Decomposer firm as a value system nejayote case by Nixta_2013

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Advancement of the doctoral dissertation titled:

Decomposer firm as a value system: Nejayote Case Author: Manuel Vazquez Affiliation: EGADE Monterrey Chair: Wealth Creation through innovation and new business models Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez

Value of the study • Product life cycle (PLC) from the primary extractive sector 10% extracted from earth becomes product and 90% is waste (Hawken, Lovins & Lovins, 2010)

• Need to replace the PLC reductionist with a systemic view • Industrial ecology a new approach that uses nature as a premise for mimicking in order to use the remaining 90% of waste • The IE use nature as guidance because this type of system has been able to generate RESILIENCE Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez

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• Nature has four organisms (producers, consumers, scavangers and decomposers) but unfortunately the IE has only been able to represent with firms three of the organisms (Noronha, 1999). • The IE has stated the need to generate new firms that are able to exchange residues to transform them into nutrients (Jensen, Basson & Leach, 2011; Wright, 2007). • The decomposer is a firm that through the formation of a network is capable to exchange residues to transform them into nutrients and also generate resilience (Noronha, 1999; Graedel, 1996) Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez

Decomposer firm model?

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Decomposer in biological ecology Initial residue from consumer or producer

Nutrient 1

Metabolism 1 Initial residue refined

Nutrient 2

Metabolism 2 Initial residue refined

Metabolism 3 Initial residue refined

Nutrient 3

Metabolism 4

Nutrient 4

Example of plant litter

Level

Zero waste

M4 N3 BR3

M3 N2

BR2

IRR3= PL-Sugar-Phenolic- Hydrocarbons

IRR2= PL-Sugar-Phenolic

N1 BR1

Initial Residue

IRR1= PL-Sugar

Time 1

3 (M) Metabolism (N) Nutrient

4 (BR) Biomass residue (IRR) Initial residue refined

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Diagram of the iterative process of decomposers

Level

PROPOSITION OF CONCEPTUAL MODEL Container that accumulates the PARs

Zero waste

k PNi PARi ….

PRi

PN3 PAR3

3 PN2

PAR2

PR3 ….

PR2

PN1 PAR1

Initial Residue

1 Represents the transfer function of the PR

PR1

3 (PR) Product Refined (PAR) Product as Residue

Time

(M) Metabolism (PN) Product as Nutrient

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Diagram of the iterative process of decomposers firms

Tortilla Data • CONEVAL (2010) estimated that the tortilla consumption of the country in 2010 is of about 6.9 million tons • The Secretary of Economy stated that in the year of 2010 there was a production of 3,802,581.5 tons of tortillas that used the corn flour produced from the industrial process • Velasco-Martinez and colleagues (1997) stated that in the corn flour production there is a generation of a high pollutant effluent called nejayote. Specifically, this effluent is formed during the nixtamalization which is the process of cooking and steeping maize in a solution of lime (Rooney et al. 1995). • Asaff (2010) stated that in 2010 the tortilla industry poured 16-22 million m3/year of wastewater known as nejayote.

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Nejayote • According to Salmeron-Alcocer and colleagues (2003) , a 600 ton maize/day capacity plant commonly generates between 1,500 to 2,000 m3 of nejayote. • Almeida-Dominguez and colleagues (1997) stated that that nixtamalization losses had ranged from 0.5% to 14.5% of the original corn dry matter . • The example here would be considering a 600 ton maize/day capacity plant that generates 1800 m3 with a 10% loss of original corn dry matter which represents 60 tonns of maiz Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez

BROILER FOOD FIRM Daily Nejayote 1800 m3 of liquid 60 tons of solid

Centrifugation Process Time (PT) = 1 Hour

7.2 tons of broiler food with 1.2% of liquid 52.8 tons of solid with 98.8% of liquid

PT = 24 Hours

Sedimentation Tank 1 Sludge 1 with 5.88 tons of solid and 0.023% of entering liquid

46.92 tons of solid with 98.57% of initial liquid

METHANE FIRM PT = 24 Hours

3152.64 m3 of Methane

Anaerobic Reactor

Biomass 3.27 tons with 0.0295% of entering liquid

788.2 m3 of carbon dioxide

98.5409 % of initial liquid with 14.84 tons of solid PT = 2 Hours

FISH FOOD FIRM

Aerobic Reactor Biomass 6.87 tons PT = 24 Hours

Accumulation container PT = 1 Hour

Extrusion

98.5409 % of initial liquid with 2.56 tons of solid PT = 12 Hours

Sludge 2 with 1.66 tons of solid and 0.000023% of entering liquid

Sedimentation tank 2

98.53 % of initial liquid with 0.89 tons of solid ready for irrigation

8.96018 m3 of liquid residue 17.68 tons of fish food with 0.405 m3 of liquid

WATER FIRM PT = 16 Hours

Coagulation Tank

PT = 4 Hours

Sand Filtration

PT = 4 Hours

UV Treatment Sludge 3 with 0.868 tons of solid and 1% of entering liquid

97.54 % of initial liquid with 0.022 tons of solid ready for industrial purposes

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Causal Diagram of Dynamic Modeling Nejayote

% of broiler food sold

% decided to + process broiler food

Corn

Nixtamalization

+ Sales of broiler food

+ Broiler Food

+ Centrifugation

% decided to methane

Methane

Water

Sales of methane

+ Sales of water

Sedimentation tank 1

% of Water sold B

+ +

CO2

% of methane sold

Anaerobic reactor +

Aerobic reactor

Water Recovery

+ +

+ Biomass anaerobic

Sludge 1

+ Sedimentation tank 2

Clean water + Biomass aerobic

+ +

+ + Accumulation + tank

Sludge 2

UV treatmen +

+ +

Non valued biomass

retrearment fish liquid

Liquid need treatment

Extrusion

+ Irrigation water

+ Fish food

% of fish food sold

Sales of fish food Sand filtration + + Coagulation tank

Corporate of decomposer firms • The network of decomposer firms form a corporate because there might be firms with positive and negative economic impact • There are decisions that are taken at the corporate level depending on the objectives for the network • There are decisions that are taken at the level of each firm in order to improve the performance Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez

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Entering the system M3 of water nejayote

Tons of solid nejayote

Methane Firm

Broiler Food Firm Environmental Economic Impact Impact

Food Produced

Social Impact

Waste water leaving PR

Environmental Economic Impact Impact

% of initial Nejayote

Food Produced

Delivery Distance

Water Produced

Waste water leaving PR

Fish Food Firm

Water Firm Environmental Economic Impact Impact

Social Impact

Environmental Economic Impact Impact

Social Impact

Food Produced

Delivery Distance

Social Impact

Waste water leaving PR

Corporate Consolidation Environmental Impact

Economic Impact

Social Impact

Broiler Food Firm

Methane Food Firm

% of financial loan % of financial loan Years to pay loan Interest rate

Years to pay loan

% Food Sold

% Methane sold

Food Price

Interest rate Methane Price

Fish Food Firm Water Firm % of financial loan

% of financial loan Years to pay loan

Interest rate Years to pay loan

% Water Sold

Interest rate

Water Price % Food Sold

Food Price

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Values given for variables Entering solid nejayote

60 Annual interest rate of methane

Entering liquid nejayote

1800 Years to pay for loan for methane

Percentage of broiler division Percentage of broiler food sold Price of broiler food Gallon price of gasoline Distance for broiler delivery in one day Broiler Loan percentage Annual interest rate of broiler

1 Percentage of fish food sold 1 Price of fish food

0.12 5 1 350

500 Loan percentage of fish food

0.5

3.785 Annual interest rate of fish food

0.12

40 Years to pay for loan for fish food 0.5 Percentage of water sold 0.12 Price of Water m3

5 1 1.05

Years to pay for broiler loan

5 Distance for water delivery for 30 m3

Percentage of methane sold

1 Loan percentage of water

0.5

Price of methane

190 Annual interest rate of water

0.12

Loan percentage of methane

0.5 Years to pay for loan for water

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First run impacts Broiler economic impact Solid Resilent from broiler Broiler job generation

Water economic impact

-1,584.73 7.2 2.88

-378.64

Methane economic impact Solid Resilent from methane Methane job generation

Fish economic impact

359,248.10 37.96 158

-98,481.26

Solid with no value from water

0.87

Solid Resilent from fish

8.55

Water job generation

3.54

Fish job generation

158

Corporate economic impact Corporate resilience Corporate social impact

259,182.11 53.7 322.42

Conclusions • It takes 67 hours to achieve the zero waste • The most important decision is to determine every week the amount of nejayote that wants to be bought by the corporate decomposer having in mind the 80 miles rule • The most sensible decisions are at the corporate level. • The corporate consolidation economic impact must be positive in order for the decomposer firms to stay in operation. Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez

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References • •

• •

•

Almeida-Dominguez, H.D., Suhendro, E.L. & Rooney, L.W. (1997). Corn alkaline cooking properties related to grain characteristics and viscosity. Journal of Food Science, 62 (3), 516–523 Asaff, A. (2010). Transformando riesgos en oportunidades: del nejayote a la vainillina. Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para el Desarrollo de México, 60. Retrieved from: http://pcti.mx/articulos/item/transformando-riesgosen-oportunidades-del-nejayote-a-la-vainillina CONEVAL (2010). Contenido y valor de las líneas de bienestar: base de datos en línea. Salmeron-Alcocer A, Rodriguez-Mendoza N, Pineda-Santiago S,CristianiUrbina E, Juarez-Ramirez C, Ruiz-Ordaz N, Galindez-Mayer J (2003) Aerobic treatment of maize processing wastewater(nejayote) in a single stream multi stage reactor. J Environ Eng Sci2(5):401–406 Velasco-Martinez, M., Angulo, O., Vazquez-Couturier, D.L., Arroyo-Lara, A. & Monroy-Rivera, J.A. (1997). “Effect of dried solids of nejayote on broiler growth”, Poultry Science, 76, 1531-1534