Amsterdam Port City

Page 1

AMS TER DAM

PORT CITY


Nisha Gandhi C3274344 LA703/01 Cities Alive Design Studio 2014 PG Diploma Landscape Architecture Leeds Beckett University, UK


AMS TER DAM


SETTING THE SCENE

Introduction

6

Site Context

8

Site Analysis

12

CASE STUDIES

DESIGN EXPLORATION

Western Harbour 28

Vision

34

Green Strategy

36

San Francisco, California

Blue Strategy

38

Stockholm Royal Seaport 32

Biodiversity Strategy

40

Connectivity Strategy

42

Renewables Strategy

44

Concepts

46

Malmรถ, Sweden

Hunters Point 30

Sweden


MASTERPLAN

Masterplan Design

FRAMEWORKS

48

CHARACTER AREA STUDY

Green Infrastructure

50

Character Area Breakdown

66

Blue Infrastructure

52

The Harbour

68

Building Use

54

The Culture District

70

Connectivity

56

The Civic District

72

Views, Landmarks + Gateways

58

The Hub

74

Renewables

60

The Embankment

76

Phasing Plan

62

Character Areas

64

REFERENCES

80


NETHERLANDS

The Netherlands, located on the coast of the North Sea, is a prosperous and uniquely cultured country. The name ‘Netherlands’ was inspired due to the country’s flat geography, with only 50% of land exceeding 1m above sea level. The country is known for highly liberal views and laws, and the advanced engineering involved in reclaiming land a mitigating floods.

#funfacts #1 Gin was invented in the Netherlands #2 75% of the world’s flower bulb production comes from Netherlands #3 It is the bicycle capital of the world with more than 18 million in the country #4 It has more than 4,000 km of navigable canals, rivers and lakes

6

Section 1


NORTH SEA

AMSTERDAM

NETHERLANDS

LONDON

ILES 209 M

MI / 57

L IG ES F N UT

HT


AMSTERDAM

Amsterdam, the capital of Netherlands, is located in the north-west of the country, with approximately over 2 million inhabitants within the greater metropolitan area. Shown right is an aerial of the city, divided into eight municipal districts.

SITE CONTEXT

The chosen site for this study is in Westpoort, located approximately 3km away from Amsterdam Central Station. The red line boundary on the aerial to the right shows the site, approximately 470 hectares in size.

8

Section 1


AMSTERDAM NORTH WESTPOORT

CENTRAL STATION

AMSTERDAM WEST AMSTERDAM CENTRAL AMSTERDAM NEW WEST

AMSTERDAM EAST AMSTERDAM SOUTH


75 MUSEUMS SYMBOL 178 NATIONALITIES

487 PEOPLE PER SQUARE KM

8 WIND MILLS

881,000 BICYCLES

OVER 40 PARKS

216 TRAMS 80 BRIDGES 2,500 BOAT HOUSES

165 CANALS


WIND PATTERN

SUN PATTERN

776mm ANNUAL RAINFALL W

E

1580 HOURS ANNUAL SUNSHINE WINTER S

SUMMER

50% OF LAND BETWEEN 0-1m 25% OF LAND BELOW SEA LEVEL

SCALE COMPARISON

AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS

PETERBOROUGH, UK

LEEDS, UK


CULTURE

Amsterdam is home to a diverse range of art and culture, from theatres to museums, markets and festivals. Highlighted in the diagram to the right is a sample of the different types of cultural activities in the city.

-

Over 1,500 cafes and bars 75 museums 900 types of animals in the Artis Zoo Over 8,000 16th to 18th Century buildings 207 paintings by Van Gogh

EXAMPLES

Left

Museums Middle

Cycling Culture Right

Markets/Cafes

12

Section 1


CENTRAL STATION

COLLEGE/ UNIVERSITY

ARTS CENTRE

THEATRE

MUSEUMS

SCIENCE PARK/ CENTRE

SPORTS FACILITIES

MARKETS


BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

Originally a small fishing village in the late 12th Century, Amsterdam has reclaimed a lot of it’s land. In the diagrams below, you can see how the city has expanded from 1850 to present day. The examples below show some of the typologies of blue infrastructure within the city.

1850

EXAMPLES

Left

Canals Middle

Dike Right

House over looking canal

14

Section 1

1875

1936


RESERVOIR RIVER ZAAN

NOORDER IJ-PLAS

NORTH SEA

RIVER IJ

CENTRAL STATION

CANAL RINGS LAKE SLOTERPLAS

BLUE LINKS

IJMEER


GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Amsterdam offers a range of different types of green infrastructure. The site, however, there is a lack of functional green space. Within close proximity is Westergasfabriek (cultural hotspot) and Westerpark, which leads further south-west to allotments and more parks. This is an opportunity to link the site to existing green infrastructure to strengthen the connection. The 1km radii on the diagram to the right shows the lack of green 2km from Central Station.

EXAMPLES

Left

Riverfront Middle

Vondelpark Right

Westergasfabriek

16

Section 1

Waterfront


VIJFHOEKPARK

NOORDERPARK VLIEGENBOS

WESTERPARK SPIERINGHORN CENTRAL STATION

ERASMUSPARK

SLOTERPARK

REMBRANDTPARK

FLEVOPARK VONDELPARK

GREEN

WOODLAND

FARM

ORCHARD

MEADOW

ALLOTMENT

CEMETARY

1km RADIUS

GREEN LINKS

OOSTERPARK


FLORA

Bee Orchid Marsh Helleborine Reed Orchid Broad-leaved Helleborine

Yellow Wort Flat Pea Rigid Eyebright Eyebright

Yellow Bartsia Blue Fleabane Common Restharrow

Red admiral butterfly Speckled wood butterfly Meadow brown butterfly Brown argus Brown Rat Muskrat Australian tubeworm Wood Mouse Shrew Hare Greater White-toothed Shrew Rabbit Field Mouse

Fox Eel Perch Flounder Herring Cod Carp Atlantic croaker Brown Frog Common Toad Green Frog Smooth Newt Grass snake

FAUNA

Agaric Mushroom Green woodpecker Kingfisher Little ringed plover Nightingale Long-eared owl Peregrine falcon Bluethroat Ringed Plover Lapwing Tree pipit European penduline Quail Peregrine Falcon

18

Section 1


VIJFHOEKPARK

NOORDERPARK VLIEGENBOS

SPIERINGHORN

WESTERPARK CENTRAL STATION

ERASMUSPARK

SLOTERPARK

REMBRANDTPARK

FLEVOPARK VONDELPARK

GREY HERON

SWIFT

COMMON BIRD

NATTERJACK TOAD

BLACK-TAILED GODWIT

NORTHERN VOLE

OOSTERPARK


TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

There are many modes of transport in the city of Amsterdam, of which cycling is one of the most popular. Currently, there is 249 miles of bike paths, with over 58% of people cycling daily. Surrounding the city is the main A10 motorway, which connects to 18 main city roads. The city also has a strong tram and metro network, with 16 main routes - making it easy to travel between districts. There are also nine fare-free ferries offered, allowing for quick and convenient access across the river to north Amsterdam. Located 20 minutes from central Amsterdam, is the fourth busiest airport in Europe - the Schipol sitting 4.5m below sea level. The challenges related the site involve how to mitigate the impact of the railway, and buffer the site from the main ring road. There are opportunities to improve public transport links and encourage more foot traffic.

EXAMPLES

Left

Schipol Airport

Middle

Bicycle Parking Right

Metro

20

Section 1


CENTRAL STATION

MOTOR WAY

PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY ROADS ROADS ROADS

BICYCLE ROUTES

RAILWAY

METRO

SUBWAY

RAIL METRO FERRY STATION STATION TERMINAL

1km RADIUS


PORTS

The port of Amsterdam is the second largest in the Netherlands. The first port activities date back to the 13th Century, which then developed into one of the main harbours used by the Dutch East India Company in the Dutch Golden Age (17th Century). The study area (red line boundary) consists mostly of industrial sites, which hold challenges regarding post-industrial use and excavation. The character of the Ports will heavily influence the proposed architecture along the waters edge.

MIDDLE AGES (1800)

GOLDEN AGE (1500-1700)

INDUSTRIALISATION (1850-1950)

MODERN (1950+)

HISTORIC PORT

STRONG COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT

MORE PORTS AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

WESTPOORT

EXAMPLES

Left

Port Containers Middle

Eastern Port Right

River Ij

22

Section 1


PETROLEUMHAVEN WESTHAVEN

COENHAVEN

MERCURIUSHAVEN

SHIPDOCK

HOUTHAVEN

HORNHAVEN

CENTRAL STATION

INDUSTRIAL AREA


ARCHITECTURE

Amsterdam’s range of architecture is stunning – from 16th Century historic buildings to modern/contemporary architecture. The examples below show marker buildings, popular Dutch-style canal houses, and Borneo Sporenburg – a case study in Amsterdam showing how high-density, functionality and style can be achieved successfully. There will be a challenge in bringing residential areas into the site, to maintain and enhance its surroundings.

EXAMPLES

Left

EYE Film Institute Middle

Borneo Sporenburg Right

Houses on the Canal

24

Section 1


AMSTERDAM NORTH WESTPOORT

CENTRAL STATION

AMSTERDAM WEST

AMSTERDAM CENTRAL AMSTERDAM NEW WEST

FIGURE GROUND

RESIDENTIAL AREA

MARKER BUILDINGS


RENEWABLE ENERGY

Amsterdam currently has a Sustainability 2020 target to enhance the city and make it a more accessible and livable place. By 2020, Amsterdam aspires to be one of the most sustainable cities in the world. In achieving this target, one of their goals is to invest in renewable and sustainable methods. These include green roofs, green walls, solar UPVC roof panels and on-shore wind turbines. The location and orientation of the site can be used to the advantage of using such methods to help achieve targets.

EXAMPLES

Left

Amsterdam Port Middle

Roof Solar Panels Right

Wind Turbines

26

Section 1


CENTRAL STATION

WIND TURBINES

SOLAR PANELS


CASE STUDY: WESTERN HARBOUR, MALMO, SWEDEN

28

Section 2

History

Architecture

Sustainability

Activities + Culture

A hundred years ago, Western Harbour initially didn’t exist. Similiar to Amsterdam, the land was gradually created and the area was used for industrial activities.

In architectural form, the Harbour reflects Malmo city’s dense, intimate and concentrated patterns. Great use of green roofs and solar panels are used.

The development is 100% locally renewable - even down to how household wastage is handled. This is a high aspiration to strive for.

Amongst other purposes, the harbour opened up opportunities for people to interact intimately with blue and green infrastructure.

Character

Environment

Art

Biodiversity

With the dense and concentrated urban grain, the harbour easily accommodates heavy pedestrian, cycle and public transportation activity.

At least 75% of the contaminated soils on site were re-used. Storm water drainage solutions are implemented around the site, also helping to increase biodiversity.

There are several art installations around the harbour. Most famously, The Glass Bubble, by Monica Gora which accommodates a range of exotic plants.

There is a strategy for all plants and trees in the area. They have been chosen purposefully i.e. nectar productivity, specific wildlife habitation.


NATIONAL EXAMPLE OF AN URBAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT From an industrial area to an urban quarter


CASE STUDY: HUNTERS POINT, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

30

Section 2

History

Site

Long Term Planning

Resilience to sea level rises

Hunters Point has served as a naval shipyard and was also home to coal and oil fired power plants until 1994. Like in Amsterdam, large scale industry has blocked access to the waterfront.

At 500 acres, Hunters Point is the largest waterfront development in the area and similar in size to the portcity dock and industrial area. The shipyards re-gunning crane is one of the largest in the world.

Hunters Point is a good example of long term planning as it will be influenced through real time studies such as the ART project (Adapting to Rising Tides).

A conscious decision was made to set back all residential buildings away from the water to allow for flexible adaptations as water progression becomes clear.

Innovation

Environment

Housing

Community Activism

It is being developed as an ‘Innovation District’. Its construction will feature cutting edge technologies whilst the finished development will provide the backbone of technology jobs in the area.

Space along the waterfront has been designed to allow new wetland habitats to emerge as part of regional restoration. The original vision proposed the old stadium could function as an urban farm.

The housing has been designed with sustainability as the driver. The development will feature bioswales and wetlands for water retention and treatment, it is proposed that water will also be recycled for irrigation.

Hunters Point is envisioned as a true living innovation zone with provision for creative start sup and community involvement to innovate new technologies and showcase them in the designated Innovation Plaza.


CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENT DESIGN A proving ground for innovation


CASE STUDY: STOCKHOLM ROYAL SEAPORT, SWEDEN

32

Section 2

Situation

History

Character

Activities

The Royal Seaport is situated northwest of Stockholm city centre, next to the sea that divides Östermalm with Lidingö.

The area was former used as royal hunting ground. In the 1880’s it was redeveloped into a big industrial and port area.

The old gas cylinders of brick are refurbished to keep their character but with the use of an attraction point for cultural activities.

This area will become the new centre of the district and will attract people from the entire town by offering something different and new in an old context.

Environment

Sustainability

Port

Architecture

The area will have high biodiversity by using local plant material with inspiration from the surrounding nature.

The Royal Seaport will have great access by metro that is planned to go right through the area. The buildings have got an advance system of recycling trashes on site.

The ports will still be in use in the area but in a smaller scale with public transport within the city and across the Baltic Sea.

Stockholm is a front town of sustainable building and to make green living. Many of the buildings got sedum roof to delay the storm water.


DEVELOPMENT FROM INDUSTRIAL HARBOUR TO RESIDENTIAL LIVING Taking the lead in sustainable building


VISION

The following section covers the vision for Port City, showing aims and strategies based on the five basic principles shown opposite. Sections and images are used to illustrate methods in which each aim could be applied on a site-wide scale. The principles are shown in more detail in the frameworks in the Frameworks section.

AIMS

- Create a rich landscape experience throughout the site - Enhance the existing blue infrastructure to create a well-connected and water-sensitive site - Enhance and maintain, where necessary, buildings and infrastructure on–site - Create functional spaces to promote year round use of the site - Maximise the experience of green and blue infrastructure by extending links north to south - Address the future needs of the city


GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

CONNECTIVITY

PORT CITY

BIODIVERSITY

RENEWABLE ENERGY


GR

GREEN STRATEGY UR

BAN

FARMIN

EEN ROOFS

G

URBAN FARMING

ROOF GARDENS GREEN ROUTES

UNDERGROUND

36

Section 3

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

GREEN WEDGE

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD


GRE

EN WALLS

ST

REET TREES

GREEN ROOFS

GREEN WALLS PLAY

GREEN LINKS STREET TREES

GREEN WAY

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

PRIMARY ROAD

UNIVERSITY BUILDING

Section 3

37


WETLANDS

BLUE STRATEGY

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

UNDERGROUND

38

Section 3

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

GREEN WEDGE

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD


SU

ST

NA AI

RBAN D BLE U RA

IN

AG

E

SWALE

CANALS SUDs

SWALES

GREEN WAY

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

PRIMARY ROAD

UNIVERSITY BUILDING

Section 3

39


WI

LDLI

FE NEST

S

BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY

IN

SEC

T HOTEL

S

HABITAT HOTELS URBAN BEEKEEPING

UNDERGROUND

40

Section 3

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

GREEN WEDGE

WILDLIFE NESTS

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD


W

IL

DF

LOWER MEAD

OW

T AT

RA

CTIVE FLO RA

WILDLIFE CORRIDORS ATTRACTIVE FLORA

GREEN WAY

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

PRIMARY ROAD

UNIVERSITY BUILDING

Section 3

41


PE

UN

D INFRAS

TR

U

NISED RO

UT

ES

C RE

UN

RG

RO

TRIA

TU

DE

CONNECTIVITY STRATEGY

S DE

SECONDARY GREEN ROUTES

UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE

UNDERGROUND

40

Section 3

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

GREEN WEDGE

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD


SH

I

KS

SPA

CES + TRA N

SP

O

R

T

BU

LDING LIN

A

D RE

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN BUILDINGS DOMINANT WALKWAYS CYCLE PATHS SHARED SPACE

GREEN WAY

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

METRO LINE

PRIMARY ROAD

UNIVERSITY BUILDING

Section 3

43


E

ATED

WIND

TU

RB

IN

P

M

IC ST

ES

DO

RENEWABLE STRATEGY

M ER

EABLE PAVI N

G

SOLAR PANELS WIND TURBINES

PERMEABLE PAVING

UNDERGROUND

44

Section 3

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

GREEN WEDGE

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

G W


GREEN WAY

SO

LAR PANELS

SO

LA

ATHS + RO R P AD

S

WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN

SOLAR ROADWAYS

RESIDENTIAL WITH COURTYARD

PRIMARY ROAD

UNIVERSITY BUILDING

Section 3

45


CONCEPT

The eight diagrams to the right illustrate a snapshot of the design rationale behind the masterplan. These were turned into concepts to explore and masterplan an avenue of designs, ending with the most feasible design.


BLUE PATTERNS

GREEN PATTERNS

CONSTRAINTS

VIEWS + GATEWAYS

URBAN GRAIN

CONNECTIVITY

CONCEPT

CHARACTER AREAS


MASTERPLAN


FERRY LINK

RIVERSIDE APARTMENTS WETLANDS

WOODLAND PARK

RIVERSIDE APARTMENTS

HUB + URBAN FARMING

DOCKS

OFFICE PARKLAND

WATERFRONT PARK HOUTHAVEN (RESIDENTIAL)

STUDENT HOUSING

SPORTS FACILITIES

RESIDENTIAL

TRAIN STATION

ORCHARD

UNIVERSITY

500m 0


GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FRAMEWORK

The framework to the right shows the different typologies of green space on site. The areas to the east and south-west show a formal approach to the style of green space, which progresses into a softer character heading towards the core. The edge treatment on the water adjacent areas has been kept quite soft and natural to enhance wildlife and biodiversity. The main challenges on-site are related to connecting to existing green – embankments and buffer woodland. This was overcome by creating strategic green links throughout the site to filter the existing into the proposed, and increase connectivity through green infrastructure.

50

Section 5


WETLANDS WOODLAND LINEAR PARK

WETLANDS

HABITAT ISLANDS

URBAN FARMING OFFICE PARKLAND

WATERFRONT PARKLAND

LINEAR PARK

GREEN WEDGES

OVERGROUND PARK RESIDENTIAL COURTYARDS

GREEN LINKS

SPORT FIELDS ORCHARD WOODLAND PARK

CEMETERY

GREEN WEDGES 500m 0


BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE FRAMEWORK

The framework shows existing, proposed and blue links around the site. One of the initial aims in the Vision, was to enhance the existing blue infrastructure on the site whilst providing a sustainable water-sensitive design approach. This is achieved through visual links, sustainable urban drainage systems, water collection systems, and traditional dikes and canals.

KEY Existing water

52

Section 5

Proposed water

Blue links


500m 0


BUILDING USE FRAMEWORK

The framework shows existing, proposed and blue links around the site. One of the initial aims in the Vision, was to enhance the existing blue infrastructure on the site whilst providing a sustainable water-sensitive design approach. This is achieved through visual links, sustainable urban drainage systems, water collection systems, and traditional dikes and canals.

KEY

Apartments

Terraced residential

Canal houses

Mixed use

Commercial/ OďŹƒce

University

Student housing

Sports facilities

Train station

Hotel

Existing

54

Section 5


500m 0


CONNECTIVITY

This framework shows how existing and proposed connectivity works on the site. One of the aims listed in the Vision, was to mitigate the effect of road traffic and related infrastructure to create a greener and more beneficial routes through the site. This was achieved through shared space, and placing specified road and rail routes underground. From the findings in the previous studies, the site was heavily disconnected from the centre of Amsterdam and north of the river. These constraints have been addressed by providing tram link across the site, new shared footway/bicycle paths, bridges, and a ferry terminal to provide access across the river. Where possible, most road infrastructure was maintained and enhanced upon in this proposal.

KEY

56

Section 5

Existing road

Proposed road

Rail

Underground infrastructure

Bridges

Ferry terminal

Metro station

Metro link

Proposed path

Links to existing


500m 0


VIEWS, LANDMARKS AND GATEWAYS

In the concept stage, these key features were made a priority as they help to carve the form of the site. Views across the river have been opened up, framed by various marker buildings and landmarks. Gateways to the site have been enhanced to create a sense of place for the users. Vistas through main avenues and landscape corridors are enhanced with feature trees and art/sculptures.

KEY

Views

58

Section 5

Landmarks

Gateways


500m 0


RENEWABLES FRAMEWORK

This framework shows the possible locations for renewable energy. The wind turbines are placed north of the site, to create a backdrop and to enhance longer views across the site. Where suitable, roof solar panels have been used.

KEY Proposed solar panel

60

Section 5

Proposed wind turbine


500m 0


PHASING PLAN

Due to the scale and the current use of the site, the following phased approach could be a possibility:

Phase One This area connects heavily to existing infrastructure, road and rail networks. It would be a priority to extend this area first, to enhance connections for future phases. The proposed development for this area mainly consists of residential, retail, recreation and cafes, which would therefore initially build in a ‘destination’ reputation, ready for use.

Phase Two This area has mainly residential and office park lands. Bringing a commercial aspect alongside the proposed parks and green routes would appeal highly to businesses and urban life.

Phase Three This area is the most challenging in terms of the nature of the industrial activities on-site. Special care and planning will be involved to bring water into the site and make it safe and usable for its intended use. Offsetting the industrial use to other sites will be a time-consuming process.

62

Section 5


PHASE THREE

PHASE ONE PHASE TWO

500m 0


CHARACTER AREAS

The Harbour This area is mainly urban residential and apartments, mixed with amenity buildings (schools, shops and cafe culture). There are fluid links across the area for cycling and foot traffic, with access across to the Embankment (leading to a ferry link across the River Ij).

The Culture District This area builds on the existing recreational use of the site, enhancing it with a more social and education aspect (university building, student housing and retail).

The Civic District This area holds more dense housing and office park lands. Green and blue links feed through the site, connecting the old to the new. Large park squares and mixed-use buildings also help to define this area.

The Hub This area is the most challenging in terms of the nature of the industrial activities on-site. Special care and planning will be involved to bring water in.

The Embankment The Embankment displays a more natural approach to the form and function, representing the reversal of land use and the heavy use of agriculture and wetlands.

64

Section 5


THE EMBANKMENT

THE HUB

THE HARBOUR

THE CIVIC DISTRICT THE CULTURE DISTRICT

500m 0


CHARACTER AREA STUDY

The proposed masterplan for Port City is divided into five areas. These five areas are connected creatively using green and blue infrastructure. Although principles shown in the Visions section apply to the site as a whole, each of the five areas have a unique character.

What defines a character area:

-

Typology of green space Architectural style Hard and soft materials Form and function

The following pages display an extract from each area, with details showing the above characteristics.


THE HARBOUR

THE CIVIC DISTRICT

THE CULTURE DISTRICT

THE HUB

THE EMBANKMENT


THE HARBOUR

This area is mainly urban residential and apartments, mixed with amenity buildings (schools, shops and cafe culture). There are fluid links across the area for cycling and foot traffic, with access across to the Embankment (leading to a ferry link across the River Ij).

68

Section 6


Section 6

69


THE CULTURE DISTRICT

This area builds on the existing recreational use of the site, enhancing it with a more social and education aspect (university building, student housing and retail).

70

Section 6


Section 6

71


THE CIVIC DISTRICT

This area holds more dense housing and office parklands. Green and blue links feed through the site, connecting the old to the new. Large park squares and mixed-use buildings also help to define this area.

72

Section 6


Section 6

73


THE HUB

This area is the most challenging in terms of the nature of the industrial activities on-site. Special care and planning will be involved to bring water in.

74

Section 6


Section 6

75


THE EMBANKMENT

The Embankment displays a more natural approach to the form and function, representing the reversal of land use and the heavy use of agriculture and wetlands.

76

Section 6


Section 6

77



AMS TER DAM


REFERENCES

80

References

Page

Reference

Credit

Source

-

Front Cover

Havenbedrijf Amsterdam

https://www.flickr.com/photos/sailhavenamsterdam/5657602082/sizes/l

12

Museums

Roman Boed

https://www.flickr.com/photos/romanboed/13332700054/sizes/l

12

Cycling Culture

anneh62

https://www.flickr.com/photos/anneh632/5682932008/sizes/l

12

Markets/Cafes

Bret Baker

https://www.flickr.com/photos/thegoldenwest/6165089737/sizes/l

14

Canal

-

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Amsterdam_Canal.jpg

14

Dike

-

http://s0.geograph.org.uk/photos/61/02/610299_528c9539.jpg

14

House over looking Canal

Luke Ma

https://www.flickr.com/photos/lukema/9121096905/sizes/l

16

Riverfront

-

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Amsterdam_Cityscape. jpg

16

Vondelpark

Sebastiaan van VenetiĂŤn

https://www.flickr.com/photos/svanvenetien/9430107178/sizes/l

16

Westergasfabriek

-

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Westerpark_cultuurpark.jpg

20

Metro

Hemkes

https://www.flickr.com/photos/rhemkes/13520177444/sizes/l

20

Bicycle Parking

BBC

http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/69167000/jpg/_69167076_dutchbikepark_getty_624.jpg

22

Port Containers

Merlijn Heok

https://www.flickr.com/photos/merlijnhoek/14372010065/sizes/o/

22

Eastern Port

22

River Ij

24

EYE Film Institute

Foilman

https://www.flickr.com/photos/foilman/8629178224/sizes/l

24

Borneo Sporenburg

Fred Bigio

https://www.flickr.com/photos/bigiof/14904973668/sizes/l

24

House on the Canal

Mauro Brock

https://www.flickr.com/photos/mauro9/5068228666/sizes/l

26

Amsterdam Port

Meaduva

https://www.flickr.com/photos/meaduva/260824091/sizes/o/

26

Roof Solar Panels

Jeff Kubina

https://www.flickr.com/photos/kubina/1560017989/sizes/l

26

Wind Turbines

Richard Ghawley

https://www.flickr.com/photos/richardghawley/3916255863/sizes/o/

http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/6598/images/136165/large/6-transhipment.jpg http://www.amports.nl/media/17784/ijmuiden.jpg


28

Western Harbour, Malmo

Unknown

http://www.nordregio.se/en/Metameny/About-Nordregio/Journal-of-Nordregio/2009/Journalof-Nordregio-no-4-2009/Urban-Planning-challenges-for-Swedens-most-climate-smart-city/

28

History - Harbour 1974

City of Malmรถ

http://www.hardrainproject.com/from_industrial_city

28

Architecture

Susanne Nilsson

https://www.flickr.com/photos/infomastern/12952579183/in/photostream/

28

Sustainability

Unknown

http://greeninfrastructurepeople.com/rain-garden-malmo/

28

Activity + Culture - Paddle boarding

Unknown

http://www.ownersdirect.co.uk/accommodation/p8149142

28

Character

La Citta Vita

https://www.flickr.com/photos/la-citta-vita/5977872923/sizes/l

28

Environment - Rain Garden

La Citta Vita

https://www.flickr.com/photos/la-citta-vita/4749837642

28

Art - Glass Bubble

Werner Nystrand

https://www.flickr.com/photos/wernernystrand/4903402697/

28

Biodiversity - Scaniaparken

La Citta Vita

https://www.flickr.com/photos/la-citta-vita/4749837642

36

Green Infrastructure

-

http://www.decoist.com/2013-10-22/living-wall-patrick-blancs-paris-design-week/

36

Green Infrastructure

-

http://divisare.com/projects/252312-yutaka-kawahara-Ekouin-Nenbutsudo

36

Green Infrastructure

-

http://landarchs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Trees_05.jpg

38

Blue Infrastructure

-

http://www.monash.edu.au/fawb/projects/project3.html

38

Blue Infrastructure

Turenscape

http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2011/03/tianjin-qiaoyuan-park-by-turenscape-landscape-architecture/30-turenscape-landscape-architecture-bridge-park/

40

Biodiversity

-

http://www.metrofieldguide.com/insect-hotels-mansions-and-other-dwellings/

40

Biodiversity

-

http://www.gardenista.com/posts/5-favorites-bird-houses

40

Biodiversity

-

http://www.bhg.com/gardening/design/nature-lovers/butterfly-garden-plants/?esrc=nwgn060 712cpina#page=13

40

Biodiversity

-

http://www.pinterest.com/pin/364017582354079611/

42

Connectivity

-

http://www.webpark.ru/comment/75537

42

Connectivity

-

http://www.citylab.com/commute/2014/03/how-buenos-aires-unclogged-its-most-iconicstreet/8549/

42

Connectivity

-

http://www.futurechristchurch.co.nz/ever-evolving/colombo-street-revamp

42

Connectivity

-

http://driveeuropenews.com/author/driveeuropenews/

44

Renewables

Environment Blog

https://www.flickr.com/photos/environmentblog/7548646718/sizes/l

44

Renewables

-

http://www.gizmag.com/power-flowers-project-aims-to-bring-wind-turbines-closer-tohome/18049/picture/131270/

44

Renewables

-

http://www.nbcnews.com/business/energy/projects-seek-turn-pavement-alternative-energysources-n118986

44

Renewables

-

http://cooksriver.org.au/wp-content/uploads/wsud-victoria-park-sydney-uni-st-vincents-glebeforeshore-055.jpg

References

81



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