AMS TER DAM
PORT CITY
Nisha Gandhi C3274344 LA703/01 Cities Alive Design Studio 2014 PG Diploma Landscape Architecture Leeds Beckett University, UK
AMS TER DAM
SETTING THE SCENE
Introduction
6
Site Context
8
Site Analysis
12
CASE STUDIES
DESIGN EXPLORATION
Western Harbour 28
Vision
34
Green Strategy
36
San Francisco, California
Blue Strategy
38
Stockholm Royal Seaport 32
Biodiversity Strategy
40
Connectivity Strategy
42
Renewables Strategy
44
Concepts
46
Malmรถ, Sweden
Hunters Point 30
Sweden
MASTERPLAN
Masterplan Design
FRAMEWORKS
48
CHARACTER AREA STUDY
Green Infrastructure
50
Character Area Breakdown
66
Blue Infrastructure
52
The Harbour
68
Building Use
54
The Culture District
70
Connectivity
56
The Civic District
72
Views, Landmarks + Gateways
58
The Hub
74
Renewables
60
The Embankment
76
Phasing Plan
62
Character Areas
64
REFERENCES
80
NETHERLANDS
The Netherlands, located on the coast of the North Sea, is a prosperous and uniquely cultured country. The name ‘Netherlands’ was inspired due to the country’s flat geography, with only 50% of land exceeding 1m above sea level. The country is known for highly liberal views and laws, and the advanced engineering involved in reclaiming land a mitigating floods.
#funfacts #1 Gin was invented in the Netherlands #2 75% of the world’s flower bulb production comes from Netherlands #3 It is the bicycle capital of the world with more than 18 million in the country #4 It has more than 4,000 km of navigable canals, rivers and lakes
6
Section 1
NORTH SEA
AMSTERDAM
NETHERLANDS
LONDON
ILES 209 M
MI / 57
L IG ES F N UT
HT
AMSTERDAM
Amsterdam, the capital of Netherlands, is located in the north-west of the country, with approximately over 2 million inhabitants within the greater metropolitan area. Shown right is an aerial of the city, divided into eight municipal districts.
SITE CONTEXT
The chosen site for this study is in Westpoort, located approximately 3km away from Amsterdam Central Station. The red line boundary on the aerial to the right shows the site, approximately 470 hectares in size.
8
Section 1
AMSTERDAM NORTH WESTPOORT
CENTRAL STATION
AMSTERDAM WEST AMSTERDAM CENTRAL AMSTERDAM NEW WEST
AMSTERDAM EAST AMSTERDAM SOUTH
75 MUSEUMS SYMBOL 178 NATIONALITIES
487 PEOPLE PER SQUARE KM
8 WIND MILLS
881,000 BICYCLES
OVER 40 PARKS
216 TRAMS 80 BRIDGES 2,500 BOAT HOUSES
165 CANALS
WIND PATTERN
SUN PATTERN
776mm ANNUAL RAINFALL W
E
1580 HOURS ANNUAL SUNSHINE WINTER S
SUMMER
50% OF LAND BETWEEN 0-1m 25% OF LAND BELOW SEA LEVEL
SCALE COMPARISON
AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
PETERBOROUGH, UK
LEEDS, UK
CULTURE
Amsterdam is home to a diverse range of art and culture, from theatres to museums, markets and festivals. Highlighted in the diagram to the right is a sample of the different types of cultural activities in the city.
-
Over 1,500 cafes and bars 75 museums 900 types of animals in the Artis Zoo Over 8,000 16th to 18th Century buildings 207 paintings by Van Gogh
EXAMPLES
Left
Museums Middle
Cycling Culture Right
Markets/Cafes
12
Section 1
CENTRAL STATION
COLLEGE/ UNIVERSITY
ARTS CENTRE
THEATRE
MUSEUMS
SCIENCE PARK/ CENTRE
SPORTS FACILITIES
MARKETS
BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE
Originally a small fishing village in the late 12th Century, Amsterdam has reclaimed a lot of it’s land. In the diagrams below, you can see how the city has expanded from 1850 to present day. The examples below show some of the typologies of blue infrastructure within the city.
1850
EXAMPLES
Left
Canals Middle
Dike Right
House over looking canal
14
Section 1
1875
1936
RESERVOIR RIVER ZAAN
NOORDER IJ-PLAS
NORTH SEA
RIVER IJ
CENTRAL STATION
CANAL RINGS LAKE SLOTERPLAS
BLUE LINKS
IJMEER
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
Amsterdam offers a range of different types of green infrastructure. The site, however, there is a lack of functional green space. Within close proximity is Westergasfabriek (cultural hotspot) and Westerpark, which leads further south-west to allotments and more parks. This is an opportunity to link the site to existing green infrastructure to strengthen the connection. The 1km radii on the diagram to the right shows the lack of green 2km from Central Station.
EXAMPLES
Left
Riverfront Middle
Vondelpark Right
Westergasfabriek
16
Section 1
Waterfront
VIJFHOEKPARK
NOORDERPARK VLIEGENBOS
WESTERPARK SPIERINGHORN CENTRAL STATION
ERASMUSPARK
SLOTERPARK
REMBRANDTPARK
FLEVOPARK VONDELPARK
GREEN
WOODLAND
FARM
ORCHARD
MEADOW
ALLOTMENT
CEMETARY
1km RADIUS
GREEN LINKS
OOSTERPARK
FLORA
Bee Orchid Marsh Helleborine Reed Orchid Broad-leaved Helleborine
Yellow Wort Flat Pea Rigid Eyebright Eyebright
Yellow Bartsia Blue Fleabane Common Restharrow
Red admiral butterfly Speckled wood butterfly Meadow brown butterfly Brown argus Brown Rat Muskrat Australian tubeworm Wood Mouse Shrew Hare Greater White-toothed Shrew Rabbit Field Mouse
Fox Eel Perch Flounder Herring Cod Carp Atlantic croaker Brown Frog Common Toad Green Frog Smooth Newt Grass snake
FAUNA
Agaric Mushroom Green woodpecker Kingfisher Little ringed plover Nightingale Long-eared owl Peregrine falcon Bluethroat Ringed Plover Lapwing Tree pipit European penduline Quail Peregrine Falcon
18
Section 1
VIJFHOEKPARK
NOORDERPARK VLIEGENBOS
SPIERINGHORN
WESTERPARK CENTRAL STATION
ERASMUSPARK
SLOTERPARK
REMBRANDTPARK
FLEVOPARK VONDELPARK
GREY HERON
SWIFT
COMMON BIRD
NATTERJACK TOAD
BLACK-TAILED GODWIT
NORTHERN VOLE
OOSTERPARK
TRANSPORTATION NETWORK
There are many modes of transport in the city of Amsterdam, of which cycling is one of the most popular. Currently, there is 249 miles of bike paths, with over 58% of people cycling daily. Surrounding the city is the main A10 motorway, which connects to 18 main city roads. The city also has a strong tram and metro network, with 16 main routes - making it easy to travel between districts. There are also nine fare-free ferries offered, allowing for quick and convenient access across the river to north Amsterdam. Located 20 minutes from central Amsterdam, is the fourth busiest airport in Europe - the Schipol sitting 4.5m below sea level. The challenges related the site involve how to mitigate the impact of the railway, and buffer the site from the main ring road. There are opportunities to improve public transport links and encourage more foot traffic.
EXAMPLES
Left
Schipol Airport
Middle
Bicycle Parking Right
Metro
20
Section 1
CENTRAL STATION
MOTOR WAY
PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY ROADS ROADS ROADS
BICYCLE ROUTES
RAILWAY
METRO
SUBWAY
RAIL METRO FERRY STATION STATION TERMINAL
1km RADIUS
PORTS
The port of Amsterdam is the second largest in the Netherlands. The first port activities date back to the 13th Century, which then developed into one of the main harbours used by the Dutch East India Company in the Dutch Golden Age (17th Century). The study area (red line boundary) consists mostly of industrial sites, which hold challenges regarding post-industrial use and excavation. The character of the Ports will heavily influence the proposed architecture along the waters edge.
MIDDLE AGES (1800)
GOLDEN AGE (1500-1700)
INDUSTRIALISATION (1850-1950)
MODERN (1950+)
HISTORIC PORT
STRONG COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT
MORE PORTS AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
WESTPOORT
EXAMPLES
Left
Port Containers Middle
Eastern Port Right
River Ij
22
Section 1
PETROLEUMHAVEN WESTHAVEN
COENHAVEN
MERCURIUSHAVEN
SHIPDOCK
HOUTHAVEN
HORNHAVEN
CENTRAL STATION
INDUSTRIAL AREA
ARCHITECTURE
Amsterdam’s range of architecture is stunning – from 16th Century historic buildings to modern/contemporary architecture. The examples below show marker buildings, popular Dutch-style canal houses, and Borneo Sporenburg – a case study in Amsterdam showing how high-density, functionality and style can be achieved successfully. There will be a challenge in bringing residential areas into the site, to maintain and enhance its surroundings.
EXAMPLES
Left
EYE Film Institute Middle
Borneo Sporenburg Right
Houses on the Canal
24
Section 1
AMSTERDAM NORTH WESTPOORT
CENTRAL STATION
AMSTERDAM WEST
AMSTERDAM CENTRAL AMSTERDAM NEW WEST
FIGURE GROUND
RESIDENTIAL AREA
MARKER BUILDINGS
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Amsterdam currently has a Sustainability 2020 target to enhance the city and make it a more accessible and livable place. By 2020, Amsterdam aspires to be one of the most sustainable cities in the world. In achieving this target, one of their goals is to invest in renewable and sustainable methods. These include green roofs, green walls, solar UPVC roof panels and on-shore wind turbines. The location and orientation of the site can be used to the advantage of using such methods to help achieve targets.
EXAMPLES
Left
Amsterdam Port Middle
Roof Solar Panels Right
Wind Turbines
26
Section 1
CENTRAL STATION
WIND TURBINES
SOLAR PANELS
CASE STUDY: WESTERN HARBOUR, MALMO, SWEDEN
28
Section 2
History
Architecture
Sustainability
Activities + Culture
A hundred years ago, Western Harbour initially didn’t exist. Similiar to Amsterdam, the land was gradually created and the area was used for industrial activities.
In architectural form, the Harbour reflects Malmo city’s dense, intimate and concentrated patterns. Great use of green roofs and solar panels are used.
The development is 100% locally renewable - even down to how household wastage is handled. This is a high aspiration to strive for.
Amongst other purposes, the harbour opened up opportunities for people to interact intimately with blue and green infrastructure.
Character
Environment
Art
Biodiversity
With the dense and concentrated urban grain, the harbour easily accommodates heavy pedestrian, cycle and public transportation activity.
At least 75% of the contaminated soils on site were re-used. Storm water drainage solutions are implemented around the site, also helping to increase biodiversity.
There are several art installations around the harbour. Most famously, The Glass Bubble, by Monica Gora which accommodates a range of exotic plants.
There is a strategy for all plants and trees in the area. They have been chosen purposefully i.e. nectar productivity, specific wildlife habitation.
NATIONAL EXAMPLE OF AN URBAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT From an industrial area to an urban quarter
CASE STUDY: HUNTERS POINT, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
30
Section 2
History
Site
Long Term Planning
Resilience to sea level rises
Hunters Point has served as a naval shipyard and was also home to coal and oil fired power plants until 1994. Like in Amsterdam, large scale industry has blocked access to the waterfront.
At 500 acres, Hunters Point is the largest waterfront development in the area and similar in size to the portcity dock and industrial area. The shipyards re-gunning crane is one of the largest in the world.
Hunters Point is a good example of long term planning as it will be influenced through real time studies such as the ART project (Adapting to Rising Tides).
A conscious decision was made to set back all residential buildings away from the water to allow for flexible adaptations as water progression becomes clear.
Innovation
Environment
Housing
Community Activism
It is being developed as an ‘Innovation District’. Its construction will feature cutting edge technologies whilst the finished development will provide the backbone of technology jobs in the area.
Space along the waterfront has been designed to allow new wetland habitats to emerge as part of regional restoration. The original vision proposed the old stadium could function as an urban farm.
The housing has been designed with sustainability as the driver. The development will feature bioswales and wetlands for water retention and treatment, it is proposed that water will also be recycled for irrigation.
Hunters Point is envisioned as a true living innovation zone with provision for creative start sup and community involvement to innovate new technologies and showcase them in the designated Innovation Plaza.
CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENT DESIGN A proving ground for innovation
CASE STUDY: STOCKHOLM ROYAL SEAPORT, SWEDEN
32
Section 2
Situation
History
Character
Activities
The Royal Seaport is situated northwest of Stockholm city centre, next to the sea that divides Östermalm with Lidingö.
The area was former used as royal hunting ground. In the 1880’s it was redeveloped into a big industrial and port area.
The old gas cylinders of brick are refurbished to keep their character but with the use of an attraction point for cultural activities.
This area will become the new centre of the district and will attract people from the entire town by offering something different and new in an old context.
Environment
Sustainability
Port
Architecture
The area will have high biodiversity by using local plant material with inspiration from the surrounding nature.
The Royal Seaport will have great access by metro that is planned to go right through the area. The buildings have got an advance system of recycling trashes on site.
The ports will still be in use in the area but in a smaller scale with public transport within the city and across the Baltic Sea.
Stockholm is a front town of sustainable building and to make green living. Many of the buildings got sedum roof to delay the storm water.
DEVELOPMENT FROM INDUSTRIAL HARBOUR TO RESIDENTIAL LIVING Taking the lead in sustainable building
VISION
The following section covers the vision for Port City, showing aims and strategies based on the five basic principles shown opposite. Sections and images are used to illustrate methods in which each aim could be applied on a site-wide scale. The principles are shown in more detail in the frameworks in the Frameworks section.
AIMS
- Create a rich landscape experience throughout the site - Enhance the existing blue infrastructure to create a well-connected and water-sensitive site - Enhance and maintain, where necessary, buildings and infrastructure on–site - Create functional spaces to promote year round use of the site - Maximise the experience of green and blue infrastructure by extending links north to south - Address the future needs of the city
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE
CONNECTIVITY
PORT CITY
BIODIVERSITY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
GR
GREEN STRATEGY UR
BAN
FARMIN
EEN ROOFS
G
URBAN FARMING
ROOF GARDENS GREEN ROUTES
UNDERGROUND
36
Section 3
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
GREEN WEDGE
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
GRE
EN WALLS
ST
REET TREES
GREEN ROOFS
GREEN WALLS PLAY
GREEN LINKS STREET TREES
GREEN WAY
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
PRIMARY ROAD
UNIVERSITY BUILDING
Section 3
37
WETLANDS
BLUE STRATEGY
CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
UNDERGROUND
38
Section 3
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
GREEN WEDGE
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
SU
ST
NA AI
RBAN D BLE U RA
IN
AG
E
SWALE
CANALS SUDs
SWALES
GREEN WAY
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
PRIMARY ROAD
UNIVERSITY BUILDING
Section 3
39
WI
LDLI
FE NEST
S
BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY
IN
SEC
T HOTEL
S
HABITAT HOTELS URBAN BEEKEEPING
UNDERGROUND
40
Section 3
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
GREEN WEDGE
WILDLIFE NESTS
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
W
IL
DF
LOWER MEAD
OW
T AT
RA
CTIVE FLO RA
WILDLIFE CORRIDORS ATTRACTIVE FLORA
GREEN WAY
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
PRIMARY ROAD
UNIVERSITY BUILDING
Section 3
41
PE
UN
D INFRAS
TR
U
NISED RO
UT
ES
C RE
UN
RG
RO
TRIA
TU
DE
CONNECTIVITY STRATEGY
S DE
SECONDARY GREEN ROUTES
UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE
UNDERGROUND
40
Section 3
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
GREEN WEDGE
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
SH
I
KS
SPA
CES + TRA N
SP
O
R
T
BU
LDING LIN
A
D RE
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN BUILDINGS DOMINANT WALKWAYS CYCLE PATHS SHARED SPACE
GREEN WAY
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
METRO LINE
PRIMARY ROAD
UNIVERSITY BUILDING
Section 3
43
E
ATED
WIND
TU
RB
IN
P
M
IC ST
ES
DO
RENEWABLE STRATEGY
M ER
EABLE PAVI N
G
SOLAR PANELS WIND TURBINES
PERMEABLE PAVING
UNDERGROUND
44
Section 3
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
GREEN WEDGE
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
G W
GREEN WAY
SO
LAR PANELS
SO
LA
ATHS + RO R P AD
S
WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN
SOLAR ROADWAYS
RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD
PRIMARY ROAD
UNIVERSITY BUILDING
Section 3
45
CONCEPT
The eight diagrams to the right illustrate a snapshot of the design rationale behind the masterplan. These were turned into concepts to explore and masterplan an avenue of designs, ending with the most feasible design.
BLUE PATTERNS
GREEN PATTERNS
CONSTRAINTS
VIEWS + GATEWAYS
URBAN GRAIN
CONNECTIVITY
CONCEPT
CHARACTER AREAS
MASTERPLAN
FERRY LINK
RIVERSIDE APARTMENTS WETLANDS
WOODLAND PARK
RIVERSIDE APARTMENTS
HUB + URBAN FARMING
DOCKS
OFFICE PARKLAND
WATERFRONT PARK HOUTHAVEN (RESIDENTIAL)
STUDENT HOUSING
SPORTS FACILITIES
RESIDENTIAL
TRAIN STATION
ORCHARD
UNIVERSITY
500m 0
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FRAMEWORK
The framework to the right shows the different typologies of green space on site. The areas to the east and south-west show a formal approach to the style of green space, which progresses into a softer character heading towards the core. The edge treatment on the water adjacent areas has been kept quite soft and natural to enhance wildlife and biodiversity. The main challenges on-site are related to connecting to existing green – embankments and buffer woodland. This was overcome by creating strategic green links throughout the site to filter the existing into the proposed, and increase connectivity through green infrastructure.
50
Section 5
WETLANDS WOODLAND LINEAR PARK
WETLANDS
HABITAT ISLANDS
URBAN FARMING OFFICE PARKLAND
WATERFRONT PARKLAND
LINEAR PARK
GREEN WEDGES
OVERGROUND PARK RESIDENTIAL COURTYARDS
GREEN LINKS
SPORT FIELDS ORCHARD WOODLAND PARK
CEMETERY
GREEN WEDGES 500m 0
BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE FRAMEWORK
The framework shows existing, proposed and blue links around the site. One of the initial aims in the Vision, was to enhance the existing blue infrastructure on the site whilst providing a sustainable water-sensitive design approach. This is achieved through visual links, sustainable urban drainage systems, water collection systems, and traditional dikes and canals.
KEY Existing water
52
Section 5
Proposed water
Blue links
500m 0
BUILDING USE FRAMEWORK
The framework shows existing, proposed and blue links around the site. One of the initial aims in the Vision, was to enhance the existing blue infrastructure on the site whilst providing a sustainable water-sensitive design approach. This is achieved through visual links, sustainable urban drainage systems, water collection systems, and traditional dikes and canals.
KEY
Apartments
Terraced residential
Canal houses
Mixed use
Commercial/ OďŹƒce
University
Student housing
Sports facilities
Train station
Hotel
Existing
54
Section 5
500m 0
CONNECTIVITY
This framework shows how existing and proposed connectivity works on the site. One of the aims listed in the Vision, was to mitigate the effect of road traffic and related infrastructure to create a greener and more beneficial routes through the site. This was achieved through shared space, and placing specified road and rail routes underground. From the findings in the previous studies, the site was heavily disconnected from the centre of Amsterdam and north of the river. These constraints have been addressed by providing tram link across the site, new shared footway/bicycle paths, bridges, and a ferry terminal to provide access across the river. Where possible, most road infrastructure was maintained and enhanced upon in this proposal.
KEY
56
Section 5
Existing road
Proposed road
Rail
Underground infrastructure
Bridges
Ferry terminal
Metro station
Metro link
Proposed path
Links to existing
500m 0
VIEWS, LANDMARKS AND GATEWAYS
In the concept stage, these key features were made a priority as they help to carve the form of the site. Views across the river have been opened up, framed by various marker buildings and landmarks. Gateways to the site have been enhanced to create a sense of place for the users. Vistas through main avenues and landscape corridors are enhanced with feature trees and art/sculptures.
KEY
Views
58
Section 5
Landmarks
Gateways
500m 0
RENEWABLES FRAMEWORK
This framework shows the possible locations for renewable energy. The wind turbines are placed north of the site, to create a backdrop and to enhance longer views across the site. Where suitable, roof solar panels have been used.
KEY Proposed solar panel
60
Section 5
Proposed wind turbine
500m 0
PHASING PLAN
Due to the scale and the current use of the site, the following phased approach could be a possibility:
Phase One This area connects heavily to existing infrastructure, road and rail networks. It would be a priority to extend this area first, to enhance connections for future phases. The proposed development for this area mainly consists of residential, retail, recreation and cafes, which would therefore initially build in a ‘destination’ reputation, ready for use.
Phase Two This area has mainly residential and office park lands. Bringing a commercial aspect alongside the proposed parks and green routes would appeal highly to businesses and urban life.
Phase Three This area is the most challenging in terms of the nature of the industrial activities on-site. Special care and planning will be involved to bring water into the site and make it safe and usable for its intended use. Offsetting the industrial use to other sites will be a time-consuming process.
62
Section 5
PHASE THREE
PHASE ONE PHASE TWO
500m 0
CHARACTER AREAS
The Harbour This area is mainly urban residential and apartments, mixed with amenity buildings (schools, shops and cafe culture). There are fluid links across the area for cycling and foot traffic, with access across to the Embankment (leading to a ferry link across the River Ij).
The Culture District This area builds on the existing recreational use of the site, enhancing it with a more social and education aspect (university building, student housing and retail).
The Civic District This area holds more dense housing and office park lands. Green and blue links feed through the site, connecting the old to the new. Large park squares and mixed-use buildings also help to define this area.
The Hub This area is the most challenging in terms of the nature of the industrial activities on-site. Special care and planning will be involved to bring water in.
The Embankment The Embankment displays a more natural approach to the form and function, representing the reversal of land use and the heavy use of agriculture and wetlands.
64
Section 5
THE EMBANKMENT
THE HUB
THE HARBOUR
THE CIVIC DISTRICT THE CULTURE DISTRICT
500m 0
CHARACTER AREA STUDY
The proposed masterplan for Port City is divided into five areas. These five areas are connected creatively using green and blue infrastructure. Although principles shown in the Visions section apply to the site as a whole, each of the five areas have a unique character.
What defines a character area:
-
Typology of green space Architectural style Hard and soft materials Form and function
The following pages display an extract from each area, with details showing the above characteristics.
THE HARBOUR
THE CIVIC DISTRICT
THE CULTURE DISTRICT
THE HUB
THE EMBANKMENT
THE HARBOUR
This area is mainly urban residential and apartments, mixed with amenity buildings (schools, shops and cafe culture). There are fluid links across the area for cycling and foot traffic, with access across to the Embankment (leading to a ferry link across the River Ij).
68
Section 6
Section 6
69
THE CULTURE DISTRICT
This area builds on the existing recreational use of the site, enhancing it with a more social and education aspect (university building, student housing and retail).
70
Section 6
Section 6
71
THE CIVIC DISTRICT
This area holds more dense housing and office parklands. Green and blue links feed through the site, connecting the old to the new. Large park squares and mixed-use buildings also help to define this area.
72
Section 6
Section 6
73
THE HUB
This area is the most challenging in terms of the nature of the industrial activities on-site. Special care and planning will be involved to bring water in.
74
Section 6
Section 6
75
THE EMBANKMENT
The Embankment displays a more natural approach to the form and function, representing the reversal of land use and the heavy use of agriculture and wetlands.
76
Section 6
Section 6
77
AMS TER DAM
REFERENCES
80
References
Page
Reference
Credit
Source
-
Front Cover
Havenbedrijf Amsterdam
https://www.flickr.com/photos/sailhavenamsterdam/5657602082/sizes/l
12
Museums
Roman Boed
https://www.flickr.com/photos/romanboed/13332700054/sizes/l
12
Cycling Culture
anneh62
https://www.flickr.com/photos/anneh632/5682932008/sizes/l
12
Markets/Cafes
Bret Baker
https://www.flickr.com/photos/thegoldenwest/6165089737/sizes/l
14
Canal
-
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Amsterdam_Canal.jpg
14
Dike
-
http://s0.geograph.org.uk/photos/61/02/610299_528c9539.jpg
14
House over looking Canal
Luke Ma
https://www.flickr.com/photos/lukema/9121096905/sizes/l
16
Riverfront
-
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Amsterdam_Cityscape. jpg
16
Vondelpark
Sebastiaan van VenetiĂŤn
https://www.flickr.com/photos/svanvenetien/9430107178/sizes/l
16
Westergasfabriek
-
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Westerpark_cultuurpark.jpg
20
Metro
Hemkes
https://www.flickr.com/photos/rhemkes/13520177444/sizes/l
20
Bicycle Parking
BBC
http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/69167000/jpg/_69167076_dutchbikepark_getty_624.jpg
22
Port Containers
Merlijn Heok
https://www.flickr.com/photos/merlijnhoek/14372010065/sizes/o/
22
Eastern Port
22
River Ij
24
EYE Film Institute
Foilman
https://www.flickr.com/photos/foilman/8629178224/sizes/l
24
Borneo Sporenburg
Fred Bigio
https://www.flickr.com/photos/bigiof/14904973668/sizes/l
24
House on the Canal
Mauro Brock
https://www.flickr.com/photos/mauro9/5068228666/sizes/l
26
Amsterdam Port
Meaduva
https://www.flickr.com/photos/meaduva/260824091/sizes/o/
26
Roof Solar Panels
Jeff Kubina
https://www.flickr.com/photos/kubina/1560017989/sizes/l
26
Wind Turbines
Richard Ghawley
https://www.flickr.com/photos/richardghawley/3916255863/sizes/o/
http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/6598/images/136165/large/6-transhipment.jpg http://www.amports.nl/media/17784/ijmuiden.jpg
28
Western Harbour, Malmo
Unknown
http://www.nordregio.se/en/Metameny/About-Nordregio/Journal-of-Nordregio/2009/Journalof-Nordregio-no-4-2009/Urban-Planning-challenges-for-Swedens-most-climate-smart-city/
28
History - Harbour 1974
City of Malmรถ
http://www.hardrainproject.com/from_industrial_city
28
Architecture
Susanne Nilsson
https://www.flickr.com/photos/infomastern/12952579183/in/photostream/
28
Sustainability
Unknown
http://greeninfrastructurepeople.com/rain-garden-malmo/
28
Activity + Culture - Paddle boarding
Unknown
http://www.ownersdirect.co.uk/accommodation/p8149142
28
Character
La Citta Vita
https://www.flickr.com/photos/la-citta-vita/5977872923/sizes/l
28
Environment - Rain Garden
La Citta Vita
https://www.flickr.com/photos/la-citta-vita/4749837642
28
Art - Glass Bubble
Werner Nystrand
https://www.flickr.com/photos/wernernystrand/4903402697/
28
Biodiversity - Scaniaparken
La Citta Vita
https://www.flickr.com/photos/la-citta-vita/4749837642
36
Green Infrastructure
-
http://www.decoist.com/2013-10-22/living-wall-patrick-blancs-paris-design-week/
36
Green Infrastructure
-
http://divisare.com/projects/252312-yutaka-kawahara-Ekouin-Nenbutsudo
36
Green Infrastructure
-
http://landarchs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Trees_05.jpg
38
Blue Infrastructure
-
http://www.monash.edu.au/fawb/projects/project3.html
38
Blue Infrastructure
Turenscape
http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2011/03/tianjin-qiaoyuan-park-by-turenscape-landscape-architecture/30-turenscape-landscape-architecture-bridge-park/
40
Biodiversity
-
http://www.metrofieldguide.com/insect-hotels-mansions-and-other-dwellings/
40
Biodiversity
-
http://www.gardenista.com/posts/5-favorites-bird-houses
40
Biodiversity
-
http://www.bhg.com/gardening/design/nature-lovers/butterfly-garden-plants/?esrc=nwgn060 712cpina#page=13
40
Biodiversity
-
http://www.pinterest.com/pin/364017582354079611/
42
Connectivity
-
http://www.webpark.ru/comment/75537
42
Connectivity
-
http://www.citylab.com/commute/2014/03/how-buenos-aires-unclogged-its-most-iconicstreet/8549/
42
Connectivity
-
http://www.futurechristchurch.co.nz/ever-evolving/colombo-street-revamp
42
Connectivity
-
http://driveeuropenews.com/author/driveeuropenews/
44
Renewables
Environment Blog
https://www.flickr.com/photos/environmentblog/7548646718/sizes/l
44
Renewables
-
http://www.gizmag.com/power-flowers-project-aims-to-bring-wind-turbines-closer-tohome/18049/picture/131270/
44
Renewables
-
http://www.nbcnews.com/business/energy/projects-seek-turn-pavement-alternative-energysources-n118986
44
Renewables
-
http://cooksriver.org.au/wp-content/uploads/wsud-victoria-park-sydney-uni-st-vincents-glebeforeshore-055.jpg
References
81