Report on Building Services

AR 308 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

REPORT ON BUILDING SERVICES SUBMITTED BY NIRBHAY SINGH 15110016 JUHI SRIVASTAVA 15110009

24th APRIL 2018

HIGH RISE BUILDINGS INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 2. IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING SERVICES 3. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF AN ARCHITECT ?

4. MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDING -HVAC -PLUMBING -FIRE PROTECTION 5. SKYSCRAPPERS PLUMBING 6. WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS 7. ELECTRICAL & POWER SYSTEMS 8. LIGHTING AND POWER SYSTEMS 9. UNDERSTANDING ENERGY USE IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS 10. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES - HVAC SYSTEMS (AIR FLOW) - LIFTS AND ESCALATORS - ELEVATOR SYSTEM PART 4 FIRE FIGHTING - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS - HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EXIT - FIRE LIFTS AND STAIRCASES - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS - REFUGE AREA 11. CONCLUSION 12. REFERENCES

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS WHAT are BUILDING SERVICES? Everything inside a building which makes it safe and comfortable to be in comes under the title of 'Building Services'. A building must do what it was designed to do -not just provide shelter but also be an environment where people can live, work and achieve.

Building services are “what makes a building come to life�, tHEY INCLUDE energy supply -gas , electricity and renewable sources heating and air conditioning water, drainage and plumbing natural and artificial lighting, and building facades escalators and lifts ventilation and refrigeration communication lines, telephones and IT networks security and alarm systems fire detection and protection

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Importance Of Building Services Building services are indispensable for buildings.

•As an example certain types of building such as department store or industrial buildings are almost 100% dependent on electrical lighting, ventilating and airconditioning.

•High rise buildings rely on vertical transportation and high speed pressure for water supply.

•The implementation of services demands a considerable amount of floor and ceiling so proper planning is necessary for their allocation.

What Is The Role Of An Architect ?

•Responsible for the design and planning of the mechanical, electrical and public health systems required for the safe, comfortable and environmentally friendly operation of modern buildings.

•Building should be designed such that it provides better lighting, comfortable space, temperature and air quality, convenient power and communication capability, high quality sanitation and reliable systems for the protection of life and property.

MODERN DAY CONSIDERATIONS Modern buildings are built to create better, consistent, and productive environments in which to work and to live.

Buildings must be designed with features to provide, better lighting, comfortable space temperature, humidity and air quality convenient power and communication capability high quality sanitation; and reliable systems for the protection of life and property.

High-rise buildings must rely on high-speed vertical transportation and high – pressure water for drinking and cleaning purposes and for protection against fire

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDING Modern buildings are built to create better, consistent, and productive environments in which to work and to live.

Buildings must be designed with features to provide better lighting comfortable space temperature, humidity and air quality convenient power and communication capability, high quality sanitation; and reliable systems for the protection of life and property.

All these desirable features have become a reality with advances in building M&E systems Block-type buildings without windows, such as department stores, are totally dependent on electrical lighting, ventilation and space conditioning High-rise buildings must rely on high-speed vertical transportation and high – pressure water for drinking and cleaning purposes and for protection against fire

Impact M&E systems on buildings Demand considerable amounts of floor and ceiling space –proper space allocation is needed during the preliminary planning Add to the cost of construction of a building –sophisticated buildings, such as research buildings, hospitals, computer centres Increase in energy consumption –energy consumed by occupied buildings, including residential, commercial, institutional and industrial facilities, account for 50% of all energy usage by an industrialised country; it also accounts for large portion of the operating costs of such buildings

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS CLASSIFICATION OF M&E SYSTEMS Mechanical Systems

Site utilities–Water supply,

Plumbing–Water distribution,

drainage, sanitary disposal,

water treatment, sanitary

gas supply

facilities, etc.

Fire protection–Water supply, standpipe, fire and smoke detection, annunciation, etc.

HVAC(Heating, ventilating, and airconditioning)/ACMV (Air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation)

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS HVAC/ACMV Systems Energy source–Electrical power, gas, oil, coal, central steam, central hot water, chilled water, etc. (location and capacity) Heating/cooling–Central air handling, direct radiation, in-space unitary equipment, etc.

Comfort controls–Number of control zones, humidity, temperature, etc.

Central plant–Estimated normal (or base) and standby capacities, etc.

Heat rejection -Water cooling tower, air cooled condenser, evaporative cooler, etc.

Location of equipment–Central equipment rooms, on floor, on roof, on ground, etc.

Ventilation–Outside air requirements (minimum, high, or 100%) Exhaust -General, food preparation, toxic and special exhaust systems, etc.

Automation –Building automation system (BAS), building management system (BMS)

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Fire Protection Systems Energy source–Electrical power, gas, oil Water supply–Flow rate and available pressure at water main, location. Separate service or combination with plumbing water supply Water storage–Lake, pond, storage tanks (locations and capacities) Fire and smoke detection–Thermal and smoke detectors Fire containment–Fire shutters, compartmentalization Smoke containment and evacuation–Smoke exhaust and pressure controls Stairway smoke prevention–Stair pressurization Fire annunciation–Fire alarm, public address, fire department connections Fire extinguishing–Portable extinguishers, automatic sprinklers (water, mist, dry chemical, foam, special gases, etc.)

Fire fighting–Fire hose and standpipe systems Lightning protection–Air terminals, grounding conductors, etc.

Fire annunciation–Fire alarm, public address, fire department connections Fire extinguishing–Portable extinguishers, automatic sprinklers (water, mist, dry chemical, foam, special gases, etc.)

Fire fighting–Fire hose and standpipe systems Lightning protection–Air terminals, grounding conductors, etc.

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Plumbing and Sanitation Systems Energy source–Electrical power, gas, oil, central steam, hot water, etc.

Water supply–Public water, river, well, etc.; water pressure, capacity available, and location Hot water supply–Hot water heaters or heat exchangers Sewage disposal –Sanitary, sewers, sewage treatment plant, septic tanks, drainage and filtering fields Storm/Rain water drainage–Roof, area, and means of discharge; locations Subsoil drainage–Drainpipes, sumps, pumps, and discharge, etc.

Building facilities–Plumbing fixtures, water, waste, soil, piping

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS SKYSCRAPPERS PLUMBING

Zoning of 7-8 floors for plumbing in multi - storeyed. Each zone is supplied water from a common storage tank. Water is pumped from underground storage tank through riser mains to feed storage tanks.

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS DRAINAGE FLOW CONTROL IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Plumbing Water in a typical 10 storey building exerts a pressure of 3.3 bar

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

A hydropneumatic tank contains pressurized air and water. It does not have a bladder and air is in direct contact with the water. The compressed air acts as a cushion exerting or absorbing pressure. This type of tank serves three main functions: 1. Delivers water within a selected pressure range so the well pump is not continuously running.

2. Prevents a pump from starting up every time there is a minor call for water from the distribution system.

3. Minimizes pressure surges (water hammer).

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Electrical Systems Electrical power–Normal, standby, and emergency power supply and distribution Lighting–Interior, exterior, and emergency lighting Auxiliary–Telephone, data, audio/video, sound, security systems, etc.

Special systems

Power Systems Normal energy source–Utility power or on-site power (location and capacity); power characteristics (phase and voltage); service entrance (overhead, underground); service requirements (substations, transformer vaults); etc.

Emergency power source –Separate utility service or on-site standby generators (location and capacity) Interior power distribution –Primary or secondary voltages, unit substations, distribution panels, etc.

On-floor distribution–Floor boxes, under-floor ducts, integrated cellular floors, raised floors, ceiling-cavity conduit network, etc.

Emergency power distribution –For critical equipment and emergency lighting loads Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) –For critical building operations such as computers and communication networks; power storage (battery banks) Power for building systems –HVAC, plumbing, sanitary, fire protection, etc.

Power for building operational equipment –Food service, waste disposal, laundry, garage, entertainment equipment, etc.

Power for vertical transportation systems –Interface with elevator consultant on power and controls for elevators and escalators

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Transformer Selection of Transformer • Total Load • Dry or liquid(oil) filled • Indoor/Outdoor • Star/Delta Type( Vector Group) • Impedance/PF/Efficiency/Voltage Level • Mounting-Pole/Base Transformer Calculations Transformer sizing Suppose Total Connected load = 185.85 kW Max. demand = 185.85 x 0.9(load factor) = 167.27 Transformer Cap. = 167.27/(pf x eff ) =167.27/(0.85x0.85) =231.51 kVA Considering 85% loading of Xmer = 231.51/0.8 =271.36 kVA Nearest available higher capacity 315 kVA

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Power Flow Diagram

HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Lighting Systems Basic light source–Incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge (HID), etc.

Illumination –Lighting levels, colour rendering, controls Lighting fixtures –In offices and other work spaces Architectural lighting–Interface between architect, lighting and/or electrical consultant on public or special spaces Introduction of daylight –Fenestration, skylights, controls, etc.

Exit lighting –Exit signs, exit way (evacuation route) light Exterior lighting –Site, landscape, building facade, aircraft warning lights, etc.

Auxiliary Systems Telephone and telecommunication–Type, number of lines and stations, switchboard (manual, PBX), basic and special features, facsimile, modem, etc.

Data distribution systems–Multiple conductor cables, twisted pairs, coaxial cables, Fibre optic cables, wire closets, etc.

Public address –Intercom, paging and music systems Audio/video –Radio, TV, and signal distribution systems Satellite dishes –Number, diameter, and orientation Transmission –Transmitter and microwave towers Cable –CCTV distribution systems, locations, and interfacing with other auxiliary systems Time and signal –Clock and program systems Fire detection and alarm systems –Interface with fire protection consultants Automatic controls –Interface with HVAC and other building service consultants Security systems –CCTV monitoring, detecting, alarming, controlling, and interface with security consultant

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Cable Cable- insulated conductor, could be single, multiple conductor Types- Power Cable- PVC/XLPEArmoured/ Unarmoured Twisted Pair Cable-Telephone/Network Two pair/Multi pairFiber optics- Data/Communication RG cable-for CCTV Co-axial Cable- TV

Illumination Illuminance is a measure of how much luminous flux is spread over a given area. One can think of luminous flux (measured in lumens) as a measure of the total "amount" of visible light present, and the illuminance as a measure of the intensity of illumination on a surface

Lux Level The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring luminous flux per unit area. It is equal to one lumen per square metre.

• Lux Level Moonless Sky/Dark overcast night- 0.001 Lux Moonless clear night sky – 0.002 Lux Full moon – 0.27-1 Lux Street Light – 39 Lux (Avg) Living room – 250 Lux Office – 350-400 Lux Day light/Sun light – 10000-25000 Lu

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS UNDERSTANDING ENERGY USE IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES

Location and Requirement of Substation The substation should preferably be located in separate building and could be adjacent to the generator room, if any. Location of substation in the basement floors should be avoided, as far as possible.

The ideal location for an electrical substation for a group of buildings would be at the electrical load centre on the ground floor.

Generally the load centre would be somewhere between the geometrical centre and the air conditioning plant room, as air conditioning plant room would normally be the largest chunk of load, if the building is air conditioned.

The Car Management System It be provided in multi-level parking or other parking lots where number of vehicles to be parked exceeds 1000 vehicles. The Car Park Management System may have features of Pay and Display Machines and Parking Guidance System.

The Pay and Display Machines may be manned and unmanned type. Parking guidance system needs to display number of car spaces vacant on various floors, direction of entry and exit, etc.

This system can be of great benefit in evaluating statistical data’s such as number of cars in a day or month or hour, stay time of various vehicles, etc.

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS PLANNING DESIGN CRITERIA (Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation) Ventilation and air conditioning installation shall aim at controlling and optimizing following factors in the building: a) Air purity and filtration, b) Air movement, c) Dry-bulb temperature, d) Relative humidity, e) Noise and vibration, f) Energy efficiency, and g) Fire safety.

Air Movement in the buildings Air flow within a building should be controlled to minimize transfer of fumes and smells, for example from kitchens to restaurants and the like. This is achieved by creating air pressure gradients within the building, by varying the balance between the fans introducing fresh air and those extracting the stale air. For example, the pressure should be reduced in a kitchen below that of the adjacent restaurant.

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators 1. Every lift forming part of the vertical access for disabled people should have an unobstructed depth in front of the lift doors of not less than 1800mm.

2. It should maintain a floor level accuracy within a tolerance of 10mm throughout the range of rated load.

3. The handrail in the lift car should not be less than 600mm long and 1000mm above the finished floor level and should be fixed adjacent to the control panel.

4. At least one lift car, adjacent to a public entrance that is accessible for disabled persons should be designed as a lift for wheelchair users, complying to all the sub-clauses of this clause, and should have space for a wheelchair to be turned through 180o inside the lift.

The handling capacity The handling capacity is calculated by the following formula:

H = Handling capacity as the percentage of the peak population handled during 5 min period, Q = Average number of passengers carried in a car, T = Waiting interval in seconds, and P = Total population to be handled during peak morning period. (It is related to the area served by a particular bank of lifts.)

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS lift lobby The lift lobby should be designed appropriately since this has bearing on the traffic handling especially when more number of lifts are involved. In a dual line arrangement (lifts opposite to each other) the lobby can be between 1.5 times to 2.5 times the depth of one car.Â

Typically, the more the number of lifts the bigger the multiple to be used. As an example a quadruplex may use 1.5 to 2 times where as an octoplex will need 2 to 2.5 times. For in-line (single line) arrangements, the lobby can be typically half of the above recommendations.

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Elevator Shaft Elevator shaft is a vertical shaft in a building which allows passage of an elevator from floor to floor. It is a hoist way through which one of more elevators may travel.

A lift shaft should incorporate the following features: • Water tightness • Means of drainage • Plumb, vertical sides • Smooth painted finish • Ventilation void for emission of smoke • Permanent inspection lights

Elevator Controls Elevator control system is responsible for coordinating all aspects of elevator service such as: • Travel • Speed • Accelerating and decelerating • Door opening speed and delay • Levelling and hall lantern signals There are 3 main types of elevator control systems as follows: A. Single Automatic Operation B. Selective Collective Operation C. Group Automatic Operation

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS NBC PART 4 Fire fighting access in HIGH RISE BUILDINGS FIRE LOAD Fire load = weight of all combustible material X their calorific value Floor area a)Low fire load: Not exceeding 275000 kcal/m3; domestic buildings, hotels, offices and similar buildings b)Moderate fire load: Exceeding 275000 kcal/m3 but below 550000 kcal/m3; trading establishments and factories c)High fire load: Value between 550000 kcal/m3 – 1100000 kcal/m3; godawns

SET BACK AND STREET WIDTH Buildings should have 9m wide open space on its four sides.

At least one side main street should be 12m wide.

For buildings with height above 30m, the road should not be a dead end.

The premises should have at least 4.5 m wide and 5 m high gateway.

During construction of a high rise building following measures must be taken: Dry riser pipe (100 mm dia) with hydrant outlets should be constructed on all floors with a fire service inlet and in well maintained condition should be laid down.

2000 L capacity water drum with 2 fire buckets on each floor.

There should be a 20,000 L capacity water storage tank.

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MINIMUM SET BACKS ACCORDING TO BUILDING HEIGHT

HIGH RISE BUILDINGS OPENINGS AND FIRE SAFETY Every wall opening should be protected with a fire resistant door with fire rating of min 2 h.

Openings in wall or floor for the passage of services should be enclosed by shaft or duct with fire rating of 2 hour.

Every vertical opening should be enclosed or protected to ensure the escape of its occupants and limit the damage to the building.

GLAZING Wired glasses should have minimum ½ hr fire resistance rating.

The sashes and frame should be entirely made of iron/stainless steel or other suitable metal.

Electro copper glazing, casement, skylight will also follow the same criteria.

The glass used for facade of a high rise building should have minimum 1 hr fire resistance rating.

Louvers should have minimum fire resistance rating of ½ hour.

Fire Resistance Ratings of Structural and Non-Structural Elements (in Hours)

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS DESIGN PRECAUTIONS Every individual living unit covered by occupancy sub-division A-4 shall comply with the requirement for occupancy subdivision A-2 in respect of exits. every occupied room, excluding areas used solely for storage shall have at least two means of exits, at least one of which shall be a door or a stairway providing a means travel to the outside of the building. a common path of travel may be permitted for the first 6 m (that is a dead end corridor up to 6 m long may be permitted).

No room or space shall be occupied which is accessible only by a ladder, folding stairs or through a trap door.

At least half of required exits shall discharge direct to the outside of the buildings; any other exit shall be the same as required for hotels.

ARRANGEMENTS OF EXIT Total time taken to evacuate a floor by all its occupants should not exceed 2½ min.

The travel distance to an exit from the dead end of a corridor should not be more than 22.5-30 m. (in case of fully sprinklered building, the travel distance can be increased by 50% .)

In case of more than one exit, it should be placed as remote from each other as possible and should have direct access in separate directions from any point.

The internal walls of staircase enclosures should be of brick work or reinforced concrete or any other material of construction with minimum of 2 h rating.

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS staircases All high rise buildings having area more than 500 sq m on each floor should have a minimum of TWO STAIRCASES. At least one of them should be on the external walls and should open directly to an open space of safety.

All corridors(minimum 1000mm) and staircase lobbies should be adequately ventilated.

EXIT DOORWAYS should open into an enclosed stairway or any exit.

The exit width should not be less than 1000 mm. should open outward.

Should have a landing before the flight of stairs, equal to the width of the door.

Should be openable from the side which they serve

Minimum width = 1000mm.

Minimum width of tread (with nosing) =250 mm Maximum height of riser =190 mm.

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS EXTERNAL STAIRCASE It is highly desirable in high rise buildings.

It should be always kept in sound operable condition.

Should be directly connected to the ground.

Entrance to the external staircase should be separate and remote from the internal staircase.

No wall opening or window should open to a external staircase.

Should be free of obstructions.

Should be built of non- combustible material.

The angle of inclination should not exceed 45⁰.

Unprotected steel frame staircase is not accepted as means of escape.

HORIZONTAL EXITS Minimum width= 1000 mm.

Openable doors on both sides.

Should be self-enclosing type with minimum 1hr fire resistance.

Direct connectivity to the fire escape staircase.

For buildings more than 24m in height, a REFUGE AREA of 15 sq m (0.3 sq m per person) should be provided to accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors.

For floors above 24m and up to 39m- one refuge area on the 25th floor.

For floors above 39m-one refuge area on 40th floor and so on after every 15m (i.e., approx 5 floors).

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS RAMPS They should comply with all the requirements for staircase regarding enclosure, capacity and limiting dimensions.

SLOPE OF RAMP SHOULD NOT EXCEED 1:10.

In danger of slipping, non-slipping material should be applied on the surface.

FIRE LIFTS Fire Lift — The lift installed to enable fire services personnel to reach different floors with minimum delay, having such features as required in accordance with this Part.

High buildings can be provided with fire lift with a minimum capacity of 8 passengers and fully automated with emergency switch on ground level.

In case of fire, only fireman should operate the fire lift.

Should be equipped with inter communication equipment.

Its position and number can be determined by considering population,, floor area, compartmentation.

STAIR LIFTS, CLIMBERS, HOISTS, MOBILITY

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HIGH RISE BUILDINGS FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Automatic-wet systems - Pipes are always connected to a water supply capable of automatically defending against fire. Always filled, water will flow immediately once hose or sprinkle valve is opened • Automatic-dry systems - Pipes are always connected to a water supply capable of automatically defending against fire, however the system is pressurized with gas until a valve is opened. As gas exits water replaces it. • Semiautomatic-dry systems - Same as an automatic-dry system, however the system must also send a signal from a remote sensor to activate water.

Manual-dry systems - Pipes are not connected to a water supply and the system must be filled by the fire department through an easily accessed connection.

Manual-wet systems - Pipes are filled by a domestic water source in order to test the system but water for fire fighting is also provided by the fire department through an easily accessed connection

Under Ground Water Storage tank Underground water storage tank varies from 50,000 ltrs. to 250,000 ltrs. Depending on the type & occupancy of the buildings.

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS/FIXED FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATION 27

HIGH RISE BUILDINGS CONCLUSION Building services play a central role in contributing to the design of a building, not only in terms of overall strategies and standards to be achieved, but also in facade engineering, the weights, sizes and location of major plant and equipment, the position of vertical service risers, routes for the distribution of horizontal services, drainage, energy sources, sustainability and so on.

This means that building services design must be well integrated into the overall building design from a very early stage, particularly on complex building projects.

With a good building service system, we can provide an optimum level of occupants’ comfort and protect the customers as well as workers within a building.

Through this assignment, we have developed the ability to identify and explain the relevant information related to fire protection system, vertical transportation system, mechanical air-conditioning system and electricity generation and supply system. It has also advanced our skill to distinguish and differentiate the installation of various types of services in a building as well as increasing our capability to analyze and scrutinize on the problem of the building service systems.

REFERENCES : http://www.confires.com/blog/fire-sprinklermalfunctions https://sourceable.net/how-building-services-can-deliver-more-value-in-tallbuildings/ http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/verticalcirculation/ elevcontrols.html http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_hvac/insulating_duct.html https://careersportal.ie/pdfs/StepsBuildingServices

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