ-VôÅ-ÆÛh-GZÛÅ¿km-HÛ-hzÞ-FÛh-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-h=ôPÅ-fzÅ-{Å-»ôh-<P-. f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-qÅG·m-H-Û zÅ¤-Pm-f¾-zºÛ-l¾Ý -h-Ý z½ÀGÅ-Ç-ïe zhô -¤ºÛ -Û zhï-BhÛ -Vhï -z®m-{¾ô -h-Ý &·zÅÅô¼-ºDôh-fÞz-q-{ãP-»ôh. ºôm-<P-zhô -mP-G-Û zhô -¤-Û ±¼ô -M-h¤¼-HÅÛ -zÅ¤-»¾Þ -¾Å-ºhÅ-qºÛ-¤m¼GTôh-±h-ºhÅ-q-zbP-bï-h-z¼-zÇk¤ô Å-¯ÛÅ-¼ôz-®¤-{Å-q-¿e¼-m. h¤¼-GÅôhhP-¤m¼-GTôh-ºGô -zhô -¤-Û IPÅ-F-Û zM-hP-Å¤Þ -T-ß ®¤-H-Û ±-ï ÆGô -zÇ?¤Ý -q-hP-. VôÅhP-¼ÛG-G·ÝP-GÛ-zÇÛe-GmÅ-hGôm-q-iâG-ÇeôP-¿ËG-¯-¤ïh-zbP-z. hï-z·Ûm-ÁÛP-ÇoGP-{ãP-hÝ-zTh-q-hP-. Gbï¼-D-GP-{ãP-hÝ-zÇSGô Å-q. ¼Û-hÐGÅ-GP-{ãP-hÝ-zÅh-

q¼-Cmæ -GÅ¾-zÁh.

q-ÅôGÅ-<ÛÅ-zôh-<Û-Bï-D¤Å-Dô¼-»ÞG-Gbô¼-Bôm-±zÅ-Vïm-zbP-»ôh. hï-hG-mÛM-mG-GÝP-Fm-HÛÅ-m¤-»P-GÅô-fzÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-zôh-¤Û-Lm-G·ôm-z¼-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-Ç[PÛ D¼-z¸ôÅ-qºÛ-©-D-·ÛG-¼ïh. »Ûm-m-»P-hïP-Ç?zÅ-M-mG-G·ÝP-GÛÅ-zôh-zTÛPÅ-z=ô¾-zbP-mÅ-zôh¤Û¼-¼P-¾ÞÅ-¼P-zhG-GÛ-¼P-hzP-hP-. ÇS¼-¤ïh-<Û-zhï-BÛh-vh-»ôh-TïÅ-ºÞ¼zOôGÅ-±h-¤ïh-{ïh-z·Ûm-qºÛ-Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-zôh-mP-¤m¼-GTôh-<ÛÅ-FG-Mãm-Vh¤-¥Pô -zºÛ-zhô -¤ºÛ -Û zÁÅ-¼-Ð I-Ô z·Û-z®ôm-DP-mP-M-h¤¼-hzP-º²Ûm-qÅ-z®m-L¾ô M¾-GTïÅ-<Û-zôh-¤Û-¤P-hG-·ÛG-GÛ-ÆôG-z;Ý¤-q-hP-. ZÛm-¤±m-¤Û-ºEô¾-zºÛ-¤m¼GTôh-¥ôP-z·Ûm-q-hï-hG-ºhÛ¼-zXôh-hGôÅ-qºÛ-mP-hôm-G®ô-zô-hï-»Ûm-¾. zôh-z®mz¸ÞP-{Å-bï-¤Û-¾ô-¿S-zTß-ÉÛ¾-qô-ºDô¼-zºÛ-ÇkÝG-zÇS¾-HÛ-im-fó-·ÛG-<P-»Ûm. hïÅm-M-VïºÛ->ÀôG-q-qô-n¤Å-<ÛÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-{ãP-¼Û¤-hP-. M-mG-G·ÝP-GÛÅzôh-¤Ûº-Û fôG-ÇkGÝ -¯çz-HÛ-¤m¼-GTôh-GP-ºi-zbP-hP-GbôP-z·Ûm-q-n¤Å GÅ¾dôGÅ-»ôP-zºÛ-¼ï-z-»ôh. ¤fº-hôm-hÝ-hïz-ºhÛ¼-¼P-G·ÝP-zhï-ÆâP-¾Å-DÞPÅ-mÅ-Vïh-zXôh-z°¾GmP-z-hP-. ºhÛ-GºÛ-¾Å-{hï -hP-º|ï¾-»hô -±P-¤Å-ºV¼-I-â ¤Z¤-ºhïGÅ-GmPz¼-fÞGÅ-Xï-Vï-·Ý-Mã-zTÅ. zôh-<Û-hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-±ôGÅ-G®ô-»ï-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-¿km-mÅ. zôh-M¾-¾ô 2128 xÛ-¾ô 2001 uÛ-¹- 8 ±ïÅ- 27 ZÛm.

III

¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ-JÀPï -zXôh. #$. .ºhÛ-G-zôh-<Û-hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-z®m-ºôG-GÛ-zôh-GmÅZ¤Å-·Ûz-<Û-¾Å-G·Û-¾Å-h-¾m-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-TßP-i-MÅ-®¤-·ÛG-¯ô¤OÛG-GÛÅ-hq¼-Cæm-ºIï¤Å-Çtï¾-{Å-»ôh. 1999 ¾ô-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-º±ô¾-zÇkÝ-¾ïGÅ-OÛG-GÛ-¾ÅG·Û-ºGô-z®ßGÅ-TÛP-ºhÛ-¾ô-zôh-<Û-hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-±ôGÅ-q-hzÞ-z½[Åï -mÅ¾ô-zTß-ºDô¼-zºÛ-Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-hq¼-Cæm-ºIï¤Å-Çtï¾-{Å-q-»Ûm. ¾ô-MãÅ-ºhÛ-V-±P-z-hP-Vh-¿ËG-mô¼-ºFâ¾-¤ïh-q-·ÛG-¤-»Ûm-»P-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-GÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-¼ôz-®¤-·ÛG-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-»ôP-z¼-bm-bm-wm-fôGÅ-»ôPPïÅ-<Û-»Ûh-VïÅ-»ôh. zôh-<Û-h¤G-Çkï-Ç?h-IGÅ-Tm-·ÛG-¾ô-MãÅ-<Û-Gôh-VGÅ-hP¤Z¤-hÝ-z®ôm-DP-¾-Hã¼-z-hP-. z®ôm-DP-hïºÛ-mP-zôh-¤Û-¤P-qô-ÇkÝG-¢ôP-hP-. ¤m¼-GTôh. h¤¼-GÅôh. zÇ?ô¾-uôh-hÝh-ºIô-¾Å-<P-Bô-z-·ÛG-GÛ-ºôG-±ï-ÆôGxÛm-q-hP-. h;º-ÇkÝG-¥PÅ-q-hï-±ô-P-±ôÅ-dG-bà-im-hGôÅ-q-·ÛG-¼ïh. hPôÅ-»ôh-¾ô-MãÅ-<Û-zhïm-qºÛ-zXôh-G·Û-ºhÛ-P-±óºÛ-ºfz-¯ôh-<Û-¾G-V·ÛG-»Ûm-¾-P-±ô¼-Ç[ÛP-ÇeôzÅ-Çtï¾-zºÛ-¤ÛG-hqï-·ÛG-<P-»Ûm. GP-»Ûm-·ï-m. zôhM¾-Dz-hP-¤-Û ¼GÛ Å-<-Û zhïm-hmô -¾-M-GTïÅ-Å-Þ z¸ÞP-mÅ-FG-imô -ºfô¼-zºÛ-M-ã ¤±mHÛÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hï-º²¤-JÀÛP-¾-IGÅ-q-·ÛG-¼ïh.

q¼-Cmæ -GÅ¾-zÁh.

¤±¤Å-¢ô¼-HÛ-±ß¾-hÝ-Gmh-zÇkÝÅ-ÁÛG-Pô-vôh-·ÝÅ-m. IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPhï-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-Ç?zÅ-ÅÞ-zôh-<Û-h¤G-Çkï-ÍP-GZÛÅ-q-D-hP-I-z·Û-h¤G-ÇK¼»Ûm-q-hP-hïº-Û GôP-IôP-iG-h¤G-ÇK¼-»Ûm. 1959 ¾ô¼-zôh-ºhÛ-M-¤Ûº-Û z®m-z¸ÞPºôG-±ßh-qÅ-IÔ-z·Û-h¤G-ÇK¼-hï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Hã¼. Ç?zÅ-hï¼-IÔ-z·Û-z®ômDP-¾-z®ôm-qºÛ-GÅôG-ÇK¼-¸ï¼-z-hP-. IÔ-z·Û-¿e-ÆâP-DP-¸ï¼-z-ÅôGÅ-¤ÛP-D-ÁÅ»ôh-<P- 1965 ¾ô¼-zôh-<Û-z®ôm-DP-DG-GÛ-¤ÛP-hP-ÍP-¼Û¤-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-{Åbï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hï-zôh-¼P-BôP-¿YôPÅ-<Û-z®ôm-DP-ÍP-hP-qô-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïh. z®ôm-DP-hï¼-ZïÅ-hôm-ZïÅ-GÅôG-(¤Û-GÅôh. @Ý-MG-ÅôGÅ-Vz-ÆÛh-Gmhhôm-¤-»Ûm-q.) GÛ-z®ôm-q-hP-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-·ïÅ-z®ôm-q-¼ÛGÅ-GZÛÅ-»ôh-qhP-. ZïÅ-hôm-ZïÅ-GÅôG-GÛ-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-¾ôG-Dh-Tßh-(P¾-¯ô¾-hô-h¤-¾ÅDÞPÅ.)mÅ-z¿e-BôP-{ïh-q-hP-. Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-ÅÛ-q×-fÛP-(FÛ¤Å-º²Ûm¾Å-DÞPÅ-)mÅ-z¿e-BôP-{-GÛ-»ôh. ZïÅ-q-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-¸Ûm-mÅ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-Çe-ï IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zB¾z-hP-. xôGÅ-zÇkÝÅ-<Û-z®ôm-¼Ð-hï-mÅ-P¾-¾Å-zÇ?Ý¾-zº¤-»P-m-z®ôm-¼Ð-G·mhÝ-P¾-¾Å-¾-GbôP-GÛ-»ôh-¾. xôGÅ-¤fºÛ-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-ZïÅ-Vh-Gbm-ºzïzÅ¸Ûm-qºP-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zB¾-HÛ-»ôh. ¤hô-Ç¨h-DÞ¾-hï-·ÛP-Vïm-¾ôGÅ-ÅÞ-zTh-»ôh-qÅ-DÞ¾-Åô-ÅóºÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝz®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-q-¾Å-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-¤ïh-TÛP-hï-¤Ûm-D¤Å-DÞ¾-hP-. hzÞÅDÞ¾-HÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-w¾-Vï-z-fôG-¤¼-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zB¾-HÛ-»ôh. IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-mP-lô-zÁGÅ-hP-. º±ï¤-DP-. ½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-z¸ô-zTôÅ.

q¼-Cmæ -GÅ¾-zÁh.

z¾-¾Å. ¼Þ¤-Ghm-ºfG-¾Å. ±¾-·ÛP-. ÁÛP-º|Å-¼Ð-z. ÁÛP-z¸ô-DP-ÅôGÅP¾-¾Å-{ïh-»Þ¾-ºi-¤Ûm-z®ßGÅ-mÅ-hï-G¼-z®ôm-q-zM-yG-D-ÁÅ-JÀ-¤ïh-P¾¾Å-zÇ?¾Ý -bï-M-G·ÝP-GÛ-»ôP-ºzz-GÅôG-ºWôG-{-GÛ-»ôh-q-hP-. ¾ô-ÁÅ-ÇSmô -hÝ-Í¼ºh¤-z¸ô-I-·ÛG-<P-z®ßGÅ-mÅ-Í¼-ºh¤-fôm-Bïh-{-GÛ-»ôh. IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-¾-hÝÅ-¼Û¤-¤Û-ºi-z-GZÛÅ-{ãP-»ôh-TÛP-. 1980 wmVôh-<Û-¾ô-¼zÅ-iâG-zTß-q-hP-. zhÝm-TßºÛ-mP-GÛ-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-ZïÅ-zlÝP-¤m¼GTôh-¤-»Ûm-q¼-±h-¾Å-ºhÅ-qºÛ-P¾-¾Å-zÇ?¾Ý -z-hP-. z=ïÅ-¿eGô Å-<ÛÅ-¤m¼zTßG-mÅ-z®ôm-q-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-xÛm-»ôh-q-hP-. DG-GTÛG-ÇÀzô -¢ôP-¸ï¼-zºÛ-±ôGÅºhÝ-hP-. zôh-¤Û-mP-DÞ¾-Bôm-ºhôGÅ-ºfz-¯ôh-{ïh-zTßG-mÅ-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼z-zTÅ-M-G·ÝP-¼P-ZÛh-<ÛÅ-¾G-q-ºGÝ¾-¤Û-hGôÅ-q¼-¤Û-¤Pôm-qºÛ-fôG-mÅ-ÇkÝG¢ôP-¤m¼-GTôh-<ÛÅ-zôh-¤Û-¯-¤ïh-z¸ô-zºÛ-{-fzÅ-ÁÛG-z¸ÞP-»ôh. ÆôG-fôG-hP±ï-z®ôm-HÛ-¾ô-±h-z¸ô-zº¤-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z-±P-¤-Mã-¤±m-hP-º|ï¾-»ôh-¤ïh-WÛ-¿e¼»P-¤Pôm-GÅ¾-hôh-qóºÛ-fôG-mÅ-±ôGÅ-Vïm-fôG-fG-GTôh-{-GÛ-»ôh. 1980 ±ßm-Vôh-<Û-¾ô-¼zÅ-hGÝ-Tß-q-mÅ-z¸ÞP-¾ÞÅ-ÇePï -ZïÅ-zlÝP-¤m¼GTôh-G®ô-zô¼-z¸ÞP-mÅ-¿UGÅ-ÉïP-hP-. MãG-q. JÀôG-MãG-ÅôGÅ-hïP-hÝÅ-<Û-¾GV-ºi-¤mÛ -¤ºÛ -Û ¾ÅÞ -ÇPïe -h-Ý zhï -uhô -zbP-mÅ-zhô -¤-Û ¤P-q-ô ¤m¼-GTôh-hºï -Û ºGô -ºhÅIôPÅ-hP-. Åï¤Å-D¤Å-¤-zhï-z. w¾-Vï-z-¾ÞÅ-GTôP-Tm-·ÛG-bà-Hã¼-»ôh. hÝÅz;G-¾-ô ±h-hP-. ¾ô-±h-Ç¼t -z-DG-<P-w¾-V-ï z-F¤Û Å-¼-Ð hP-±Gô Å-Vmï -¤-º±ôGÅq¼-¤Pôm-GÅ¾-¤ïh-qºÛ-fôG-mÅ-FÛ¤Å-GTôh-{-GÛ-»ôh. hqï¼-m- 1998 ¾ô-¿SqºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û hôm-Aïm-mP-zôh-<Û-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q- 8 ZïÅ-zlÝP-ºôG-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-

q¼-Cmæ -GÅ¾-zÁh.

xÛm-»ôh-q-hP-. Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q- 29 ±h-G·Û-¤Û-ºi-zºÛ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±hÇt¼-»ôh. Z¤Å-·Ûz-<Û-¾ô-MãÅ-ºhÛºÛ-mP- 1959 mÅ- 1980 z¼-HÛ-GmÅÇePÅ-hP-. 1980 mÅ- 1987 z¼. hï-XïÅ- 1988 mÅ- 1992 z¼. 1991 mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 2000 ¾ô-z¼-zTÅ-¾ô-hÝÅ-Åô-ÅôºÛ-I-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-|ÛÅ»ôh-TÛP-. ¿ËG-hôm- 1987 ±ßm-Vôh-¾ô-hÝÅ-Åô-Åô¼-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-mP-hPôÅ-ÅÞz·ÝGÅ-¥ôP-zºÛ-¤Û-ÇoºÛ-¤fôP-fôÅ-¥ôP-GÅÞ¤-Åô-ÅôÅ-|ÛÅ-q-hP-. zT¼-ºiÛ-·ÝÅqºÛ-±ÛG-fô-¸Þ¼-ºhôm-HÛÅ-z;ôh-mÅ-¤fº-zÇkô¤Å-hï-ºWâG-{P-hÝ-z;ôh-»ôh. IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-ºhÛ¼-Vh-¿ËG-mô¼-ºFâ¾-ÅôGÅ-<Û-môPÅ-q-TÛ¤VÛÅ-¾-ºhÛ-mÅ-z¸ôh-GÅô¾-hP-fh-;¼-¯ô¤-OÛG-q¼-º|ï¾-z-GmP-¼ôGÅ-·Ý-MãzTÅ. zôh-<Û-hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-iâP-Vï-hP-¯ô¤-OÛG-ºGm-º²ÛmÇKô-qï-PG-hzP-ÇeôzÅ-Vïm-mÅ-Pô-vôh-JÀïP-zXôh-hÝ. zôh-M¾-¾ô- 2128 uÛ-¾ô- 2001 ¹- 8 ±ïÅ- 21 ZÛm-¾.

FG-hP-¤ÛG-Vßº-Û Mãm-¤-Vh-qºÛ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

zôh-<Û-D-hP-IÔ-z·Û-h¤G-ÇK¼-hï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Hã¼-z. 1959-1980

#$. .IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-·ïÅ-qºÛ-¤ÛP-hï-¤Û-w¾-Vï-zºÛ-n-z¼-fôÅ-¥ôP-»ôh-TÛP-hïmÛ-Æ-·ÛP-ºFïGÅ-qºÛ-¿UGÅ-¼Û-¤fôm-qóºÛ-ÇeïP-¸ï-¤-¼Ð-¤GôÅ-zÇ?ô¼-z-hP-. xôGÅz·Û¼-=ôP-Pï¼-GmÅ-qºÛ-Åô-¿e-DP-mÅ-Zïm-¸ôm-HÛ-JÀôG-ºôh-ºôG-h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-¿UGÅ-·ÐhP-¯ï-IÛºÛ-ºôh-¤hPÅ-ºyô-z. ¾G-bà-JÀôG-MãG-ºi-¤Ûm-hP-. Ç?ïh-q¼-fÞP-¤hºG¸ï¼-·ÛP-Ç[PÛ -Xïº-Û iÛ-¤-®¤-»P-¤ïh-qºÛ-z®ôm-ÆâP-zÅ-P¼-Ç?h-OôGÅ-z·Ûm-z=ïÅ¿eGô Å-<ÅÛ -¾ÅÞ -¸PÞ Å-Á¼ô -·PÛ -@P-¾G-¿GU Å-OGô -GÅÛ -zTÛPÅ-qºÛ-zhô -¤-Û n¤Å-zlÝPz-hP-. ºiâh-q. JÀGô -MãG-º²âGÅ-q-zTÅ-BÛ-»-zºÛ-ºô-hôh-z®ôm-DP-xÛ-¼ô¾-hÝºP¿ËP-¿ËP-IGÅ-»ôP-z-·ÛG-¤Û-n¤Å-<Û-zÅ¤-}Àô¼-ºDô¼-HÛ-»ôh. hï-mÛ-hôm-hPôÅ-»Ûmbï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-mÛ-zôh-¼P-BôP-¿YôPÅ-<Û-z®ôm-DP-ÍP-hP-qó-»Ûm-q-hP-. hïG¼-zôh-<Û-zhïm-hôm-Vïh-zôh-¤Û-¤P-qô-ÇkGÝ -¢ôP-¤m¼-GTôh-ºôG-hÝÅ-¤Ûm-±ï-ÆôG-Áô¼·ÛP-. f-m-Ç?h-V-¤fô-h¤m-hP-. n¤-ºHã¼-»G-ZïÅ-®¤-¾ºP-ÆôG-fôG-GÛ-ZïÅq-wôG-»ôh-q-zTÅ-Å-V-hï-mÛ-n¤-ÁïÅ-<Û-zÞ-»ÞG-º±ßz-TÛP-FG-·G-GÛ-M-¤±ô-ºEÛ¾-

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zºÛ-GÁÛm-XïºÛ-FÛ¤Å-¼Ð-·ÛG-»Ûm. IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hï-zôh-¼P-z®m-Ç?zÅ-ÅÞ-h¤G-ÇK¼-»Ûm-q-hP-. h-¿eM-¤ÛºÛ-z®ôm-DP-»Ûm-q-zTÅ-¾ô-MãÅ-<Û-hÝÅ-¼Û¤-¤Û-ºi-z-D-ÁÅ-zMãh-»ôh-qÅ-h¼ïÅ-<Û-hÝÅ-hïz-ºhÛº-Û fôG-P-±ôÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-ÇS-xÛº-Û ¾ô-MãÅ-MÅ-q-·ÛG-Pô-vôh·Ý-Mã-»Ûm. IÔ-z·Û-·ïÅ-qºÛ-¤ÛP-hï-WÛ-¿e¼-fôGÅ-Å¤. IÔ-z·Û-·ïÅ-q-hï-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-mÅ-{P-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-;Û-¾ó-¤Û-\¼- 6 ®¤-HÛ-Å-V¼»ôh-TÛP-Åï-¼Ð-hGôm-q-hP-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-HÛ-h<Û¾-¤±¤Å-ÅÞ-»ôh. hï-G¼-IôP-±ó·ÛG-hP-hïº-Û mP-hGôm-q-VßP-VßP-»Ûh-hÝ-ºôP-z-·ÛG-»ôh-TÛP-ÇS¼-hGôm-VßP-hï¼-hGïÇÀôP-z·Û-IÔ-·ÛG-»ôh-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-HÛÅ-IÔ-z·Û-·ïÅ-qºÛ-hï-¤ÛP-fôGÅ-q-¼ïh-TïÅ-¸ï¼. IÔ-z·Û-¿Ë-¤ô-·ïÅ-qºÛ-¿Ë-¤ô-hïºP-hGôm-VßP-hïºÛ-mP-»ôh-TÛP-hGôm-q-hïºÛ-fôz-DÞPÅÅï-¼-hGôm-q-»Ûm-ºhÝG hGôm-VßP-hïºÛ-G»Å-G»ôm-hÝ-EÛ¤-hÝh-ÅÞ¤-Tß-Ç?ô¼-»ôh. D-hP-IÔ-z·Û-h¤G-ÇK¼. IÔ-z·Û-IôP-±óºÛ-Mz-mÅ-MãGÅ-Vß-VßP-VßP-·ÛG-ºIó-GÛ-»ôh-q-hïºÛ-¸¤-q-zL¾-m-IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-M¾-ÇKô-»ôh-TÛP-¸ï-¤-¼Ð-¤GôÅ-zÇ?ô¼-zºÛ-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-¿UGÅ-¼Û-xÛ¤-¤Pôm-HÛ-¼ïh. z®ôm-DP-VGÅ-»Þ¾-hï- 1959 ¾óºÛ-GôP-hÝ-zôh-<Û-h¤G-ÇK¼-

IÔ-z·Û-h¤G-ÇK¼-hï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Hã¼-z.

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IÔ-z·Û-h¤G-ÇK¼-hï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Hã¼-z.

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IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

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IÔ-z·Û-h¤G-ÇK¼-hï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Hã¼-z.

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¤±ßPÅ-¼ïh. ¾Å-;-zÇ?Ý¾-ÇePÅ-hï-»Û-Eh-VôÅ-mÛ. ;/ ¾Å-;-GTÛG-hï¼-Gô¤Å-mÅ-¤HôGÅ-qô-»ôP-GÛ-»ôh. hqï¼-m-qÞÅ-¤ô¼-¿Ëmq-ÇK¼ô -ÇK¼ô -MG-¤Dm-hïÅ-fôG-¤¼-ZÛm-GTÛG-¾-GÝ-fÞP-zTß-®¤-¾Å-±¼HÛ-¤hï -<P-XÅï -Å-Þ ¾G-q-G¤ô Å-mÅ-ZmÛ -¼¼ï -zM-yG-zL¾-z-º±ï¤Å-fzÞ <Û-»ôh-qÅ-¾Å-xôh-Vï-z¼-wm-fôGÅ-»ôh. ;/ M-¤Ûº-Û h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-z·Ûm-z®ôm-q¼-¾G-¯¾-ÁïÅ-¤Û-fÞz-q¼-wm-fôGÅ-»ôh. G¾-ÆhÛ -º±ï¤-ºDô¼-Bmô -Á¼ô -z-»mÛ -mºP-M-¼GÛ Å-z¸ô-zTôÅ-MG-¤DmHÛÅ-z¸ô-zTôÅ-{ïh-TÛP-hï-hG-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-z®ôm-qÅ-¤fôP-zTßG-GÛ-»ôh-q¤-¼ïh. z¸ô-zTôÅ-{ïh-q¼-hô-ÇoP-{Å-m-»ô-{h-ÅôGÅ-¾ïm-q¼-zbP-mÅGP-¿e¼-ÁïÅ-zTßG-GÛ-¤ïh. 4/ ±¾-·ÛP-. IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-mP-GÛ-zÞh-¤ïh-hP-. hï-¤Ûm-P¾-¯ô¾-mÝÅÁÝGÅ-Bô-z-DG-GTÛG-±¾-·ÛP-mP-±¾-¾-G»ôG-{ïh-q¼-GbôP-GÛ-»ôh. ¾Å-;-mÛ±¾-ºhïzÅ-q-hP-. GÅP-uôh-zÇSôGÅ-mÅ-hï-hG-±¾-¾-MG-hGôÅ-<Û-»ôh. IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-mP-±¾-·PÛ -M-Vmï -q-ô »hô -qÅ-fmô -Bhï -{Å-qºÛ-±¾-¼GÛ Å-n¤Å-z®ômÆâP-¾Å-{ïh-hP-h¤G-¤ÛÅ-zïh-uôh-q-¤-¸h. G»Å-G»ôm-¾Å-DÞPÅ-DG-hP-Fô¤¼¼-º±ôP-GÛ-»ôh. ±¾-ÇtÅä -±h-·m-q-n¤Å-z®ôm-q¼-vh-mÅ-¤hô¼-m-±¾-¼ÛGÅxÛ-mÅ-Zó-¤Û-hGôÅ-q-{ïh-<Û-»ôh. 5/ ÁÛP-º|Å-¼Ð-z. uÛ-¾ô- 1965 ®¤-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-;Ý-ÁÝ-hP-

IÔ-z·Û-h¤G-ÇK¼-hï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Hã¼-z.

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

D¤-zÞ-ÅôGÅ-<Û-ÁÛP-º|Å-¼ÛGÅ-ºhïzÅ-º²âGÅ-{ïh-zTßG-q-hP-. G»ôG-{ïh-q¼z®ôm-q-¾ô-m-Lm-q-hP-. zÞh-¤ïh-DG-GTÛG-¸Þ¼-º²âGÅ-{Å-»ôh. fôm-Bïh-{ãPzºÛ-ÁÛP-º|Å-n¤Å-z®ôm-ÆâP-¾Å-{ïh-mÅ-zïh-uôh-{ïh-qº¤-xÛ¼-º±ôP-z-ÅôGÅ¾Å-z®ôm-q¼-D¤-GP-»P-z¸º-Mã-¤ïh. ¤hô¼-m-ÁÛP-º|Å-¼Ð-z-hï-M-G·ÝP-GÛhq¾-º{ô¼-»ôP-ÇKô¼-h¤ÛGÅ-q-¾Å-z®ôm-qºÛ-º±ô-GôÅ-ºyôh-zÇeïm-Vïh-hÝ-h¤ÛGÅq-·ÛG-¤-¼ïh. 6/ ºHÛG-ºDô¼-z¸ô-zTôÅ-DP-. IÔ-z·Û-z®m-DP-hÝ-¤ô-\ºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-<ÛºHÛG-ºDô¼-z¸ô-zTôÅ-DP-·ÛG-z®ßGÅ-»ôh. ¼¾-lô¾-hP-wm-¤ïh-Hã¼-zºÛ-ºHÛGºDô¼-¼ÛGÅ-z·Ý-zbà¾-¾ÞGÅ-zMz-mÅ-»P-zB¼-zïh-uôh-»ôh-q-z¸ó-GÛ-»ôh. Ç?zÅhï¼-M-G·ÝP-GÛ-¤ô-\ºÛ-ºDô¼-¾óº-Û ¼ÛGÅ-w¾-Vï-z-z®ôm-q¼-P¾-¾Å-zÇ?¾Ý -mÅ-z¸ôzTôÅ-MG-zTßG-GÛ-»ôh-q-¼ïh. ¾Å-G·Û-M-Vï-z-GôP-GÅ¾-n¤Å-»Ûm-·ÛP-hï-¤Ûm-¾Å-¼ÛGÅ-VßP-IÅ-@PºDô¼-z¸ô-zTôÅ-hP-. ÁÛP-z¸ô. ¿UGÅ-z¸ô-ÅôGÅ-¤P-qô-»ôh. GP-¿e¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-mP-P¾-¾Å-¤-{Å-q¼-Çkhô -Å-GP-»P-¤ïh. z®ôm-q-Lm-ºDôGÅ-n¤Å<P-±¾-·ÛP-. ÁÛP-º|Å-¼Ð-z-ÅôGÅ-mP-¾G-G»ôG-bà-GbôP-z-¤-¸h. Gh-ºxÛÅhP-. wG-¿eô-vôh-¤Dm-ÅôGÅ-<Û-¾Å-;-zÇ?Ý¾-HÛ-»ôh. P¾-¾Å-±P-¤¼-±h-G·Û»ôh-qÅ-±h-G·Û-DG-¾ôm-fÞz-q-hGôÅ-ÁÛP-. G¾-ÆÛh-±h-¤-¾ôm-±ï-z®ôm-ÆâP-¾Å{ïh-qÅ-Bôm-zXôh-{ïh-q-¤-¸h. fô-ºGôh-<ÛÅ-¾ô-ºDô¼-xôGÅ-zÇk¤ô Å-Ç?zÅ-Çkzï Å-

¯ÛÅ-MG-GÛ-»ôh. P¾-¾Å-hÝÅ-»Þm. lô-zÁGÅ-hP-. Í¼-¾Å. ±¾-·ÛP-ºhïzÅ-¾Å-ÅôGÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-¿UGÅ¼ÛºÛ-xÛ-¾ôGÅ-ÅÞ-P¾-¾Å-zBôh-¤Dm-HÛ-¾Å-»Þm-ZÛm-GTÛG-¾-Vß-±ôh- 10 hPü. ¿e-ô hÝÅ-¼ï¼-hÝÅ-»Þm-Ç?¼-¤- 20 »Ûm. hGôP-ióº-Û ¿e-ô VÅ-±¼-XïÅ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-º±ôGÅmÅ-±Gô Å-VPß -mP-zhô -¿PôY Å-ZmÛ -¼ºï -Û ±GÅ-q¼-ÇzôÀ -¢Pô -hP-. ¤±¤Å-¼-ï IÅô -zÇk¼Ý {Å-mÅ-¤±m-¤ô-Vß-±ôh- 10 ®¤-z¼-Çkôh-hGôÅ-<Û-»ôh. º±ï¤-¾Å-q-ÅôGÅ-¾Å-;-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-¿UGÅ-¼Ûº-Û mP-hÝ-»ôh-q-n¤Å-<ÛZÛm-¼ïºÛ-¾Å-»Þm-mÛ-Vß-±ôh- 16 »Ûm-·ÛP-·ôGÅ-q-Vß-±ôh- 5 mÅ-¤±m-¤ô-Vß-±ôh10 z¼-¾Å-;-{ïh-hGôÅ-<Û-»ôh. ·¾-¾G-hÝÅ-±ôh-mÛ-G·m-hP-ºi-z¼-¿eô-hÝÅ¼ï¼-Ç?¼-¤- 20 ®¤-¾Å-¤ïh. zhÝm-yG-GZÛÅ-¼ïºÛ-¤±¤Å-ÅÞ-G¸º-ZÛ-¤-¼ï»ôh-q-hP-. hï-ZÛm-Hôm-GôÅ-ºFâ-Mã-hP-hÝG-¾ôG-¾-¿Ëm-q-MG-hGôÅ-q-¼ïh. ºIô-z-¤-Û ·GÛ -¾-¾Å-;ºÛ-hÅÝ -±hô -whÞ -h-hPÝ -P¾-GÅóº-Û hÅÝ -±hô -hP-. GZÛh<Û-hÝÅ-±ôh. ·¾-¾G-hÝÅ-±ôh-zTÅ-¿kP-PïÅ-ÁÛG-hGôÅ-ÁÛP-. hï-mÛ-¤Û-·ÛG-Bôm|¾-º±ô-GmÅ-{ïh-q¼-¼P-VÅ-ÅÞ-»ôh-qºÛ-fôz-fP-·ÛG-»Ûm-mºP-»Ûh-Bô-hGôÅ-q·ÛG-¾-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-fôz-fP-hï-hG-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-|¾-mÅ-G¸ïz-ÅÞ-zTßG-qºÛÅï¤Å-Tm-¾Å-<P-ÇGÝk -qºÛ-P¾-¾Å-<-Û ¾-ô ¹ºÛ-º±ô-z-·GÛ -M-¤ºÛ -Û z®m-hzP-ºGô -zB¾-

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

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IÔ-z·Û-h¤G-ÇK¼-hï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Hã¼-z.

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IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

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IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-¾-Çkôh-¼ÛP-GÛ-¥ôP-±ô¼.

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IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-¾-Çkôh-¼ÛP-GÛ-¥ôP-±ô¼.

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IÔ-AP-ZïÅ-¤ïh-¤P-qó-·ÛG-Ç?zÅ-hï-hÝÅ-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅ-ÅôP-........ ¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ-¤Vm-ºIï¾. fÞz-zÇem-¤DÅ-z®ßm-¾GÅ-mÛ- 1941 ¾ô¼-zôh-<Û-M¾-Å-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-£-·ô¾-M-¤±ô-z=-ÁÛÅ-TïÅqºÛ-EÛ¤-±P-hÝ-Ç?-Ý ºFâPÅ. Bïh-{ïh-¤±m-¾-{P-Vßz-}À-ô IôÅ-hP-. Bïh-¤ºÛ-¤±m-¾-qj¨-Oô¾h;¼-·Ý-GÛ-»ôh. ¤Û-¯-Ç[-ï ¤ô-mÅ-»Ûm-q-hP-¤ïÅ-qô-hGº-¿km-wô-|P-GÛ-·zÅ-·Ý-zOæz-qÅ-¤Û-Mãhzôh-G·ÝP-GÛ-¾Å-Ço¼ï -ºDôh-TÛP-EÛ¤-±P-¿Ë-Å¼-G·ÛÅ-VGÅ. hGÝP-¾ô- 8 mÅ-ZG-¼ôP-ÁGÇÀzô -IÔ¼-zBôh-q-hP-. m¼-Åôm-mÅ-zôh-G·ÝP-hGº-¿km-wô-|P-GÛ-¾Å-Ço¼ï -·zÅ-Çkhô -·ÝÅ. 1959 ¾ô¼-M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-q¼-P-ô L¾ô -H-Û »GÛ -V¼-Å-»GÛ -z;ôh-q-hP-m¼ô -JPÛÀ wô-|P-GÛ-ÆâP-{-·Ý-¤Þ¼-h¤G-ºFâG-¾PÅ-qÅ-¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 21 ZÛm-M-h¤G-GÛÅ-mô¼-JÀPÛ -mÅºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-y-¼ÛP-z®ôm-DP-hP-. mô¼-JÀÛP-z®ôm-DP-. IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-. Q-Vïm. IôPZÛP-·PÛ -¼ºÛ-z®ôm-DP-zTÅ-Å-Þ z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. ¼ÛP-¤mÛ -JhôÀ -z=ô¾-fzô -<P-I¾-¼¤Û -qºÛ-·-Ð ¤-ô G»ôGÅ. 1978 ¾ô-mÅ-¯ï-wô-|P-hP-hï-XïÅ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-±m-¼ÛG-DP-hÝ-xG-¾Å-GmP-. 1983 ¾ô¼- GZïm-ºyh-h-Ý wzï Å-b-ï 7GôP-Å-¤VôG-·¾-¤W¾-HÅÛ -zhô -h-Ý x¼Û -¾Gô -¤-GmP-z¼-hPï -Çz? ÅÍ-¼Û¼-Ç?-Ý º±ô-z·ÝGÅ-»Ûm. DôP-¤-Û ¾-ô Z-Û Á-Ý ¿GË -M-¤ºÛ -Û z®m-ºGô -b-à z·ÝGÅ-¼PÛ -G-Û ¤fôP-fÅô -¥Pô -GÅÞ¤-H-Û ¤-Û ±ºï -Û ¾ô-MãÅ-<<h;º-ÇkÝG-ºôG-GÛ-{ãP-z-zXôh-q->>·ïÅ-q-ÁôG-IPÅ- 572 Tm-·ÛG-¿YGÅ-¯ô¤HÛÅ-zôh-G·ÝP-ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-hq¼-DP-mÅ-hq¼-Cæm-{Å-»ôh.

z®ôm-Iô¾-Vïm-¤ô-hP-¾ô-¼zÅ-zMh-zTß-qºÛ-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-. 1979-1988 uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¹-z- 3 ±ïÅ- 18 ZÛm-¿Ë-Å¼-iG-Gmôm-HÛ-z;º-MzbP-z-mÅ. uÛ-¾ô- 1979 ¹ 3 ±ïÅ- 18 ZÛm-z¼-¤Û-¾ô- 20 ÉÛ¾-qô-ºDô¼-z¼ïh. hÝÅ-»Þm-hïº-Û ¼ÛP-M-mG-M¾-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-GÅÞ¤-Lô¾-GTÛG-zlÝP-¸ï¼-z-hP-. Hïm¾ôG-¤Z¤-º|ï¾. ¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXï-Vïm-qóº-Û ¾Å-ºGÝ¾-¤Û-h¤PÅ-;ÝP-Éï-ÅôGÅVz-ÆÛh-<Û-½ÀPâ -º±ßz-GTÛG-ºWâG-GZÛÅ-¤fÞh-¾PÅ-mÅ-¤Û-n¤Å-¤±ô-¿e¼-¸z-TÛP¤ï-¿e¼-±-zºÛ-h;º-ÇkGÝ -GÛ-GmÅ-ÅÞ-¿ËPà Å-qÅ-¤Û-Åï¼-Çt¾ï -»Þ¾-hÝ-Hã¼-zºÛ-zôh-¿e-zÞ¼¤±ôm-m-hï-zÅ-¬ôÅ-¤Û-hGôÅ-q-·ÛG-¼ïh. hï-mÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-<Û-G¼-ÇeïGÅ-fôG-º²¤-JÀÛP¤Û-n¤Å-hGôh-Áô¼-zºÛ-¹ôÅ-G¼-BåG-|ô-zô-·ÛG-ºFz-q-¼P-¼ïh. 1976 ¾ô¼-M-mG-GÛ-G®ô-º²Ûm-¤ºô-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼-z-hP-. Dô-qºÛ-z¸º¹-TP-VÛP-G®ôÅ-qºÛ-¤Û-z·ÛºÛ-ÁôG-DG-hï-¤-ZÛh-hÝ-Gbô¼-XïÅ-¾ô-MãÅ-ÇeïP-GÛ-M-mGGÝP-Fm-HÛ-mG-ZïÅ-n¤Å-¤Û-z·Û-ÁôG-D¼-G»ôGÅ-qÅ-hï-mÅ-z¸ÞP-M-mG-M¾-»ôPÅÅÞ-hzÞGÅ-P¾-GÅô-zºÛ-B-¤hº-·ÛG-ºGô-z®ßGÅ-q-¼ïh.

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

M¾-uÛº-Û ºHã¼-z-hP-. ¿ËG-hôm-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-hP-z®m-{ô¾-zôh-G·ÝPGÛ-Mãm-zÆÛP-ºzh-z¯ôm-HÛ-Zï¼-¾ïm-¾-zdïm-mÅ-zôh-hÝºP-ÇS¼-hP-¤Û-ºi-z¼-TßP¿Ëhô -hÝ-xÛm-mÅ-¾G-q¼-yïP-z-ºEï¼-z-hP-. D-mÅ-¤-aÛ-ºhôm-¤Dm-D-ÁÅ-¤fôPMã-»ôh-q¼-Hã¼-z-¼ïh. hï-ºiºÛ-z¸P-xôGÅ-<Û-ºHã¼-zºÛ-ºôG-¿Ë-Å¼-iG-Gmômz;º-M-zbP-mÅ-¾ó-Pô-ZÛ-ÁÝ-bG-bG-ºDô¼-zºÛ-ZÛm-¤ô-Çeï- 1979 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 18 ZÛm-¿Ë-Å¼-P¾-¯ô¾-¤Û-h¤PÅ-¼ÛG-GmÅ-wô-|P-·ïÅ-qºÛ-±ôGÅ-DP-mP- 1959 ¾óº-Û zôh-hÝ-iG-qóºÛ-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-{Å-qºÛ-z®ôm-q-»ôPÅ-μôGÅ-JÀôh-z=ô¾GbôP-MãºÛ-±ôGÅ-Vïm-±ôGÅ-q-¼ïh. ±ôGÅ-Vïm-hï¼-GÅP-»Ûz-z®ôm-DP-hP-. IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-¤-ÁÛ-GÅôm-qô¼-GmÅ-qºÛ-¿S-zTß-P-hGÝºÛ-z®ômq- 170 ®¤»ôh-q-¼ïh. hï-hG-mÛ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ômºWâG-¾ô- 20 hP-. ±ï-z®ôm-»Ûm-q-·ïGTÛG-»Ûm-·ÛP-. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 20 »Ûm-q-D-ÁÅ-ZÛm-ÁÅ-hP-. ¹ÁÅ-¾Å-¤Û-ºGô¼-z¼-¾ô-hÝÅ-μôGÅ-Zï¼-ÇÀïzÅ-»ôh. ±ôGÅ-Vïm-mP-¿S-zTß-P-hGÝ-¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-{Å-qºÛ-z®ôm-q-»ôPÅμôGÅ-JÀôh-z=ô¾-GbôP-MãºÛ-Ez-zOGÅ-{Å-q-¤-¸h. ±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-fôG-zôh-¼PBôP-¿YPô Å-<Û-Mãm-¾Å-ÍÞ-»ôm-¼G-ÇkGÛ -GÛÅ-“1959 ¾ô¼-Pô-¾ôG-¸ÛP-ºFâG-mP-·ÝGÅmÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-{Å-qºÛ-ZïÅ-Tm-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-hï-¼ÛP-mÅ-z¸ÞP-JÀôh-z=ô¾-GbôPMã-hP-. hï-hG-¾-ÆÛh-G·ÝP-mÅ-¾Å-;ºÛ-z;ôh-OÛG-hP-º±ô-zºÛ-ºhÝm-¾¤-vh-Mã»Ûm-”·ïÅ-Ez-zOGÅ-{Å-q-hP-xôGÅ-¤±ßPÅ-hï-ZÛm-z®ôm-q-Åô-Åô¼-uÛ-h¤PÅ-

¾ô-¼zÅ-zMh-zTß-qºÛ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-.

<Û-hzP-V-»ôh-qºÛ-¾G-ºEï¼-¼ï-hP-. M-¤ÛºÛ-ÁôG-ÇKô¼- 30 ¼ï. ¼Å-<Û-M-VÅV-±P-¼ï-vh-q-¼ïh. hï-mÅ-z¸ÞP-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-hP-±ï-z®ôm-»Ûm-q-n¤Åz®ôm-DP-Åô-Åôº-Û mP-»ôh-¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-bà-zNå¼-mÅ-uÛ-¤±ßPÅ-¾Å-;¼-ºFÛh-fôG¹-¼ï¼-JÀ-wôGÅ-ÇKô¼- 25 ¼ï-vôh-<Û-»ôh-q-¾Å-Åô-ÅóºÛ-ºhôh-¤ôÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-Å-DÞ¾hÝ-xÛ¼-¾ôG-zbP-»ôh-q-¤-¼ïh. ¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-TïÅ-q-mÛ-z®ôm-q-¾ô-hÝÅ-μôGÅ-q-n¤Å-zÇkÝ-Z¼-HÛ-¾Å-;zÇ?¾Ý -zºÛ-Ç-ïk ±m-·GÛ -»mÛ -·PÛ -. hï-hG-M-G·ÝP-G-Û ¿-e dGô Å-ºGô -»hô -q-¾Å-¤-Û h¤PÅmP-z·Ûm-HÛ-¼P-hzP-¤ïh. ºôm-<P-z®ôm-q-hP-¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-hz¼-¤Û-ºi-zºÛEh-q¼-»ôh-q-mÛ. 1/ z®ôm-q¼-Åô-¿e-DP-hP-ÆâP-h¤G-»ôh-<P-¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-¾-hï-¿e¼-¤ïh. 2/ z®ôm-qºÛ-Z¾-DP-¾-ÇKô-¿UGÅ-MG-GÛ-»ôh-<P-¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-GÛ-Z¾-DP¾-ÇKô-¿UGÅ-MG-GÛ-¤ïh. 3/ z®ôm-q-¾Å-;¼-ºFÛh-Ç?zÅ-iG-qóº-Û h¤G-¤Û-»ôP-GÛ-»ôh-<P-¾Å-¤Û-¼ÞDG-·Û-VÅ-Hôm-qÅ-¾Å-;¼-ºFÛh-<Û-»ôh. 4/ ¾Å-;ºÛ-Å-mÅ-z®ôm-q-Vz-GÅP-hÝ-ºIô-Ç?zÅ-ÆâP-h¤G-¾-hGôPÅ-q·Ý-hGôÅ-<P-¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-hGôPÅ-q-·Ý-hGôÅ-<Û-¤ïh. 5/ z®ôm-q-GZïm-ºyh-hÝ-mP-¾-zBôh-VôG-GÛ-¤ïh-<P-¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-¼ïÅG¸º-ZÛ-¤¼-Åô-ÅóºÛ-mP-hÝ-¾ôG-VôG-q-¤-¸h-Fô¤-¾-zBôh-VôG-GÛ-»ôh.

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

1979 ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 1 mÅ-IÔ-z·ÛºÛ-¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-w¾-Vï-z-¿Ëô-D-¯ïh-fP-hÝ-P¾¯ô¾-zNå¼-z;ôh-¼Þ-DG-·ÛG-»ôh-q-hï¼-·ÛP-¾Å-{ïh-q¼-zbP-z-hP-. mh-GTôPLÅ-ºDôGÅ-DG-GTÛG-¤ZïÅ-fP-GÛ-¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-bà-·ÛP-¼Ðº¤. μ-wG-z¸ô-IÔ¼zbP-. ¾ô-G·ôm-¾G-¯¾-»ôh-q-D-ÁÅ-ÁÛG-ÍÞ-FÛ-bàh-<Û-z¸ô-IÔ¼-zbP-»ôh-q-¼ïh. ¤ZïÅ-fP-hÝ-zbP-z-n¤Å-G·ÝP-GZï¼-¾ÞG-μÛ-hP-. {-GÅóº-Û ¾Å-;-{ïhMã-»Ûm-q-hP-. ÍÞ-FÛ-bàh-hÝ-zbP-z-n¤Å-Í¼-¾Å-hP-. ÁÛP-z¸ô-hï-z·Ûm-¤ô-\z¸ô-zTôÅ-{ïh-Mã-zTÅ-¼ïh. ZÛm-¼ïºÛ-¾Å-»Þm-»P-Vß-±ôh- 8 hP-. G¸º-ZÛ¤¼-mP-hÝ-¾ôG-qº¤-Fô¤-hÝ-zBôh-q. ¹-¼ïºÛ-¾Å-hôh-JÀ-wôGÅ-<P-P¾-¯ô¾-mÝÅÁÝGÅ-¾-G·ÛGÅ-qºÛ-ym-®¤-¾ïm-Mã-»ôh-q-zTÅ-ÇSmô -hP-zÇk¼Ý -m-¾ÞÅ-Åï¤Å-GZÛÅ¾-P¾-GÅô-TßP-fôz-mÅ-h¥¾-zºÛ-Fôh-mÅ-¤Û-¾ÞÅ-zB¼-hÝ-}ÀPÅ-TïÅ-qºP-Ç?zÅhïº-Û ¸PÞ Å-¸h-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-Å-Þ {Pã -z-zTÅ-¯-zºÛ-V-mÅ-I-Ô z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÅÛ -G®ôÅqºÛ-zhô -Emô -»Pô Å-<-Û z®ôm-DP-mP-¿-S zTß-P-hGÝ-¾ºó -Û Vz-ÆhÛ -z®ôm-q-±P-¤-G-Ý »PÅJÀôh-z=ô¾-zbP-z-¼ïh. ¿ËG-hôm-uÛ-¾ô- 1979 ¾ô-mÅ-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-hzÞ-FÛh-qºÛ-z®m-{ô¾zôh-G·ÝP-GÛ-Ç?-Ý ±z-zôh-hÝ-º±¤Å-ºiÛ-G¸ÛGÅ-Ç?¼ô -¾-ÇS-XïÅ-wïzÅ-qÅ- 1982 ¾ô¼zôh-»ôPÅ-<Û-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-±P-¤-(¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-bà-zNå¼-z.)fôG-JÀhô -z=ô¾-zbPÇe-ï EÛ¤-G·Û-»ôh-q-EÛ¤-G·Û-hPü. EÛ¤-G·Û-¤ïh-q-fôG-¤¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-{ïh-qºÛ-Å-DÞ¾hÝ-zB¾-zº¤-»P-m-fï¤-fô-¾G-q¼-vh-mÅ-¾ôG-zbP-Çe-ï M-G·ÝP-GÛÅ-zôh-<Û-z®ôm-

¾ô-¼zÅ-zMh-zTß-qºÛ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-.

DP-DG-mP-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-GTÛG-<P-¤ïh-qºÛ-Ez-zOGÅ-zbP-»ôh. ºôm-<P-¤DÅ-hzP-Lm-}-ôÀ z¸P-hzP-xGã -hP-. d-mG-ºWÛGÅ-¤hï -z¸Pqô-ÅôGÅ-»ôPÅ-IGÅ-hP-. »ôPÅ-IGÅ-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-zôh-<Û-zhïm-hôm-ºfz-¯ôh-qDG-GTÛG-ÇS-XïÅ-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-IÔ-z·Û-ÅôGÅ-zôh-<Û-z®ôm-DP-DG-mP-zTßG-»ôhq-mÛ. ¾ô-¼zÅ-zMh-TßºÛ-z®ôm-Iô¾-Vïm-qô-GbôP-Ç?zÅ-JÀôh-z=ô¾-fôz-qºÛ-¤DÅhzP-Lm-}À-ô z¸P-hzP-xãG-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-¢¼-»ÛG-z=¤Å-Aïmï - 1981 ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 3 ZÛm-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-IÔ-z·Û¼-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-Çeï- 1984 ¾ô¼-hÝÅ-z;Gz®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 18 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-z-hP-. d-mG-ºWÛGÅ-¤ïh-z¸Pqô-¾GÅ-<P-¾ô-¼zÅ-zMh-zTßº-Û mP-z®ôm-Iô¾-fôz-¤ôh-G®ßG-¾G-DP-¤hÝm-fPhÝ-zôh-¼P-z®m-Ç?h-ºzôh-{Å-qÅ- 1983 ¾óºÛ-¹- 11 qºÛ-mP-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅhÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 15 {ïh-Mãº-Û FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-Çe-ï IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ômºWâG-{Å-»ôh-q-¼ïh. Lm-}Àô-z¸P-hzP-xãG-¾GÅ- 1987 ¹- 11 ±ïÅ- 4 ZÛm-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-GÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-ºDÞ¼-z·Ûm-zôh-<Û-zhïm-hôm-Vïh-Ç?-Ý GÁïGÅq-hP-. d-mG-ºWÛGÅ-¤ïh-z¸P-qô-¾GÅ- 1987 hGÝ-qºÛ-Zï¼-zhÝm-hP-. zTßqºÛ-±ïÅ-GTÛG-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-<Û-GmÅ-±ß¾-z®ôm-DP-mP-GÅ-fôÅ-{ãP-ºy¾¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 5 ZÛm-·Û-Lô¾-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-hï-hG-¾-Mz-Bô¼-HÛ-Ç?h-ºzôh-{Å-q¼zdïm-ÇÀ¼-»P-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 5 Çt¼-Çeï-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 30 hÝÅ-z;G-FÛ¤Å-Vh-ºôG-h¿eºP-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-»ôh-z·Ûm-q-¼ïh.

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

¤hô¼-m-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-ºGô-z®ßGÅ-q-mÅ-z®ôm-DP-hï¼-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ômq-¤ïh-qºÛ-ÇeôP-qºÛ-hÝÅ-±ôh-·ÛG-{ãP-zºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-¤Û-ºhÝG hïÅ-m-¾ô-¼zÅ-zMhTß-qºÛ-zTß-±m-zMh-q-mÅ-z¸ÞP-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-mP-zôh-<Û-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-¼Û¤º{ô¼-HÛÅ-zhïm-hôm-ºfz-¯ôh-Hïm-¾PÅ-hP-. iG-Gmôm. h¤¼-GÅôh-. ¾ô-±hÇt¼-z. ÇkGÝ -¢ôP-. ¤m¼-GTôh-ÅôGÅ-<Û-Vz-ÆÛh-<Û-»ô-¾PÅ-ºwô-ºHã¼-WÛ-½[hï -{ãPzºÛ-hPôÅ-{ãP-¾ô-MãÅ-n¤Å-z®m-{ô¾-º{ô¼-zºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-¿S-»ÛÅ-|ÛÅ-q-hP-. zT¼-ºiÛ-·ÝÅ-qºÛ-±ÛG-fô-¾Å-¾ô-hÝÅ-G·Û¼-z¸ÞP-¸Þ¼-ºhôm-HÛÅ-GÁ¤-hÝ-z;ôh-»ôh.

¤Û-¼zÅ-GZÛÅ-qºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-º{ô¼z-hP-. Ç?zÅ-hïº-Û GmÅ-ÇePÅ-fÞP-PÞ-·ÛG 1988-1991 ±ï-zÅôh-mÅ.

zôh-¼P-BPô -¿PôY Å-z®ôm-DP-hP-q-ô I-Ô z·Û-z®ôm-DP-m-Û =P-ÍhÞ -hP-. TmG»ôÅ. D×. bàh-zTÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-z®ôm-DP-·ÛG-»Ûm-·ÛP-hï-»P-¾Å-DÞPÅ-hï¼-=PÍÞh-GZÛÅ-hP-. Tm-G»ôÅ-=P-. D×-=P-. bàh-=P-zTÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-z®ôm-¼ÐºÛ-hôh¤-¾Å-DÞPÅ-Vï-ÁôÅ-ÁÛG-¼ïh. z®ôm-¼Ðº-Û ºGó-FÛh-¤fô-ÁôÅ-=P-ÍÞh-mÅ-¼Û¤-z·Ûm-Tm-»ôÅ-=P-hP-. D×=P-mÅ-bàh-=P-hP-. bàh-=P-mÅ-bàh-=P-G·ôm-q-zTÅ-»Ûm. z®ôm-¼ÐºÛ-¾Å{ïh-q-ºhÛ-¼ÛGÅ-¾-¾G-bà-wm-±ßm-º|ï¾-¤fÞh-{-zhï-zºÛ-Vïh-¾G-Eï¼-D-q¼-(Èôqô-Tm-)»ôh.

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

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Å-z-Çmït -q-zTÅ-¿-S I-Ô z·Û-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-Çºôt -ô v-©Gô -z®ôm-DP-h-Ý zB¾-z-¼hï . hÝÅ±ôh-mÛ- 1990 ¾óºÛ-¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 27 ZÛm-¼ïh. ·Ý-ºzôh-hP-iG-Gmôm. P-±ô-¾Å-;-mÅ-hGôP-iô-¼Þ-DG-mP-¾ôG-»ôP-Ç?zÅ-DôP-n¤Å-z®ôm-DP-hï-mÅ-xÛ¼FÛh-¸Ûm-q-ÁïÅ. z®ôm-ÆâP-ºGô-hqôm-±ï-¼ÛP-¼Ûm-Vïm-hP-. qj¨-¼Ûm-Vïm-GZÛÅ-»ÛmqÅ-Dô-q-GZÛÅ-¾-“DôP-n¤Å-GP-hÝ-z®m-FÛh-{Å-q-hP-. h-¿e-GP-hÝ-»ôh. JÀôzÞ¼-z®m-ºFÛh-{ïh-hGôÅ-hôm-GÅ¾-zÁh-{ïh-hGôÅ-”·ïÅ-±P-¤Å-¤Z¤-¼Þz-<ÛÅºÞ¼-¸ÛP-{Å. z®ôm-ÆâP-ºGô-hqôm-GZÛÅ-qôÅ-hï-¼ÛP-GmÅ-±ß¾-·ÛG-fôm-PïÅ-¼ïhÇ[¤-mÅ-±ï-¼ÛP-¼Ûm-Vïm-¾¤-ÅïP-h¤G-ÇK¼-¾-xÛm-bï-h¤G-¤Û-zÇ?ôP-ºhÝG z®ôm-DP-GÛ-ºFÛÅ-ÅÞ-zM-ÁôG-GZÛÅ-®¤-»ôh-qºÛ-h¤G-ÇK¼-·ÛG-»ôh-qhï-z®ôm-DP-hô-h¤-ÆâP-Bôz-<ÛÅ-²-iG-Ç?zÅ-iG-Gmôm-{-VôG-GÛ-Vïh-hÝ-¼ïh. hïZÛm-h¤G-ÇK¼-hïºÛ-=Û-bºô-»ôm-M-¤Û-·ÛG-»ôh-q-hïÅ-¾G-bà-fÞP-¤hº-·ÛG-zTPÅ. h¤G-¤Û-G·m-n¤Å-z®ôm-qºÛ-¤fº-Ç?¼ô -hÝ-¼ÛP-¤hº-¼ï-zTP-Çe-ï lÝP-VôG-GÛÅ-z·G h¤G-¤Û-w¾-Vï-z-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-xÛ-¼Þ-ÇKÝG-zTßG-ºhÝG-TÛP-hï-hG-ZÛm-¿e¼-¢ôP-zl¼{Å-qºÛ-iG-¯¾-n¤Å-h-ï ¼PÛ -zhï -uhô -{hï -Å-·GÛ -{Pã -Ç¤[ -Ç.ïe Á-EÅÛ -¼-Û hGÐ Å-¤fôPz-¿e¼-¤VôPÅ-VôG-bà-zÇkh-ºhÝG ¼Þ-DG-mP-z®ôm-¼ºÛ-ºGô-hqôm-GZÛÅ-hP-w¼-zÁh-±ß¼-zÁh-{ïh-qºÛ-

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

¸P-¸ÛP-GÛ-Ç?zÅ-hï¼-q-ÅPÅ-=P-ÍÞh-ÇÀzï Å-bï-Dô-¤ôÅ-¤²âz-¤ó-ÇkGÛ -GÛm-hÝ-“Eôh-±ôz®ôm-q-¼ïh-hº-”TïÅ-z®ôm-q-»Ûm-qºÛ-GmÅ-zz-ÁïÅ-hGôÅ-q-hP-. hï-¾Å-ºG¾±ï-iG-Gmôm-{ïh-Mã-»Ûm-qºÛ-n¤-q-zÇem-HÛ-ºhÝG z®ôm-q-±ôÅ-zÁh-Mã-mÛ-DôP-n¤ÅGP-hÝ-»ôh. GP-hÝ-zB¾. zB¾-hôm-WÛ-»Ûm-GÅ¾-zÁh-»ôP-z-·ÝÅ-q-hï-¼ïh. ±P-¤-ÇKô-¼ºÛ-mP-Çkôh-hÝ-zTßG-»ôh-TÛP-º|Å-IÔ-PG-hzP-¼Ûm-Vïm-»¼¾PÅ-bï-hôm-Gmh-hïºÛ-Ç?ô¼-Áôh-¯ÛÅ-{-Ç?zÅ-=Û-bºô-»ôm-HÛÅ-¤VôPÅ-»ôPÅ-z-hPVzÅ-TÛG-PG-hzP-¼Ûm-Vïm-HÛ-|P-DôG-mÅ-ºWâÅ-bï-ºI¤-q¼-fÞP-¤hº-hP-DÞ±ß¼-¤Z¤-hÝ-·ÝÅ-bï-GhôP-q-CPÅ-Ç~ôÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼. ±ß¼-xôGÅ-mÅ-º|Å-IÔ-PG-hzPwÞ¾-{ãP-mÅ-Ç?h-V-Áôh-¯ÛÅ-<ÛÅ-»¼-¾PÅ-Ç?zÅ-¼ÛP-¤hº-z¸ÞP-zºÛ-h¤G-¤Û-hïÅDôP-GÛ-¤Gô-zô¼-¤ï-¤hº-G·Ý-fïPÅ-GTÛG-¾-FG-h¤¼-fô¼-z-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-Å-¾ºHï¾-ÅôP-. Èô¼-}À-Lm-HÛ-¤WÛP-q¼-¾G-¤hº-·Ý-fïPÅ-GTÛG-GÛÅ-ÇK-ô ºI¤-hÝ-h|Û¾z-¼ïh. Å-ÇeïP-hÝ-zÇkh-»ôh-qºÛ-z®ôm-qºÛ-fôG-h¤G-¤Û-Áô¼-»ôP-mÅ-¾G-q-GPfïzÅ-<ÛÅ-ZïÅ-lÝP-zbP-zÅ-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-Z¾-DP-Åô-Åóº-Û mP-|ôÅ-º²â¾-{ïh-hGôÅ{ãP-z-¼ïh. hï-ºy¾-z®ôm-DP-»ôPÅ-<Û-z®ôm-ÆâP-z-hP-. h¤G-¤ÛÅ-fG-q-hPü. MãG-q. ¾G-¿UGÅ-ÅôGÅ-lÝP-lïG-¾G-V-ºi-¤Ûm-ºEï¼-»ôP-mÅ-z®ôm-q-¼ï-¼ï-z·ÛmxÛ¼-Ç?h-zbP-Çeï-fG-qÅ-zÇk¤Å. ¾G-¿UGÅ-zMz. lôG-qÅ-zÇom. zlÝPüqÅôGÅ-¤m¼-GTôh-ÁÛ-¤Ûm-¼ô-¤Ûm-zbP-z-¼ïh.

Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-º{ô¼-z.

h-hÝP-Èô¼-}À-Lm-}Àô-z¸P-z¯ôm-ºIâÅ-hP-. PG-hzP-wÞ¾-{ãP-. z¯ômºIâÅ-¤f¼-xÛm. ºW¤-hq¾-±ï-¼ÛPü. »ï-ÁïÅ-PG-hzPü. »ï-ÁïÅ-hI-ºhÝ¾. ¼Çeôh-¹-z-ÅôGÅ-z®ôm-q- 50 ¿ËG-®¤-h¤-iG-DP-mP-zTßG h¤-iG-DP-mP¤-GÁôPÅ-z¼-DG-TÛG-¼Þ-DG-mP-±ß¼-ºFÛh-»ôP-Çe-ï @P-¿UGÅ-¾G-¿UGÅ-zMz-Çe-ï z·G-q-¼ïh. hGº-IÔ-z¯ôm-ºIâÅ-¤f¼-xÛm-fG-qÅ-zÇk¤Å-bï-ZïÅ-zlÝP-zbP-zÅ¯Ûz-¤-GZÛÅ-zTG-q-¤-¸h. Ç¨m-zTôÅ-¤ïh-q¼-h¤-iG-DP-hÝ-zTßG ZÛm-ÁÅXïÅ-¼Þ-DG-mP-zB¾-zÅ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-»Ûm-q-ZG-¼ôP-ÁG-GÛ-Ç¨m-q-{¤Å-hPôÅ<ÛÅ-Ç¨m-zTôÅ-V-Aïm-¤ïh-qºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-ºôG-¯Ûz-¤-VG-qºÛ-¾ÞÅ-Çehô -¾-¼Å-h=ÛÅmÅ-¯Ûz-¤-VG-zTÛPÅ-{-hGôÅ-{ãP-»ôh. hGº-IÔ-±ï-¼ÛP-¾ºP-ZïÅ-lÝP-Vï¼-wôG-Çeï-Í¤-TôG-mÅ-FG-hôm. ¤D¾¤-GTôP-Tm-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-¾ÅÞ -q-ô ºIïP-¤-Û fzÞ -q¼-ZmÛ -ÁÅ-G·m-¾-zdïm-mÅ-Vz-GÅPhÝ-Bôh-hGôÅ-{ãP-z-¤-¸h. TßP-P¾-GÅôº-Û hÝÅ-±ôh-{ãP-±ï-ÇK-ô ¼ºÛ-mP-ÁÛP-ºWôG-ÅºÛZÛ-DÞG-bà-¾ÞÅ-qô-ZÛ-¤¼-zÆôÅ-bï-¾ÞÅ-iôh-Bï-fzÅ-{ïh-hGôÅ-{ãP-z-¼ïh. lÝP-lïG-wôG-qºÛ-¼Þ-DG-¿S-qºÛ-z®ôm-q-±óºÛ-Pô-GhôP-hï-f¾-¤hôG-B-fï¼z-·ÛG-bà-¤Pôm-q-hP-. Bô-¿ËP-¿ËP-GÛ-Åï¤Å-q¼-Bô-¿ËP-¿ËP-·ÛG-GÛÅ-Åï¤Å-GÅô{-Mã-¾Å-G·m-TÛ-»P-¤ïh.

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

h¤¼-GÅôh-hP-¤m¼-GTôh.

¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ-¤Vm-ºIï¾. ±ï-zÅôh-¾GÅ-m-Û h-¿-e zhô -G·ÝP-zhï-ÆPâ -Z¤Å-·zÛ -mP-xG-¾Å-GmP-G-Û »hô -TPÛ -. uÛ-¾-ô 1969 ¾ô¼-ÇGe -¯-ï zhï-Vmï -μPô -G-Û V-IPô -±¼ô -BÅï . Bïh-{hï -¤±m-¾-z=ÛÅ-hmô -Izâ -hPü. Bïh-¤ºÛ-¤±m¾-G»P-º²ô¤Å-·-Ý G-Û »hô -q-hP-. Çtmä -¤Vïh-Lm-G·ôm-zhÝm-»hô -q-mÅ-DPô -GZÛÅ-q-h-ï »mÛ . VßPPÞº-Û hÅÝ -mÅ-ÇzôÀ -I¼Ô -zBôh. uÛ-¾-ô 1988 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 ZÛm-¿-Ë ¿mk -Çmô¨ -¾¤-Vmï -¤ºó -Û Çz? ÅÅÞ-M¾-Å-¿-Ë Å¼-zhô -¼P-z®m-H-Û ·-Û L¾ô -Hmï -¾PÅ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-Ç¾ït -zÅ-ÍhÞ -F-Û bÅà -hPü. GÅP»Ûz-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 {ïh-Mãº-Û FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-Çe-ï IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-h-Ý z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. hÝÅ-z;G-f¤Û -mÅ-JhôÀ -z=ô¾-fzô bï- 1992 ¾ô¼-¹- 7 ±ïÅ8 ZÛm-z·ÝGÅ-Ç¼K -¾-z®m-{¾ô -h-Ý º{ô¼-»hô . EÛ¤-Mhã -M¾-·mï -H-Û ¤GÛ -z¿eÅô -z¸P-q-ô ¾Å-GTßPqô-»-ï ÁÅï -zÅ¤-Gbm- 1996 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 7 ZÛm-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÅÛ -hÅÝ -z;G-¾-ô ±h-¾-ô 2 z¸ôÅmÅ-F-Û ¸¤-z®ôm-DP-h-Ý z®ôm-ºWâG-GÅÛ - 1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 12 ZÛm-ÇGÝk -¢Pô -¤m¼-GTôh-ºGô ºhÅ-IPô Å-Å-Þ H¼ã -»hô -q-¼hï .

h¤¼-GÅôh-hP-¤m¼-GTôh. 1990-1992 ±ï-Ç¨ôm-JÀÛP-Çtïm-q-mÅ. uÛ-¾ô- 1990 ¾óºÛ-mP-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¼Þ-DG-¿Sq-hï-GÅ¼-º²âGÅ-{Å-q-¼ïh. z®ôm-DP-ºGô-{ïh-<ÛÅ-“hï-¼ÛP-mÅ-z¸ÞP-¼Þ-DG¿S-q-GÅ¼-º²âGÅ-{Å-»ôh-q-¼ïh. Eôh-±ó-mÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-»Ûm-qÅ-G·m-hPºi-GÛ-¤-¼ïh-¾-P-±ô¼-»P-GôP-GÛ-z;º-¿e¼-Eôh-±ô¼-h¤ÛGÅ-GÅ¾-HÛÅ-mm-qô-{ïh<Û-¼ïh-”TïÅ-zÁh-ÅôP-. xÛ-ZÛm-mÅ-P-±ô-·ôGÅ-q-m¤-zÅ¾-¤Û-zÅ¾-¤±¤Å-»¼¾PÅ-ÅÞ-zTßG-bï-¤ï-ÁÛP-hzô¼-z-hP-¤Z¤-hÝ-MãGÅ-Á¼-JÀôh-hGôÅ-q-¤-¸h. ZïÅzlÝP-»P-±h-¤ïh-GbôP-GÛ-ºhÝG M-¤ÛÅ-ZïÅ-lÝP-zbP-Çeï-GTôP-Tm-hÝ-Hã¼-zºÛzÅôh-m¤Å-hzP-ºhÝÅ-hP-. M¾-h¼-GZÛÅ-ºD¼-MãG-ºEï¼-m-¤-GbôGÅ-ºIôfÞz-<Û-¤ïh-mºP-¼Þ-DG-¿S-q-GÅ¼-º²âGÅ-{Å-q-mÅ-z¸ÞP-ºD¼-MãGÅ-ºEï¼-¤ÛVôG-·Åï -z®m-z;º-zbP-z¼-zdïm-ºD¼-MGã -¤hï -q¼-Í-Þ ±Gß Å-<ÅÛ -ºIô-hGôÅ-{Pã Çeï-zÅôh-m¤Å-hzP-ºhàÅ-<Û-mh-G·Û-Wï-ÇkÝG-bà-xÛm-q-¼ïh.

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

Ç?zÅ-¼ï-·ôGÅ-q-¿e-ô ¤-Çe¼ï -z¼-ÇS-qô-mÅ-ÇK¾-q¼-lô-Vïm-qô-Ç?¼Ý -mÅ-MãGÅGÁ¼-JÀhô -hÝ-zTßG-GÛ-»ôh. »P-Ç?zÅ-¼ï-ZïÅ-lÝP-zbP-GÛm-zbP-GÛm-hÝ-»¼-¾PÅ¤¼-zÇkh-fïPÅ-zhÝm-zM-¿ËG-®¤-{ïh-hÝ-zTßG-q-hP-. ¾¤-ÅïP-¾Å-;¼-ºFÛh<Û-»ôh-qÅ-¾Å-I¼-¾Å-;-{ïh-Ç?zÅ-¾ÞÅ-¾-P¾-GÅô-hP-¿e-ô VÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-hzP-GÛÅ¾ÞÅ-qô-ºEô¼-·ÛP-hzÞGÅ-±P-z-ÅôGÅ-<ÛÅ-¾Å-;-{ïh-¤Û-fÞz-q-hï-ºi-»ôP-GÛ-ºhÝG ¾Å-;-GP-ºi-»Ûm-¼ÞP-Dô-q-±óºÛ-}Àô-ºhôh-hP-hÝÅ-±ôh-z¸ôÅ-q-hïºÛ-mP-¤-ºIâz-±ï¾¤-ÅPï -G»ô-¸¾ô -{Å-q¼-PÅô -º²Ûm-{Å-mÅ-ZÅï -lPÝ -zbP-z-hP-. fG-qÅ-zÇk¤Åh<ÛGÅ-{ïh-q. »P-m-¿eô-»P-¤-Çeï¼-z¼-ºWôG-GÛ-ºhÝG ¿ËG-q¼-hÝ-uÛ-¾ô- 1990 ¹-z- 5 ±ïÅ- 26 ZÛm-P-±ô-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q±P-¤-ZÛm-GÝP-Vß-±ôh- 12 ¾-¼Þ-zOÛGÅ-<ÛÅ-hGôP-¤ô-Vß-±ôh- 7 q-z¼-MãGGÁ¼-JÀôh-hÝ-zTßG-q-¤-¸h. ZïÅ-lÝP-GbôP-z-hP-. qÞÅ-¤ô-Å-¾-º²âGÅ-zTßGÇeï-¤Gô-¾-lôG-fô-z·Ý-z. ¾G-q-hP-Pô-GhôP-¾-JÀôG-MãG-z·Ý-z-zTÅ-{-fzÅ-ºi¤Ûm-fôG-mÅ-GP-¿e¼-Vß-±ôh- 6 P¾-GÅô-¿e-TÛ-GTÛm-q-GbôP-¤-zTßG-q¼-ZïÅlÝP-¤m¼-GTôh-zbP-ÅôP-. Ç?zÅ-hï-hÝÅ-}À-ô z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-hGº-¿km-IÔ-z=ÁÛÅ-GZÛÅ-¾-@P-¿UGÅ-zMz-»ôh-qÅ-MãGÅ-Á¼-JÀhô -fzÅ-¤ïh-q¼-zdïm-DôP-GZÛÅ“¾ÞÅ-ºGÝ¾-®¤-»P-{ïh-¤-VôG-”TïÅ-ZÛ-¤¼-D-ÇÀGô -mÅ-hGôP-¤ô-z¼-¾PÅ-zTßGÅôP-.

h¤¼-GÅôh-hP-¤m¼-GTôh.

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ºDÞ¼-H-Û ¤hï -qÅ-DPô -±-ô Çm¨ -qºÛ-DPô Å-Å-Þ dGô Å-Å¤-”·ïÅ-zÁh-q¼-D-ô qÅ-“hGôPÅq-¤-º±ô¤Å. P-¾-¾m-hï-zMz-MãºÛ-hzP-V-¤ïh. P-hï-¼ÛP-ºhÛ¼-Ç?h-V-GP-{ãPzÁh-¤-VôG-q-GôP-GÛ-z;º-¼ïh-”TïÅ-zÁh-{ãP-. ºhÅ-Aïm-¾-hôGÅ-ºiÛ. uÛ-¹-zTß-qºÛ-mP-M-hqôm-=âºÞ-bàh-=P-GÛÅ-¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-¾-ZïÅ-lÝP-±h-¤ïh-zbPzºÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-mh-G·Û-¿YhÛ -qô-wôG-»ôh-<P-hP-fôG-“m-±-¤Û-ºhÝG-”TïÅ-μâm-Gb¤Áôh-hGôÅ-hôm-GP-»Ûm-m¤. »P-hï-XïÅ-“m-±-ºGôÅ-mh-¼ïh-”¸ï¼-z·Ûm-hÝ-Ç¨mDP-hÝ-¤-Z¼-z¼-»¼-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zB¾-»ôP-hGôÅ-hôm-GP-»Ûm-m¤. G¾-bï-Vïh-¤PGÅ-ºGôÅ-mh-»ôh-qºÛ-mh-q-P-±óº-Û h<Û¾-hÝ-ºWôG-hGôÅ<Û-»ôh-m-P-±ô¼-“DôP-GÛ-mh-G·Û-ºGôÅ-mh-¼ïh-”¸ï¼-¼¤. ¤-¸h-Ç¨m-DP-hÝ-Z¼<P-mh-G»ôG-¾-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-¤-»Ûm-q-·ÛG-z·G-hGôÅ-hôm-GP-»Ûm-m¤. DôP¾-Ç¨m-Dz-zMz-ÇePÅ-ÇkGÝ -qô-hï-ºi-zMz-hGôÅ-hôm-GP-»Ûm-m¤. ¿ËG-q¼-hÝ-DôPºVÛ-zºÛ-XïÅ-<Û-¤±m-¤ô-hï-¼P-¾-Vß-¤P-qô-wÞP-qô-»ôh-ÅºÛ-DP-qºÛ-mP-hzô¼-hGôÅhôm-GP-»Ûm-m¤. P-±ôÅ-Çemô -qºÛ-hôm-±m-hP-qóº-Û mP-“ºhÅ-qóº-Û Ç?-Ý wÞP-¤W¾-hGôÅ-»ôh”¸ï¼-z-hï¼-DôP-±ôÅ-hP-fôG-¤Û-GTÛG-GbP-MãºÛ-DÅ-¾ïm-»ôh-<P-ºWâG-bà-wÞP-qô¿?ôG-¾-zB¾-hGôÅ-hôm-GP-»Ûm-m¤. Dô-q-±ôÅ-DôP-GÛ-Ç?Ý-wÞP-¤ÛG-GÛ-¤fôP-Mã-¤ïh-

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mÅ-”·ïÅ-qºÛ-»Û-Gï-hï-vh-q-¼ïh. ºôm-<P-Pô-±-¤ïh-qºÛ-Ç?h-zNå¼-z-M-¤ó-·ÛG-GÛÅ¿e-zÇ?ô¼-zºÛ-¾G-mÅ-»Û-Gï-hï-±ß¼-ºyôG-Çeï-z®ôm-ÆâP¾Å-{ïh-¤Û-ÇoºÛ-¾G-bà-vh-q¼ïh. Ç[m-·Ý-ºzÞ¾-¤Dm-h¤-iG. ¿e-zÇ?¼ô -z-x¼Û -¾Gô -wzï Å-¸mÛ -ºy¾-}-ôÀ z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-Lm-zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅGZÛÅ-¹-z- 4 qºÛ-±ïÅ- 9 ZÛm-“ºhô¤-GP-Iâ-z·Û-”¸ï¼-zºÛ-¤Þm-DP-mP-zTßGq-¼ïh. Ç?zÅ-hï¼-M-G·ÝP-GÛÅ-JÀGô -ºyÛm-hPü. zôh-¿YPô Å-ZÛm-¼ïº-Û ±GÅ-q¼-zTÅ<Û-fôG-“}Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-mG-ZïÅ-PôÅ-º²Ûm-hP-ºHã¼-z;ôh-»G-qô-zbPGÛ-»ôh-”TïÅ-μâm-Gb¤-¤P-qô-zÁh-ÅôPü. hôm-hPôÅ-fôG-}Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-mGZïÅ-PôÅ-º²Ûm-hP-zNå¼-z;ôh-»G-qô-¿e-·ôG-DôP-¾- 1989 ¾óºÛ-mP-@P-¿UGÅzMz-q-hï- 1991 HÛ-¹-z- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 ZÛm-G·Û-mÅ-h=ô¾-<P-xÛ-M¾-¿e-zÇ?ô¼z¼-»Û-Gï-wÞ¾-z-ÅôGÅ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¤P-qó-·ÛG-GÛ-Aïm-qÅ-¤Þm-DP-hÝ-zTßG-q-hP-. hïmÅ-z¸ÞP-DôP-GZÛÅ-¾-“ZÛm-¼ï¼-¸Å-ÆP-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-Çe¼ï -¤Û-VôG-”qºÛ-z;º-zbPÅôPü. Ç?zÅ-¼ï-DôP-GZÛÅ-¾-¸-¤-¤P-®¤-zB¾-m-»P-¸-¼Þ-¤-TßG-q¼-wô¼-q-¾lôG-fô-·ÝÅ-Çeï-±P-¤-Gbô¼-HÛ-»ôh-q-¼ïh. ¹-z-hïºÛ-±ïÅ- 20 ZÛm-P-±ô-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-mP-¤Û-fÞG-ºyh-<Û-hÝÅ±ôh-»mÛ -<P-}-ôÀ z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-Lm-zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅ-GZÛÅ-mP-¤-Û fGÞ -ºyh-

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100

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

hï-¼ÛP-mÅ-z¸ÞP-;ôP-qô-DÞ¾-hÝ-»ôh-qºÛ-Çt-ô zô-=-¤ó-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-ºIô-hGôÅ-”·ïÅ-zÁhq-hP-£GÅ-@P-¿UGÅ-hP-¾G-¿UGÅ-ºEï¼-»ôP-mÅ-P-±ô-¿S¼-¿UGÅ-zMz-q-hP¤ô-\ºÛ-mP-}ÀâG-bï-Á¼-MG-;ôP-qô-Çtô-zô-=-¤ô-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zB¾-{ãPü. ¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ¤Vm-ºIï¾. Çtmï -q-m-Û ¿-Ë Å-±-ï Çmô¨ -JPÛÀ -mÅ-»mÛ -qÅ-±-ï Çmô¨ -JPÛÀ -Çmït -q-·Åï -<P-¸¼ï . 1970 ¾ô¼-¿-Ë ¿mk -h-Ý z®Åq-hP-. Bïh-{hï -¤±m-¾-Z-Û ¤-hP-. Bïh-¤ºÛ-¤±m-¾-VÅô -Omô -·-Ý G-Û »hô . VßP-PºÞ -Û hÅÝ -Å-Þ ÇzôÀ IÔ-hP-. hï-XïÅ-Í¼-¾Å-¾-zBôh. 1987 ¹-z- 10 ±ïÅ- 1 ZÛm-HÛ-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-º²â¾-·GÝ Å-{Å-»hô -q-hP-. 1989 ¾óº-Û ¹-z- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 hP- 6 . 7 zTÅZÛm-GÅÞ¤-zÇehà -¤¼-zhô -¼P-z®m-H-Û ·-Û L¾ô -Hmï -¾PÅ-mP-¤²â¾-·GÝ Å-<ÅÛ -¾Å-ºGÝ¾-ÁGÝ Å-Vmï Çt¾ï -zÅ-±Åï - 7 HÛ-¤±m-¤-ô DPô -ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÅÛ -GÅP-»zÛ -z®ôm-DP-h-Ý z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-q-hP-. hï-XïÅ-GÅP-»Ûz-Ç~Gä -GÛ-z®ôm-DP-½[PÛ -q¼-Çt-ô Bï¾-{Å. uÛ-¹- 8 qºÛ-mP-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-º|ÛP¼Û¤-¤Û-h¤PÅ-¾-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛÅ-FÛ¤Å-¼Ð-º±ôGÅ-mÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 3 {ïh-Mãº-Û FÛ¤Å-fG-zTh-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPhÝ-Çt-ô Bï¾-{Å. GôP-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-ÅÞ-GÅ¾-z-z·Ûm-z®ôm-DPmP-hºÝ P-·¤Ý -q-¤hï -zhïm-hmô -H-Û ºfz-¯hô -GmP-z¼-zdïm-M-G·ÝP-{-fzÅ-¸h-mÅ- 1991 ¹z- 4 ±ïÅ- 27 ZÛm-DôP-ÅôGÅ-¤Û-¿S-¤fº-¤±¤Å-DÞ¾-HÛ-;ôP-qô-Çtôºô-v-¤ôG-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-ÇtôBï¾-{Å. hï-G¼-xÛ-»Û-z®ôm-ÆâP-z-hP-. P¾-¾Å-<ÛÅ-¤m¼-GTôh-hP-. mP-hÝ-z=ïÅ-Ç?¤ô -HÛ¤m¼-GTôh-¥P-. 1992 ¹-z- 3 ±ïÅ- 7 ZÛm-¤-ÁÛ-®¤-hÝ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-hÝÅ-fÛ¤-mÅ-JÀôh-

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101

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103

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104

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112

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z®GÅ-ÅôP-. »Ûm-mºP-P-±ô-hP-z®ôm-DP-GTÛG-q-»Ûm-qºÛ-M-¤ôºÛ-FG-¯-z-mÅz®GÅ-¤-ÅôP-. Dô-±ô¼-h¤ÛGÅ-zÅ¾-zbP-mÅ-ºWôG-GÛ-ºhßG GmÅ-±ß¾-hïIÔ-z·Û¼-»ôh-qºÛ-zÞh-¤ïh-z®ôm-q-±P-¤Å-¤Eïm-GÅ¾-¼ïh. LÝ-±-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Çkhô Ç?zÅ-<Û- 1989 ¾ô¼-»P-FG-Áï¾-h¤-GP-z®GÅ-ÅôP-. Ç?zÅ-hï¼-z®ßm-¤G·m-HÛ-FG-<P-hï-¿e¼-z®GÅ-mÅ-DG-GTÛG-“FG-z®GÅ-q-¤P-iGÅ-bï-¤Gô»Þ-ºDô¼-HÛ-ºhÝG-”¸ï¼-HÛ-ºhÝG M¾-uÛºÛ-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-ºôG-JÀôh-z=ô¾-zbP-z. IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-¤Û-¾ô-¿S-hP-¹-z-zMh-<Û-h;º-ÇkÝG-¥PÅ-mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1994 ¹z- 11 ZÛm-·ÛG-JÀô-zÞ¼-Ç?Ý-·zÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-hP-. Lm-n¤-Iô¾-¾GÅ. ÇtóºÛ-±ï-hzPhq¾-¿km. GÝÅ-¤ô-zTÅ-z·Û-JÀhô -z=ô¾-zbP-{ãP-. hï-mÛ-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛÅ-fÞGÅXï-z;º-iÛm-¾-zdïm-mÅ-M¾-uÛº-Û Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-ºôG-JÀhô -z=ô¾-zbP-z-·ÛG-¼ïh-ºhÝG M-mG-G·ÝP-GÛÅ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-¤Û-zMh-JÀhô -z=ô¾-zbP-z-»Ûm-·ïÅ-Ez-zOGÅ{Å-»hô -TPÛ -Çz? Å-h¼ï -M-mG-mÅ-<P-h¤PÅ-G®ô-hmô -GZï¼-z-z·Û-JhôÀ -z=ô¾-zbP»ôh-ºhÝG hï-ZÛm-Pïh-z·Û-JÀhô -z=ô¾-GbôP-Ç?zÅ-z®ôm-DP-ÇK-ô ºI¤-hÝ-FÛ¤Å-º²ÛmfÛP-hP-.(ÅÛ-qº-fÛP-.)FÛ¤Å-DP-. ·Ûz-hrôh-DP-. Zïm-dôG-q-ÅôGÅ-M-G·ÝP-GÛGmh-»ôh-¤P-qó-·ÛG-ÇÀïzÅ-»ôh-q-¤-¸h-½ÀâP-ºyÛm-hP-. z½[m-ºyÛm. ±GÅ-q¼ÅôGÅ-<Û-GÅ¼-ºGôh-qºP-¤P-qó-·ÛG-ÇÀzï Å-mÅ-P-±ô¼-q¼-¤P-qô-MG-GÛ-ºhÝG P-

114

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±ó-¤Û-¼ïºÛ-mG-ZïÅ->ÀôG-q-hP-hï-XïÅ-JÀôh-h=ô¾-zbP-zºÛ-hqP-»ÛG-¼ï-vh. h-hÝP¤Û-¼ï¼-M-ÇKô¼-iâG-zTß-¼ï-vh-{ãP-. PÅ-hPÞ¾-hï-¾G-q¼-¾ïm-Ç?zÅ-»-¤±mmÅ-“Lm-¾GÅ. hPÞ¾-hï-G-¼ï-¼ïh-h¤-”·ïÅ-Ç?h-V-ºiÛ-Ç?zÅ-“hï-mÛ-º±ô-Çomô -¼ïh”TïÅ-zÁh-{ãP-. XïÅ-ÅÞ-±GÅ-q¼-hP-½ÀâP-ºyÛm-ÅôGÅ-GÅ¼-ºHã¼-DG-bà-Pïhz·Û-JÀhô -z=ô¾-zbP-z-¤-¸h-“¤Û-¼ï¼-º±ô-Çomô -M-ÇK¼ô -iâG-ÇePô -vh-q-»Ûm-”·ïÅ-EzzOGÅ-μâm-¤-{Å-ºhÝG M-¤Û-z·Û-¾-GôP-GÅ¾-hPÞ¾-IPÅ-hï-vh-»ôh-m-¾ÅP-±ó-¤Û-z·Û-¾-¤Û-¼ï¼-M-ÇKô¼-iâG-Tß-¾Å-vh-»ôh-q-¤-¼ïh. ¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ-¤Vm-ºIï¾. VßP-zhG-¾GÅ-mÛ. 1957 ¾ô¼-¿Ë-¿km-M¾-ÅºÛ-f¾-ÇtPä Å-ÇKP-hÝ-BïÅ. Bïh-{ïh-¤±m-¾-ÁïÅ¼z. BïÅ-¤ºÛ-¤±m-¾-±ïÅ-GÅÞ¤-Oô¾-¤-·ïÅ-¸ï¼. (Bïh-{ïh-mÛ-1959 ¾óº-Û GÅÞ¤-zTßº-Û Hïm¾PÅ-mP-¤²â¾-·GÝ Å-<ÅÛ -m¼ô -JPÛÀ -ÆPâ -{¼-zBôh-q-hP-. hï-XÅï -hI-ºfz-{hï -GmÛ -z®m-{¾ô hÝ-wïzÅ-bï- 1979 ¾ô-®¤-hÝ-z®m-{ô¾-mP-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼-»ôh-ºhÝG) Dô-¤ô-ÇÀôz-¾ô-Åôm®¤-h-Ý ÇzôÀ -I¼Ô -zBôh-<P-¼GÛ -GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXïº-Û ¾Å-ºGÝ¾-±Gß Å-qÅ-ÇzôÀ -I¼Ô -zBôh-¤±¤Å-Vh. m¼-Åmô -mÅ-Í¼-¾Å-Å-Þ zBôh-q-hP-. hï-XÅï -f¾-ÇPät Å-ÇPK -¤²h-vhô -±Pô -DP-G-Û ±Pô -GZï¼-xG¾Å-GmP-. 1987 hGÝ-qºÛ-Zï¼-zhÝm-HÛ-fïPÅ-hP-qóº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-º²â¾-·ÝGÅ-{Åq-hP-. zTß-qºÛ-±ïÅ-GTÛG H-zMh-¾óº-Û GÅÞ¤-¿S. zTß-GZÛÅ-qºÛ-±ïÅ-zTß-zTÅ-<Û-Q¤-¸Û¾¿km-qºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-º²â¾-·ÝGÅ-{Å-»ôh. 1989 ¹-z- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 6 7 HÛ-Hïm-

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-zÞh-¤ïh-¼Þ-DG-GÅÞ¤-qºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ.

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¾PÅ-·-Û L¾ô -mP-Ç¼S -¾Å-¿GË -qºÛ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-Ç¾ït -z¼-zdïm-¹-z-hºï -Û ±Åï - 15 ZÛm-H-Û ¤±m-¤-ô ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-LÝ-±¼-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-q-hP-. ¹-z- 10 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-FÛ¤Å-¼Ð-±ßGÅ-mÅ-hÝÅz;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾-ô 7 {ïh-Mºã -Û F¤Û Å-GTôh-<ÅÛ -¹- 11 ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-I-Ô z·Û-z®ôm-DP-h-Ý Ç-ôt Bï¾-{Å. LÝ-±-hP-IÔ-z·Û-GZÛÅ-mP-Mãm-¼ÛP-GÛ-¤m¼-GTôh-wôG-qÅ-h-¿eºP-@P-q-GTôP-TmhÝ-Hã¼-TÛP-. mh-GTôP-hP-xÛ-¼ô¾-HÛ-ÁÝGÅ-Aïm-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-ºôG- 1994 ¹-z- 11 q¼-DôPhP-Ç?Ý-·zÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-ÅôGÅ-z·Û-mh-hGôPÅ-JÀôh-z=ô¾-fôz. 1999 ¾óºÛ-¹-z- 2 ±ïÅ- 8 ZÛmÆÛh-hmô -BzÅ-zTô¾-h-Ý º{ô¼-mÅ-h-¿-e Ç-ïo ¾mï -DP-h-Ý ºy¾-Å¾ï -xG-¾Å-GmP-z·Ûm-»hô . Dô-¤-ô M¾-·ïm-Ç[PÛ -Çezô Å-<ÛÅ-Çtzô Å-q-¤fô-·ÛP-LÝ-±-hP-. IÔ-z·Û-ÅôGÅ-z®ôm-DP-mP-hÝ-M-G·ÝP-¾GhÝP-¯-ï D-vhô -<ÅÛ -ºfz-¯hô -GmP-»hô -q-¤-¸h. GÁïh-¤Å-zÇ?¼ô -zºÛ-F¤Û Å-¼ºÐ -Û mP-hºÝ P-ºWÛGÅ·Ý¤-¤hï -q¼-zhô -¼P-z®m-H-Û zhïm-q-¤fº-B¾ï -GmP-z¼-zdïm-m-G·ôm-zhÞ -¤hï -·GÛ -G-Û ¯-Vºï -Û G·ôm-mºÝ -Û ¾P-±-ô h-ï zhô -M¾-Dz-hP-¤-Û ¼GÛ Å-Vhï -z®ôm-DP-mP-zB¾-hGôÅ-{Pã -»hô -q-¼hï . ºhÛG-¯ô¤-OÛG-qÅ- 1999 ¹-z-2 ±ïÅ- 8 ZÛm-zT¼-ºiÛ-·ÝÅ-q-hP- 2001 ¹-z- 8 ±ïÅ- 15 ·ÝÅ-hG-{Å-»ôh.

JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

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118

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hP-. ºDô¼-fG-¾G-q¼-fïzÅ-q-¼ïh. hôm-Aïm-hïº-Û Ç?¼ô -Z¾-DP-GZÛÅ-<Û-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q¼-ºiÛ-z¯h-{Å-mÅO-wz-ºyâ¾-ºDô¼-hPü. ºDô¼-fG-ÅôGÅ-º|ï¾-»ôh-Åô-ÅôÅ-ºGm-¾ïm-V-±P-{Å»ôh-<P-G·Å-GbôP-¤Dm-Åô-ÅóºÛ-¤ÛP-ºDô¼-fG-mP-GÅ¾-»ôh-q¼-zdïm-¾ô-hïºÛ¹-z- 10 ±ïÅ- 8 ZÛm-z®ôm-DP-hï-GºÛ-zÞh-¤ïh-¼Þ-DG-GÛ-z¾-¾Å-DP-hP-. Ç?zÅ-¼ï-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-hPüz½[m-ºyÛm-Çeôm-ÅºÛ-DP-q-·ÛG-»ôh-hïºÛ-mP-¼Þ-DG-GÅÞ¤qºÛ-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-zÇ?ôPÅ-mÅ-Z¾-DP-GZÛÅ-q-hPü. z·Û-qºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôôm-qzTß-z·Û-¾-GôP-GÅ¾-¾ô-±h-hï-hG-Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-»ôh. hï-ZÛm-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-Çomô -HÛ-±ôGÅ-Vïm-¾-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-ºGô-{ïh-hP-. FÛ¤ÅDP-ÇÀïzÅ-»ôh-q-¤-¸h. ·Ûz-hrôh-DP-GÛ-¤Û-ÇoºP-ÇÀïzÅ-»ôh-TÛPü. ±ôGÅ-¼ÐºÛG»Å-G»ôm-GP-Å¼-¾G-bà-¤ï-¤hº-hPü. JÀôG-MãG ¿UGÅ-ÉïP-ÅôGÅ-¾G-Vºi-¤Ûm-ºEï¼-zºÛ-h¤G-¤Û-zM-¿ËG-®¤-HÛÅ-¤fº-Ç?ô¼-»ôh. h-hÝP-z®ôm-DPGÛ-xÛ-PôÅ-ÅÞºP-iG-VÅ-vÅ-qºÛ-h¤G-¤Û-wÞP-Åô-GTÛG-z·G-ºhÝG-TÛP-G¾-ÆÛh-¸ÛPV-ym-®¤-·ÛG-{ãP-±ï-¾¤-ÅïP-iG-Gmôm-HÛÅ-FG-h¤¼-zÁ¤Å-Mãº-Û I-OÛG-V-±P{Å-»ôh-q-¼ïh. fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û hôm-Aïm-mP-hq¾-¿km-G»P-BÛh-mÛ-¾ô-hÝÅ-fÛ¤-JÀhô -z=ô¾-fôzq¼-ZÛm-ÁÅ-¾Å-¤ïh-TÛPü. JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-{ãP-z¼-zdïm-¾ô-hÝÅfÛÛ¤-qºÛ-ZÛm-¤ô¼-z®ôm-IôGÅ-n¤Å-<ÛÅ-¤GÝ¾-¾-D-zbGÅ-G»ôGÅ-mÅ-xÛ¼-ºIô-

JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

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Mãº-Û I-OÛG-V-±P-¸Ûm-mºP-JÀhô -z=ô¾-¤-zbP-z¼-z;G-zBÛ¾-{Å-bï-ÇÀ¼-»P-GôPGÅ¾-¾ô-hÝÅ- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-mÅ-¤Þh-¤fÞh-z®ôm-hÝ-Çkôh-hGôÅ-{ãP-»ôh. JÀ-â G·Å-O-ºWâG-{Å-mÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-zºÛ-zÞh-¤ïh-z®ôm-q-IPÅ- 14 mÛ. 1/ PG-hzP-ÅPÅ-Oô¾. 1977 ¾ô¼-¿Ë-Å¼-BïÅ. hï-ÇS-G-¼Û-hGôm-qºÛz®ßm-¤-»Ûm. Dô-¤ô- 1987 ¾ô¼-z;G-Z¼-ZÛm- 15 {Å. 1990 ¾óºÛ-¹-z- 8 ±ïÅ- 18 ZÛm-HÛ-·ô-Çemô -hÝÅ-Vïm-¾-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ{Å-q¼-z;G-Z¼-¹-z- 9 {Å. 1993 ¹-z- 6 ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-ÇÀ¼-»P-º²Ûmz¸ÞP-GÛÅ-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 3 z¸ôÅ-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-. fïPÅºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 6 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-»ôh. 2/ wÞm-±ôGÅ-ZÛ-Oô¾. BïÅ-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô-hPü. ¼P-¾ô- 30 hï-ÇS-¤Û-VßP-¼ÛºÛz®ßm-¤-»Ûm. uÛ-¾ô- 1989 ¾óºÛ-¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 14 ZÛm-DôP-hP-hGôm-q-GTÛGqºÛ-z®ßm-¤-DG-GTÛG-mÅ-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Åq¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 8 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô±h-¾ô- 9 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-mÅ-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 17 hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q-¼ïh. Dô-¤ô¼- 1995 ¾ôºÛ-¼Û-Ç~ôG-ºIô-z-¤ÛºÛ-fôz-fP-GÛ-{-hGº-»P-fôz-»ôh.

120

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3/ ºWÛGÅ-¤ïh-h{PÅ-Tm. ¼P-¾ô- 32 BïÅ-»Þ¾-¿Ëô-D. hï-ÇS-ÁÝG-GÅïzhGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. uÛ-¾ô- 1990 ¾óºÛ-¹- 8 ±ïÅ- 28 ZÛm-DôP-hP-hGôm-qGTÛG-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-zTß-z·Û-®¤-mÅ-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 7 {ïh-Mãº-Û FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅIÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP¾ô-±h-¾ô- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm-HÛÅ-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 12 hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q-¼ïh. 4/ n¤-Iô¾-¿Ë-¤ô. B-¤ÛP-ZÛ-Oô¾. ¼P-¾ô- 35 Bï-»Þ¾-G®P-G»G-Çkï. hïÇS-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-Zï-ºDô¼-HÛ-Vß-z¸P-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. 1990 ¾ô¼-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-zTßG-¾ô- 5 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâG·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 6 ºw¼-Çoôm-{Å-bï-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 11 GÛhÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q-¼ïh. 5/ PG-hzP-VôÅ-º²ô¤Å. B-¤ÛP-q-ÅPÅ-¿Ë-¤ô. ¼P-¾ô 27 Bï-»Þ¾-Çeôh¾ÞPü. hï-ÇS-¿Ë-Å-Zï-ºDô¼-ÅÞ-»ôh-qºÛ-Vß-z¸P-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. M¾-Å-¿ËÅ¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-zdïm- 1992 ¾óºÛ-xÛ-¹- 5 ±ïÅ-

JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

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12 ZÛm-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-zTßG-¾ô- 6 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbPmÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-AïmmP-¾ô-±h- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-bï-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 13 HÛ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q¼ïh. 6/ PG-hzP-VôÅ-BÛh. BïÅ-»Þ¾-Çeôh-¾ÞP-hPü. hï-ÇS-Çeôh-¾ÞP-GZ¾-hGômqºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. 1992 ¾óºÛ-uÛ-¹- 5 qºÛ-±ïÅ- 14 ZÛm-DôP-hP-z®ßm-¤-¿SmÅ-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅz;G-z®ôm-zTßG-¾ô- 5 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ômºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 6 Çt¼-Çoôm{Å-bï-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 11 GÛ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q-¼ïh. 7/ PG-hzP-¤±¤Å-Iô¾. B-¤ÛP-zhï-BÛh-hzP-¤ô. ¼P-¾ô- 28 Bï-»Þ¾Çeôh-¾ÞPü. hï-ÇS-Çeôh-¾ÞP-GZ¾-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. 1992 ¾ôºÛ-¹- 5 ±ïÅ14 ZÛm-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅz;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ômºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm{Å-mÅ-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 10 »Û-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q-¼ïh.

122

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

8/ ¼ÛG-º²Ûm-VôÅ-BÛh. B-¤ÛP-G»P-º²ô¤Å. ¼P-¾ô- 26 hï-ÇS-ÁÝGGÅïz-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. 1990 ¾óºÛ-¹- 8 ±ïÅ- 25 ZÛm-DôP-hP-hGômq-GTÛG-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-iâG-mÅ-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Åq¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 7 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô±h-¾ô- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-mÅ-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 12 <Û-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q¼ïh. 9/ zÇem-º²Ûm-fÞz-zÇem. B-¤ÛP-¹-z-G»P-BÛh. ¼P-¾ô- 27 ®¤. Bï»Þ¾-º|Û-GÝPü. hï-ÇS-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-Zï-ºDô¼-ÅÞ-»ôh-qºÛ-¤Û-VßP-¼Ûº-Û z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. uÛ-¾ô- 1991 ®¤-hÝ-DôP-hP-hGôm-q-GTÛG-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-GÅÞ¤. G-¼Û-hGôm-HÛ-z®ßm-¤-¿S-mÅ¿Ë-ÅºÛ-·ô-Çeôm-Ç?zÅ-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅz;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 5 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 8 Çt¼-Çoôm-{ÅmÅ-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 13 HÛ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q-¼ïh. 10/ M¾-¤±m-Oô¾-h;¼. ¼P-¾ô- 27 BïÅ-»Þ¾-¤¾-Iô-GÝP-h;¼-μôPDôPÅ-hP-. hï-ÇS-G-¼Û-hGôm-HÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. 1991 ¾ôºÛ-mP-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-

JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

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¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâG·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 6 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-bï-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 11 HÛhÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïh. 11/ PG-hzP-}À-ô VôÅ. B-¤ÛP-hôm-Iâz-Oô¾-¤. ¼P¾ô- 25 Bï-»Þ¾-Çeôh-¾ÞPzhï-Vïm-μôP-DôPÅ-mÅ-»Ûm-q-hPü. hï-ÇS-Çeôh-¾ÞP-GZ¾-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. uÛ-¾ô- 1992 ¾ôºÛ-mP-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 4 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô-±h¾ô- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-bï-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 9 »Û-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïh. uÛ-¾ô 2000 ¾óºÛ-mP-Dô-¤ô-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼-»ôh. 12/ hq¾-¿km-G»P-BÛh. Bï-»Þ¾-Ç[ï-¤ô. hï-ÇS-ÁÝG-GÅïz-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm¤-»Ûm. 1990 ¾ôºÛ-mP-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Åq¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 3 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP¾ô-±h-¾ô- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-bï-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 8 <Û-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh.

124

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z®ôm-Iô¾-fôz-mÅ- 1998 ¾ô¼-z®ôm-{ô¾-»ôP-Ç?zÅ-ÇezÅ-¤-¾ïGÅ-q¼-z¾-zôhÅ-¤±¤Å-ºI¤-mÅ-ºWâ-z¸ÞPGÛÅ-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 1 z¸ôÅ-mÅ-FÛ-¸¤-z®ôm-DP-hÝz®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-»ôh. 13/ ¿Ëmà -Iâz-z¸P-¤ô. B-¤ÛP-z¸P-¤ô. ¾ô- 27 ®¤. Bï-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô. hïÇS-¤Û-VßP-¼ÛºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»ÛÛm. uÛ-¾ô- 1991 ¾óºÛ-mP-M¾-¤±m-Oô¾-h;¼-ÅôGÅ¤Z¤-º|Å-ÇtäPÅ-·ô-Çeôm-Ç?zÅ-ÅÞ-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-Hïm-¾PÅ-Ç?h-ºzôh-{Å-q¼ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 4 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô-±h¾ô- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-bï-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 9 hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q-¼ïh. 14/ M¾-¤±m-VôÅ-º²ô¤Å. Bï-»Þ¾-¤¾-Iô-¼Þ-fôG hï-ÇS-G-¼Û-hGôm-qºÛz®ßm-¤-»Ûm. 1991 ¾ô¼-M¾-¤±m-Oôô¾-h;¼-ÅôGÅ-¤Z¤-hÝ-·ô-Çeôm-Ç?zÅ-zôh¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Fô¤-Ç?ô¼-{Å-q¼-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 4 z¸ôÅ-mÅ-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ômDP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-bï-Eôm-¤Û-¾ô- 9 »Û-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q-¼ïh.

JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

125

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127

Gô-zMh-¾óºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-·Û-Lô¾Hïm-¾PÅ-Vïm-qóº-Û mP-GÛ-zÞh-¤ïh-¼Þ-DG-GÅÞ¤-q. 1993-1999 mô¼-º²Ûm-hzP-¤ô-mÅ. ¸ÞPÅ-FG-fïPÅ-GZÛÅ-z®GÅ-q. uÛ-¾ô- 1994 ¹-z- 9 ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-LÝ-±-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-±¼-zÁÝG-GÅïz-z®ßm-¤-P-hP-. ¼ÛG-º²Ûm-z¯ôm-ºIâÅ. {¤Å-q-VôÅ-BÛh. }Àô-IôÅqh-¤. n¤-M¾-VôÅ-Oôm. VôÅ-ZÛh-Oô¾-¤. ÁïÅ-¼z-Oô¾-¤. mô¼-zÞ-h{PÅTm-zTÅ-zMh-hPü. G-¼Û-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-¿Sü. D-Vï-Z¾-fG-º±ôP-¤Dm-GTÛGzTÅ-¤Û- 14 IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zB¾-{ãP-. IÔ-z·Û¼-¤-zB¾-GôP-P-±óºÛ-¾G-P¼-ÇeïP-mÅ-¸ÞPÅ-FG-fïPÅ-GZÛÅz®GÅ-q-hP-. z®GÅ-fïPÅ-¼ï¼-Ç¨m-Dz-Ç~ä-GÝ-Vï-z-hï-¼ÛGÅ-xïh-®¤-¼ï-z®GÅÅôPü. fïPÅ-GZÛÅ-q-z®GÅ-Ç?zÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-qô-£Ûh-mÅ-im-q-ºfô¼-IzÅ-{ïh-<ÛºhÝG ZïÅ-hôm-ZïÅ-GÅôG-n¤Å-FG-fïPÅ-GTÛG-¾Å-z®GÅ-<Û-¤Û-ºhÝG

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xÛ¼-GbôP-¼Þ¤-Ghm-fG-¾Å. IÔ-z·Û¼-º{ô¼-Ç?zÅ-¾ÞÅ-zÁï¼-{Å-q-hP-. ÇÀôz-¢ôP-{ïh-»Å-hïz-hPü. Ç?Ýh-qzÇÀÅ-qºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-±P-¤-ºyôG-bï-¼Þ-DG-GÅÞ¤-q¼-zTßG-{ãP-.¼Þ-DG-hïºÛ-mP-zÞh¤ïh-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-zM-¾-Zï-z-·ÛG-ºhÝG fôG-¤¼-¹-z-GTÛG-ÇkÝG-¢ôP-GÛ-¾ÞÅ¯¾-¯-ï zTßG-q-hP-. hï-XÅï -z¾-¾Å-{hï -zTßG-ÅPô ü. ¤Û-¼Åï -z¾-zCæ-M-ã hPü. zÆïÅ. Áh-zMz. Çtmä -hôG-zOÛ¤Å-q-zTÅ-{Å-mÅ-ZÛm-¼ï¼-Çtmä -hôG-ÆP-z·Û-¼ï-zOÛ¤ÅmÅ-¯ÛÅ-vôh-{-hGôÅ-<Û-ºhÝG (ZÛm-¼ï¼-ÆP- 4 ¼ï-z¯ÛÅ-qºÛ-ZÛm- 5 ¾-M-¤- 2 hP-. ;Û-¾ô-z¯ÛÅ-m-;Û-¾ô- 1 ¼ïh.) ¾ô-¼ï¼-z¾-¤ô-\-Vï-z-z·Û-®¤-hzô¼-»ôP-z-hï-hG-ÇtämhôG-zOÛ¤Å-mÅ-¼Þ-DG-z·Û-q¼-zB¾-HÛ-ºhÝG ¼Þ-DG-z·Û-qÅ-¼Þ¤-Ghm-ºfG¾Å-{ïh-<Û-»ôh-q-¼ïh. z®ôm-qÅ-fôm-Bïh-{Å-qºÛ-¼Þ¤-Ghm-hï-n¤Å-xÛ-M¾-hP-. uÛ-±ôGÅ-ÇeïP-º±ôP-GÛ-»ôh-ºhÝG ¼Þ¤-ºfG-q-hPüÇtäm-hôG-zOÛ¤Å-q-hï-hG-P-±ôz®ôm-qºÛ-P¾-¾Å-»Ûm-q-¾Å-JÀ-V-GP-»P-¤ïh. GP-¿e¼-·ôGÅ-q-ZÛ-¤-Á¼-®¤mÅ-hGôP-¤ô-Å-¤-¼Þz-z¼-¾Å-;-{ïh-hGôÅ-<ÛÛ-ºhÝG JÀ-¤ïh-<ÛÅ-z®ôm-ÆâP-zºÛ-Ç~-¾ïm-¿ËÅ-Mã. Ç?zÅ-¼ï-z®ôm-ÆâP-zºÛ-Ç~-¾ïm-Çehô -fÞP-¿ËÅ-Mã-z®ôm-q¼-vôh-<Û-¼ïh. Dô-q-±ôº-Û HômVïh-®¤-¤-¸hüz¸º-¹-hP-. yâ-GÝºÛ-Ç~-¾ïm-zÇÀ-MãºP-z®ôm-q¼-vôh-<Û-ºhÝG h-

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±ôÅ-z®ôm-ÆPâ -z¼-¿-ôe VÅ-GP-»P-¤hï -qÅ-Çm¨ -q-Çh? -zbP-mÅ-“ÆÛP-z¾-x¼Û -ºhôm¼ôGÅ-”TïÅ-·Ý-z-¤P-qô-wÞ¾-z¼-G·Û-mÅ-Dô-±ôÅ-Ç?h-zbP-mÅ-ÆÛh-z¾-¿e-zÞ-hï-xÛ¼zÇeôm-ÅôP-z¼-G·Û-mÅ-FG-fG-Vôh-mÅ-FG-bôG-®¤-¾Å-hôm-¤-ÅôPü. Ç¨m-zTôÅ-hÝÅ-fôG-¤-{Å-q-hP-. Ç¨m-zTôÅ-»G-qô-¤-{Å-qºÛ-Mã-¤±mHÛÅ-mô¼-zÞ-h{PÅ-Tm-¾GÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-qô¼-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-GP-»P-¤ïh-qºÛ-mh-GTôP-ÁÛ¾-Dh-·ÛG-VGÅ-mÅ-hPôÅ-qô-TßP-Vï-z-·ÛG-¾G-bà-}ÀPÅ-mºP-¤Gô-»Þ-ºDô¼-mÅ¼Û¾-ºIô-¤Dm-hï-ºi-·ÛG-bà-Hã¼-ÅôPü. fÞG-ºyh-T-hPôÅ-±h-z;G ¹-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ïÅ- 20 ZÛm-mP-¤Û-fÞG-ºyh-GbôP-GÛ-»ôh-TÛP- 1995 GôP-hÝ-z®ômq-uÛ-{ÛPÅ-hP-ºi-z¼-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-fP-Çkï¼-hÝ-mP-¤Û-GZÛÅ-GÅÞ¤-¤Z¤-fÞGºyh-zbP-z-¤-¸h-¸Å-¼ÛGÅ-T-hPôÅ-GP-»ôh-q-ºEï¼-zTßG-GÛ-»ôh. 1995 ¾ômÅ-Vz-ÆhÛ -z®ôm-q-DP-qºÛ-mP-Á¾ï -Ç-ôK mG-q-ô ·GÛ -GÅÛ -z¼-Vhô -q-{Å-mÅ-@zÝ -z<GÇeïP-Çkôh-zTßG-mÅ-fÞG-ºyh-GbôP-·ÛP-W-wô¼-f¼-®¤-HÛ-ÍÛ-DÞP-·ÛG-mÅ-wm-±ßmGhôP-¾-z¿e-¼ïÅ-{-Mã-¼ïh. W-wô¼-q-GP-®¤-¾Å-¸Å-¼ÛGÅ-z¸º-zºÛ-hÝÅ-±ôh¤ïh. Ç?¼-¤- 15 »ôh-zXôh-<P-hôm-hPôÅ-Ç?¼-¤-zTß-IPÅ-Çkôh-zTßG-GÛ-¤Û-ºhÝG fÞG-ºyh-¾-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-mP-¤Û-GZÛÅ-<Û-Gbm-ºWGÅ-¾G-ºEï¼-z¸ôÅ»ôh-q-hï-GZÛÅ-mÅ-¹-¼ï¼-¼ïÅ-¤ôÅ-<ÛÅ-z¿e-z¼-»ôP-z-¾Å-GZÛÅ-¤Z¤-hÝ-»ôP-Å-

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151

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152

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q-zÅ¤-}Àºó -Û zNå¼-z;ôh-¤-fïzÅ-m-JÀhô -z=ô¾-GbôP-Mã-¤ïh-q-hï- 1998 mÅ-FÛ¤ÅG·Û-GÅ¼-q-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïh. zÅ¤-}Àºó -Û zNå¼-z;ôh-¤ïh-m-GbôP-GÛ-¤-¼ïh-”TïÅ-zÁh{ãPü. “FÛ¤Å-DP-mÅ-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 5 z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïh. zÅ¤-}ÀóºÛ-zOæ¼-z;ôh-¤fïzÅ-®P-h-z¼-ºWh-ÁÛm-(¾ô-±h-VG-»P-.)ZÛm-GTÛG-¼G-¥ôP-¤ïh. h-¿e-»Ûm-mºÛzÅ¤-}Àºó -Û zNå¼-z;ôh-GbôP-fÞz-Å-¤-¼ïh. ÇS¼-Mãm-hï-G-¼P-»Ûm-”·ïÅ-zÁh. Dô±ôÅ-“{Å-m-Eôh-¼ºÛ-h-¿eºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-hï-ÇKP-¾-zB¾-mÅ-FÛ¤Å-DP-mÅ-¾ô-±hz¸ô-Mã-¼ïh. hô-hGôP-zÅ¤-}Àô-fôPÅ. Gô-Ç?zÅ-»ôh-q-¼ïh. ÅP-ZÛm-FÛ¤Å-DPmÅ-Ç?h-V-ºiÛ-z¼-»ôP-GÛ-¼ïh-”TïÅ-zÁh-{ãP-z¼-“zÅ¤-}À-ô GbôP-»Å-¤ïh-¾-ÅPZÛm-Ç?h-V-ºiÛ-z¼-»ôP-mºP-Ç?h-V-hï-G-¼P-¾Å-Áôh-»Å-¤ïh. zÅ¤-}ÀóºÛ-zNå¼z;ôh-GbôP-fÞz-Å-¤-¼ïh-”TïÅ-¾m-ºhïzÅ-{Å. »P-zB¼-“G¾-ÆÛh-Eôh-¤¼JÀhô -q-»Ûm-m-zôh-G·ÝP-GÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-¾Å-;-{ïh-¤Dm-±ôGÅ-q-hï-ºi-»ôh-q-¼ïh. hïº-Û mP-·ÝGÅ-mÅ-¾Å-;-{ïh-<Û-»Ûm-qÅ-”TïÅ-zÁh-{ãP-z¼. “zôh-G·ÝP-GÛ-±ôGÅq-hï-ºi-È-Gó-GÛ-¤ïh-¾-MãÅ-<P-¤ïh-”TïÅ-zÁh. Dô-q-±ôÅ-“Eôh-JÀôh-z=ô¾-fôzq-»Ûm-mºP-hGôm-q¼-ºIô-»Å-»ôh-q-¤-¼ïh. ¼P-GÛ-XïÅ-¾-P-±ôÅ-¤Û-·ÛG-GbôPGÛ-¼ïh. ¼P-hzP-»ôh-q-¤-¼ïh. hï-¼P-GÛÅ-z¸ôÅ-q-·ÛG-¼ïh-“TïÅ-zÁh-¤-¸h. “h-hÝP-Eôh-XïÅ-ÅÞ-»¼-»ôP-¯ÛÅ-»ôh-qÅ-”TïÅ-iÛÅ-{ãP-z¼. “h-¿e-Áôh-fÞz-<Û¤Û-ºhÝG-”TïÅ-zÁh. “PïÅ-q¼-¾m-hGôÅ-”TïÅ-hP-. “zôh-¼P-z®m-hï-»Gqô-»ôh-m-zôh-¤Û-±P-¤-»¼-¾PÅ-»ôP-GÛ-¼ïh. »Ûm-mºÛ-zôh-¼P-z®m-fôz-m-»G-

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153

qô-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-Eôh-±ô->Àh-¤ïh-¼ï-¸ÞP-·ÛG-¾Å-»¼-¾PÅ-¤Dm-»ôh-q-¤-¼ïh. Dô-bÑ¾ºÛ-}À-¤-P-±ôÅ-zôh-¾-ÁôG-¸ï¼-HÛ-»ôh-<P-Dô-q-»ôP-¤Dm-»ôh-q-¤-¼ïh. Dô-qÅÇS¼-HÛ-z®m-M¾-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-hGôÅ-»ôh-¸ï¼-HÛ-»ôh-<P-hï-»ôP-»Å-»ôh-q-¤-¼ïh. P±ô-=âP-Gô¼ô -¤±ôm-m-hq¾-º{ô¼-º²¤-JÀPÛ -mP-ÍP-hP-qóº-Û IÅ-ÅÞ-ÇÀzï Å-<Û-»ôh-qÅEôh-±Åô -¤²âz-¤Åô -Gm¤-wGÛ -»Å-¤hï -q¼-zhô -¼P-z®m-¸¼ï -z-h-ï mÛ-¼-ï ÇePô -·GÛ -¼hï . h-hÝP-Eôh-zÅ¤-}À-ô »G-qô-fôPü. Eôh-¾ô-m-VßP-VßP-¼ïh. w-¤-Lm-ºDôGÅ-hP-IôPGÅïz-q-¼ïh. hï-±ô¼-»P-Ç[ÛP-Xï-GÛ-¤Û-ºhÝG-G¤-”TïÅ-ºWÛGÅ-Ç?Ý¾-hP-¤Z¤-hÝºW¤-qôºÛ-zÇÀâ-|Ûh-{-GÛ-ºhÝG xÛ-ZÛm-xÛ¼-ºEï¼-»Å-<Û-T-hPôÅ-¿e-ô wh-hPü. ¿k-ï ¤ÛG-fG-q. «å-GÝ-}ÀGâ ÅÅ-ÅôGÅ-¾-hPÞ¾-zÇkÅÝ -mÅ-T-hPôÅ-hï-hG-Çkhô -{-DP-hÝ-zÇSGô Å-zÁï¼-zdG-hrh{-Mã¼-ºEï¼-ÅôP-. ¾ô-hÝÅ-fÛ¤-mÅ-JÀôh-z=ô¾. ±ïÅ- 9 ·ôGÅ-q-Vß-±ôh-zTß-qºÛ-¤±¤Å-ÅÞ-¾ÞÅ-GP-º{¼-HÛÅ-Çkôh-{DP-hÝ-ºFÛh-mÅ-D-Å-zÇSôGÅ-zÁï¼-zdG-hrh-{Å-qºÛ-T-hPôÅ-n¤Å-±ß¼-vhq-hP-. z®ôm-DP-GÛ-»ÛG-±P-hÝ-ºFÛh-mÅ-ÇS¼-HÛ-fï¤-fô-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-ÇtôÅ-»ôh-qxÛ¼-}ÀPÅ-q-¤-¸h-JÀhô -z=ô¾-hqP-»ÛG-<P-}ÀPÅ. z®ôm-DP-ºGô-{ïh-<ÛÅ-“fï¤fô-hï-Bï-»Þ¾-Å-GmÅ-μôP-hÝ-ÅP-ZÛm-¼P-zB¾-mÅ-º{ô¼-fô-ºGôh-hGôÅ-”TïÅ-zÁh-

154

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{ãPü. PºÛ-fï¤-fóºÛ-ÇKP-hÝ-“zÅ¤-}ÀóºÛ-zNå¼-z;ôh-fïzÅ-¤ïh-q-¤-¸h. Vz-ÆÛhhzP-V-¾ô-GZÛÅ-¤ïh-qÅ-zdGÅ-·Ûz-»G-qô-{-hGôÅ-”TïÅ-z;ôh-ºhÝG IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-ÇKô-ºI¤-hÝ-GÝÅ-¤óºÛ-mP-¤Û-zÅÞ-z¼-ÇÀïzÅ-ºhÝG-TÛPVz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-JÀôh-z=ô¾-GbôP-Ç?zÅ-μôP-Åô-ÅôÅ-¯ÛÅ-¾ïm-q¼-»ôP-hGôÅ-<Û-»ôhºhÝG-<P-P-±óº-Û μôP-hï-Å-fG-¼ÛP-qô¼-»Ûm-ÇezÅ-P-¾ïm-q¼-»ôP-fzÅ-¤-{ãP-z¼zdïm-ÇK-ô ºI¤-mÅ-mP-¤Û¼-¯ÛÅ-vh-q-¼ïh. hï-ZÛm-P-¤Z¤-JÀhô -z=ô¾-fôz-qºÛ-¼ôGÅq-¿S-qô-hï-hG-μôP-Zï-ºDô¼-hÝ-»Ûm-ÇezÅ-mP-¤Û¼-¯ÛÅ-¤-vh-q¼-¤ô-\¼-}ÀâGÅ-mÅμôP-Åô-Åô¼-¯ÛÅ-vôh-hÝ-ºFÛh-ÅôP-z¼-Dô-q-±óºÛ-mP-¤Û-·ï-iG-PÞ-GÛ-ºhÝG ¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ-¤Vm-ºIï¾. mô¼-º²Ûm-hzP-¤ô-¾GÅ-mÛ. ÁÝG-GÅïz-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm-q-hP-. ¿Ë-ô D-GôP-h;¼-hGº¯ï-ÁP-. ºWâ-IôP-±ô¼- 1977 ¾ô¼-BïÅ. Bïh-{ïh-¤±m-¾-hGï-ºhÝm-zÇem-qhP-. BïÅ-¤ºÛ¤±m-¾-VÅô -¿mk -·-Ý G-Û »hô . ÇÀzô -I¼Ô -zBôh-qºÛ-G-ô Çz? Å-fzô -¥Pô -¤hï -TPÛ -hGôm-q¼-º²â¾-·GÝ Å{Å-bï-hGôm-qºÛ-mP-zôh-»ÛG-º|Û->ÀôG-¢PÅ. 1992 ¹-z- 12 ±ïÅ- 9 ZÛm-DôP-ÅôGÅ-ÁÝGGÅïz-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-zMh-mÅ-¿-Ë ¿mk -M¾-Å¼-zhô -¼P-z®m-H-Û ·-Û L¾ô -Hmï -¾PÅ-<-Û ¾Å-ºGÝ¾Çt¾ï . M-G·ÝP-GÅÛ -Å-V-h-ï ¼P-mÅ-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÅÛ -L-Ý ±¼-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-q-hP-. ¹-z- 9 ±ïÅ10 ZÛm-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-º|ÛP-¼Û¤-¤Û-h¤PÅ-FÛ¤Å-DP-hÝ-FÛ¤Å-¼Ð-º±ôGÅ-mÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ômºWâG-¾ô- 5 {ïh-Mãº-Û FÛ¤Å-fG-zTh. ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Çt-ô Bï¾-{Å. 1998

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155

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157

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207

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208

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209

P-±ô-¿UGÅ-OôG-¾-±ßh-q-hP-. ÅÞ-·ÛG-GÛÅ-<P-¤Gô-zô-¤Û-ÇKÝ¼-zºÛ-wÞGÅ-zÅ¤-HÛ¾¤-zÞ¼-hï-¿e-zÞºÛ-ºfz-IôGÅ-hÝ-¤-·ÛG-h¤¼-GÅôh-<Û-FG-iôm-Çeô¼-»ôh-qÅ. PïÅq-¤ïh-qºÛ-xÛ-ZÛm-HÛ-hÝÅ-hï¼-¼ï-zÅ-DïPÅ-qºÛ-Dô-zôÅ-ÇSôm-fôm-HÛ-¤±ôm-V-·ÛG-GÛÅEïh-±ô-zÅÞ-z¼-PïÅ-¾. Dô-±óºÛ-hI-Á-»P-¾ïm-q¼-PïÅ. ¬Å-q. ¤Û-hzP-lôG-qÅ-zμÛ-zºÛ-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ.. ¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-hqº-zô-mG-GÅôh-GbôP-zºÛ-GmÅ.. ¤Û-»Þ¾-h¥¾-z-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ.. ¤Û-¾ô-¿S-»Û-FG-GÛ-Bô-G¼-ºFz.. z¯ï-¤ïh-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-HÛ-zÁÅ-¼Ð-¼Þ.. ZïÅ-¤ïh-hqº-zóºÛ-Ç[ÛP-h¤¼-zbàz-m-»P-.. GÁÛm-qô-hÝ¼-Fôh-ÇeïP-mÅ-¾ôG-hÝÅ-ÁÛG. Z¤-VßP-Dô-zóºÛ-¤ÛG-¾-h-¼ïÅ-ºV¼.. ¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ-¤Vm-ºIï¾. wÞm-±ôGÅ-hzP-xãG-¾GÅ-mÛ. 1973 ¾ô¼-¿Ëô-D-xôPÅ-MÅ-ÅÞ-BïÅ-ÁÛP-. Bïh-{ïh-¤±m-¾Ç?¾-z¸P-hmô -Izâ -hP-. BïÅ-¤ºÛ-¤±m-¾-zTô-¿-S ¿-Ë ¤-ô ·-Ý G-Û »hô . VßP-PºÞ -Û hÅÝ -Å-Þ h¤PÅ-z®ßGÅÇÀzô -VPß -h-Ý zBôh-q-hP-. hï-XÅï -μPô -ÇzôÀ -I¼Ô -»GÛ -MGã Å-ºyôh-mÅ-M-zhô -Çh? -»GÛ -¾-¢PÅ-z¯ôm-

210

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IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

¤²h. ÇÀzô -GZï¼-HÛ-zMãh-¼Û¤-mP-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-<Û-Gô-dôG-Åh-q-hP-. ¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-<Û-¤hÝm-¾¤zÅ¤-G·ÛGÅ-{Å-b-ï Ç-ôK GP-Å-mÅ-zhô -<-Û zhïm-hmô -ºfz-¯hô -<-Û ¾Å-ºGÝ¾-Ç¾ït -z¼- 1994 ¹z- 4 ±ïÅ- 15 ¤±m-¤ô¼-DôP-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-¿Ëô-D-Çoï-GhôP-μôP-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG ¹-z- 8 ±ïÅ- 26 ZÛm-¿Ë-ô DºÛ-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛÅ-FÛ¤Å-¼Ð-º±ôGÅ-bï-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 {ïh-Mãº-Û FÛ¤Å-GTôh-{Å-mÅ-¹-z- 12 ±ïÅ- 1 ZÛm-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Çt-ô Bï¾-{Å. 1999¹-z6 ±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô- 5 ¾ô-hÝÅ-fÛ¤-mÅ-JÀhô -z=ô¾-fôz. 2000 ¾óº-Û ¹-z- 12 qºÛmP-M-G¼-¾-ÆhÛ -hmô -BzÅ-zTô¾-h-Ý º{ô¼-mÅ-h-¿-e z®ôm-DP-mP-GTôP-Tm-h-Ý H¼ã -zºÛ-¾ÅÞ -q¼ô Ç¨m-zTôÅ-{-z·Ûm-»hô . DôP-G-Û z®m-L¾ô -M¾-GTïÅ-<-Û ¾-ô MÅã -·zÛ -q¼-ÁÅï -ºhôh-m-DPô -ZhÛ -mÅz¯¤Å-qºÛ-<<¼P-hzP-hP-¤ÛG-Vß>>·ïÅ-qºÛ-xG-hïz-¾-G¸ÛGÅ-q¼-·Ý.

uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¾óº-Û ¹-z-¿S-qºÛ-±ïÅ- 1 hP-±ïÅ- 4 ZÛm-IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-mP-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-Vïm-qóº-Û mP-h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-z-hP-. hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z. h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-z. 1/ ¤DÅ-Iâz ¼P-¾ô- 26 BïÅ-»Þ¾-¤¾-iô-GÝP-h;¼. hï-ÇS-hGº-¿km-hGômqºÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-zTßG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1995 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Û-z®ômDP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-<Û-±ïÅ- 25 ®¤¾-ÇkÝG-¯çz-Vïm-qôÅ-iG-Gmôm-{Å-bï-h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-. 2/ }À-ô z¸P-hzP-xãG ¼P-¾ô- 28 w-»Þ¾-º|Û-GÝP->ÀâP-Áôh. hï-ÇS-hGº-¿kmhGôm-qºÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 10 hP-. 1996 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-<Û-±ïÅ- 6 ZÛmÇkÝG-¯çz-Vïm-qôÅ-iG-Gmôm-{Å-bï-h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-.

212

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3/ }À-ô z¸P-VôÅ-ºwï¾. ¼P-¾ô- 25 w-»Þ¾-ºh¤-G·ÝP-μôP-. hï-ÇS-mG-VßDP-h¤¼-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1995 ¾ô¼IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-<Û-±ïÅ- 4 ZÛm-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-¼PÁÛ-zMz. 4/ z=-ÁÛÅ-¿Ë-¤ô. ¼P-¾ô- 24 Bï-»Þ¾-Ç[ï-¤ô-DÞ¾-hP-. hï-ÇS-Ç[ï-¤ô-Wô-hGôm-HÛz®ßm-¤-»Ûm. 1994 ¾ôºÛ-¹-z- 12 mP-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 {ïh-Mãº-Û FÛ¤Å-VhzbP-Çeï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·ÛLô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-ÇkÝG-¯çz-Vïm-qôÅ-iG-Gmôm-{Å-bï-h¤¼-zÅh-zbP-z-¼ïh. 5/ ;Ým-Iô¾-»ôm-bm. ¼P-¾ô- 28 Bï-»Þ¾-Ç[ï-¤ô. hï-ÇS-Ç[ï-¤ô-Wô-hGôm-HÛ-z®ßm¤-»Ûm. 1994 ¾óºÛ-¹-z- 12 ®¤-hÝ-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 {ïh-Mãº-Û FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbPÇeï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm¾PÅ-mP-ÇkÝG-¯çz-Vïm-qôÅ-h¤¼-zÅh-zbP-z-¼ïh.

h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-z-hP-. hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

213

6/ }À-ô z¸P-hzP-¤ó. ¤ÛP-G·m-¤±¤Å-GTôh-Oô¾-h;¼. ¼P-¾ô- 25 ®¤. Bï-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô. hï-ÇS-hôG-Çkï-GmÅ-Gô-GhôP-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm-. 1995 ¾óºÛ¹-z- 2 q¼-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞPGÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-Çeï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPhÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-ÇkÝG-¯çzVïm-qôÅ-iG-Gmôm-{Å-bï-h¤¼-zÅh-zbP-z-¼ïh. 7/ VôÅ-BÛh. ¤ÛP-G·m-±ß¾-FÛ¤Å-z¸P-¤ô. ¼P-¾ô- 25 Bï-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô. hïÇS-ºwm-qô-Á-z-ºzÞ¤-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. 1994 ¹-z- 6 ±ïÅ- 14 mP-¿Ë-Å¼zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô5 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-Çeï-I-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û L¾ô -Hmï -¾PÅ-mP-ÇGÝk -¯zç -Vmï -qÅô -iG-Gmôm-{Å-b-ï h¤¼-zÅhzbP-z-¼ïh. 8/ zhï-BÛh-G»P-º²ô¤Å. ¤ÛP-G·m-Iâz-Mãh-qj¨ô. ¼P-¾ô- 21 ®¤. BïÅ-»Þ¾-Ç[ï-¤ô. hï-ÇS-Ç[ï-¤ô-ºIô z-¤Vôh-dïm-HÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. 1995 ¾óºÛ-¹- 2 ±ïÅ- 15 ZÛm-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞPGÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 4 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-Çeï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-

214

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-ÇkÝG-¯çzVïm-qôÅ-iG-Gmôm-{Å-bï-h¤¼-zÅh-zbP-z-¼ïh. ¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z. 1/ PG-hzP-zÇem-z¸P-. ¼P-¾ô- 29 w-»Þ¾-Çeôh-¾ÞP-zhï-Vïm-μôP-. hï-ÇSº|Å-ÇtäPÅ-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 10 hP-. 1992 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅmP-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 2/ }À-ô z¸P-hGï-¾ïGÅ. ¼P-¾ô- 26 w-»Þ¾-ºh¤-G·ÝP-μôP-. hï-ÇS-mG-VßDP-h¤¼-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1995 ¾ô¼IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mPhÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 4 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 3/ ¤ÛG-h¤¼. ¼P-¾ô- 37 w-»Þ¾-Vß-ÁÝ¼-μôP-. hï-ÇS-Ç[ï-fP-z=-ÁÛÅ-ÇKPhGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 6 hP-. 1995 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G-

h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-z-hP-. hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

215

¾ô-±h-¾ô- 4 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 4/ Ç?¾-z¸P-wÞm-±ôGÅ. ¼P-¾ô- 24 w-»Þ¾-Vß-ÁÝ¼-μôP-. hï-ÇS-Ç[ï-fP-z=ÁÛÅ-ÇKP-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 6 hPü. 1995 ¾ô¼IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅz;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 4 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 5/ »ï-ÁïÅ-¢Ûm-q. ¼P-¾ô- 28 w-»Þ¾-¿Ëô-D-GôP-h;¼-μôP-. hï-ÇS-GôP-h;¼GÅÞP-¼z-JÀÛP-hGôm-qºÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q-. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-WâG-¾ô- 6 hP-¾ô-xïh. 1994 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 4 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 6/ ¿Ë-ÅPÅ. ¼P-¾ô- 23 w-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô-¿Ëàm-Iâz-μôP-. hï-ÇS-hGôm-GÅ¼hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1995 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G¾ô-±h-¾ô- 4 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 7/ hzP-ºhÝÅ. ¼P-¾ô- 24 w-»Þ¾-ÇeG-¯ï-μôP-. hï-ÇS-zhï-Vïm-GÅP-ÇSGÅ-

216

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 4 ¿e¼- 1995 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G¾ô-±h-¾ô- 4 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 8/ q-ÅPÅ. ¼P-¾ô- 29 w-»Þ¾-ÇeG-¯ï-XôP-. hï-ÇS-ºwGÅ-¤ô-hGôm-HÛ-hGïºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 8 hP-. 1993 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝzTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô4 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 9/ PG-hzP-GÅÞP-¼z. ¼P-¾ô- 28 w-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô-¿Ëàm-Ißz-μôP-. hï-ÇSº|Å-ÇtäPÅ-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 10 hP-. 1992 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅmP-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 3 hP-¾ô-xïh-Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 10/ PG-hzP-lô-Xï. ¼P-¾ô- 24 w-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô-¿Ëàm-Iâz-μôP-. hï-ÇS-hGômGÅ¼-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1995 ¾ô¼-IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅz;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 3 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å.

h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-z-hP-. hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

217

11/ ;-q-ÅPÅ. ¼P-¾ô- 25 w-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô-¿Ëàm-Iâz-μôP-. hï-ÇS-{P-ÇeG-¾ÞPhGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1995 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G¾ô-±h-¾ô- 3 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 12/ mô¼-zÞ-wÞm-±ôGÅ. ¼P-¾ô- 23 w-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô-¿Ëàm-Iâz-μôP-. hï-ÇS-{PÇeG-¾ÞP-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1995 ¾ô¼IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅz;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 3 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 13/ zÇem-º²Ûm. ¼P-¾ô- 26 w-»Þ¾-¿Ëô-D-I-mP-μôP-. hï-ÇS-h¼-MÅ-VôÅJÀÛP-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 4 hP-. 1997 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G¾ô-±h-¾ô- 3 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 14/ zÇem-º²Ûm-VôÅ-ºwï¾. ¼P-¾ô- 24 w-»Þ¾-ºh¤-G·ÝP-μôP-. hï-ÇS-mGVß-DP-h¤¼-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 4 hP-. 1995

218

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅmP-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 3 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 15/ JÀGô -Ç?hÝ . ¼P-¾ô- 32 w-»Þ¾-¿Ëô-D-GôP-h;¼-μôP-. hï-ÇS-º|Å-ÇtäPÅhGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1997 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G¾ô-±h-¾ô- 3 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 16/ zÅôh-m¤Å-±ï-¼ÛP-. ¼P-¾ô- 30 w-»Þ¾-¤¾-iô-GÝP-h;¼-μôP-. hï-ÇS;-±¾-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 8 hP-. 1996 ¾ô¼-IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅz;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 2 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 17/ zÞ-VßP-. ¼P-¾ô- 29 w-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô-¿Ëàm-Iâz-μôP-. hï-ÇS-hGº-¿km-VôÅºDô¼-JÀÛP-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1995 ¾ô¼IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅz;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 2 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å.

h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-z-hP-. hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

219

18/ ±ï-hq¾. ¼P-¾ô- 23 w-»Þ¾-hqº-Áôh-μôP-. hï-ÇS-zÅï-z-hGôm-HÛ-hGïºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 14 hP-. 1996 IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 2 Çt¼Çomô -{Å. 19/ f¼-q. ¼P-¾ô- 24 w-»Þ¾-ºwm-qô-¿Ëàm-Iâz-μôP-. hï-ÇS-¿Ë-Å-wÞ¼-¿UôGhGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1995 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G¾ô-±h-¾ô- 2 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 20/ ±ï-¼ÛP-wÞm-±ôGÅ. ¼P-¾ô- 35 w-»Þ¾-¿Ë-Å-BÛh-¼Å. hï-ÇS-hGº-¿kmhGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 8 hP-. 1992 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅz;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 1 hP-¾ô-xïh-Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 21/ }À-ô z¸P-¾ÞP-dôGÅ. ¼P-¾ô- 28 w-»Þ¾-¿Ë-Å-ZP-¼. hï-ÇS-hGº-¿kmhGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 7 hP-. 1992 ¾ô¼-IÔ-z·Ûz®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û ·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G-

220

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

¾ô-±h-¾ô- 1 hP-¾ô-xïh-Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 22/ zÇem-z¸P-mô¼-zÞ.(;ôP-yâG-)¼P-¾ô- 24 w-»Þ¾-;ôP-qô. hï-ÇS-hGº¿km-hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-q. hÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô- 5 hP-. 1996 ¾ô¼-IÔz·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅz;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 1 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. 23/ PG-hzP-ÅPÅ-Oô¾. 1977 ¾ô¼-¿Ë-Å¼-BïÅ. hï-ÇS-G-¼Û-hGôm-qºÛz®ßm-¤-»Ûm. uÛ-¾ô- 1987 ¾ô¼-z;G-Z¼-ZÛm- 15 {Å. 1990 ¾óºÛ-¹-z- 8 ±ïÅ- 18 ZÛm-HÛ-·ô-Çemô -hÝÅ-Vïm-¾-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ{Å-q¼-z;G-Z¼-¹-z- 9 {Å. 1992 ¹-z- 6 ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-ÇÀ¼-»P-º²Ûmz¸ÞP-GÛÅ-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 3 z¸ôÅ-mÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-. 1993 ¾ô¼-JÀâ-G·Å-O-ºWâG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-mP-¹-z- 10 ±ïÅ- 8 ZÛm-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô6 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. hï-XïÅ- 1996 ¹-z- 7 ±ïÅ- 31 ZÛm-z®ôm-DP-mP-zôh¼P-z®m-HÛ-Hïm-¾PÅ-Ç?h-ºzôh-{Å-q¼-»P-zB¼-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 8 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-¾ô-±h-¾ô6 Çt¼-bï-Eôm-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 23 z¸ôÅ-»ôh-q-¼ïh-.

h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-z-hP-. hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

221

24/ {P-Vßz-Oô¾-¤. ¼P-¾ô- 26 ®¤. Bï-»Þ¾-»PÅ-q-Tm. hï-ÇS-ÇK-¾ôhGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. uÛ-¾ô- 1995 ¹-z- 2 ±ïÅ- 28 ZÛm-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 5 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-Çeï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿SqºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 6 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-»ôh. 25/ ¤VôG-Iâz-Oô¾-¤. ¼P-¾ô- 27 ®¤. Bï-»Þ¾-Gh¤-G·ÝP-. hï-ÇS-ºwmqô-M-¼G-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. uÛ-¾ô- 1995 ¹-z- 2 ±ïÅ- 13 ZÛm-M¾Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zhô -¼P-z®m-H-Û ·-Û L¾ô -Hmï -¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÅÛ -hÅÝ -z;G-¾-ô ±h¾ô- 6 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-Çeï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅºhÛº-Û ¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h¾ô- 5 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-»ôh. 26/ GTïÅ-GTïÅ. ¼P-¾ô- 28 ®¤. hï-ÇS-ºwm-qô-Mz-¼G-hGôm-qºÛ-z®ßm¤-»Ûm. uÛ-¾ô- 1995 ¹-z- 2 ±ïÅ- 13 ZÛm-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·ÛLô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 5 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤ÅVh-zbP-Çeï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-

222

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DPü.

IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 2 Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å»ôh. 27/ VôÅ-BÛh-hzP-¤ô. ¤ÛP-G·m-}Àô-z¸P-VôÅ-ZÛh. ¼P-¾ô- 24 Bï-»Þ¾-w»Þ¾-ºwm-qô. hï-ÇS-ºwm-qô-Á-z-ºzÞ¤-qºÛ-z®ßm-¤-»Ûm. uÛ-¾ô- 1994 ¹-z- 6 ±ïÅ- 14 ZÛ-M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-{Å-q¼-ºWâ-z¸ÞPGÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-¾ô- 4 {ïh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-Çeï-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝz®ôm-ºWâG-{Å. fïPÅ-ºhÛºÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·ÛºÛ-·Û-Lô¾-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-hÝÅ-z;G¾ô-±h-¾ô- 1 hP-xïh-;-Çt¼-Çoôm-{Å-»ôh. G·m-»P-Ç?zÅ-hïºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-<Û-hôm-Aïm-mP-GÛ-ZïÅ-GÅôG-q-Ç?¼-¹-hP-. DôP-GÛ¼ôGÅ-q-zÅôh-m¤Å-GZÛÅ-hÞÅ-z;G-¾ô- 9 z;º-zTh-Çt¼-Çoôm-HÛÅ-ÇS¼-HÛ-¼ÞDG-¾-¼P-ºWGÅ-z·G-»ôh-q-¼ïh. GôP-GÅ¾-hï-hG-mÅ-¿Ë-ÅPÅ-hP-. hzPºhÝÅ. wG-¤ô-hGôm-qºÛ-q-ÅPÅ. »ï-ÁïÅ-¢Ûm-q. Ç?¾-z¸P-wÞm-±ôGÅ-zTÅ-¤Û¿S-qô-hï-ÇS¼-HÛ-h¤-iG-{-»Þ¾-HÛ-ZïÅ-hôm-ZïÅ-GÅôG-GÛ-¼Þ-DG-mP-¼P-ºWGÅ-z·G»ôh-q-¾Å-¼P-GmÅ-¼Þ-DG-¿S-q¼-xÛ¼-¾ôG-fÞz-q-{ãP-¤ïh.

h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-z-hP-. hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-z.

223

¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ-¤Vm-ºIï¾. IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-¿S-qºÛ-GTÛG-z·Ûº-Û Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-h¤¼-GÅôh-hP-. hÝÅ-z;G-¾ô-±h-Çt¼zºÛ-¤±m-G·ÝP-Çz? Å-hºï -Û ¾Å-ºGÝ¾-mP-»hô -qºÛ-¼-Þ DG-¿-S qºÛ-wmÞ -±Gô Å-hzP-xGã -GÅÛ -|ÅÛ -qºÛ<<¼P-hzP-hP-¤G Û -V-ß >>¾Å-¸¼Þ -ºhôm-·ÅÝ -q-hP-. ¼Þ-DG-GÅÞ¤-qºÛ-ºwm-q-ô Á-z-ºzÞ¤-qºÛz®ßm-¤-VÅô -h{ÛPÅ-M¾-¤±m-hP-. VôÅ-h{ÛPÅ-;mÝ -z¸P-. }À-ô z¸P-VÅô -º²Ûm. q-ÅPÅ-¿-Ë ¤ô-zTÅ-¾-¯¤ô -OGÛ -qÅ-zT¼-ºiÛ-·ÅÝ -mÅ-xGô Å-zOÛGÅ-<ÅÛ - 2001 ¹-z- 8 ±ïÅ- 14 ZÛm¤fº-¤ºÛ-·ÅÝ -hG-{Å-»hô .

224

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