Nicole Farnell 102102092
Studio D Thesis
Masters of Architecture & Urban Design
Semester 2 2022
Canhui Chen & David O’Reilly
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF COUNTRY
We respectfully acknowledge the Wurundjeri People of the Kulin Nation, who are the Traditional Owners of the land on which Swinburne’s Australian campuses are located in Melbourne’s east and outer-east, and pay our respect to their Elders past, present and emerging.
The City of Ballarat acknowledges the Traditional Custodians of the land we live and work on, the Wadawurrung and Dja Dja Wurrung People, and recognises their continuing connection to the land and waterways. We pay our respects to their Elders past, present and emerging and extend this to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.
We also acknowledge and respect the Traditional Owners of lands across Australia, their Elders, Ancestors, cultures and heritage, and recognise the continuing sovereignties of all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nations.
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CONTENT
Eco Villages Australia- Maleny Queensland
5 ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF COUNTRY � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 CONTENT � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4 TOPIC INTRODUCTION � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 6 Site Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Thesis Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 CHAPTER 1A: GLOBAL RESEARCH � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 Circular Economy in Urban Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ReSOLVE Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Case Study: Schoonschip Prague, Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Circular Business Models for the Built Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 First Steps Towards A Circular Built Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Building A Circular Future 3XN & GXN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ZERO WASTE DESIGN GUIDELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 CHAPTER 1B: LOCAL RESEARCH � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 24 MONASH ZERO WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Mirvac Zero Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ZERO WASTE, SELF SUSTAINING HOUSE INSTALLATION 28 RECOVERING AND REPROCESSING RESOURCES FROM WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Ballarat Net Zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Ballarat Commonwealth Games 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Ballarat Council Plan 2021-2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Ballarat Council Plan Towards 2040 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Live at the Cape- Cape Paterson Victoria 38 The Paddock- Castlemaine Victoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Water Sensitive Urban Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 CHAPTER 2: SITE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 44 Site Location 46 Cardigan Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Ballarat Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Planning Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Planning Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Icons/ Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Whats Nearby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Size Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Lake Federation Resort Masterplan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Lake Federation Resort Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Noise Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Speed Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Road Networks & Water 62 Highway Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 CHAPTER 3: PROBLEMS, VISION, OBJECTIVES, STRATEGIC DIRECTION � � � � � 64 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Strategic Directions 82 Implementation Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 CHAPTER 4: DEVELOPMENT � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 84 CDZ1 Schedule 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Design Development Overlay (DDO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Existing Road Typologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Transport Networks 95 Proposed Road Typologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Future Railway Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Future Skipton Rail Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Town Center Precinct Structure Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Town Center Urban Design Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Housing Competition: Health Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Diversity of Housing: Low Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Diversity of Housing: Medium Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Diversity of Housing: High Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Athletes Village/ Affordable Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Constructed Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Vegetated Swales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Energy Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 CHAPTER 5: FINAL OUTCOME � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 114 Masterplan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Functions / Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Precinct Structure Plans 122 Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Housing Density/ Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Housing Availability (Stages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Residential Lot Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Masterplan 3D Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Final Overview 130 CHAPTER 6: BIBLIOGRAPHY � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 132 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
TOPIC INTRODUCTION
Waste not want not, Designing for Circularity (Unit Outline)
Concerns around the negative impacts directly attributable to the building sector globally intensify as population growth surges and natural material resources deplete. The building industry remains the largest global consumer of raw materials and is a major contributor to the negative environmental impact. As noted in various studies, the construction sector is accountable for approximately 40% of the world’s annual energy consumption, up to 39% of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide and 40% of the solid waste generated in many developed nations (Comstock et al. 2012; DNV GL, Sustainia, & United Nations Global Compact 2018; Global ABC, IEA, & UNEP 2019). To combat the rapid rate of environmental deterioration, a continuous effort to foster carbon literacy and direct architectural design and construction towards a more sustainable practice is imperative.
Contrasting to the current ‘take-make-waste’ linear economy, a circular economy (CE) is an economic system that aims to limit or eliminate waste by promoting a continual use of resources. CE has been defined by the Industrial Development Organization of the United Nations (UNIDO n.d) as ‘a new way of creating value, and ultimately prosperity, through extending product lifespan and relocating the waste from the end of the supply chain to the beginning - in effect, using resources more efficiently by using them more than once.’ In recent years, the concept of CE has gained increasing popularity and traction around the globe amongst economists, policymakers, businesses and researchers as an approach to the sustainable development of our society (Brennan, Tennant & Blomsma 2015; Geissdoerfer et al. 2017; Korhonen et al. 2017; Lieder & Rashid 2016 ).
In this studio, you will be introduced to the emerging circular economy concepts and design approaches for architecture and urban design. You will be asked to conduct research into the material flow in our local economy, identify challenges and opportunities, that cater for a circular future for the built environment and finally synthesize the research into a hypothetical architectural or urban design project.
Site Selection
Ballarat was chosen as it is close to home and I am passionate about completing a project in a more rural setting. Many sites and design opportunities were looked upon to complete the thesis project for studio D at Swinburne University Masters of Architecture and Urban Design. The site was chosen as it provides ample opportunity for sustainable development and use of circular economic resources from the district of Ballarat. The site is located along Remembrance Drive, Cardigan, West of Ballarat’s City Center, and was proposed as a ‘Resort’ in terms of its zoning and planning regulations. I aim to tackle this site under a Comprehensive Development Zone, and create a sustainable development for Ballarat.
Emissions across the City of Ballarat were estimated at 1.5 million tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in 2020. (Draft Ballarat Net Zero Emissions Plan 2022)
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Thesis Statement
The Current plans have failed and CO2 emissions are rising, Ballarat West needs a new vision of sustainable practices designed for equality, affordability and accessibility.
West Ballarat, is in crisis with industrial areas taking over(BWEZ) and residential being pushed further out from the main activity centers. The Comprehensive Development Zone(CDZ1) has failed and has not progressed since the 2004 plans. The area lacks housing diversity in terms of typology, availability and affordability; lacks transport options such as public transport, cycle and walking routes; and has excessive water management issues with flooding on site. Alongside this emissions across the City of Ballarat were estimated at 1.6million tonnes CO2e(2020). My thesis project will solve these issues and make west Ballarat foster accessibility, equality and sustainability creating short and long term solutions for the community and the 2026 Commonwealth Games Athletes. It presents opportunity to utilize the existing zones with ability to engage in community and adapt to changing conditions overtime.
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CHAPTER 1A: GLOBAL RESEARCH
Circular Economy in Urban Design
Circular economy usually seen in architecture through the use of material recycling and reuse, material passports, design for disassembly, however the framework is seen fully at neighborhood and city scale. Self sufficiencies and policies set by governments, guide principals of circular economy through urban scale projects. From energy production, waste management, food production, process and operations that govern these design methods inform circularity.
Cities are resource consumers and producers of greenhouse gas emissions, specifically seen in the linear model of manufacture , use and end of life. Resource scarcity is upon us with a demand for raw materials to double over the next 20-30 years.
Creating self sufficient cities with their own ecosystem is one way to apply circular economic principals. The image shown identifies a broad circular system of a city.
Climate change is already a large issue in architecture and urban design, with cities, buildings and people, playing their part to reduce the effects they have on the environment.
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(Andreea Cutieru 2022)
ReSOLVE Framework
ReSOLVE framework is a key output of the Ellen MacArthur Foundations research. It outlines 6 actions to guide the transition towards a circular economy. This can be applied to products, buildings, neighborhoods, cities, regions and communities. The work of the Ellen Macarthur foundation is referenced in all readings about circular economy and architecture.
• Regenerate
• Share
• Optimise
• Loop
• Virtualise
• Exchange
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Case Study: Schoonschip Prague, Netherlands
Schoonschip is a community driven project featuring decentralized and sustainable energy, water and waste systems. Co-Designed by space and matter a sustainable floating city on the waters in Amsterdam came alive.
“Living on the water offers a great solution for places where climate change and a rise in sea levels are a looming hazard. It not only protects people against nature, but it also protects nature itself.” (Sascha
Glasl, Co-founder Space&Matter)The project has been going for over a decade starting its life in 2010, with a creative and inspiring group of people whom all wanted their dream home. Completed in 2021, Schoonschip is home to more than 100 residents, 30 water plots, with 46 houses all uniquely designed by their owners.
The small scale prototype city explores and applies innovative solutions to challenges of climate change. Living an Eco-friendly and efficient lifestyle, sharing belongings such as cars, bikes and energy creates a small circular community model.
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(Schoonschip — Space&Matter 2021)
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Circular Business Models for the Built Environment
Intro
CBM = Circular Business Models
“Perceived as cost effective and convenient to dispose of resources after first use rather than to reuse them”
“New technology and advanced design approaches, additional value could be created”
Benefits in financial, social and environmental aspects globally
By 2050 66% of the global pop to live in urban areas. Was 54% in 2014.
Opportunity for construction Industries
Highly recyclable waste materials. UK saw more than 90% of construction and demo waste diverted from landfill in 2014. Adopting a CBM will shift focus to sourcing sustainable, maintain material productivity, and reduction in losses of non renewable materials. Landfill taxes= reduction in waste going to landfill 3 categories for value adding: Design, Information, Collaboration.
Implications for construction ecosystem
Global economy spending 30% more on natural resources than it can actually afford. Buildings not used to their full capacity. Eg office buildings used to 65% cap.
High loss of material value in demolition as components are not made to be disassembled, therefore go to landfill as materials are hard to segregate to be reused or recycled. Buildings are not adaptable for different uses
Need to view projects long term to see potential for circular economy benefits. Material databases to store information required to facilitate reuse. Already used in automotive and aerospace.
BIM, Building Information Modeling, combines processes and tech to improve performance. Already seen a reduction in waste in the construction process.
Product passports, create traceability about materials and components.
3D printing on site with new materials for a reduction in waste.
A new value chain
Traditional business models do not favor collaboration through value chain. All stakeholders need to contribute towards a outcome that achieves the best value for all parties, therefore minimizing losses from the system Increase adaptivity of space to reduce time a site is vacant. Doing this will benefit users and managers for a more efficient, productive and adaptive space. Life cycle assessments
Modular approach to design for future longevity, flexibility, reuse and deconstruction
Lack of transparency in supply chain
Conclusion
Points of consideration: Long term thinking, design for deconstruction, innovative, flexibility vs durability, utilize new models of production and consumption, collaborate.
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Circular business models
Innovation and collaboration through supply chain Creation of services that capture valuable products/ resources
Circular approach where products are recycled, upcycled and reused.
CBM: Circular design, circular use, circular recovery. All need to be implemented to see a CBM value chain Solutions to improve how assets are maintained, repaired, upgraded, refurbished or re-manufactured.
Circular Design
Designed to last longer and easy to maintain, repair, etc.
Risk with reused or recycled products
Circular Use
Keep control of asset and retain its value.
Trace and market secondary raw materials
Customers pay more for higher quality.
High interest/ loan rates due to long term cash flows.
Circular Recovery
Revenue generated by transforming existing products into new ones and adding value, reducing costs and waste.
Rely on material reuse and recycling being more cost effective than extracting new material.
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First Steps Towards A Circular Built Environment
Introduction
• Construction plays a crucial role in global economy representing 13% of GDP and employing 7% of worlds working age population.
• ⅔ of population will live in urban areas in next 30 years
• Urban environment size set to double, pressure on systems such as water, energy, waste networks.
• Take- make- dispose model
• Built environment is worlds largest consumer of raw materials and resources, and major producer of waste and carbon emissions
• Construction and demolition accounts for 2530% of all waste in EU.
• Cement and steel production account for 10% global CO2 emissions
• 3 principals: designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, regenerating natural systems
• New technology, business models, partnerships could lower industry costs, reduce negative environmental impacts and make urban areas more livable, productive and convenient.
• New approaches and thinking to how we design, operate and maintain built environment. Extension of holistic approach
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PHASE 1 METHODOLOGY
• 1. Develop a Vision, 2. Learn from existing case studies, 3. Stakeholder engagement, 4. Combined Analysis
• Economic, environmental and social impact
• Stakeholder groups: policy makers, investors, construction, clients, designers, contractors, supplier, end of life contractors, built environment users. PHASE 2 NEXT STEPS
• Relationships to follow each stage of projects.
• Valuation to calculate value of built environment, not just finance option.
• Key influences to shift thinking.
Vision
• Regenerative, accessible and abundant by design
• Support human wellbeing and natural systems (improved outcomes, living standards)
• Guided by systems thinking (guided by feedback, interactions)
• Leveraged bt digital technology (facilitate asset sharing, innovate practices)
• Holistic urban planning (resilience and thriving design, nature becomes part of urban design areas)
• Continuous material cycles (reuse of materials, low new material consumption)
• Design for maintenance and deconstruction (enable maintenance, repair and reuse, modular methods)
• Flexible productive buildings (meet own needs for energy and water, flexible or modular spaces)
• Integrated infrastructure systems (integrated networks for waste, energy and water, smart management at peak times)
Key Insights
• Put principals into practice. Collaboration, knowledge, policy, leadership, finance
• Fragmented nature of industry means approaches not used
• Finance seen as barrier to start and employ circular methods
• First Movers in Detail
• Policy Makers- lake of awareness of circular economy concepts. See changes in policy and restrictions. 70% identified that policy changes that support transition was the most important first step.
• Investors- investors find twice as many barriers then opportunities. Work to be done to demonstrate benefits of a circular economy. 40% of investors noted the construction industry as a barrier. 30% noted collaboration as a critical role.
• Construction clients- 25% would consider adopting a new circular approach. 50% stated the legal and procedural complication were a barrier of taking a new approach.
Features/ Case Study
• Design build and operate maintain contracts
• Public private partnerships
• Circular gemeente Amsterdam
• The toolkit for policymakers forth replacement bridge
• Environmental, social and governance investment
• Believe in better building
• Communicating the business case
• Circularity city
• Alliander HQ
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Building A Circular Future 3XN & GXN
• Prerequisites for reuse
• Material passport, circular economy, design for disassembly
• Short term gains
• Improved flexibility, faster construction, optimized maintenance
• Eliminate the concept of waste
• Building becomes a material graveyard
• Almost all building waste is being down-cycled to the lowest value possible
• Resource scarcity
• Complexity to design for disassembly
• Use of BIM & VDC (Virtual design construction)
• Buildings will function as material banks
• “Design for disassembly… allows the different components to fit into a closed material cycle, where they can be reused, reassembled and recycled to new products of a similar or higher value” (page 41)
• Connections must be reversible
• Disassembly only looked at in small scale such as houses, pavilions and temporary structures where resources are scarce.
• Positive effects on disassembly
• Quicker and simpler construction, optimized operation and maintenance, less waste, optimized up-cycling and recycling and reuse, released pressure on resource scarcity, Buildings as material; banks
• Material passports provide security for next life
• Provides all relevant information about a product or component that is intended for reuse. Must represent current state of material.
• Materials need to be certified, healthy and pure. Save time documenting
• Building industry responsible for 40% of materials produced globally and responsible for 35% waste.
• Focus on recycling rather than down-cycling
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ZERO WASTE DESIGN GUIDELINES
• Waste is a design flaw!
• Trash 99% of materials extracted from the earth within 6 months.
• New York set goal of 0 waste to landfill by 2030.
• Need to better manage material flows, building design, resources.
• Required integrated approach with architects, planners, building operators.
• Todays architects strive to reduce embodied and ongoing energy and water usage in design. Need to start to design for minimal waste
• Design needs to change human behavior
• Reduce, share, reuse, recycle
• Neighborhood recycling plants
• Incentives such as money for recycle collection points of certain materials
Collection and Urban design: Plan for waste collection on our streets Strategies
• Material Flows
• Resilient Systems
• Collaboration (public and Private Networks)
Neighborhood Scale
• Door to door collection services moving waste to a central location
• Centralized facilities
• Network of infrastructure
• Responsible actions and maintenance
Pneumatic tube network to central terminal
• Minimize trucks
• Available 24/7
• Chutes in buildings, courtyards or streets
• Multiple chute uses (recycle, organic, landfill)
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(Zero Waste 2016)
CHAPTER 1B: LOCAL RESEARCH
MONASH ZERO WASTE
• 7 step strategy
• 2023 targets of 0 waste to landfill, and only valuable recycling.
• Organics, plastics, eliminate methodology
• Approach to reduce consumption
• Materials kept at highest value
• 49% of landfill is organic waste.
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Mirvac Zero Waste
• Move away from take, make, use, dispose model
• Consider lifestyle of materials
• Avoid, reduce, reuse, recycle, regenerate
• Built environment is a big contributer of global material extraction and waste
• Utilize design and construction techniques to minimize waste
• 92 Billion tonnes of materials extracted globally annually, 50% of this is building materials
• 11.2 Tonnes of waste is sent to landfill globally each year
• Principals of circularity
• Design out waste upfront
• Focus on environmentally harmful materials and buy more recycled content
• Innovative construction methods
• Extended life in value chain
• Re-purpose in operation
• Ensure we maintain the value of materials as long as possible
• Spent $6 million to remove 28,000 tonnes of tenant generated waste from managed assets.
• Spent $8.5 Million to remove waste from construction sites.
• 9,280 Tonnes of operational and construction waste to landfill, the other waste was recovered, reused, recycled. Australia stats
• Generate 67 million tonnes of waste annually, which equates to 2.7 Tonnes per person per year
• Only 8.6% Of waste generated annually is recycled.
• National waste policy action plan
• NABERS
• Planet positive Principles
• Extend our focus from waste diversion and recycling to whole of life material use.
• Identify key points of influence in our cycle where we can have the biggest impact.
• Set clear, measurable milestones towards success.
• Leverage our existing processes, progress and influence to inspire wider action
Strategies
• Material focused design
• Procure reused, recycled and rapidly renewable materials
• Innovative construction
• Efficient and responsible operation
• Restoration and regeneration
• Collaborate to enable the circular economy
• Transparent reporting
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(Mirvac’s plan to send zero waste to landfill by 2030 - Supply Chain Sustainability School Limited 2020)
ZERO WASTE, SELF SUSTAINING HOUSE INSTALLATION
• An installation in Federation Square by Joost Bakker, is a self sustaining house.
• It shows that homes can provide shelter, produce zero waste and food, and generate energy.
• Features an aquaponics system, charcoal tank, digester and a closed loop shower and water oxygenation system.
• All waste is used to power the house in the digester, and therefore grows nutrient dense produce.
• Materials in the building are recycled, and recyclable.
• No toxins, chemicals or glue being held together with natural lime, organic compressed straw wall panels and recycled concrete tiles.
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(Zero-waste, self-sustaining house installation opens at Fed Square 2021)
29 (About — Future Food System 2014)
RECOVERING AND REPROCESSING RESOURCES FROM WASTE
• In 2016-17 Victoria generated and managed 12.9 million tonnes of waste. Metro Melbourne accounts for 80% of this.
• Sustainability Victoria estimates 67% was recovered for recycling whilst the other 33% went to landfill.
• 23% municipal solid waste, 35% commercial and industrial waste, 42% construction and demolition
• Agencies are not maximizing the recovery and reprocessing of recyclables
• DELWP lack of leadership means there is no statewide policy or plan to manage waste
• Organics accounts for 40% of waste.
• 3/4 of plastic and 1/2 paper is exported overseas
• Many people don’t know exactly what is recyclable
• Waste education programs are needed
• In a circular economy, materials, energy, and other resources are used productively for as long as possible to retain value, maximize productivity, minimize greenhouse gas emissions, and reduce waste and pollution.
Maps show landfill sites in Victoria. Map 1 identifies operating landfill sites noted by the EPA, and shows the waste that is accepted. Many landfill sites accept Putrescible waste, that is waste to be decomposed by bacterial action and solid inert waste, which is a hard waste that has negligible activity or effect on the environment.
(NationalMap 2022)
Putrescible Waste
Solid Inert Waste
Industrial Waste
All Waste
Unknown/ Uncontrolled
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(Recovering and Reprocessing Resources from Waste | Victorian Auditor-General’s Office 2020)
Site assessment of all waste stockpiles in Victoria, sees many are at a high or extreme risk, whilst others remain unreadable in terms of data capture or have not yet been assessed. How do we collate these into a few central waste facilities with a lower risk factor?
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(Recovering and Reprocessing Resources from Waste | Victorian Auditor-General’s Office 2020)
Ballarat Net Zero
Co2 equivalent across ballarat was estimated at 1.6 million tonne in comparison to Victoria’s 91.3 million tonnes co2e, ballarat contributes 1.78% across the states 79 municipalities. This figure is broken down into waste, agriculture, gas, transport and electricity. So how to we reduce this number and achieve the requirements of the studio on an precinct scale?
To reach net zero emissions by 2030 requires a bold and challenging approach and requires substantial action by the Victorian and Australian Governments beyond currently planned actions and targets, as well as from the Ballarat community. The plan identifies 5 key areas of focus in the home, business, developments, transport and waste.
• Major activity center
• 19k tonnes of CO2e waste in landfill
• 16k tonnes of Co2e in water management
• 1.5million tonnes of CO2e in 2020
• 61% electricity
• 17% transport
• 16% natural gas
• “Community message for a collated facility to house a number of circular economy organizations”
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(Patricia 2022) (Ballarat, VIC - CO2 Emissions Snapshot 2019)
Ballarat Commonwealth Games 2026
The commonwealth games for 2026 is coming to Victoria’s regional towns in a mutli-city model alongside Bendigo, Gippsland and Geelong. Being connected by rail, road and air the games aim to bring $3billion to the states economy. Ballarat will require an athletes village to house 1750 people, which could be transformed following the net zero plans into affordable housing.
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• Economic Boost To Regional Towns
• Multi City Model (Bendigo, Gippsland, Geelong, Ballarat)
• Mars Stadium To Hold Athletics Events
• Athletes Village For 1750 People
• Village To Be Transformed Into Affordable And Social Housing Following The Games
• $3 Billion To States Economy.
• Connected By Rail, Road And Air
(Why the Victoria 2026 Commonwealth Games marathon should be in Ballarat | City of Ballarat 2022) (Ballarat to Host the 2026 Commonwealth Games | Juliana Addison MP 2022)
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Ballarat Council Plan 2021-2025
The 2021-2025 Council Plan outlines “strategic direction for the next four years and details the strategic objectives, initiatives and priorities – as well as the indicators for measuring progress” to achieve the goals set below.(City of Ballarat 2015)
Vision:
“Ballarat, Victoria’s heritage city: leading the way as a sustainable, innovative and inclusive community.”(City of Ballarat 2015)
The Plan focuses on these goals:
• An environmentally sustainable future
• A healthy, connected and inclusive community
• A city that fosters sustainable growth
• A city that conserves and enhances our natural and built assets
• A Strong and innovative economy and city
• A council that provides leadership and advocates for its community
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(City of Ballarat 2015)
Ballarat Council Plan Towards 2040
The plan for 2040 focus on broad topics and narrows down with objectives for each area and specific sites in Ballarat providing strategic directions into the future. This Plan incorporates the 2021-2025 Council Plan as its 4 year goals.
In Summary the plan focuses on Climate, Transport, Environment and Housing under 5 themes.
Key Themes:
• Productive Ballarat
• Settlement for a highly Livable Ballarat
• Housing Ballarat
• Connected Ballarat
• Sustainable Ballarat
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(City of Ballarat 2021)
Integrated Water Management Plan (IWM)
The IWM explores and sets out recommendations for future water management delivering broader liveability and community benefits by considering the whole urban water cycle. The Plan aligns with the Victorian Water Plan considering a number of goals.
Vision:
“A greener, more liveable and prosperous water future for the city and towns of the Ballarat region”
(City of Ballarat 2010)
Objectives:
• Support river health priorities and mitigate flooding risks.
• Optimize the use of local water sources.
• Maintain and influence water efficiency.
• Support a safe and secure urban water supply and demand future.
• Generate improved liveability outcomes, recreational opportunities and increase green infrastructure.
• Support a sustainable and productive economy.
• Deliver strategic direction to enhance IWM outcomes within land use planning.
• Develop a plan that reflects community and stakeholder values and outlines clear implementation pathways.
(City of Ballarat 2010)
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Caring For Country
I will be guided by the reconciliation action plan provided by Ballarat City Council and elements from the Wadawurrung Healthy Country Plan. I aim to recognise and understand culture in my proposal better that the previous urban developments in Ballarat and what was proposed for the site, which really did not care for country.
Our shared Vision of a healthier future for Wadawurrung people and Country
Our 9 Values, the really important things we need to look after to achieve our vision
16 Threats we need to reduce to make our Values healthy
3 Programs and 18 strategies what we have decided to focus on to reduce the threats and improve the health of our values.
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(Reconciliation Action Plan 2022-2024 2022) (Resources | Wadawurrung Aboriginal Corporation | wadawurrung.org.au 2015)
Live at the Cape- Cape Paterson Victoria
• Energy Efficient Design
• Precious Water
• Clean Energy
• Food Gardens
• Active Lifestyle
• Protecting Natural Habitats
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" Our vision is to create a benchmark for sustainable living in a location unlike any other. The Cape at Cape Paterson brings together the expertise of local builders and sustainability experts, to create a modern community that is one with the environment"(Live at the Cape 2021)
The Paddock- Castlemaine Victoria
“Our vision is to create a new standard for sustainable living that fosters a sense of community and closer connection to nature. The Paddock: offering an outstanding lifestyle that is sustainable, connected and in touch with nature.”
• 27 Homes
• Community Center
• Food & Native Gardens
• Wetlands
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(Paddock 2019)
Eco Villages Australia- Maleny Queensland
Connected Living, Sustainable Living
“Social disconnection has hit epidemic proportions. Now is the time to find a way to connect with self, each other and the earth. Our eco villages seek for sustainable living in collaborative housing, that encompass the following values:”
• Collective Stewardship of Land
• Collaborative Housing
• Radical Sustainability
• Legal Model
• Financial Model
• Membership Model
(Eco Villages Australia - Living Simply, Living Connected 2015)(Maleny Eco Village 2019)
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Water Sensitive Urban Design
“WSUD is the integration of urban planning with the management, protection and conservation of the urban water cycle that ensures that urban water management is sensitive to natural hydrological and ecological processes.”
• Protect water quality in waterways
• Reduction on runoff
• Minimise potable water consumption
• Blue-green infrastructure
• Water sensitive communities
• Ecosystem services
(Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) 2022)
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Sustainable Development Goals
The sustainability Development Goals will help guide levels of sustainability and all aspects where sustainability can be seen.
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CHAPTER 2: SITE
Site Location
The site is located on the Western Fringe of Ballarat in a township Called Cardigan. The site is 675Ha and has been zoned as Comprehensive Development Zone 1(CD1Z). The main road running through the site Remembrance Drive is a key pathway through ballarat as a war memorial leading up to the Arch of Victory. The Southern parcel continues South to meet Cuthberts Road bordering the Skipton rail trail to the East and finishes just off Whites Road in the West before the small housing development. The Northern parcel extends up to Blind Creek road, and borders Draffins Road and Dowling Road. This Northern Parcel also houses the Railway from Wendouree to Ararat. As we can see from the photos, the site is vast and large with a multitude of open space.
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10km 5km 1624m 2131m 520m 1781m 526m 841m 884m 485m 466m 1916m 1501m 2298m
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Cardigan Profile
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Population 1589 Population Density 0.42 Person/Ha Average Bedrooms 4 Low Density 100% 510 Households Medium Density 0% 0 Households High Density 0% 0 Households Employment 593 People Drive 78.4% Public Transport 1.4% Walk 1% Bike 0% Work From Home 4.5% (Home | City of Ballarat | Community profile 2021)
Ballarat Profile
49 Population 113,482 Population Density 1.54Person/Ha Highest area 14.93 P/Ha Average Bedrooms 3 Low Density 84% 42,164 Households Medium Density 15% 7,619 Households High Density 0.3% 134 Households Employment 44,716 People Drive 75% Public Transport 3.1% Walk 3% Bike 0.6% Work From Home 3.9%
(Home | City of Ballarat | Community profile 2021)
Planning Zones
The site consists of Comprehensive Development Zone and is bordered with Farming, Rural Living, Public Parks and Recreation, Urban Growth, Low Density Residential and a Special Use. This zone was planned to house the Lake Goldfields Resort master planned in 2004, however a lack of enthusiasm set it to be forgotten and undeveloped.
CDZ1-Comprehensive Development Zone 1
LDRZ-Low Density Residential
FZ-Farming Zone
TZ-Township Zone
PUZ-Public Use Zone
SUZ-Special Use Zone
RLZ-Rural Living Zone
UGZ-Urban Growth Zone
GRZ-General Residential Zone
PCRZ-Public Conservation And Recreation Zone
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CDZ1
CDZ1
RLZ
PPRZ
LDRZ
PCRZ
UGZ
SUZ5
FZ
RLZ
LDRZ
FZ
SUZ6
PPRZ
TRZ1
(Geocortex Viewer for HTML5 2022)
