NOTIZIARIO Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone - Issue 18 n.2, 2013

School and Meeting Reports

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

Research Infrastructures

ISSN 1592-7822 - Vol. 18 n. 2 Luglio 2013 Aut. Trib. Roma n. 124/96 del 22-03-96 - Sped. Abb. Post. 70% Filiale di Roma - C.N.R. p.le A. Moro 7, 00185 Roma

Scientific Reviews

Volume 18 n. 2 http://www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotrone

Volume 18 n. 2

http://www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotrone

Summary

Published by CNR (Publishing and Promotion of Scientific Information) in collaboration with the Centro NAST of the University of Rome Tor Vergata

Volume 18 n. 2 July 2013 Aut. Trib. Roma n. 124/96 del 22-03-96

Editorial News 2 Roadshow 2013 C. Andreani and F. Comin

EDITOR

C. Andreani CNR - PROMOTION AND COLLABORATIONS

M. Arata CORRESPONDENTS

F. Boscherini, L. Bove, C. Blasetti, G. Cicognani, A. Ekkebus, M. Forster, T. Guidi, C. Habfast, B. Palatini, L. Paolasini, H. Reichert, V. Rossi Albertini ON LINE VERSION

Scientific Reviews 4 Strong XMCD detected in 1s2p RIXS: a probe of 3d magnetic moments using hard X-ray photons A. Juhin, M. Sikora and P. Glatzel

8 Parametric representation of open quantum systems and cross-over from quantum to classical environment D. Calvani, A. Cuccoli, N.I. Gidopoulos and P. Verrucchi

V. Buttaro CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

C. Andreani, , A. Battistoni, F. Bencivenga, M. Bertolo, C. Blasetti, A. Boffi, G. Boumis, R. Bruchhaus, D. Calvani, F. Carsughi, G. Colotti, F. Comin, A. Cuccoli, R. Cucini, F. D’Amico, O. De Giacomo, S. Di Fonzo, A. Di Cicco, A. Filipponi, A. Gessini, E. Giangrisostomi, P. Glatzel, R. Gunnella, K. Hatada, A. Ilari, A. Juhin, I. Lommatzsch, C. Masciovecchio, A. Di Matteo, A. E. Miele, E. Mitchell, V. Morea, G. Paolucci, E. Principi, A. M. Saitta, C. Savino, M. Sikora, B. Vallone, P. Verrucchi

Research Infrastructures

C. Savino, A. Di Matteo, V. Morea, G. Colotti A.E. Miele, G. Boumis, A. Boffi, A. Ilari and B. Vallone

GRAPHIC AND PRINT

Stampa Sud SpA Via P. Borsellino 7/9 74017 Mottola (TA) – Italy e-mail: info@stampa-sud.it www.stampa-sud.it

Finito di stampare nel mese di Luglio 2013

19 Probing matter under extreme conditions at the free-electron-laser facilities: the TIMEX beamline A. Di Cicco, C. Masciovecchio, F. Bencivenga, E. Principi, E. Giangrisostomi, A. Battistoni, R. Cucini, F. D’Amico, S. Di Fonzo, A. Gessini, K. Hatada, R. Gunnella, A. Filipponi

EDITORIAL INFORMATION AND SUBSCRIPTIONS

S. Fischer E-mail: nnls@roma2.infn.it E-mail: sandra.fischer.le@gmail.com

17 The Biocrystal Facility of the CNR promotes access to Synchrotron light sources

26 New Centre for Neutron Research in Germany: Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) R. Bruchhaus, F. Carsughi and I. Lommatzsch

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

29 CALIPSO Project at Elettra G. Paolucci, M. Bertolo, C. Blasetti and O. De Giacomo

32 The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility: Working with Industry E. Mitchell

Call for proposal

Cover photo The picture shows the growth of protein crystals, from needle clusters unsuitable for X-ray diffraction data collection to single crystals that allow quasi-atomic structural data determination. Variations in the life of a protein crystallography unit.

(Image courtesy of B. Vallone et al., Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR e Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “ A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma)

36 Neutron Sources

37 Synchrotron Radiation Sources

39 Calendar Facilities 41 Neutron Sources 44 Synchrotron Radiation Sources

Editorial News

ROADSHOW 2013 Carla Andreani e Fabio Comin

Are centralised facilities really opened to the entire scientific community? Are we sure that the researches the most relevant to the present scientific interests and societal challenges make their best way into these facilities? Difficult to say....

Lack of knowledge of the services available, ignorance of the access procedures, difficulties in targeting the right contact or beamline often hinder the access and discourage the attempts of new users. This represents a considerable loss for the facilities. Indeed, if on one hand “old”, experienced scientists are essential to the facilities to push the frontiers of possibilities beyond the state-of-art, on the other hand new users coming along with new research fields and ideas foster new scenarios in science and technology.

Reach out to a larger scientific community is then vital for the research infrastructures and essential for optimising the resources of the financing bodies toward common objectives.

The vision of CNR, ESRF, ILL and ISIS is a future in which cutting-edge experiments with neutrons and photons lead to a revolution in science – a knowledge-based design of the links between structure, dynamics and properties of our complex world down to the single atom prompting technologies and industrial routes to the benefit of our society.

CNR, ESRF, ILL and ISIS share goals, priorities, and strategies for the achievement of this vision.

This was the spirit that led to the conception of the Roadshow 2013, a CNR, ESRF, ILL and ISIS initiative. The events were designed to present to the Italian scientific community the research and access opportunities offered by neutron and

2

From left to right: Marcello Fontanesi (Rector University Milano Bicocca), Maria Cristina Messa (Vice President CNR), Andrew Harrison (ILL Director) and Francesco Sette (ESRF Director) attending the ROADSHOW 2013 at the CNR research Area of CNR in Milan.

Victoria Garcia Sakai in Roadshow 2013 at CNR Research Centre, Genoa

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Editorial News

Scientific Areas of participants to Roadshow 2013

Figure 1

Roadshow 2013, facts and figures

photon probes and to illustrate their impact in physics and materials technology, food science, bioscience and biomedical science, cultural heritage, engineering, energy, environment, IT and transport technologies. In a period of two months experts from CNR, ESRF, ILL and ISIS have brought the Roadshow in 13 Italian cities, equally distributed over the peninsula: Genoa, Rome, Palermo, Cosenza, Matera, Bari, Naples, Pisa, Florence, Bologna, Padua, Milano and Turin, visiting 14 distinct Research areas of the CNR (http://research-infrastructures.com/calendar/). Each stop of the show was labelled

with a defined scientific focus characterising the visited research area. The Scientific Directors of the three facilities or their representatives opened each event with a general overview of the opportunities offered by the different facilities.

Shorter presentations of 15 minutes each, presented by facility researchers or users, followed then to illustrate some specific application of neutron or synchrotron research on the specific focus area. The session closure was dedicated to user access procedures and policies, modalities of support to scientific and industrial users, relevance of Italian activities in the different facilities and contact names. Question/Answer time was scattered along the meeting and a questionnaire collected at the end for gathering feedbacks and suggestions for the future.

The total number of lecturers was 47, including ESRF, ILL and ISIS directors and the scientists from facilities and the Italian community (http://research-infrastructures.com/ speakers/).

Overall participation to this first edition of the ROADSHOW 2013 was encouraging, with a total of interdisciplinary audience of about 440 scientists and PhD students registered to the event (Figure 1).

Presentations are available at http://research-infrastructures.com/science/

Roadshow 2013 at CNR Research Centre, Padua

The experience gained in this first edition of the ROADSHOW 2013 will be the basis for a number of improvements and refinements. Certainly, the web portals of any research infrastructure facility contain all necessary information about the access procedures for the users. However ROADSHOW 2013 initiative is already showing us that same information, once provided with hands, heads and voices, gets a longer reach into the scientific community, having promoted more proposals at a time distance of only few months.

3

Scientific Reviews

Strong XMCD detected in 1s2p RIXS: a probe of 3d magnetic moments using hard X-ray photons Amélie Juhin (Institut de Minéralogie et

de Physique des Milieux Condensés, CNRS and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5 France, juhin@ impmc.upmc.fr) Marcin Sikora (Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, marcin.sikora@agh.edu.pl) Pieter Glatzel (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France, glatzel@esrf.fr)

It is more than 25 years since the effect of magnetic dichroism has been anticipated for the X-ray absorption spectra [1] and the first experimental observation of the circular X-ray magnetic dichroism spectra was reported. [2] Since then, it has turned into a common probe of element specific magnetization in ferro(ferri)- magnetic systems, ranging from molecular magnets to multilayers. XMCD is well understood and interpreted when measured at edges split by the spin-orbit coupling. For example, in the L2,3 edges of a 3dN element, which probes 2p6 3dN -> 2p5 3dN+1 transitions, the 2p spin-orbit coupling gives rise to L3 and L2 edges. XMCD enables simultaneous determination of spin and orbital magnetic moments upon application of the so-called “sum rules”, which relate linear combinations of left and right circularly-polarised spectra to the ground state values of the magnetic moments of the absorber.[3] These rules are very useful to extract quantitative information from the experimental spectra without the need of numerical calculations.

When applied to 3d transition metals and lanthanides, the main drawback of the technique is that the L2,3 and M4,5 absorption edges, respectively, lie in the

4

X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) is a powerful spectroscopy for the element specific study of magnetic structure of complex systems.

Performed at spin-orbit split absorption edges, it enables simultaneous determination of spin and orbital magnetic moments upon application of sum rules. However, the energy of photons appropriate for exploring the 3d magnetic moments of transition metals (TM) is in the soft X-ray regime, thus they have a limited penetration. Here we show that MCD in the 1s2p resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) is a promising technique to probe 3d magnetism using hard X-ray photons. The 1s2p RIXSMCD at the Fe K pre-edge in magnetite, resulting from 3d spin-orbit coupling and 2p-3d Coulomb repulsions, is as large as 16%. This opens new opportunities for earth sciences and condensed matter physics, allowing for truly bulk sensitive, element- and site- selective measurements of TM magnetic moments and their ordering under extreme conditions.

soft X-ray range. Most soft X-ray XMCD measurements are performed using total electron yield, because significant selfabsorption effects are observed when using the fluorescence yield. Thus, L-edge XMCD is mainly sensitive to the sample surface and, in addition, it is not compatible with demanding sample environments such as high-pressure, liquid and gas cells, which limits the range of investigated materials and excludes de facto buried magnetic phases or multilayered samples. For these systems, the penetrating properties of hard X-rays are required, but at the Kedge the XMCD signal is weak (a few 0.1 % of the edge jump) and attributed to the p-projected orbital magnetization density of unoccupied states, which is difficult to interpret quantitatively. Also, due to the absence of spin-orbit split edges, the separation of spin and orbit contributions is not permitted. The element specific studies of bulk magnetism and under extreme conditions have been largely limited to the very weak K-edge magnetic dichroism and to the Kβ emission spectroscopy.[4-5] The latter is sensitive only to the spin and orbital kinetic moments (S and L), but not to the magnetic moments (ms and ml).

As such, it does not provide quantitative

information on the ordering of interatomic magnetic interactions. Hence there is a need for a magnetic spectroscopy in the hard X-ray range that can provide information on the ordering and the value of magnetic moments. This goal can be achieved by coupling XMCD with 1s2p Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering at the K pre-edge.

RIXS is a second-order optical process where first a core hole in a deep electron shell is created (intermediate state) that is then replaced by a shallower core hole (final state). This results in sharper spectral features and often a rich multiplet structure that reveals electron-electron and spin-orbit interactions. The 1s2p RIXS probes the evolution of Kα emission (2p → 1s) upon excitation at the K-edge (1s → p). In the K-edge absorption spectra of most TM compounds, pre-edge features are visible that arise from weak quadrupole 1s → 3d excitations possibly combined with some additional intensity due to dipole 1s → 4p transitions. Therefore, the K pre-edge of 3d TM is predominantly sensitive to the 3d density of unoccupied states, and 1s2p RIXS probes the same final state as the

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Scientific Reviews

Figure 1

1s2p RIXS-MCD in magnetite [7]. a) The experimental setup uses an external magnetic field and circularly polarised incident X-rays (left and right, pictured as red and blue). The emitted fluorescence is analysed by a set of spherically bent crystals and then focused on an avalanche photodiode (APD). b) Experimental 1s2p RIXS plane measured at the Fe K–edge in magnetite and averaged over the two circular polarisations. The energy transfer is the difference between incident and emitted energy. c) Experimental RIXS-MCD plane of magnetite, plotted as the difference between the RIXS planes measured for opposite helicities of circularly polarised light. d) Theoretical model used in the crystal field multiplet calculations, involving only a tetrahedral FeIII ion of magnetite (yellow atom). The 1s2p RIXS involves quadrupole excitation from the ground state (GS) into the intermediate state (IS) and dipole decay to the final states (FS). e) The theoretical RIXS-MCD plane calculated for tetrahedral FeIII compares well with the experimental one since its contribution dominates over that of the octahedral site. f) The theoretical RIXS-MCD plotted for the 2p3/253d6 final state with a reduced broadening reveals the origin of the energy shifts that yield the dichroism. The arrows indicate to which multiplet interactions the splittings are proportional.

5

Scientific Reviews

L2,3 absorption edges, 2p53dn+1, however using a hard X-ray photon in – photon out probe.[6] Combined with the idea of XMCD, i.e. using circularly polarised X-rays and external magnetic field, it becomes a promising technique to study 3d magnetic structure of transition metals.

1s2p RIXS-MCD at the Fe K pre-edge in bulk magnetite Figure 1c shows the experimental RIXS-MCD plane on magnetite [FeIII]tetra[FeIIFeIII]octaO4 at the Fe K preedge plotted as the difference between the spectra measured for left and right polarised light. [7] The comparison to the RIXS plane averaged over the two photon helicities (Figure 1b) shows that only the resonant features give rise to the MCD. The features due to non-resonant fluorescence (visible as diagonal structures in the RIXS plane) do not show any detectable MCD effect. The spectra show a characteristic dispersion along incident photon energy, due to 1s hole lifetime broadening, and along the energy transfer, due to final state effects and 2p hole lifetime broadening. The experimental RIXS-MCD plane reveals two groups of final states, which correspond, respectively, to Kα1 and Kα2 emission lines.

They are each composed mainly of two resonances with different spin polarization, and the sign of their MCD is opposite. The weak feature visible at 7112 eV incident energy and 707 eV energy transfer is ascribed to octahedral FeII.[8] The experimental data is compared with the theoretical RIXS-MCD calculated in the ligand field multiplet approach, where only the contribution of tetrahedral FeIII was considered (Figure 1e). The calculation involves an electric quadrupole excitation from 1s22p63d5 ground state to 1s12p63d6 intermediate state followed

6

by an electric dipole emission to the 1s22p53d6 final state. The two RIXS-MCD planes are in good agreement in terms of energy splittings and relative transition strengths of the left and right polarised channels. This allows for a profound understanding of the RIXS-MCD effect by analyzing the different multiplet interactions in the calculations.

The theoretical RIXS-MCD plane is plotted at the Kα1 resonance where the core hole lifetime broadenings were set to very small (unrealistic) values (Figure 1f) in order to reveal the underlying interactions. The combination of the exchange field and the 3d spin-orbit coupling in the intermediate state implies that a different set of 1s13d6 intermediate states is reached from left and right polarised Xrays. The splitting of the MCD features in horizontal and vertical direction is mainly given by the 3d spin-orbit coupling in the intermediate state and the 2p-3d Coulomb repulsions in the final state, respectively. The latter effect coupled to crystal field tend to split various final states with different L and S kinetic momentum, which are reached with different transition strengths from the intermediate states that are reached by left and right excitation. The splitting of the MCD features in the intermediate state is much smaller because of the weak 3d spin orbit interaction. The splitting induced by the 2p spin-orbit coupling and the Coulomb repulsions involving the 2p and 3d open shells thus act as an effective enhancer for the XMCD effect.

We have thus identified the interaction mechanisms that influence the strength of the MCD signal. We have to set the MCD line splittings in context with the core hole lifetime broadenings.

The 2p core hole is a factor 2-3 longer lived than the 1s hole and thus provides sharper spectral features. This further enhances the MCD signal. Figure 2a

compares the Fe K-edge XAS spectra of magnetite measured using the maximum of Kα1 emission and the total Kα1,2 fluorescence, which is comparable to a conventional absorption spectrum. The Kα1 detected one is relatively sharper due to smaller lifetime broadening of the combined two-photon RIXS process.[9] Comparison of the XMCD spectra unveil that the shape of the pre-edge XMCD is similar for both detection types in agreement with band structure calculations[10] and previous experiments.[11] However, the intensity of Kα1 detected MCD shows a peak-to-peak amplitude as large as 16 % of the preedge maximum comparable to the Fe L3 edge XMCD in magnetite. [12-13]

Applications of hard X-ray RIXS-MCD The increase of intensity observed in 1s2p RIXS-MCD with respect to K-edge XMCD is a significant advantage since it allows to measure data with better statistics. However, a strong enhancement is only expected for systems showing well defined pre-edge structures, such as iono-covalent compounds: oxides, molecular complexes etc… Indeed when 3d states are strongly hybridised with p states and heavily delocalised, such as in metals, it was observed experimentally that the gain in intensity is lost: for example in metallic Fe the intensity of RIXS-MCD was comparable to K-edge XMCD.[14] Ferro- and ferrimagnetic samples to which soft X-ray XMCD would be blind (at least partially), such as buried layers, can readily be investigated using RIXS-MCD. A RIXS-MCD signal was detected from a 40 nm thick layer of magnetite buried under 60 nm of Pt and Au. Another important observation was a significant reduction of the amplitude of the MCD signal in

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Scientific Reviews

the thin layer to ~70% of the bulk value, which is in good agreement to the reduction of saturation magnetization reported in literature.[15] Thus, the RIXS-MCD can be considered as a quantitative probe of net magnetization in thin layer samples.

An interesting aspect of RIXS-MCD in comparison with K-edge XMCD is the possibility to select a region of the plane where the MCD effect is maximised for certain features of interest: for example, in the case of magnetite, the peak at 707 eV energy transfer and 7112 eV incident energy arises from octahedral FeII, while the double feature at 7114 eV incident energy and 712 eV energy transfer is dominated by the contribution from tetrahedral FeIII. The RIXS plane can therefore be used to perform site-selective studies. By monitoring the changes in the MCD as a function of space, pressure, temperature or time, RIXS-MCD can be adopted for element- and site-selective magnetometry and magnetic microscopy with hard X-rays. As an illustration, we show in Figure 3 the hysteresis loop measured on a thin buried layer of magnetite using a RIXS-MCD feature selective of tetrahedral FeIII, which is compared to the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) curve [14]. Future studies of the dependence of RIXS-MCD on the direction of the wave-vector, the polarization vector, the magnetic field or the transfer momentum possibly combined with a polarization analysis of the scattered X-rays will enable to exploit the full potential of the technique.

References [1] B. T. Thole et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 55, 2086-2088 (1985).

[2] G. Schutz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 737-740 (1987).

Figure 2

Line scans extracted from the RIXS-MCD plane. [7] Comparison of the Fe K-edge spectra (a) and their magnetic circular dichroism (b) acquired using the maximum of Kα1 fluorescence line (dots) and Kα1,2 yield (i.e., integrated RIXS plane, thick blue line), which is comparable to TFY detection. Both the theoretical (red line) and the experimental Kα1-detected MCD spectra show the enhancement of the dichroism compare to Kα1,2 detection. The unit of measured MCD effect is relative to the pre-edge intensity.

Figure 3

Element and site selective, FeIII(Td), hysteresis loop (circles) of a thin buried layer of magnetite compared to the VSM (solid line) results.

[3] B. T. Thole et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 1943-1946 (1992).

[4] J. Badro, et al., Science, 300, 789-791 (2003).

[5] J. F. Lin, et al., Nat Geosci, 1, 688-691 (2008).

[6] W. A. Caliebe et al., Phys. Rev. B, 58, 13452-13458 (1998).

[7] M. Sikora et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 105, 037202 (2010).

[8] T. E. Westre et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 6297-6314 (1997).

[9] P. Glatzel and U. Bergmann, Coord.

Chem. Rev., 249, 65-95 (2005).

[10] V. N. Antonov et al., Phys. Rev. B, 67, 024417 (2003).

[11] K. Matsumoto et al., Jpn J Appl Phys 1, 39, 6089-6093 (2000).

[12] D. J. Huang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 077204 (2004).

[13] C. Carvallo et al., Am. Mineral., 93, 880-885 (2008).

[14] M. Sikora et al., J. Appl. Phys., 111, 07e301 (2012).

[15] J. Orna et al., Phys. Rev. B, 81, 144420

7

Scientific Reviews

Parametric representation of open quantum systems and cross-over from quantum to classical environment Dario Calvani1, Alessandro Cuccoli1,2, Nikitas I. Gidopoulos3,4, Paola Verrucchi5,1 1 Dipartimento

di Fisica e Astronomia Università di Firenze and INFN Sezione di Firenze I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy Unità di Ricerca di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy 3 ISIS, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX110QX, UK 4 Durham University, Department of Physics, Durham DH13LE, UK 5 Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi ISC-CNR, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy 2 CNISM,

Quantum systems with an environment, usually refferred to as Open Quantum Systems (OQS), are tipically treated in terms of reduced density matrices. This approach is a powerful tool but does not allow to keep track of any phase information between the system and the environment and induce an uncontrollable loss of information which prevents some phenomena to be properly described. We have proposed an alternative description of OQS based on a parametric representation of the environment, as obtained in terms of generalized coherent states. One of the major merit of such representation is the possibility to faithfully follow the crossover from a quantum to a classical environment without affecting the full quantum description of the principal system. As a first application of the newly proposed approach, we have considered a prototypical composite system, the so called spin-star, where a central spin-1/2 (the principal system) is surrounded by a ring of other spins (the environment), and the interactions are of Heisenberg type. Besides the specific results for such system, we find that some quantum features of the principal system behaviour are related not only to the fact that an environment exists, but specifically to the condition that the system be entangled with it. In particular, the entanglement between the central spin and its environment is found to be possibly revealed by a quantity that can be measured (the so called Berry’s phase).

This result suggests a possible way for obtaining experimental access to entanglement properties and further shows that quantum correlations can be brought up to the surface of our observable world, where they can be used as a resource for understanding and controlling macroscopic phenomena, from quantum communication and computation, to light harvesting and other processes in the realm of quantum biology.

tween the main object of our attention, the principal system, and its surrounding environment. This separation may entail the choice of appropriate tools of analysis and, when considering composite physical systems, one of the fundamental issues is whether or not a quantum description is due. In fact, we know that nature follows the rules of quantum mechanics, but we do also experience that an exact quantum description of both the principal system and its environment can result in an overwhelmingly complicated picture: keeping all the details of both the system and the surrounding may lead to loosing track of the system itself (see left panel of Fig.1). In this situation, one possible strategy is that of keeping the analysis of the principal system exact, i.e. fully quantum, at the expenses of a description of the environment based on its either classical or statistical representation: putting the environment “out of focus”, allows us to enhance our perception of the principal system, but possibly relevant correlations between the system and the environment can be lost in the process (see right panel of Fig.1). The above strategy have revealed very successful in the last century, leading to extraordinary results in many different fields of Physics. In recent years, however, it has become clear that its intrinsic inability to describe correlations that can develop between quantum systems, and in particular that fas-

1 Introduction Apart from the whole universe, which is isolated by definition, any physical object is open, meaning that it is surrounded by other physical objects with which it can interact. Observing complex realities thus always implies a separation be-

8

Figure 1 The physical system of interest (red sphere) is almost undetectable when the same level of details is employed to describe it and its environment (left panel), but it positively grabs our attention when the environment is smeared out (right panel).

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Scientific Reviews

cinating type of quantum correlation that goes under the name of entanglement, is an insurmountable obstacle when moving towards some of the current frontiers of Physics. Indeed, when quantum computers or quantum biological systems are studied, being able to keep tracks of the coherence between quantum systems or a quantum system and its environment becomes one of the essential issues. In order to address this problem we put forward an original theoretical approach [1] that provides an interpolating scheme and embodies the possibility of followFigure 2 ing the crossover between the quantum description of the enviThe physical system of interest (red sphere) emerges from an environment of still meaningful objects. ronment and its classical limit, without affecting the quantum nature of the principal system: in other words, reminding Fig.1, the sharpness of the environmental analysis can be gradually reduced, without loosing relevant informations about the cor- in the form of gauge-invariant geometric phases (for a reference relations between the principal system and the environment, text see, e.g., [11]). The approach based on the reduced density thus getting something pictorially looking as in Fig.2, as com- matrix and that referring to effectively local parametric Hamiltopared to panels of Fig.1. nians do not generally speak to each other: in fact, not only there Quantum systems with an environment are referred to as open is no way, so far, to formally connect them, but the meaning itself quantum systems (OQS): a spin embedded in a spin chain (even of relevant quantities emerging in the former, e.g. entanglement, at T = 0 ), an atomic system dipped in an electromagnetic field, is not clear in the latter, and viceversa , as is the case of geometrithe nucleus of an atom, any quantum system interacting with a cal phases. The alternative method we propose for studying OQS thermal bath, they are all open quantum systems. Open quantum [1] follows from the construction of a parametric representation, systems are usually studied, in particular in the realm of quanbased on the use of generalized coherent states [12] for the envitum information theory and quantum computation, in terms of ronment. As an example of application we explicitly treat the case density matrices [2]. This approach allows a precise definition of a principal spin- 1 / 2 system, with no translational degrees of of entanglement between different parts of one global quantum freedom, whose environment is made of a ring of other spins, system so that several entanglement measures can be introduced possibly represented by a larger spin- S . This simple composite and used in a variety of physical setups ( see for instance Ref. [3] system is considered as a paradigmatic example in the study of for a recent review). Moreover, well established theories for studying the time evolution of density matrices in general [4, 5], and OQS in general and in quantum computation in particular; in 3D%D63! fact, \<B]! H-7!

D86! 6(')7-(E6(D#! *3!of %(!the 6X%E2&6!

-H! %22&),%D)-(!

F6! 6X2&),)D&;!

D76%D! D86! ,%3 depending on the form interaction Hamiltonian, the reduced density matrices in particular [6], are available, which 3D%D63! \<B]! H-7! D86! 6(')7-(E6(D#! *3! %(! 6X%E2&6! -H! %22&),% 27)(,)2%&!32)(T 1 / 2 ! 3;3D6EG!F)D8!(-!D7%(3&%D)-(%&!16P7663!-H!H7661-EG!F8-36!6(')7-(E6(D!)3 system may represent several physical situations [13, 14, 15, 16, 27)(,)2%&!32)(T 1 / 2 ! 3;3D6EG!F)D8!(-!D7%(3&%D)-(%&!16P7663!-H! justify the preeminent role of this approach when dealing with -H!%!7)(P!-H!-D867!32)(3G!2-33)M&;!7627636(D61!M;!%!&%7P67!32)(T S #!98)3!3)E2&6!,-E2-3)D6!3;3 17]. The explicit results obtained for this system allows us to in-H!%!7)(P!-H!-D867!32)(3G!2-33)M&;!7627636(D61!M;!%!&%7P67!32) ,-(3)16761!%3!%!2%7%1)PE%D),!6X%E2&6!)(!D86!3D+1;!-H!ICJ!)(!P6(67%&!%(1!)(!S+%(D+E!,-E2+ OQS dynamics and quantum information transfer protocols. troduce)(!a natural notion of,-(3)16761!%3!%!2%7%1)PE%D),!6X%E2&6!)(!D86!3D+1;!-H!ICJ!)( semiclassical limit discuss, in this H%,DG! 1626(1)(P! -(!

D86! H-7E! -H! D86!and )(D67%,D)-(!

V%E)&D-()%(G! D86! 3;3D6E However, there exists an alternative description of OQS, which)(!is2%7D),+&%7c! )(! 2%7D),+&%7c! )(!

H%,DG! 1626(1)(P! -(! D86!763+&D3!

H-7E! -H! D86! )(D67H 7627636(D! 36'67%&!

28;3),%&!

3)D+%D)-(3! ! \<@G! <=G! <AG! <_G! <`]#!

986!

6X2&),)D! -MD%)(61! context, the relationship between the geometric Berry’s phase the preferred one in quantum chemistry and molecular physics.

7627636(D! 36'67%&! 28;3),%&! 3)D+%D)-(3! ! \<@G! <=G! <AG! <_G! <`]#!

3;3D6E!%&&-F3!+3!D-!)(D7-1+,6!%!(%D+7%&!(-D)-(!-H!36E),&%33),%&!&)E)D!%(1!1)3,+33G!)(!D8)3!,displayed by a “spin-in-a-field” and the entanglement properties 3;3D6E!%&&-F3!+3!D-!)(D7-1+,6!%!(%D+7%&!(-D)-(!-H!36E),&%33 This is based on some parametric representation of the principal D86! 76&%D)-(38)2! M6DF66(! D86! P6-E6D7),! W677;Y3! 28%36! 1)32&%;61! M;! %! [32)(T)(T%TH)6&1[! %( D86!

76&%D)-(38)2!

M6DF66(! D86! P6-E6D7),! W677;Y3! 28%36! 1)3 of the underlying global state [18, 19, 20, 21]. system, the dependence on the parameters being the signature

6(D%(P&6E6(D!27-267D)63!-H!D86!+(167&;)(P!P&-M%&!3D%D6!\<aG!<bG!B>G!B<]# 6(D%(P&6E6(D!27-267D)63!-H!D86!+(167&;)(P!P&-M%&!3D%D6!\<aG!<

that an environment exists. Despite being at the very hearth of representation of an open quantum system with fundamental approximation schemes [7, 8], parametric repre- 27)Parametric ) !"#"$%&#'()#%*#%+%,&"&'-,)-.)",)-*%,)81",&1$)+3+&%$)9'& 7) ) !"#"$%&#'()#%*#%+%,&"&'-,)-.)",)-* environmental coherent states sentations can be made exact [9, 10]. They usually come into play %,;'#-,$%,&"<)(-:%#%,&)+&"&%+) %,;'#-,$%,&"<)(-:%#%,&)+&"&%+) via the definition of some parametric Hamiltonian under whose ! ! *!,-E2-3)D6!3;3D6E! )(!%!2+76!3D%D6!)3!163,7)M61!M;!%!(-7E%&)Q61!'6,D-7 composite system S = A ! B ! in a pure state is described effect the quantum system evolves unitarily. However, despite A *!,-E2-3)D6!3;3D6E! S = A !by B ! a)(!%!2+76!3D%D6!)3!16 D6(3-7!27-1+,D! HS vector " H A !inHthe D6(3-7!27-1+,D! normalized product HS " H A ! HB :?!

B ?! tensor such a unitary evolution, the system should never be interpreted # # | #!! = $c&% | & !" | % ! , ! as isolated: In fact, the existence of an environment, even if only ! | #! = $c&% | & !" | % ! , &% &% Ψ roughly taken into account through very few parameters, may | Ψ〉 = ∑cαβ | α 〉⊗ | β 〉 , (1) ! F8676! {| " !} ! %(1! {| " !}! %76! &-,%&!

-7D8-(-7E%&!

M%363!

D86!&-,%&!

V)&M67D! 32%,63! HM%363! ! %(1! ! F8676!

-7D8-(-7E%&!

H{| " !} ! %(1! {| " !H-7! }! %76!

A αβ become apparent in non-local observable effects, usually arising ! 2 ! 2 A B D86! 3+M3;3D6E! ! %(1!

G! 76326,D)'6&;G! %(1! #!

986!

D6(3-7!

27-1+,D! 3;EM-&!

A B D86!

3+M3;3D6E! ! %(1!

G! 76326,D)'6&;G! %(1! | c | = 1

"#$ #$ "#$ | c#$ | = 1 8676%HD67!17-2261G!+(&633!326,)H),%&&;!76S+)761#!/H! | " ! ! )3!%( 8676%HD67!17-2261G!+(&633!326,)H),%&&;!76S+)761#!/H! | " ! ! )3!%(!6(D%(P&61!3D%D6!KF)D8!76326,D

A G! .A.')(!

2%7D)D)-(!

3+M3;3D6E! 8676! H)X61! = A !H)X61!

B L! D86!

A G! S8676!

2%7D)D)-(! S = A ! B L! D86! 3+M3;3D6E! %3! D86! ! $&#*/#$%@!

K B !%3!

M6D 6(')7-(E6(DL!)3!(-D!163,7)M61!M;!%(!6&6E6(D!-H! G!M+D!7% H 6(')7-(E6(DL!)3!(-D!163,7)M61!M;!%(!6&6E6(D!-H! H A G!M+D!7%D867!M;!D86!761+,61!16(3)D;!-2 A 9 )3! D86!

3,86E6!

F8),8! )3! E-3D! % A $ F8),8!

TrB | !)3! "#! | #! 98)3!

E-3D! -HD6(! +361!

H-7! 163,7)M)(P! ICJG!-HD6(! )(! 2%7+ % A $ TrB | !"#! | #! 98)3! )3! D86! 3,86E6!

F86(! ! %(1! !

8%'6!3E%&&!1)E6(3)-(#!*&D67(%D)'6&;G!-( H H F86(! H A ! %(1! H B ! 8%'6!3E%&&!1)E6(3)-(#!*&D67(%D)'6&;G!-(6!,%(!F7)D6!dS#!K<L!%3!

A B | $! # % | & ! | " A ( & )! ! | $!! # | & ! | " ( & )! !

%

A

&

Scientific Reviews

where {| α 〉} and {| β 〉} are local orthonormal bases for the Hil H B of the subsystem A and B , respectively, H A and bert spaces and ∑αβ | cαβΨ |2 = 1. The tensor product symbol will be hereafter

dropped, unless specifically required. If | Ψ 〉 is an entangled state (with respect to the partition S = A ∪ B ) the subsystem A , here fixed as the principal system ( B being its environment) is not described by an element of H A , but rather by the reduced density operator ρ A ≡ TrB | Ψ〉〈Ψ | . This is the scheme which is most often used for describing OQS, in particular when H A and H B have small dimension. Alternatively, one can write Eq. (1) as

| Ψ〉 ≡ ∑ | β 〉 | Φ A ( β )〉 (2) β

with

Ψ | Φ A (β )〉 ≡ 〈 β | Ψ〉 = ∑cαβ | α 〉 , (3) α

and notice that, once the basis {| β 〉} is chosen, {| Φ A (β )〉} of H A that contains

is a set of unnormalized elements the whole information about the total state | Ψ 〉 through the Ψ that the above } . It can be easily shown coefficients {cαβ construction can be carried on referring to whatever set of environmental states {| β 〉} , as far as they form a complete set on H B , i.e. as far as they provide an identity resolution ∑β | β 〉〈β |= 1|HB . Aiming at constructing a parametric representation with continuous parameters, so as to open a formal

route towards the definition of a classical limit for the sole environment, we recognize that generalized coherent states [12] form an overcomplete set for the Hilbert space upon which they are defined, and could hence be used in the role of the environmental states {| β 〉} . composite system of S = A ∪ B , We proceed as follows: Given the be H B + H AB the total environmental Hamiltonian; the first term

is local, i.e. it contains operators acting only on HB , while the second term describe the interaction between principal system and environment, i.e. it contains operators acting on HA ⊗ HB . We as sume H AB is a linear combination of tensor products of operators acting on H A and on HB , as is the case in most physical situations. Once a reference state | β 0 〉 ∈ HB is chosen, generalized coherent states | Ω〉 can be defined [12]: They can be normalized,

and form an overcomplete set in HB , i.e.

∫dµ (Ω) | Ω〉〈Ω |= 1|H , (4) B

with dµ (Ω) a properly defined measure.

Using the above resolution of the identiy in HB , the state of the

10

total system can be written as

| Ψ〉 = ∫ dµ (Ω) χ (Ω) | Ω〉 | φ A (Ω)〉 , (5)

where

| φ A (Ω)〉 ≡ ∑ fα (Ω) | α 〉 , (6) α

f α (Ω) ≡

1 ∑〈Ω | β 〉 cαβΨ , (7) | χ (Ω) | β

χ ( Ω ) ≡ e iλ ( Ω )

*

∑cαβ cαβ 〈Ω | β 〉〈 β ʹ′ | Ω〉 ; (8) ʹ′

αβ β ʹ′

each ket | φ (Ω)〉 is a normalized element of H and therefore repA A resents a physical state for the principal system; the functions χ (Ω) are such that ∫ dµ (Ω) | χ (Ω) | 2 = 1, due to 〈 Ψ | Ψ〉 = 1. By para metric representation of A we will hereafter mean its description in

terms of the pure states {| φA (Ω)〉}; notice that if | Ψ 〉 is separable,

then the parametric dependence is suppressed, as can be easily shown by a suitable choice of the basis in HB . The normalization of | Ψ 〉 allows | χ (Ω) |2 to be interpreted as a probability distri -space, which turns out to be the phase space bution in the Ω of the environment under rather general assumptions [12]. The principal system get hence to be described by a set of pure parametrized states, the parameters being the environmental coherent-states variables; such states are not all equally likely, as they come together with a probability distribution, | χ (Ω) |2 , which is over the phase the one that rules the coherent-states occurrence space of the environment. Moreover, as χ (Ω) enters Eq.(5) with iλ (Ω )

A and its environits phase, e , the phase relation between retained, a feature which stands as a peculiarity of ment is fully the parametric representation with respect to the reduced density matrix approach. At the same time, a simple calculation, which exploits the coherent states relation TrB [⋅] = ∫ dµ (Ω)〈Ω |⋅| Ω〉 , allows one to recover the reduced density matrix of the principal

2 A system as ρ A = ∫ dµ (Ω) | χ (Ω) | | φ (Ω)〉〈φ (Ω) |. Therefore,

〈OA 〉 ≡ Tr A ( ρ AOA ) = ∫ dµ (Ω) | χ (Ω) |2 〈φ (Ω) | OA | φ (Ω)〉 , (9) for any principal system observable O .

A

We remark that the parametric representation is an exact description of the principal system and its environment, and yet provides a very different formal treatment for each part of such bipartition. In particular, as the most characterizing feature of generalized coherent states is their strict relation with the classical world, relevant features arise when they are used to perform

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Scientific Reviews

the classical limit of a quantum environment, as we shall see in Sec.4.

3 Spin star with frustration The parametric representation with generalized coherent states finds an immediate application in the physics of composite spin systems. We here consider the specific physical situation (see Fig. 3 for a schematic representation of the system) where a spin 1/2 ( σ/2 , hereafter called qubit, σ x , y , z being the Pauli matrices) interacts with an even set of N spins 1/2 ( s i , hereafter called environmental spins) via an isotropic antiferromagnetic coupling [22, 23].

The environmental spins interact among themselves and the total

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of a spin-star.

Hamiltonian is that of the so-called “spin- 1 / 2 star with frustration”, H = H B + H AB , (10)

k N H B = ∑s i ⋅ s i +1 ; k > 0 (11) N i σ H AB = g ⋅ ∑si ; g > 0 (12) 2 i

where i runs over the sites of the external ring. It is easily shown that, in addition to the local environment Hamiltonian H B , also 2 the square S of the total spin of the ring S = ∑is i is an integral of motion, so that S represents a good quantum number for the

S system; moreover, the value of corresponding to the ground state of the spin-star is fixed by the ratio k/g of the competing coupling constants[22], so that acting on k/g we may vary the value of S , i.e. the quantum character of the environment, when the spin-star is in its ground state. Thus, if we limit our attention to the subspace with S fixed at the value corresponding to the ground state of the spin-star, and neglecting the constant energy of the environment, E B , the investigation of the spin-star with frustration reduces to the study of a spin- 1 / 2 interacting via a Heisenberg isotropic coupling with a spin- S , described by the Hamiltonian

g H = σ ⋅ S . (13) 2

σ Defining the total angular momentum J = + S , the energy ei2 are grouped acgenvalues and eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian

cording to the eigenvalues ( J , M ) pertaining to | J |2 and J z , 1 respectively, where J can only acquire the values J ± = S ± . In particular, the Hamiltonian is rotationally invariant so that2 the

energies are degenerate in M , and read

g g E + = S , E − = − ( S + 1) , (14) 2 2

where the label ± refers to the actual value of J . Correspondingly, the eigenstates are grouped into two multiplets, which we shall hereafter refer to as the ground-state multiplet (-) and excited-state one(+); they are expressed in the local bases of the bipartition as

| ΨM± 〉 = ±aM± |↑〉 | m− 〉 + aM |↓〉 | m+ 〉 , (15)

where (|↑〉 , |↓〉 ) are the σ z eigenstates of the qubit , | m± 〉 are the S , with m± = M ± 1 , and the Clebsh S z eigenstates of the spin2 Gordan coefficients explicitly read

1 M a M± = 1± , (16) S 2

1 with S ≡ S + . It is convenient to introduce the discretized angle ϑM ∈[0, π ]2 such that

M cos ϑ M ≡ , (17) S

11

Scientific Reviews

Figure 4 Probability distribution of the qubit state on the Bloch sphere, pM (π − θ ) , for fixed value of M / S = 4/5 and S = 9 / 2,29 / 2,49 / 2,69 / 2,89 / 2 , from left to

right.

−

and the coefficients (16) read

ϑ ϑ aM+ = cos M , aM− = sin M . (18) 2 2

The Heisenberg eigenstates (15) display a Schmidt-decomposed structure, and it is immediate to see that they are all entangled states except for the extremal states of the excited multiplet, identified by M = ± S or, equivalently, ϑM = 0,π . In fact, the entanglement between the qubit and its environment for the states (15), as measured by the Von Neumann entropy of the qubit reduced density matrix, is easily found to be the same for both r-,up HqL

multiplets and to depend just on ϑM ,=according to 0,π

⎡ 1 ⎤ EσS (| ΨM± 〉 ) = −h ⎢ (1 − cosϑM )⎥ , (19) ⎣ 2 ⎦

h[x] where ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 ) is the binary entropy

x log x + (1 − x) log(1 − x) .

In order to apply the formalism presented in Sec.2 to the Heisenberg eigenstates (15) we choose the reference state | β 0 〉 to be the maximal weight of the spin S -representation, i.e. | β 0 〉 =| m = S 〉 ∈ HB , so that we end up with the usual Bloch coher ent states | Ω〉 , Ω spanning the two-dimensional sphere. Their

1.2

0.8

0.4

cos-1 J

9 N 11

cos-1 J

3 3 N cos-1 J- N 11 11

cos-1 J-

9 N 11

q

Figure 5 − ,up

Normalized probability distribution pM (θ ) of the spin- S (dashed lines) and corresponding probability distribution yM (θ ) (full line) of finding the qubit in the up-state for fixed value of S = 5 and M = −9 / 2, −3 / 2,3 / 2,9 / 2 , from left to right.

−

12

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Scientific Reviews

z

expansion over the S basis reads [24]

S | Ω〉 ≡ ∑ g m (θ )ei ( S − m )ϕ | m〉 , (20)

where

m=− S

⎛ 2S ⎞ ⎛ θ ⎞ ⎛ θ ⎞ ⎟⎟ cosS + m ⎜ ⎟ sin S −m ⎜ ⎟ , (21) g m (θ ) ≡ ⎜⎜ S m + 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ and the local coordinates (θ , ϕ ) are the usual polar angles of the

S 2 sphere. The normalization of the resolution of the identity (4) onto HB is explicitly given by

S dΩ| Ω〉〈Ω |= 1|H , (22) B 2π ∫S2

where dΩ = sin θdθdϕ is the euclidean measure on S 2 . There general parametric form (5) of the eigenstates (15) is fore, the

S | ΨM± 〉 = dΩ χ M± (Ω) | Ω〉 | φ M± (Ω)〉 , (23) 2π ∫S2

where, thanks to the definitions (8) and the expansion (20), it is

 χ M± (Ω) = ei ( S − M )ϕ [aM± g 1 (θ )]2 + [aM g 1 (θ )]2 , (24) M− M+ 2 2

± ± ± ⎛ Θ M (θ ) ⎞ ⎛ Θ M (θ ) ⎞ iϕ ⎟ |↑〉 + sin ⎜ ⎟e |↓〉 , (25) | φ (Ω)〉 = ± cos⎜ M

⎜ ⎝

2

⎟ ⎠

⎜ ⎝

2

⎟ ⎠

and the functions Θ±M (θ ) are the solution with respect to Θ of

the equations

±1 ϑ ⎞ ϑ θ Θ ⎛ tan = ⎜ tan M ⎟ tan M cot . (26) 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2

Due to the rotational symmetry around the z axis of the eigenstates (15), the environmental probability distributions | χ M± (Ω) |2 do not depend on the longitude coordinate ϕ of the

coherent states | Ω〉 . The normalized distributions over [0, π ]

can hence be written as S | χ M± (θ ) | 2 sin θ ≡ p M± (θ ) . The qubit distribution on the Bloch sphere is obtained by the integrand of Eq. (9) with OA =| φM± (Θ, ϕ )〉〈φM± (Θ, ϕ ) | , and it simply amounts to pM± (Θ(θ )) (notice that Eq. (26) implies that when the system its GS, it is Θ(θ ) = π − θ ). In Figs. 4 we show the distribuis in the Bloch sphere for fixed ratio M / S = 4/5 tion pM− (π − θ ) on

and different S .

The probability distribution for the qubit to be aligned along the z axis, say in the “positive” direction, ±is obtained using OA =|↑〉〈↑| Θ (θ ) Fig. 5 we in Eq. (9), and reads pM± (θ ) cos2 M ≡ yM± ,up (θ ) . In 2 − − ,up plot pM (θ ) and yM (θ ) as a function of theta for fixed S = 5

and M = −9/2, −3/2,3/2,9/ 2 : the quantum character of the envi ronment is clearly testified by the finite width of the probability distribution, which decreases as S increases (i.e. moving towards the classical limit, as discussed in Sec.4).

Another effect is apparent in Fig.5, namely the displacement of the position of the maximum with respect to ϑM : such displacement can also be shown to reduce as S → ∞ , but the quantum character of the environment is not its unique origin. Indeed it represents the back-action on the spin- S of the existence itself of the qubit.

In order to highlight this effect, in Fig. 6 we show the contour plots of pM± (θ ) for S = 5 and varying ϑM and θ , whose interpreta tion proceeds as follows: Let us concentrate on the entangled state M with the largest possible in the ground state multiplet, which corresponds to M = (5-1/2)-1=7/2, i.e. ϑM ≅ 0.88 : this choice the left side of the left means that we are focusing our attention on panel in Fig. 6. From the qualitative argument that in the ground state the qubit is almost “antiparallel” with respect to the spinS , we expect the most likely qubit state to be |↓> (a result that a consequence, can be easily derived from Eqs. (25) and (26)). As in order to rebuild the correct value M = 7/2 the spin- S has to preferentially occupy states pointing towards the “north pole” of the sphere, meaning that values of θ lower than ϑM have to be more likely. This implies that the maximum of the environmental coherent-states probability distribution occurs for values of θ which are smaller than ϑM , which explains why such maximum is

seen positioned below the dashed line in the left-lower corner of the left panel of Fig. 6. This effect obviously vanishes when M is around 0 (central part of both panels), and it reverses for negative M (upper-right corner of the left panel), or when the excited state multiplet is considered: this also explains the opposite asymmetry of the two contourplots (left and right panels) with respect to the line θ = ϑM .

As mentioned in Sec.1, parametric representations are usually introduced in terms of some effectively local Hamiltonian, whose parametric eigenstates are assumed to describe the principal system. Our procedure is somehow reversed: we have started from the eigenstates of the exact non-local (with respect to the principal system) Hamiltonian, and have obtained a set of parametric states for the principal system that exactly describe its behaviour. Therefore, one may wonder whether a local Hamiltonian exists, such that the set of states {| φM± (Ω)〉}

are its eigenstates. In fact, looking at Eq.(25), the qubit parametrized states are easily recognized as the eigenstates of an σ effectively local Hamiltonian H σeff = hM± (Ω) ⋅ , with the local 2 magnetic field pointing in a direction that depends on Ω , M

and ± . In principle, the modulus of the field is arbitrary, but

13

Scientific Reviews

Figure 6 Contour plots of the normalized probability distribution of the spin- S , pM− (θ ) (left panel) and pM+ (θ ) (right panel), as a function of ϑM (orizontal line axis) and θ (vertical axis); in both figures S = 5 , and the dashed

corresponds to θ = ϑM .

we can fix it requiring

〈φM± (Ω) | H σeff | φM± (Ω)〉 = E ± , (27)

thus defining a class of effectively local models having the same spectrum of the original composite system. In particular, Eq. (27) implies hM± (Ω) = 2 E± n(Θ±M , ϕ ) , with direction ,sin Θ±M sin ϕ ,cos Θ±M ) and Θ ±M given n(Θ±M , ϕ ) ≡ (sin Θ±M cosϕ Eq.(26). Therefore, if the original composite quantum system by is in an eigenstate | ΨM± 〉 of the interaction Hamiltonian (13), the

qubit can be effectively described as an isolated system under the influence of an external magnetic field; on the other hand, the quantum nature of the spin- S is still present since the direction ± 2 of such field is ruled by the probability distributions | χ M (Ω) | .

We also notice that, since the l.h.s. of (27) does not depend on Ω ± 2 and the probability distribution | χ M | is normalized, it is

± 2 ± eff ± ± ∫ dµ (Ω) | χ M (Ω) | 〈φM (Ω) | H σ | φM (Ω)〉 = E , (28)

which is exactly the form of the local observables expectation values in the parametric representation, see Eq. (9): in other words, global observables in parametric representation have an effectively local counterpart (which is absent in the density matrix formulation) that exactly behaves as a genuinely local one, as long as expectation values are concerned.

4 Large- S limit: from entanglement to Berry’s Phase In this last section we describe the large- S behaviour of the Heisenberg model when described in the coherent state parametric representation. As anticipated, the coherent state for-

14

malism provides a natural way to define the classical limit of a quantum system by replacing the usual  → 0 with a large- N limit, N being the dimension of the representation [12].i In our s case, this consists in letting S → ∞ and rescaling s i → si/S [24].

S A direct calculation shows [25] that the fundamental object of

our analysys, namely the environmental probability distribution pM± (θ ) , behaves as

→∞ pM± (θ ) ⎯S⎯ ⎯→δ (θ − ϑM ) , (29)

which means that, when the environment is driven to its classical limit, the qubit parametrized states (25) keep being well defined and collapse into the GS and excited state (according to whether the original state belonged to the “-” or “+” mulσ tiplet) of the effectively local Hamiltonian Hσcl = gn(ϑM , ϕ ) ⋅ .

This is consistently recognized as the operator into which H σ2eff

collapses, as θ → ϑM . The local “qubit in a field” model is thus

obtained starting from the non-local model of an OQS, namely that of a qubit interacting with a magnetic environment via an isotropic quantum Heisenberg-like interaction, when the classical limit of the environment is taken. The derivation here presented allows us to exactly obtain the intensity of the effective magnetic field and the polar angle of its direction, which indeed depend on the interaction coupling g and the quan± tum number M of the state the global system is in, | ΨM 〉 ,

respectively.

The formal content of the above discussion allows us to take our ± last step forward and relate the entanglement of | ΨM 〉 to the Ber ry’s phase emerging in the corresponding effectively-local model.

Let us first remind that the environmental coherent-state probability distribution, pM± (θ ) , does not depend on ϕ , which is there fore left undetermined by the choice of the eigenstate | ΨM± 〉 . On

the other hand, ϕ enters the expression of the qubit parametrized states (25), which means that, after the large- S limit is taken (implying θ = ϑM according to Eq.(29)), the qubit state may still ϕ , while the original global system state remains unchange with changed. These possible internal variations include the adiabatic precession of n around the z axis, which gives rise, when closed paths are considered, to a Berry’s geometric phase that reads

γ ± = π (1− cosϑM ) , (30)

where the ± sign refers to the qubit being in the ground or excited state of H σcl . On the other hand, the entanglement between the qubit and its environment when the star is in any of the states | ΨM± 〉 is, from Eq. (19),

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Scientific Reviews

⎡ γ ⎤ EσS = −h ⎢ ± ⎥ , (31) ⎣ 2π ⎦ i.e. the binary entropy of the 2π normalized Berry’ phase.

We understand the above result as follows: When we describe the system in terms of only one quantum system (the qubit), effectively reducing the environment to an external field which is treated at a classical level, we can no longer speak about entanglement (there cannot be entanglement if a system is not composite). However, the entangled structure of | ΨM± 〉 causes the

dependence on ϕ to be conveyed from the environment to the qubit, so that the parametric dependence - that leads to the emergence of the Berry’s phase - survives also in the large- S limit.

To this respect, notice that ϕ -paths in the parameters space that give rise to no Berry’s phase ( ϑM = 0,π ) consistently derive fully-quantum mechanical from separable states in the original description.

expands the set of real physical systems where to look for a possible experimental analysis of our results.

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank T.J.G. Apollaro, L. Banchi, F. Bonechi, M. Long, A. Messina, M. Tarlini, and R. Vaia, for fruitful discussions and valuable suggestions. Financial support of the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research in the framework of the 2008 PRIN program (Contract No. 2008PARRTS 003) is also acknowledged. P.V. acknowledges financial support from the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, in the framework of the Short Term Mobility Program 2010, and ISIS for kind ospitality.

5 Conclusions We have described a method for studying open quantum systems in terms of a properly defined parametric representation.

The resulting description is axiomatically exact and associates to the principal system a set of pure states, parametrized by the environmental coherent-states variables. The occurence of such states is ruled by the quantum probability distribution of the environmental coherent states. The parametric representation provides an extension of the usual reduced density matrix approach, as its formalism is completely general and it can deal with any state of an isolated composite system. Moreover, the formal character of the coherent state construction immediately provides a natural geometric framework for the overall description. In fact, in the specic case of the spin-star here considered, Eq.(31) establishes that the entanglement between the qubit and its environment can be determined by measuring the observable Berry’s phase characterizing the related model of a closed qubit in a magnetic field, which suggests a possible way for experimentally access entanglement properties via the observation of gauge-invariant phases. Moreover, the approach here presented can be equivalently implemented to study different systems, such as those belonging to the spin-bosons family.

As for the spin- 1 / 2 star, it is worth mentioning that different types of interaction between the environmental spins, in particular the antiferromagnetic Lieb-Mattis and Heisenberg-ona-square-lattice ones, define exactly solvable models[26] that can be treated in the very same framework here proposed. This

15

Scientific Reviews

References [1] D. Calvani, A. Cuccoli, N.I. Gidopoulos and P. Verrucchi.

PNAS 110:6748-6753 (2013).

[2] M.A. Nielsen and I.L. Chuang. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: 10th Anniversary Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2000; P. Kaye, R. Laflamme, and M. Mosca. An Introduction to Quantum Computing. Oxford University Press, 2007.

[3] Plenio M.B. and Virmani S. Quant. Inf. Comput., 7:1, 2007.

[4] A. Kossakowski. Reports on Mathematical Physics, 3:247, 1972.

[5] Lindblad G. Comm. Math. Phys., 48:119, 1976.

[6] Á. Rivas and S.F. Huelga. Open Quantum Systems: An Introduction. SpringerBriefs in Physics. Springer, 2011.

[7] M. Born and R. Oppenheimer. Annalen der Physik, 389(20):457–484, 1927.

[8] S. Teufel. Adiabatic Perturbation Theory in Quantum Dynamics. Number No. 1821 in Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Springer, 2003.

[9] Geoffrey Hunter. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 9(2):237–242, 1975.

[10] N.I Gidopoulos and E.K.U. Gross. arXiv:condmat/0502433v1, 2005.

[11] D. Chruscinski and A. Jamiolkowski. Geometric Phases in Classical and Quantum Mechanics, volume 36 of Progress in Mathematical Physics. Birkhauser, 2004.

[12] Wei-Min Zhang, Da Hsuan Feng, and Robert Gilmore. Rev. Mod. Phys., 62:867–927, Oct 1990.

[13] N V Prokof ’ev and P C E Stamp. Reports on Progress in Physics, 63(4):669, 2000.

[14] A. Hutton and S. Bose. Phys. Rev. A, 69:042312, Apr 2004.

[15] K. A. Al-Hassanieh, V. V. Dobrovitski, E. Dagotto, and B. N. Harmon. Phys. Rev. Lett., 97:037204, Jul 2006.

[16] Francesca Palumbo, Anna Napoli, and Antonio Messina.

Open Systems and Information Dynamics, 13:309–314, 2006.

10.1007/s11080-006-9011-5.

[17] Giuseppe Liberti, Rosa Letizia Zaffino, Franco Piperno, and Francesco Plastina. Phys. Rev. A, 73:032346, Mar 2006.

[18] Barry Simon. Phys. Rev. Lett., 51:2167–2170, Dec 1983.

[19] M. V. Berry. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 392(1802):45–57, 1984.

[20] Péter Lévay. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 37(5):1821, 2004.

[21] D. Chruscinski. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 30(1):9, 2006.

16

[22] J Richter and A Voigt. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 27(4):1139, 1994.

[23] Hong-Liang Deng and Xi-Ming Fang. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, 41(2):025503, 2008.

[24] Elliott H. Lieb. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 31:327–340, 1973. 10.1007/BF01646493.

[25] Calvani D. The Parametric Representation of an Open Quantum System. PhD thesis, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 2013.

[26] Johannes Richter, Andreas Voigt, Sven E Kroeger, and Claudius Gros. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 29(4):825, 1996.

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Scientific Reviews

The Biocrystal Facility of the CNR promotes access to Synchrotron light sources Carmelinda Savino1, Adele Di Matteo1, Veronica Morea1, Gianni Colotti1, Adriana E. Miele2, Giovanna Boumis2, Alberto Boffi2, Andrea Ilari1 and Beatrice Vallone1,2 1 Istituto

di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, CNR di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli" Sapienza Università di Roma Piazzale A. Moro 5 - 00185 Rome - Italy 2 Dipartimento

Abstract The CNR Life Sciences Department has set up in year 2012 a Protein Crystallography Facility that offers access to production and interpretation of crystals of biological macromolecules. The aim is to increase the community of Italian users of European facilities such as the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), and therefore the impact of the CNR in the field of structural biology.

Collaboration with ESRF will be pursued, also performing joint training at the doctoral and post-doctoral level at the ESRF facilities, including the Partnership for Structural Biology and taking advantage of the Instruct and BioStruct-X projects. This action aims at approaching the “Horizon 2020" initiative, that involves also the access to European infrastructures for advanced research and their development.

The Biocrystal Facility (www.biocrystalfacility.it) has been established at the Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology of CNR, in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry of the “Sapienza” University of Rome.

Structural Biology is a multidisciplinary research area, involving biophysics, biochemistry, molecular biology and bioinformatics, with fundamental applications in biomedicine and biotechnology.

The core technology in structural biology is crystallography of macromolecules. Thanks to advancements in the field of synchrotron light sources, expression of recombinant proteins and automation of protein crystals growth, biocrystallography has become a methodology accessible to molecular biology research groups. To this purpose, it is essential to provide services in order to promote the access to large research infrastructures, increasing their use by researchers in the field of life sciences. The Biocrystal Facility acts as a connecting infrastructure that provides support to researchers throughout the process of structure determination (choice of gene

construct, protein production, crystallization, data collection and analysis). Moreover it aims at widening the community of structural biology taking advantage of large facilities by training and dissemination.

Similar intermediate infrastructures exist throughout Europe and they operate at both European and national level, offering a fundamental support to research in life sciences (see, as an example, the Oxford Protein Production Facility http://www.oppf. ox.ac.uk and the Biostruct-X FP7 Project www.biostruct-x.eu).

The first support offered by the CNR Biocrystal Facility to users consists in consultancy aimed at assessing the feasibility and perspectives of biomedical or biotechnological projects in the context of structural biology, by defining objectives and critical points. The production and purification of proteins in large amounts and the requirements for crystallization trials are critical issues and they have to be discussed at length, in order to increase the chances of success.

Within the Facility, experienced crystallographers carry out robotic crystallization trials, analysis of results and optimization with in-house equipment. We also offer support for applications to the European Biostruct-X initiative, to access synchrotron light sources.

Data collection is carried out at the ESRF Synchrotron radiation source, and support is provided to prepare beam time applications and for training in this area.

Depending on the expertise, the users can access the Facility only to use robotic crystallization equipment or to carry out

Figure 1

Crystallization robots are used to set up and automate large number of crystallization experiments simultaneously. What would otherwise be a slow and potentially error-prone process carried out by a human can be accomplished efficiently and accurately by an automated system.

17

Scientific Reviews

determination and analysis of the three-dimensional protein structures in collaboration with the Facility staff.

The Biocrystal Facility staff is provided by CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology and

by Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Biochemistry, with expertise in biochemistry, crystallography, protein production and bioinformatics.

1. As a first step, users are required to send a request with a short description of the scientific project and possible crystallization targets. Further interactions with the staff rely mainly on electronic communication channels (teleconferences, website).

The purpose of the first phase is setting the scientific problem in the context of structural biology, highlighting success potential and critical points. In our experience, a great help in structure determination is provided by knowledge of functional data about the protein produced by the applicants with a focus on stability and homogeneity, existance of ligands and formation of complexes.

Equally important is to examine the target to identify evolutionary relationships with other proteins of known structure, to obtain information about the presence of discrete domains and to single out the regions able to assume a regular three-dimensional structures or predicted to be unstructured. The staff of the Facility has the bioinformatics expertise required to perform sequence analysis and prediction of structural propensity.

These preliminary analyses aim at defining, whenever necessary, the protein constructs required for the next phase of project development, namely consultancy in protein production and purification.

2. Once the protein constructs have been designed, it is necessary to define purification and cloning strategies to maximize protein expression, stability and homogeneity. A minimum amount of 1-2 milligrams of protein is required from users to perform preliminary crystallization screenings with standard robot equipment (see Figure 1). Recently, in this preliminary phase, we have obtained crystals that diffracted to 2.8 Ă&#x2026; resolution and we have determined the three-dimensional structure by molecular replacement. Nevertheless in most cases, following the first exploration screening, it is necessary to

18

Figure 2

Crystals of mouse (Mus musculus) neuroglobin, a heme protein expressed in neurons, obtained at the CNR Biocrystal Facility that diffract up to 1.5 Ă&#x2026; (Vallone B., Nienhaus K, Matthes A, Brunori M, Nienhaus GU. (2004). The structure of carbonmonoxy neuroglobin reveals a heme-sliding mechanism for control of ligand affinity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 101; p. 17351-17356).

refine the crystallization conditions in order to obtain crystals suitable for diffraction data collection.

It must be emphasized that it is not possible to predict with certainty whether the chosen target will yield crystals, even after repeated attempts. In order to increase the probability that a protein crystallizes it is often necessary to perform several screening rounds, exploring different variables such as temperature, protein concentration and addition of ligands. It is not unusual to modify the the initial gene constructs to improve the properties of the starting sample, such as homogeneity or stability. It is always adviceable to perform a characterization of the protein sample by mass spectrometry, light scattering, analytical HPLC and circular dichroism.

3. The collection of data at synchrotron light sources is carried out by the Facility staff. However, users are encouraged to participate for training and technology transfer purposes, promoting the access to European infrastructures such as the ESRF. The determination of the three-dimensional structure and its analysis can be carried out in collaboration with the Facility, but training of young scientists, in cooperation with the ESRF and the CNR is foreseen.

4. Since the Biocrystal Facility can support a limited number of projects, we aim at training young researchers at the doctoral or post-doctoral level in the methodologies listed above.

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Research Infrastructures

Probing matter under extreme conditions at the free-electron-laser facilities: the TIMEX beamline Andrea Di Ciccoa, Claudio Masciovecchiob, Filippo Bencivengab, Emiliano Principib, Erika Giangrisostomib, Andrea Battistonib, Riccardo Cucinib, Francesco D’Amicob, Silvia Di Fonzob, Alessandro Gessinib, Keisuke Hatadaa, Roberto Gunnellaa, Adriano Filipponic aCNISM,

Sezione di Fisica, Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università di Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy.

ELETTRA, Strada Statale 14 - I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy. cDipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy bSynchrotron

ABSTRACT FERMI@Elettra is a new free-electron-laser (FEL) seeded facility, able to generate subpicosecond photon pulses of high intensity in the EUV (extreme ultraviolet) and soft x-ray range (up to 62 eV for the present FEL1 source, extended to ∼ 300 eV with the FEL2 source under commissioning). Here1 we briefly report about layout, initial results and perspectives of the TIMEX endstation, conceived in the framework of a collaboration between the ELETTRA synchrotron and the University of Camerino. The TIMEX end-station is a branch of the EIS beamline, and is specifically designed to exploit the new FEL source for experiments on condensed matter under extreme conditions. The potential for transmission, reflection, scattering, as well as pump-andprobe experiments is briefly discussed taking into account that FEL pulses can heat condensed matter up to the warm dense matter (WDM) regime. The present experimental set-up and some examples of experiments performed during the commissioning stage are presented. The dependence of the x-ray transmission and reflection as a function of the incident fluence (up to 10-20 J/cm2) is compared with calculations. We also report about near- edge x-ray absorption data collected exploiting the full wavelength tunability of the FEL source. Perspectives for pumpprobe experiments using both FEL and optical pulses, presently under development, are also mentioned.

1 Further author information: (Send correspondence to A.D.C.) A. Di Cicco.: E-mail: andrea.dicicco@unicam.it, Telephone: +39 0737 402535

Keywords: free electron laser, extreme conditions, warm dense matter 1. OVERVIEW Several beamlines have been designed for exploiting the unique features of the new seeded free-electron-laser (FEL) user facility (FERMI@Elettra) available at Sincrotrone Trieste since early 2011 (see for example1,2 and refs. therein). Three of them are currently operating and continuously upgrading their performances: coherent diffraction imaging (DIPROI), materials under extreme conditions (EIS-TIMEX), gas phase and cluster spectroscopy (LDM). The FERMI@Elettra facility includes two undulator chains (FEL1 and FEL2) covering two different spectral ranges (12.4-62 eV for FEL1, 60-310 eV for FEL2). At the present stage of development, FEL1 can operate providing nearly transform limited subpicosecond (∼ 0.1 ps) pulses with a repetition rate of 10-50 Hz and energy per pulse exceeding 300 μJ. FEL2 has been already tested, is presently under development and should be operating in 2014.

The scientific program of the TIMEX end-station was conceived to exploit the FERMI@Elettra FEL source for studies of condensed matter under extreme conditions.3–5 As an example, intense and ultrashort FEL pulses were used for creating and investigating matter in, or near to, the warm-dense-matter (WDM)6 regime at FLASH (Hamburg).7,8 Matter under extreme

Figure 1

Sketch of the TIMEX end-station under commissioning at the FERMI@Elettra FEL facility. The left side shows the main components of the beamline, including the delay line and the elliptic mirror that should be installed after a performance test, within a few months. In the right side, we show some details of the focusing and aligning devices and the detectors used for reflection, transmission, scattering and x-ray emission/fluorescence (XRF) measurements using both FEL and optical laser pulses. The pump-probe scheme should be tested within a few months.

19

Research Infrastructures

conditions is also part of the scientific case of the LCLS (MEC beamline, Stanford) and XFEL (European X-ray FEL, Hamburg) facilities. In single-shot FEL experiments, a large fraction of the electrons of the specimen are excited within the pulse duration, raising the temperature of the specimen. A typical sample equilibrates its temperatures within a few picoseconds and can reach very high temperatures (up to 103-105 K) still maintaining typical densities of condensed matter (WDM regime). This state of matter is poorly known and exceedingly difficult to study, while its knowledge is of basic interest because such disordered states are those found in the interior of large planets and in stars.

The availability of a source of intense, ultrashort and monochromatic tunable pulses like FERMI@Elettra opens the way to a variety of experimental possibilities for probing condensed matter under extreme transient conditions. The use of FEL radiation is particularly promising also because it extends the ultrafast techniques already available using optical lasers to homogeneously bulk-heated specimens, opening new perspectives to study the dynamics of transitions (melting for instance) in ordered and disordered condensed matter. Moreover, ultrafast experiments give access to presently unreachable states of matter (“no man’s land”) because of their extremely fast transition rates. Here we report about the present status of the TIMEX end-station and some results obtained during the first days of activity, mentioning also perspectives and future plans.

active piezo benders), an elliptic focusing mirror with focus at 1.4 m at the sample position inside the main UHV (Ultra-HighVacuum) TIMEX chamber. At the time of writing the delay line and the focusing mirror are still to be delivered or tested. Various devices for adjusting the intensity of the pulse and to align the beam, like insertable filters and active or passive screens, can be used along the beamline. The sample environment and main TIMEX chamber (see Fig. 1, right panel, and Fig. 2) have been kept very flexible and can accommodate various possible configurations for single-shot experiments including simple EUV and soft x-ray absorption/reflection, x-ray emission/fluorescence (XRF),12 and pump and probe experiments13 using either an optical laser or the FEL pulse (and its harmonics).

2. THE TIMEX END-STATION: DESIGN AND EXPECTED PERFORMANCES The FEL pulses produced by FEL1 or FEL2 are delivered to the beamlines through a dedicated system (PADReS1,2,9) for diagnostic and intensity tuning, under continuous development and upgrade. A gas attenuation chamber is available to adjust gradually the FEL pulse intensity. Two low-pressure ionization chambers placed before and after the gas chamber are calibrated to provide measurements of the intensity (I0) at the FEL exit for each individual pulse. A 200 nm flat Al filter is available within the FEL beam transport section to eliminate the seed laser contribution.

A suitable optics has been designed for the TIMEX end-station providing unique beam-shaping capabilities for obtaining a 3-50 μm spots with the desired energy (and fluence) deposited on the sample.5 We have also developed a novel diagnostics for the temperature reached by the sample after the pump pulse, as described in previous papers.10,11 As shown in Fig. 1, the beamline design is conceptually simple and includes a delay line (30 ps), a plane mirror (in future with

20

Figure 2

Picture of the TIMEX chamber installed and aligned at the exit of the FEL1 source in 2012. The FEL beam (blue dashed line, guide for the eye) has been aligned up to the main TIMEX chamber, where the sample position can be controlled with a 5-axis motorized manipulator while the transmitted and reflected pulses were measured by the photodiodes and thermopiles.

The TIMEX chamber installed and aligned along the FEL beam is shown in Fig. 2 (temporary installation in 2012). The experimental chamber (Fig. 2), of cylindrical shape (internal diameter: 500 mm), guarantees a vacuum level of 10−7 mbar. The current experimental set-up, shown in Fig. 3, consists of a 5-axis sample holder, a telemicroscope, a focusing mirror and 3 detectors (2 photodiodes, 1 thermopiles). The sample is mounted on a motorized sample manipulator stage, conceived for single-shot measurements at 10-100 Hz rate and allowing precise alignment of the sample in the interaction region with pump and probe ultrashort pulses.

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Research Infrastructures

Figure 3

Left side: sketch of the current (March 2013) experimental set-up of the TIMEX chamber, including optics, detectors and diagnostics. Right side: picture of the setup including the sample holder (center), the Au grid (I0 monitor) and a photodiode (left), and the focusing mirror (right).

The telemicroscope (resolution better than 10 μm at a distance of 35 cm) is used to determine the focal plane of the focusing mirror and to estimate in-situ the size of the FEL spot (both on PMMA specimens and fluorescence screens). The detectors allow for transmission/absorption and self-reflection intensity measurements as well as for direct measurements of the collimated primary beam intensity (Fig. 3). Additional diagnostics have been developed very recently, including a couple of devices that monitor the intensity of the incident (I0) FEL pulses inside the chamber. Measurements of the incident I0 in the vicinity of the sample are very important in order to eliminate possible alterations, due to the optics or to the pulse shape, with respect to the I0 measured by the PADReS ionization chambers placed near the FEL source. Available diagnostic include also an infrared pyrometer,10, 11 but further space is left for additional instrumentation.

The FEL beam is currently focused by a spherical mirror (Si substrate, metallic or multi-layer coating, diameter 1.5 inches, f=200 mm, angle of incidence 3 degrees). The best focus in the TIMEX chamber has a diameter of about 10 μm FWHM ( 80-100 μm2) as measured on a YAG screen. However, the mirror attenuates the pulse intensity up to one order of magnitude, depending on the photon energy and coating of the mirror, due to the quasinormal incidence of the beam. Moreover, the spherical mirror can introduce a slight stretching of the pulse (up to 0.5 ps) that can be taken under control by limiting tilt, alignment and focus of the mirror and sample positions. In the first experiments, we took particular care about geometry and alignment so that the pulse stretching introduced by the mirror was estimated to be negligible. Of course, these limitations will be overcome when the final TIMEX focusing optics (Fig. 1) will be made available.

The set-up shown in Fig. 3 has been used since the beginning of 2012 for the performance of the first preliminary experiments described in the following section, in view of the installation of the final focusing optics, delay line, and pump-probe devices.

3. FIRST EXPERIMENTS A simple class of experiments that can be carried out using the currently available TIMEX configuration involves the measurement of the intensity of the transmitted or reflected FEL ultrashort pulses of selected specimens as a function of the incoming fluence. As mentioned in the preceding section, the FEL pulses generated by FEL1 or FEL2 sources give rise to high levels of incident fluence and deposited energy when proper focusing is achieved. The amount of deposited energy obviously depends on various factors related to the source, optics (number of photons, photon energy, spot dimensions) and target (material, thickness). Transmission and reflection measurements contain of course important information about the excited state reached by the specimens. In a previous paper4 we reported estimates of the energy deposited in condensed matter, using pulse parameters compatible with the performances of the FEL1 source and the optics of the TIMEX end-station. Bulk heating and typical electron temperatures Te ∼ 1-10 eV can be reached in ultrathin foils of selected materials. Self-standing foils of thickness in the 50300 nm range can be produced and have the suitable robustness and reliability needed in real single-shot experiments.

In monochromatic photon transmission measurements, nonlinear deviations from the Beer-Lambert law are known to occur as an effect of an increased intensity of the incident energy density of the electromagnetic field. Saturable absorption has been

21

Research Infrastructures

first observed for soft x-ray using FEL pulses by Nagler et al.7 as shown in Fig.4 (upper-left panel). In that pioneering experiment, single-shot transmission data of a 53 nm Al foil were collected using 92 eV FEL ultra-short (15 fs) photon pulses up to fluences in the 200 J/cm2 range. The Al L2,3-edge energies are 73.1 and 72.7 eV respectively, so the kinetic energy of photoelectrons is about 20 eV. In order to observe saturation phenomena, the pulse duration must be short enough to compete with the lifetime of the excited states. For sufficiently high incident fluence, atoms in the ground state of the target become excited at such a rate that there is insufficient time for them to decay back to the ground state, and the absorption subsequently saturates (increasing the transmission). We have applied a non-linear dynamical model14 to calculate the transmittance, obtaining a very good agreement in a wide range of fluences. We used a three-state model, constructed defining suitable ground, excited and transient states. A computer code was developed to solve the time-dependent cou-

the agreement with the calculation shows that we have an indication for the presence of saturation phenomena in this range. At this energy (23.7 eV) the excitation involves valence electrons, but the kinetic energy of photoelectron is very close to the previous experiment. The trend of transmission is similar in both cases, with an almost linear increase in logarithmic scale in the low fluence side, and an asymptotic transmission at high fluence depending on different absorption phenomena.

Quite recently, we performed an experiment aimed at measuring the self-reflection intensity of a Ti sample (mirror) exposed to FEL pulses.15 The Ti mirror (substrate: Si, roughness ∼1 nm RMS) thickness 100 nm, passivated with 3 nm TiO2) was loaded and aligned in the sample holder of the TIMEX experimental end-station. The FEL beam was focused onto the sample by the spherical platinum-coated silicon mirror placed close to normal incidence. The reflected intensity was collected at a 18.9 eV Figure 4

pled non-linear equation for the absorption process, fully related with the dynamics of the laser field. In Fig. 4 (lower-left panel) we report the preliminary results of an experiment carried out at the TIMEX end-station, using the FEL1 source tuned a photon energy of 23.7 eV (first harmonic). The effect of a repeated exposition to the FEL pulses (including also the laser seed ones) on an aluminum self-standing 100 nm foil can be appreciated in the upper-right picture of Fig. 4. The damage extends to a region with lateral dimensions of a few tens of μm. The two-dimensional map of the pulse intensity at focus (see lower-right picture in Fig. 4) shows that the lateral dimensions of the pulse at focus is about 10x10 μm (FWHM). Due to the limited efficiency of the optics, the maximal fluence reached is in the 20 J/cm2 range. The trend obtained for the transmission curve shown in Fig. 4 and

22

Left side: transmission of Al ultrathin foils as a function of the incident fluence of FEL pulses. The result of transmission measurements at the FLASH facility (see 7 ref. ) and the first results obtained at TIMEX are compared with calculations (see text). Right side: the lower panel shows the lateral dimensions of the FEL pulses (10x10 μ FWHM) at focus (as observed on a YAG screen by the TIMEX telemicroscope), the upper panel shows the effect of about 100 repeated FEL 2 shots (fluence 10-20 J/cm ) on a 100 nm ultrathin Al foil. The pulses of seed laser were not filtered and concur to the damage of the foil.

photon energy, at an incidence angle α = 6 degrees, by a Si photodiode (UVG20S, IRD inc) coupled with a 0.5 mm thick YAG fluorescence screen having a 100 nm aluminum coating (screening the laser seed optical signal) on the FEL side. The single-shot relative reflectivity variation ∆R/R was measured after careful calibration of the response function of the photodiode. We have also verified that the reflected intensity was not dependent on the particular region of the sample. The results are shown in Fig. 5 as a function of the incident fluence. Reflectivity data at low pulse fluence have been found to be practically constant within the uncertainty, as shown in Fig. 5 (left panel). The situation changes for high fluences, for which a clear increase well above the statistical uncertainty is found for fluence values greater than 5 J/cm2 (see right panel of Fig. 5).

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Research Infrastructures

Figure 5

Normalized reflectivity change of a Ti mirror (roughness ~ 1 nm) as a function of the incoming pulse fluence (at 18.9 eV photon energy). The left figure shows 2 that the reflectivity does not change within the estimated uncertainty for low fluence levels, while the right panel shows a marked increase above ~ 5 J/cm .

The reflectivity increase observed at high fluence is certainly an interesting phenonenon sheding light on the excited states reached during the excitation process. Its explanation is mainly associated with the excitation of electrons into a warm dense plasma within the pulse duration. A full account including the full set of data, details and interpretation of this experiment is given elsewhere.15 A second class of experiments exploits the tunability of the source and the excellent purity and energy resolution of the FEL pulses. In fact, FERMI@Elettra is a seeded machine, designed to deliver photon pulses with improved spectral stability and longitudinal coherence. Under those conditions, the possibility to scan the photon energy across an absorption edge of a given substance opens the way to measure EUV/x-ray absorption nearedge spectra (XANES) with the typical time resolution of the pulses (10-100 fs), following the dynamics of excitations through proper pump-probe schemes. The FEL frequency tuning scheme has been tested during the firstyearofactivityofthesourceanddetailsandresultsarepresentedelsewhere.2 In particular, fine and coarse wavelength tuning of the FEL1 facility has been used to to scan across an atomic resonance (1s-4p resonance in He atoms, at 23.74 eV) and the Ge M4,5-edge of a thin Ge foil, respectively.2 A set of selected x-ray absorption measurements, carried out in a wavelength range including the Ge M4,5- edge, is shown in Fig. 6. For comparison, the theoretical absorption curve of a Ge foil (40 nm thickness) is superimposed on the experimental data points. The experimental data of this initial XANES experiment

are in good agreement with the theoretical transmission profile, although experimental data are affected by a rather large error bar. The relatively large uncertainty of those preliminary data is associated with poor thickness homogeneity and the intrinsic fluctuations in the detection of the shot-by-shot I0 (incident flux) and I1 (transmitted flux). However, data reported in Fig. 6 show that ultrafast XANES spectra can be obtained at the FERMI@ Elettra facility. Recent x-ray absorption measurements on ultrathin Ti foils,16 measured under improved conditions, show the potential of this technique for investigating high energy density states of matter.

4. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES The TIMEX end-station is operating at the FERMI@Elettra FEL facility and allows performance of experiments on transient and excited states of condensed matter. The present experimental setup can be used with FEL1 radiation for investigating the EUV/xray absorption of ultrathin foils and the reflection of low-roughness surfaces (mirrors). The tunability of the FEL source has been exploited for EUV (x-ray) near-edge absorption spectroscopy (XANES) experiments. In this report we have briefly mentioned some preliminary results including: saturation effects for high fluence pulses; reflectivity change as a function of fluence; measurement of the near-edge spectrum near the Ge M4,5 edge.

Many developments are in course of action or planned at the time of writing. A key development, planned to be completed before the end of the year, is related to the installation of an optical

23

Research Infrastructures

Figure 6

First near-edge M4,5 x-ray absorption spectrum (dots with error bars) of a 40 nm Ge ultrathin foil collected at FERMI@Elettra,2 compared with the calculated absorbance (blue line17).

for much better performances in terms of maximal fluence in the whole photon energy range of FEL1 and FEL2. In conjunction with the FEL delay line to be commissioned, it will also open the way to different experimental possibilities, like pump-probe experiments with the FEL first and third harmonics (see Fig. 7) also using FEL2 radiation.

jitter-free pump-probe set-up, as shown in Fig. 7. A fraction of FEL seed laser (780 nm), will be delivered to the TIMEX sample chamber, where it will be delayed (0-1 ns) and focused by a dedicated optical setup. Collection of ultrafast optical absorption and reflectivity data in single-shot pump-probe3,13 experiments (see Figs. 7 and 1) at selected time delays are able to give important information about transient states. Fast CCD cameras and diode array detectors will be used for detection of optical ultrashort pulses within this pump-probe scheme. Another development effort will be devoted to the installation of a x-ray emission spectrometer,12 object of a specific project involving three partners. A parallel effort will be devoted also to the necessary improvements of the detectors used for collecting the incoming, transmitted and reflected pulses. The final delivery and commissioning of the elliptic focusing mirror will be finally a major upgrade allowing

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the ELETTRA management for their support in pursuing science under extreme conditions using free electron laser sources. This work has been carried out in the framework of the TIMEX collaboration* aimed to develop an end-station at the FERMI@Elettra FEL facility in Trieste, a project funded by the ELETTRA synchrotron radiation facility. C. Masciovecchio also acknowledges support from the European Research Council under the European Community Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)/ERCIDEAS Contract no.202804.

*Timex collaboration 2008-2012, University of Camerino and Sincrotrone Tri-

este, TIme-resolved studies of Matter under EXtreme and metastable conditions: http://gnxas.unicam.it/TIMEX

Figure 7

24

Sketch of possible pump-probe experiments at the TIMEX end-station, currently under development. In the left figure, a FEL-pump/optical-probe set-up with st rd reflection/absorption data collection is sketched. In the right figure, a pump-probe experiment using 1 and 3 harmonics of the FEL pulses is sketched (ultrathin Si as an example). Different pump-probe schemes using an optical pump are also possible.

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Research Infrastructures

REFERENCES [1] Allaria, E., Appio, R., Badano, L., Barletta, W. A., Bassanese, S., Biedron, S. G., Borga, A., Busetto, E., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Cleva, S., Cocco, D., Cornacchia, M., Craievich, P., Cudin, I., D’Auria, G., Dal Forno, M., Danailov, M. B., De Monte, R., De Ninno, G., Delgiusto, P., Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fabris, A., Fabris, R., Fawley, W., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Ferry, S., Froehlich, L., Furlan, P., Gaio, G., Gelmetti, F., Giannessi, L., Giannini, M., Gobessi, R., Ivanov, R., Karantzoulis, E., Lonza, M., Lutman, A., Mahieu, B., Milloch, M., Milton, S. V., Musardo, M., Nikolov, I., Noe, S., Parmigiani, F., Penco, G., Petronio, M., Pivetta, L., Predonzani, M., Rossi, F., Rumiz, L., Salom, A., Scafuri, C., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svandrlik, M., Svetina, C., Tazzari, S., Trovo, M., Umer, R., Vascotto, A., Veronese, M., Visintini, R., Zaccaria, M., Zangrando, D., and Zangrando, M., “Highly coherent and stable pulses from the FERMI seeded free-electron laser in the extreme ultraviolet,” NATURE PHOTONICS 6, 699–704 (OCT 2012).

[2] Allaria, E., Battistoni, A., Bencivenga, F., Borghes, R., Callegari, C., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Cocco, D., Coreno, M., Craievich, P., Cucini, R., D’Amico, F., Danailov, M. B., Demidovich, A., Ninno, G. D., Cicco, A. D., Fonzo, S. D., Fraia, M. D., Mitri, S. D., Diviacco, B., Fawley, W. M., Ferrari, E., Filipponi, A., Froehlich, L., Gessini, A., Giangrisostomi, E., Giannessi, L., Giuressi, D., Grazioli, C., Gunnella, R., Ivanov, R., Mahieu, B., Mahne, N., Masciovecchio, C., Nikolov, I. P., Passos, G., Pedersoli, E., Penco, G., Principi, E., Raimondi, L., Sergo, R., Sigalotti, P., Spezzani, C., Svetina, C., Trov, M., and Zangrando, M., “Tunability experiments at the fermi@elettra freeelectron laser,” New Journal of Physics 14(11), 113009 (2012).

[3] Di Cicco, A., D’Amico, F., Zgrablic, G., Principi, E., Gunnella, R., Bencivenga, F., Svetina, C., Masciovecchio, C., Parmigiani, F., and Filipponi, A., “Probing phase transitions under extreme conditions by ultrafast techniques: Advances at the fermi@elettra free-electron-laser facility,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 357(14), 2641 – 2647 (2011).

Proceedings of the 11th Conference on the Structure of Non-Crystalline Materials (NCM11) Paris, France June 28- July 2, 2010.

[4] Di Cicco, A., Bencivenga, F., Battistoni, A., Cocco, D., Cucini, R., D’Amico, F., Fonzo, S. D., Filipponi, A., Gessini, A., Giangrisostomi, E., Gunnella, R., Masciovecchio, C., Principi, E., and Svetina, C., “Probing matter under extreme conditions at fermi@elettra: the timex beamline,” Damage to VUV, EUV, and X-ray Optics III 8077(1), 807704, SPIE (2011).

[5] Svetina, C., Sostero, G., Sergo, R., Borghes, R., Callegari, C., D’Amico, F., Bencivenga, F., Masciovecchio, C., Di Cicco, A., and Cocco, D., “A beam-shaping system for timex beamline,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 635(1, Supplement 1), S12 – S15 (2011). PhotonDiag 2010.

[6] Lee, R. W., Moon, S. J., Chung, H.-K., Rozmus, W., Baldis, H. A., Gregori, G., Cauble, R. C., Landen, O. L., Wark, J. S., Ng, A., Rose, S. J., Lewis, C. L., Riley, D., Gauthier, J.-C., and Audebert, P., “Finite temperature dense matter studies on next-generation light sources,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 20, 770–778 (2003).

[7] Nagler, B., Zastrau, U., Fustlin, R. R., Vinko, S. M., Whitcher, T., Nelson, A. J., Sobierajski, R., Krzywinski, J., Chalupsky, J., Abreu, E., Bajt, S., Bornath, T., Burian, T., Chapman, H., Cihelka, J., Doppner, T., Dus-

terer, S., Dzelzainis, T., Fajardo, M., Forster, E., Fortmann, C., Galtier, E., Glenzer, S. H., Gode, S., Gregori, G., Hajkova, V., Heimann, P., Juha, L., Jurek, M., Khattak, F. Y., Khorsand, A. R., Klinger, D., Kozlova, M., Laarmann, T., Lee, H. J., Lee, R. W., Meiwes-Broer, K.-H., Mercere, P., Murphy, W. J., Przystawik, A., Redmer, R., Reinholz, H., Riley, D., Ropke, G., Rosmej, F., Saksl, K., Schott, R., Thiele, R., Tiggesbaumker, J., Toleikis, S., Tschentscher, T., Uschmann, I., Vollmer, H. J., and S.Wark, J., “Turning solid aluminium transparent by intense soft x-ray photoionization,” Nat. Phys. 5, 693–696 (2009).

[8] Zastrau, U., Fortmann, C., Faustlin, R. R., Cao, L. F., Doppner, T., Dusterer, S., Glenzer, S. H., Gregori, G., Laarmann, T., Lee, H. J., Przystawik, A., Radcliffe, P., Reinholz, H., Ropke, G., Thiele, R., Tiggesbaumker, J., Truong, N. X., Toleikis, S., Uschmann, I., Wierling, A., Tschentscher, T., Forster, E., and Redmer, R., “Bremsstrahlung and line spectroscopy of warm dense aluminum plasma heated by xuv freeelectron-laser radiation,” Phys. Rev. E 78, 66406 (2008).

[9] Cocco, D., Abrami, A., Bianco, A., Cudin, I., Fava, C., Giuressi, D., Godnig, R., Parmigiani, F., Rumiz, L., Sergo, R., Svetina, C., and Zangrando, M., “The fermi@elettra fel photon transport system,” Damage to VUV, EUV, and X-Ray Optics II 7361(1), 736106, SPIE (2009).

[10] Principi, E., Ferrante, C., Filipponi, A., Bencivenga, F., D’Amico, F., Masciovecchio, C., and Di Cicco, A., “A method for estimating the temperature in high energy density free electron laser experiments,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 621(1-3), 643 – 649 (2010).

[11] Principi, E., Cucini, R., Filipponi, A., Gessini, A., Bencivenga, F., D’Amico, F., Di Cicco, A., and Masciovecchio, C., “Determination of the ion temperature in a stainless steel slab exposed to intense ultrashort laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 025005 (Jul 2012).

[12] Poletto, L., Frassetto, F., Miotti, P., Coreno, M., Di Cicco, A., and Stagira, S., “Instrument for single- shot x-ray emission-spectroscopy experiments,” Advances in X-ray Free-Electron Lasers II: Instrumentation 8778(1), 87780W–87780W–8, SPIE (2013).

[13] Giannetti, C., Zgrablic, G., Consani, C., Crepaldi, A., Nardi, D., Ferrini, G., Dhalenne, G., Revcolevschi, A., and Parmigiani, F., “Disentangling thermal and nonthermal excited states in a charge-transfer insulator by time- and frequency-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 80, 235129 (Dec 2009).

[14] Hatada, K., Di Cicco, A., and et al., “Modeling saturable absorption for ultra short x-ray pulses,” in preparation (2013).

[15] Bencivenga, F., Principi, E., Giangrisostomi, E., Cucini, R., Battistoni, A., D’Amico, F., Di Cicco, A., Fonzo, S. D., Filipponi, A., Gessini, A., Gunnella, R., Marsi, M., Properzi, L., Saito, M., and Masciovecchio, C., “Reflectivity enhancement in titanium by ultrafast euv irradiation,” submitted for publication (2013).

[16] Principi, E., Giangrisostomi, E., Cucini, R., Bencivenga, F., Battistoni, A., Gessini, A., Saito, M., Fonzo, S. D., D’Amico, F., Di Cicco, A., Gunnella, R., Filipponi, A., Giglia, A., Nannarone, S., and Masciovecchio, C., “Ultrafast changes in the euv absorption spectrum of Ti revealed by tunable fel radiation,” submitted for publication (2013).

[17] Henke, B. L., Gullikson, E. M., and Davis, J. C., “X-Ray Interactions: Photoabsorption, Scattering, Transmission, and Reflection at E = 5030,000 eV, Z = 1-92,” Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 54, 181– 342 (July 1993).

25

Research Infrastructures

New Centre for Neutron Research in Germany: Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) Rainer Bruchhaus, Flavio Carsughi and Ina Lommatzsch Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum Lichtenbergstraße 1 - 85748 Garching, Germany

“Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum” (MLZ) is the name for the German collaboration for neutron research performed at the most modern research neutron source FRM II in Germany. At the research campus in Garching close to Munich, the Technische Universität München (TUM) and the three Helmholtz Centres Forschungszentrum Jülich with the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS), the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG) with the German Engineering Materials Science (GEMS) and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB), joined together and chose the father of neutron research Heinz MaierLeibnitz as their patron.

In his field, he was a pioneer and mentor. Based on his initiative and under his direction the first German neutron research reactor (ForschungsReaktor München, FRM), the well known “atomic egg”, went into operation in Garching in 1957 and paved the way for subsequent reactor projects and neutron research in Europe. About a decade later, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz became one of the founders of the Institute Laue-Langevin in Grenoble, France, with its high-flux neutron source.

The partner collaboration was formally established in 2011 and the MLZ inauguration was celebrated in Garching on February 21st, 2013. The event was a big success with more than 200 participants listening to the welcoming speeches and interesting talks. Another highlight of the celebration was the release of the new MLZ web portal mlz-garching.de presenting detailed information about the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum.

The MLZ is a leading centre for research with neutrons and positrons. The cooperation partners TUM, Forschungszentrum Jülich and HZG, together with the Max-Planck Society, and ten different German universities operate a suite of 27 high performance instruments in two halls, the experimental hall and the neutron guide hall west. At present the linkage of the neutron guide hall east is under construction, and it will soon increase the number of available instruments. The MLZ is funded by the Free State of Bavaria, the Helmholtz Association, and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Figure 1

Prof. Dr. Winfried Petry (right) and Prof. Dr. Dieter Richter (left) at the inauguration of the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Image: TUM

Prof. Winfried Petry, Scientific Director of the MLZ and Scientific Director of the FRM II: “Research using neutrons provides essential and unique contributions to the major challenges of modern societies. To face these challenges, university and non-university research institutions are engaged at the Heinz MaierLeibnitz Zentrum.”

Prof. Dieter Richter, spokesman of the Scientific Directorate of the MLZ and Director of the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at the Forschungszentrum Jülich: “By increasing the cooperation we create an academic environment that is internationally leading. This will strengthen the German research landscape on a long term basis.”

26

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Research Infrastructures

The MLZ is a user facility: The whole neutron and positron in-

lenge themes of the modern society, they also provide sub-

strumentation is offered to the scientific community. Twice a

stantial support to the external users by their know-how on

year, scientists are asked to submit proposals for experiments

neutron and positron experimental techniques and scientific

to be conducted at the MLZ instruments. The proposals are

expertise on a wide range of research topics.

reviewed by six review panels (Biology; Imaging, Analysis,

Not only the instrument suite is open for external users. In ad-

Nuclear and Particle Physics; Magnetism and Spectroscopy;

dition, the MLZ offers laboratories for sample preparation and

Materials Science; Soft Matter; Structure), composed of inter-

complementary methods covering even sophisticated tech-

nationally distinguished scientists who allocate the beamtime

niques like transmission electron microscopy, x-ray tomogra-

Figure 2

Overview of the MLZ experimental hall, Image: W. SchĂźrmann, TUM

on the basis of the proposalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; scientific merit. 2/3 of the avail-

phy or thin film deposition by molecular beam epitaxy. Depart-

able beam time is scheduled for those successful proposals

ments for sample environment, instrument control software

whereas the remaining 1/3 is reserved for internal research of

and electronics, IT, neutron optics, and detectors form a sup-

the MLZ partners' scientists. Their job is a double one: Not

porting network for the success of the scientific experiments.

only that they run their own research projects on grand chal-

The MLZ receives about 600 proposals per year with an ac-

27

Research Infrastructures

ceptance rate of above 60%. Take 2012, 594 proposals from Germany, Europa and abroad were submitted for both proposal rounds about which 369 were accepted by the review panels. So many experiments mean a lot of visiting scientists at the MLZ. It is the task of the user office team to organise and prepare everything for their smooth access to and stay at the site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; on average nearly 1000 visits have to be arranged every year. Furthermore they have to deal with

financial contribution to cover their travel, accommodation, and subsistence costs.

Researchers from all over the word are warmly invited to submit their proposals to the MLZ to carry out state of the art research in a wide spectrum of scientific fields. Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t forget: The next deadline for external proposal submission is on July 19th, 2013.

Figure 3

Overview of the MLZ neutron guide hall west, Image: W. SchĂźrmann, TUM

the financial support. The scientific use is always free of charge under the condition that the results are published and the supporting scientists are properly acknowledged.

Apart from this, users working at German universities or in EU member and associated countries (please note the conditions of the EU project NMI3) are also eligible for a

28

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

CALIPSO Project at Elettra Giorgio Paolucci, Michele Bertolo*, Cecilia Blasetti, Ornela De Giacomo Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste ITALY * Michele Bertolo: calipso@wayforlight.eu

Abstract After a brief interruption on I3 projects for Synchrotron and FEL users, the European project CALIPSO proposes innovative ideas to boost the integration of the participating research infrastructures with the aim of improving user friendliness and strengthening industrial interaction. The CALIPSO consortium is characterised by common objectives, harmonised decisions, transnational open access based on excellence and joint development of new instruments. A CALIPSO networking activity includes the creation of a web portal (www.wayforlight.eu) that collects essential information about the partner facilities and the instruments they offer to the user community. Transnational Access potentially benefits a community of 10,000 European users represented by the recently formed European Synchrotron User Organisation (www.ESUO.org). The pivotal EC funding in CALIPSO supports scientists to perform their research at the best facilities, thus promoting equal opportunities for all European researchers. This is particularly important for researchers coming from less-favoured countries, or at an early stage. Another innovative aspect of CALIPSO, in comparison with previous I3 projects, is the incorporation of an Industrial Advisory board, composed by specialists in technology transfer and representatives from top companies with experience in research with synchrotron light.

Figure 1

CALIPSO project logo

The European project CALIPSO started on June 1st, 2012. The consortium includes 20 partners from 11 EU member and associated states, representing all the synchrotron and free electron lasers in operation or presently under construction in the European area. Like in previous I3 projects, CALIPSO Consortium offers support to Transnational Access (TA), which is granted on the basis of scientific excellence. The TA offer includes access to more than 210 beamlines, representing a world-level cutting edge instrumentation park and a unique research network in the world as of level and dimension.

On this front, the precedent I3 project ELISA supported more than 4300 users, performing more than 2000 experiments in 18 Synchrotron and FEL facilities. Until the end of the project more than 800 papers had been published in peer review journals. These and other results made ELISA a very successful project. However, CALIPSO represents a further effort towards integration, for the benefit of the user. For the first time, as a good practice, common criteria amongst partners for Transnational Access support were plainly described, to increase transparency. In this way, users requesting beamtime can be certain to be treated evenly in all facilities.

The main part of the project concerning integration is the Networking Activity USFRI (USer FRIendliness Across National Borders), characterised by its focus on the user. USFRI includes different components: the development of the wayforlight instrument including dissemination and a concrete work towards harmonized and standardized access procedures, advanced education activities (the HERCULES school) and the FEL networking and training initiative (FELNET). All activities will be backed by the European Synchrotron User Organization (ESUO), the â&#x20AC;&#x153;speakerâ&#x20AC;? of the 10.000 European users created in

29

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

Figure 2

The wayforlight European user portal

2010 as spinoff of the FP7 ELISA project.

With the aid of interactive technologies, the web portal wayforlight (www.wayforlight.eu) displays information in an innovative way, offering a complete view of research possibilities. All partner facilities are represented, and their instruments are described in detail. Basic tools provide a simple way for comparing infrastructures, finding the best beamline or learning different applications of a technique. From the beginning, there was a special emphasis on making contents available easily for the whole community, and in particular attractive to new users, learning from the experience. A lot of attention was drawn in avoiding overlapping with existing similar web portals and in using a completely different approach to present data in â&#x20AC;&#x153;layersâ&#x20AC;?, from general to highly specific.

Through specially formatted articles, first time users can realize the potential of synchrotron and FEL radiation in their fields, encouraging them to consider performing similar research activities in these infrastructures. Contents are organised in such a way to guarantee both the new and experience user the best experience. Users can decide to browse contents by facility, by technique, by scientific area, etc. Beamlineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s datasheets hold an exhaustive description, parameters and many options necessary for the user to select the best instrument. While the interactive beamline selection tool becomes richer, featuring new contents, the single entry point concept takes shape in the wayforlight portal.

The single entry point will be based in the Umbrella tool, a system for user support developed within the IRUVX-PP, CRISP

30

and PaNData projects. Within CALIPSO, these IT tools will be further developed to provide users a single, user-friendly and confidential entry point for proposal submission to CALIPSO partners via wayforlight. The Umbrella system concept is intended to support the scientific community in coordinating their work across different facilities.

Present and future developments are conceived to simplify access modalities, providing information on deadlines, coaching potential users to find the best beamline for their experiment taking advantage of the interactive areas.

(Figure2) The other completely innovative CALIPSO Networking Activity is ELSII (European Light Sources for Industry and Innovation), focused on industry as a user. The European light sources represent a largely underexploited pool for European industry.

Initially, most of the users and staff of these infrastructures came from an academic reality, creating strong constraints in the interaction with industry. The different way in which academy and industry approach problems, the need for immediate access to the facility and fast results create real and perceived bottlenecks for industrial access with the result that industry largely under-exploits these facilities for its R&D needs. Currently, European companies are typically not aware of the potential for industrial research at modern light sources that can improve their businesses and products. One exception is the pharmaceutical industry which uses synchrotron protein crystallography as a day-to-day tool, but other industrial sectors are underdeveloped with regards to the application of other synchrotron X-ray techniques for industrial R&D. The ELSII networking activity will address the issue of the existing barriers between the business and synchrotron worlds and will seek to provide recommendations involving industries on a pan-European Industrial Advisory Board

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

for increasing cooperation between the worlds of science and the world of business.

Synchrotrons are important instigators, developers and users of high level instrumentation. One of the main problems affecting the impact of X-ray sources worldwide is detectors performance.

The CALIPSO joint Research Activity HIZPAD2 provides a response to these challenges concentrating on technologies whose effectiveness was demonstrated under a previous similar activity in FP7 ELISA. The ELISA JRA was dedicated to the development and evaluation of state-of-the-art high-Z pixel sensors. The HIZPAD2 tackles the technical challenges of both high-Z pixel detectors and nanodot-based detectors, with the final aim of enabling the construction of large-area pixel detectors for high Xray energy applications on SR beamlines. HIZPAD2 will produce in this way industrial innovation since these devices can trigger the launching of production lines at established companies or of start-ups and offer to such actors a built-in market within and

beyond Europe. In addition, the HIZPAD2 JRA will plan and implement new types of X-ray converter structures based on quantum dots. These could be very useful for high time resolutions applications, notably on FELs. The efforts will again include prototypes and their practical evaluation, in close collaboration with NA2-ELSII and the Detectors Consortium Initiative The attention on user friendliness in CALIPSO is reflected in many activities of the project. Special emphasis is given to issues such as coaching of new and existing users, guiding them to the best facilities for their needs, facilitating their path through the beamtime submission procedures, educating the new generations of synchrotron and FEL users and boosting industrial innovation with light sources increasing the industrial use of light sources. The continuous search for integration and the innovative elements introduced in CALIPSO pursue the goal of making usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; access to lightsources simpler and straightforward, in benefit of researchers from academy and industry.

31

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility: Working with Industry Edward Mitchell

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.

Grenoble, France is home to the one of the best facilities for academic research in the world for the analysis and characterisation of atomic structures and materials with synchrotron X-rays: the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). The challenge of harnessing this power for industrial R&D has been taken up by the ESRF ever since its first users arrived in 1994.

Today, encouragement from governments and funding agencies combined with the huge potential of synchrotron light for industrial materials analysis are providing a renewed drive and opportunity for all synchrotron facilities to play a more effective role at the heart of industrial problem solving. The business development and industrial offices currently being established at synchrotron sources reflect this desire and potential to engage more strongly with industry. At the ESRF, an ever wider range of industry sectors is represented among the users, both directly with proprietary use of a beamline by companies and through academic-industry partnerships and collaborations. Over 100 unique industrial companies have used the ESRF facilities for confidential research in the last five years, many of the companies being regular users. Whereas traditional industrial use of synchrotron facilities focused on drug development, the current increase in the number of industrial users is mostly linked to the study of advanced materials.

Synchrotron light for materials characterisation The creation and tailoring of new materials are at the heart of current industry chal-

32

lenges. New materials must meet ever more stringent requirements of performance, whilst fitting into the modern cradle-tograve cycle of material production, use, and recycling. The properties and function expected of materials depend heavily upon their composition and their micro- or even nano-structure. Their “ultimate” characterisation is possible down to the atomic scale using the tools and techniques of synchrotron X-rays. The materials can be studied in their manufacturing conditions and under their normal operation (extremes of temperature, pressure, mechanical stress, chemical environments, etc.).

Synchrotron X-ray light has unique characteristics allowing the ultimate characterisation of materials far beyond that available using more traditional laboratory-based facilities: • High intensity, allowing the study of very small samples, surfaces, or very fast phenomena • Ability to be strongly focussed providing access to characterisation across a wide range of length scales from centimetre to nanometre down to atomic resolution • Sensitivity to chemical elements and their speciation • Non-destructive • Ability to follow a process in real time from microsecond (or even less for certain techniques using the stored electron beam structure) time resolution • Ability to work in situ with real-life samples such as batteries, catalysis, solidification of alloys or transport of liquids in porous materials.

Collaborations growing with industry The ESRF has a long tradition of helping researchers from around the world to complete complex experiments in the best conditions. Each year, about 6,500 scientists from various disciplines (physics, chemistry, materials, biology, medicine, cultural heritage ...) make use of this offer and today, this spirit of service is being increasingly deployed to develop productive relationships with European industry – both for longer term projects and ad hoc industrial needs.

Our aim is to encourage industrial use by micro, small, medium and international companies, for which we offer several access routes according to the specific industrial needs. For each of the three routes summarised below, joint industryacademia consortia are often involved, creating win-win scenarios for industry needing materials science answers, and for academia (and the ESRF) to work efficiently with industry, gaining visibility and additional income with challenging science in the process.

- Proprietary Access. The client buys "beam time" on one of the X-ray instruments. Access is fast, and does not go through a peer-review selection committee. The customer has full retention of intellectual property and the use, experiment, and results remain confidential. Mail-in services, sample preparation and data analysis are also available.

- Tailored Partnerships. These bespoke arrangements are often based around

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

European or national grants, which increasingly require the involvement of industry. The ESRF acts either as a project partner or as an outsourced expert for a specific task. The joint funding of thesis students and post-doctoral scientists are also often an element of these partnerships providing an efficient beam time access, data analysis and a return of know-how to the industrial partner if the student or post-doc are subsequently hired by the company.

- Free-of-Charge Access is encouraged for industry R&D, in particular for precompetitive work. This access, which can be for projects of up to three years duration, requires submission of a research proposal that will be judged by a selection committee on the basis of scientific excellence, and technical and innovative merit. In this case the results must be published in a scientific journal.

Industrial research today Today, the ESRF provides a significant amount of beam time for proprietary use (see Figure 1 for a breakdown), particularly in the areas of macromolecular crystallography (drug discovery programmes of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies) and for microtomography (a wide range of industrial sectors from home and personal care products, to food, automotive, energy, chemistry and catalysis, engineering and construction materials, and microand nano-electronics amongst others).

Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), powder diffraction and diffraction-analysis (e.g. stress-strain measurements) are also popular with industry. Currently, around 2% of available beam time is allocated for proprietary access, generating 2MEuros of income annually that is reinvested into improv-

ing facilities and providing additional staff for the overall user programme.

As mentioned above, the ESRF also welcomes industry via collaborations and part-

Figure 1

Pie chart summarising, by technique, commercial use of the ESRF in 2010. Proprietary use by the pharmaceutical industry using MX (exploded sectors in chart) is the pillar of the ESRF industrial programme, generating nearly two-thirds of income.

nerships with academia. Here, beam time can be allocated without payment following peer review provided that there is a commitment to place the academic part of the results in the public domain. From a recent survey, it is estimated that about 40% of peer review experiments carried out at the ESRF involve research with an impact upon industry.

More than just simple purchases of beam time, relations with industry are indeed evolving into more longer term relations with deeper interaction. One example of this is French glass manufacturer SaintGobain which has funded a post-doctoral scientist based at the ESRF to work on proprietary problems using EXAFS. The scientist is also involved in the public programme of the ESRF and has a common research project with ESRF scientists, leading to publishable work as well as the confidential experiments performed for SaintGobain. This type of arrangement can be bilateral with a company, or trilateral involving a university or another research institute, allowing the best to be obtained from the ESRFâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facilities for the industrial R&D needs.

The ESRF is also working with larger consumer goods manufacturers like Procter & Gamble or Unilever which need a constant stream of innovation to keep their brands ahead of competitors. The ESRF is well positioned to respond to a wide range of very specific problems that these companies in-house R&D teams cannot, or do not wish to address without external support.

The wish to focus a companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s R&D effort on core activities also characterises startup companies or mid-sized companies like Infineum from the UK which come to the

33

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

ESRF both for the unequalled expertise and skills of its staff, and the high level of confidentiality needed for R&D-intense projects.

Future perspectives The core missions of national and international synchrotron sources missions are evolving. In particular, industrial research is emerging as a prerequisite in itself. One of the key objectives of the ESRF is to become more open and transparent for industrial projects and academic-industrial experiments. In practical terms, this means proactively supporting industrially associated work at the ESRF by including scientists and technologists from industry in the beamtime application peer review process. A similar approach has already been adopted by the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) in the U.S. which now has dedicated proposal review panels for industrial applicants.

Innovation-led proposals are also being implemented at the ESRF. These will assemble academic and industrial groups with a sufficient critical mass to achieve real progress in the development of synchrotron radiation techniques and methodologies for new industrial applications.

The aim is to help solve real technological problems and pave the way for more industrial clients to become proprietary users of the synchrotron.

(ILL), and its Characterisation Programme provides 6.5MEuros of funding to open the ESRF and ILL to solving industrial problems in micro- and nano-electronics R&D. If successful, the programme will mature X-ray and neutron techniques for routine application thereby raising industrial visibility and awareness of central infrastructure in an important industrial sector – a key challenge to the success of working with industry.

In some ways, the ultimate test of the relevance of a synchrotron X-ray technique for industry is not only its uptake by industry but also the training of staff or hiring of already trained scientists in the technique concerned. With this in mind, the employment of scientists with industrial backgrounds is likely to become more common at the ESRF. Such staff will allow industrial clients to obtain a fuller understanding of the results of their experiments. Training workshops and courses aimed at potential industrial users are also important. At the ESRF, custom-made training for industrial scientists and technologists is offered already, and a recent HERCULES course, held at the ESRF and ILL site, was focussed on the industrial applications of neutrons and synchrotron X-rays.

The perception of outsourced or industrial R&D is often that it is rather dull and unchallenging. In fact, at the ESRF, the reverse is true: industrial research offers some of the most challenging experiments carried out at the facility, with demanding samples and unconventional problems from exacting clients. The expectations and interests of scientists trained in our university systems are changing from a pure ivory-tower outlook, and it is a noticeable trend that younger scientists are showing more interest and openness towards this challenging science with industry, providing both an opportunity and a foundation for the future.

The ESRF welcomes industrial research, be it directly from industry or in partnership with expert academic teams seeking to solve industrial materials R&D challenges with private companies. The time and effort expended by large-scale facilities like the ESRF and ILL into developing industrial programmes will be rewarded not only with additional income but also, critically, by demonstrating their economic and societal value in today’s rapidly changing world.

An important project that has just been funded is the Characterisation Programme for Micro and Nano-Electronics within the “IRT NanoElec” public-private partnership between the French government and the Grenoble-based electronics companies and laboratories. IRT NanoElec is led by the French research organisation CEA which has a large centre close to the ESRF and the Institut Laue Langevin

34

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

Figure 2

High resolution microtomography or computed tomography (CT) has become a routine tool for academia and industry alike for samples from all domains of science and sectors of industry. The CT reconstruction above shows a human regenerating-bone biopsy (red) with bioceramics particles (white) six months after implantation visualised using synchrotron-based high-resolution CT on ESRF beamline ID19. The diameter of the biopsy is 3mm.

Reference: M. Stiller, A. Rack, S. Zabler, J. Goebbels, O. Dalügge, S. Jonscher, C. Knabe Quantification of bone tissue regeneration employing β-tricalcium phosphate by three-dimensional non-invasive synchrotron micro-tomography – a comparative examination with histomorphometry BONE 44 (4), p. 619-628 (2009) DOI 10.1016/j.bone.2008.10.049 Image courtesy of Alexander Rack, ESRF

35

Call for proposal

Call for proposal [Deadlines for proposal submission]

Neutron Sources

Neutron Sources Sy http://nmi3.eu/about-nmi3/access-programme/facilities---submit-a-proposal.html Any time

October 15, 2013

(for January - June cycle)

March 1 and September 1, annually

Any time

July 19, 2013

http://www.ansto.gov.au/ResearchHub/UserAccess/index.htm

BNC – AEKI Budapest Neutron Centre

http://www.bnc.hu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=39

BER II – Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin

http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/user/beamtime/proposals/

CINS - Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering http://www.cins.ca/beam.html#apply

FRM-II – Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier Leibnitz http://www.frm2.tum.de/en/user-office

January 15, 2014

ILL - Institut Laue-Langevin

October 15, 2013

ISIS – Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

July 19, 2013

Twice a year, to be announced

April 1 and October 1, annually

http://www.ill.eu/users/call-for-proposals/

http://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/user-office/useroffice.html

JCNS - Jülich Centre for Neutron Science http://www.jcns.de/

LANSCE – Los Alamos National Laboratory http://lansce.lanl.gov/uresources/proposals.shtml

LLB - Laboratoire Léon Brillouin

http://www-llb.cea.fr/en/Web/avr2000_e.php

Any time

NPI - Nuclear Physics Institute

Any time

RID - Reactor Institute Delft

November 15, 2013

June 11 and December 10, annually

July 31, 2013 (for August – December cycle)

36

ANSTO

http://neutron.ujf.cas.cz/en/instruments/user-access/nmi3

http://tnw.tudelft.nl/index.php?id=33195&L=1

SINQ - Swiss Spallation Neutron Source http://www.psi.ch/sinq/call-for-proposals

SmuS - Paul Scherrer Institute

http://www.psi.ch/useroffice/sinqss-nmi3

SNS - Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://neutrons.ornl.gov/

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Call for proposal

Synchrotron Radiation Sources

n s ynchrotro Radiatio www.lightsources.org

September 4, 2013

(General User Proposals for January–July cycle)

ALS - Advanced Light Source

http://www-als.lbl.gov/index.php/component/content/article/58.html

Any time

(Rapid Access Proposals)

June 30 and January 15, annually

(for the scheduling periods October -March and April - September, respectively)

July 12, 2013

(2013-3: for the period between October and December 2013)

ANKA - Institute for Synchrotron Radiation http://www.anka.kit.edu/english/554.php

APS - Advanced Photon Source

http://www.aps.anl.gov/Users/Calendars/GUP_Calendar.htm

November 1, 2013

(2014-1: for the period between January and April 2014)

To be announced

March 1 and September 1, annually

Any time

To be announced

Any time

September 4, 2013

(for the period between January and June 2013)

July 12, 2013

To be announced

September 16, 2013

(for the period between January and June 2014)

September 1, 2013

(for the period between March and July 2014)

AS - Australian Synchrotron

http://www.synchrotron.org.au/index.php/features/applying-for-beamtime/proposal-deadlines

BESSY II – Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin

http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/user/beamtime/proposals/index_en.html

BSRF - Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility http://english.bsrf.ihep.cas.cn/facilityinformation/

CFN - Center for Functional Nanomaterials http://www.bnl.gov/cfn

CHESS - Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source http://www.chess.cornell.edu/prposals/index.htm

CLS - Canadian Light Source

http://www.lightsource.ca/uso/call_proposals.php

CNM - Center for Nanoscale Materials

http://nano.anl.gov/users/call_for_proposals.html

Diamond - Diamond Light Source

http://duo.diamond.ac.uk/propman/duo/main/home?execution=e1s1

ELETTRA

https://vuo.elettra.trieste.it/pls/vuo/guest.startup

ESRF - European Synchrotron Radiation Facility http://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/UserGuide/Applying

January 15, 2014

(for Long-Term Project (LTP) applications)

To be announced

FELIX - Free Electron Laser for Infrared experiments http://www.differ.nl/felix/beamtime/

37

Call for proposal Synchrotron Radiation Sources

September 30, 2014 March 1, 2014 (for Petra III proposals)

Any time

FOUNDRY - The Molecular Foundry https://isswprod.lbl.gov/TMF/login.aspx

HASYLAB – Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor at DESY http://photon-science.desy.de/facilities/all_schedules/index_eng.html

ISA - Institute for Storage Ring Facilities

Synchro Radiatio Ca http://www.isa.au.dk/user/access.asp

July 9, 2013

LCLS - Linac Coherent Light Source

June 1, 2013

LNLS - Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron

To be announced

September 30, 2013

(for the period between January and April 2014)

http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls/users/

http://lnls.cnpem.br

MAX-lab

https://www.maxlab.lu.se/calls

NSLS - National Synchrotron Light Source https://pass.nsls.bnl.gov/deadlines.asp

To be announced

NSRRC - National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center

To be announced

PAL

To be announced

PF - Photon Factory

June 14, 2013

To be announced

September 15, 2013

(for standard proposal for the period between January and July 2014)

http://portal.nsrrc.org.tw/index.php

http://paleng.postech.ac.kr/

http://pfwww.kek.jp/users_info/users_guide_e/

SACLA – Spring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron laser http://sacla.xfel.jp/?lang=en

SLS - Swiss Light Source http://www.psi.ch/sls/calls

SOLEIL

http://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/portal/page/portal/Recherche/SUN

(for BAG proposal for the period between January 2014 and December 2014)

To be announced

July 1, 2013

(Crystallography Proposals for November 2013 - 2015)

SRC - Synchrotron Radiation Center

http://www.src.wisc.edu/users/apply_for_beamtime_IR.htm

SSRL - Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource

http://www.lightsources.org/deadlines/crystallography-proposals-beam-time-november-2013-2015

September 1, 2013

(X-ray/VUV proposals for beam time March 2014 – 2016)

December 1, 2013 (X-ray/VUV proposals for beam time June 2014 – 2016)

38

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Calendar July 1 – 2, 2013

Abdington, UK Workshop: Emerging Themes in Analysis of Grazing Incidence Small Angle Scattering Data http://diamond.ac.uk/Home/Events/Emerging-Themes-in-Analysis-of-Grazing-Incidence-Small-AngleScattering-Data.html

July 2 – 5, 2013

Munich, Germany International Workshop on Neutron Optics and Detectors (NOP&D 2013) http://www.fz-juelich.de/jcns/EN/Leistungen/ConferencesAndWorkshops/JCNSWorkshops/2013NOP/_node.html

otron on Source Calendar July 3 – 4, 2013

Bochum, Germany Advances in Polarized Neutron Reflectivity http://www.ep4.rub.de/apnr/index.html

July 5 – 6, 2013

Glasgow, Scotland Dynamics of Molecules and Materials-II http://www.ill.eu/dmmII

July 5 – 6, 2013

Edinburgh, Scotland ESS Science Symposium on Neutron Scattering at Extreme Conditions

http://www.csec.ed.ac.uk/events/ess-science-symposium-neutron-scattering-extreme-conditions

July 7 – 11, 2013

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Water mobility studies in reference and real clays

http://www.15icc.org/water-mobility-studies-in-reference-real-clays

July 8 – 12, 2013

Edinburgh, Scotland ICNS 2013: International Conference on Neutron Scattering 2013 http://www.icns2013.org/

July 8 – 12, 2013

Caen, France Workshop on Combined Analisis Using X-ray and Neutron Scattering http://www.inel.fr/en/news-events/workshop-2013-rietveld

July 8, 2013

Edinburgh, UK 3rd Science & Scientists at ESS

http://www.europeanspallationsource.se/3rd-science-scientists-ess

August 4 – 9, 2013

Waikoloa (Hawaii), USA Advanced Neutron and Synchrotron Studies of Materials http://freeshell.de/~pricm/

August 10 – 24, 2013

Argonne and Oak Ridge, USA NXS 2013: 15th National School on Neutron and X-Ray Scattering http://neutrons.ornl.gov/conf/nxs2013

August 11 – 15, 2013

Cancún, Mexico XXII International Materials Research Congress 2013 http://www.mrs-mexico.org.mx/imrc2013/

August 12 – 15, 2013

Oak Ridge, USA Neutrons and Nano User Meeting

http://neutrons.ornl.gov/conf/NN_User2013/

August 17 – 23, 2013

Zuoz, Switzerland 12th PSI Summer School on Condensed Matter Physics http://www.psi.ch/summerschool

August 29 – 31, 2013

Tsukuba, Japan Light and Particle Beams in Materials Science 2013 http://lpbms2013.org

39

Calen dar alendar N Calendar

September 2 – 13, 2013

Jülich and Garching, Germany 17th JCNS Laboratory Course Neutron Scattering http://www.neutronlab.de/

September 2 – 13, 2013

Oxford, UK 13th Oxford School on Neutron Scattering http://www.oxfordneutronschool.org/

September 8 – 13, 2013

Sevilla, Spain Euromat 2013: European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes http://euromat2013.fems.eu/

September 9 – 12, 2013

Garching, Germany NINMACH 2013 – Neutron Imaging and Neutron Methods n Archeology and Cultural Heritage Research http://www.digitalmeetsculture.net/article/neutron-imaging-and-neutron-methods-in-archaeology-and-cultural-heritage-research/

September 18 – 20, 2013

Villingen, Switzerland JUM@P 2013: 3rd Joint User Meeting at PSI http://indico.psi.ch/event/jump13

September 22 – 27, 2013

Valle Aurina, Italy SISN Summer School 2013 on Inelastic Neutron Scattering http://www.sisn.it/

September 29 – October 3, 2013

Pasadena, USA Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC 2013)

http://www.aps.org/meetings/meeting.cfm?name=PAC13

October 7 – 10, 2013

Tutzing, Germany JCNS Workshop 2013: Trends and Perspectives in Neutron Scattering: Magnetism and Correlated Electron Systems http://www.fz-juelich.de/jcns/JCNS-Workshop2013

October 7 – 11, 2013

Ammersbek (near Hamburg) and Hamburg, Germany Autumn School HZG http://www.hzg.de/mw/summerschool/index.html.en

October 10 – 11, 2013

Murnau, Germany Single Crystal Spectroscopy: Multi-TAS or TOF? http://www.fz-juelich.de/jcns/TAS-Workshop2013

October 14 – 16, 2013

Gif-sur-Yvette, France International Workshop on Soft X-ray Resonant Elastic Scattering

http://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/portal/page/portal/Soleil/ToutesActualites/Workshops/2013/SoXRES/Tab1

October 27 – November 1, 2013

Long Beach, USA 60th Annual AVS: International Symposium and Exhibition http://www2.avs.org/symposium/AVS60/pages/call_abstract.html

November 18 – 22, 2013

Grenoble, France FPSchool 2013: 6th ILL Annual School on Advanced Neutron Diffraction Data Treatment using the FullProf Suite http://www.ill.eu/FPSchool2013/

November 18 – 22, 2013

Grenoble, France FullProf School-2013 http://www.ill.eu/fr/infos-evenements/events/fpschool-2013/

December 2 – 5, 2013

Gif sur Yvette, France School: Fan du LLB http://www-llb.cea.fr/fanLLB/

December 2 – 6, 2013

Las Vegas, USA Thermec 2013: Neutron Scattering & X-Ray Studies for the Advancement of Materials http://freeshell.de/~thermec/index.html

40

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

ndar Facilities

Neutron Sources

SERVERS IN THE WORLD http://nmi3.eu/neutron-research/where.html ANSTO Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization

FLNP Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics

Phone: + 61 2 9717 3111

Fax: (7-49621) 65-085

Fax: + 61 2 9543 5097

Email: belushk@nf.jinr.ru

Http://www.ansto.gov.au/home

Http://flnp.jinr.ru/25/

BER II Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin

FRM II Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz

Type: Swimming pool reactor. 10 MW Phone:

+49-30 / 80 62 - 42778

Phone: (7-49621) 65-657

Type: Compact 20 MW reactor

Fax: +49-30 / 80 62 – 42523

Phone: +49 (0) 89 289 10794

Email: neutrons@helmholtz-berlin.de

Fax: +49 (0) 89 289 10799

Http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/user/neutrons/

Email: userinfo@frm2.tum.de Http://www.frm2.tum.de/en/user-office

Neutron Scatte BNC - Budapest Research reactor Fax: +36 1 395 9162

GEMS German Engineering Materials Science Centre Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht

Email: tozser@sunserv.kfki.hu

Phone: +49 4152 871254

Http://www.bnc.hu

Fax: +49 4152 871338

Type: Swimming pool reactor, 10MW Phone: +36 1 392 2222

CAB - Centro Atómico Bariloche Phone: +54 2944 44 5100, Fax:

+54 2944 44 5299

Email: info@cab.cnea.gov.ar

Http://www.cab.cnea.gov.ar/

Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Phone: +36-1-392-2539 Fax: +36-1-392-2533

Email: tamas.BELGYA@energia.mta.hu Http://www.energia.mta.hu.

CSNS

Email: klaus.pranzas@hzg.de

Http://www.hzg.de/central_departments/gems/index.html.de

HANARO Center for Applications of Radioisotopes and Radiation Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Phone: +82 42 868-8120 Fax: +82 42 868-8448

Http://hanaro.kaeri.re.kr/english/index.html

HFIR ORNL, Oak Ridge, USA Phone: 865-576-0214 Fax: 865-574-096

Phone: 86 10 68597289

Email: burnettese@ornl.gov

Fax: 86 10 68512458

Http://neutrons.ornl.gov/facilities/HFIR/experiment.shtml

Email: cas_en@stimes.cn

Http://english.cas.ac.cn/

ESS AB European Spallation Source

IBR-2 Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Phone: (7-49621) 65-657 Fax: (7-49621) 65-085

Phone: +46 46 888 30 94

Email: belushk@nf.jinr.ru

Mobile: +46 72 179 20 94

Http:// flnp.jinr.ru/474/

Email: sindra.petersson@esss.se Http://www.esss.se/

41

Facilities Neutron Scattering

ILL

JEEP-II Reactor

Type: 58MW High Flux Reactor.

Type: D2O moderated 3.5% enriched UO2 fuel.

Phone: + 33 (0)4 76 20 71 11

Phone: +47 63 806000, 806275

Fax: + 33 (0)4 76 48 39 06

Fax: +47 63 816356

Phone: +33 4 7620 7179

Email: kjell.bendiksen@ife.no

Fax: +33 4 76483906

Http://www.ife.no/index_html-en?set_language=en&cl=en

Neutron Neutr S Email: cico@ill.fr and sco@ill.fr Http://www.ill.eu

IPEN – Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Research Phone: 226-0030, 226-0033226 Email: ceid@ipen.gob.pe

Http://www.ipen.gob.pe/site/index/index.htm

IPNS - Intense Pulsed Neutron at Argonne Phone: 630/252-7820 Fax: 630/252-7722

Email: cpeters@anl.govor mail (for proposal submission) Http://www.neutron.anl.gov/ipns/

ISIS Didcot

KENS Institute of Materials Structure ScienceHigh Energy Accelerator Research Organization 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken,?305-0801, JAPAN Email: kens-pac@nml.kek.jp Http://neutron-www.kek.jp/index_e.html

KUR Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute Kumatori-cho Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494,Japan Phone: +81-72-451-2300 Fax: +81-72-451-2600 Http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/

Type: Pulsed Spallation Source.

LANSCE

Phone: +44 (0) 1235 445592

Phone: 505-665-1010

Fax: +44 (0) 1235 445103

Fax: 505-667-8830

Email: uls@isis.rl.ac.uk

Email: lansce_users@lanl.gov

Http://www.isis.rl.ac.uk

Email: tichavez@lanl.gov

JCNS Juelich Centre for Neutron Science Forschungszentrum Jülich

Http://lansce.lanl.gov/

LENS Low Energy Neutron Source

Phone: +49 2461 614750

Phone: +1 (812) 8561458

Fax: +49 2461 612610

Email: pesokol@indiana.edu

neutron@fz-juelich.de

d.richter@fz-juelich.de (for JCNS-1)

t.brueckel@fz-juelich.de (for JCNS-2) Http://www.jcns.de/

Http://www.indiana.edu/~lens/index.html

Email:

J-PARC Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex Phone: +81-29-284-3398 Fax: +81-29-284-3286

Email: j-uo@ml.j-parc.jp

Http://j-parc.jp/index-e.html

JRR-3M

Fax: +81 292 82 59227

Phoneex: JAERIJ24596E

LLB

Type: Reactor

Flux: 3.0 x 1014 n/cm2/s

Secrétariat Europe : Phone: 0169085417 Fax: 0169088261 Email: experience@llb.cea.fr Http://www-llb.cea.fr

McMASTER NUCLEAR REACTOR Phone: 905-525-9140

Http://mnr.mcmaster.ca/

Email: www-admin@www.jaea.go.jp

MIT - Nuclear reactor Laboratory

Http://www.jaea.go.jp/jaeri/english/index.html

Email: nrl-rrs@mit.edu Http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/org/n/nrl/www/

42

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Facilities

MURR

SINQ

Phone: 1.573.882.4211

Type: Steady spallation source

Email: MURRCustomerService@missouri.edu

Phone:

Http://www.murr.missouri.edu/

Fax: +41 56 3103294

+41 56 310 4666

n Scatteri ron Scatterin NIST Center for Neutron Research

Email: sinq@psi.ch

Http://sinq.web.psi.ch

Fax: (301) 869-4770

SNS Spallation Neutron Source

Email: Robert.dimeo@nist.gov

Phone: 865.241.5644

Http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/

Fax: (865) 241-5177

Phone: (301) 975-6210

NPL – NRI

Email: ekkebusae@ornl.gov Http://neutrons.ornl.gov

Type: 10 MW research reactor

Phone: +420 2 20941177 / 66173428 Fax: +420 2 20941155

Email: krz@ujv.cz and brv@nri.cz Http://neutron.ujf.cas.cz/

NPRE

Phone: 217/333-2295 Fax: 217/333-2906

Http://npre.illinois.edu/

NRU - Chalk River Laboratories Phone: 613-584-8293 Fax: 613-584-4040

Http://neutron.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/home_e.html

PIK - Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Phone: +7(813-71) 46025, +7(813-71) 46047 Fax: +7(813-71) 36025, +7(813-71) 31347 Http://www.pnpi.spb.ru/

RIC Reactor Infrasctructure Centre Phone:

+386 1 588 5450

Fax: +386 1 561 2335

Http://www.rcp.ijs.si/ric/index-a.htm

RID Reactor Institute Delft (NL)

Type: 2MW light water swimming pool.

Phone: +31 (0)15 278 5052 Fax: +31 (0)15 278 6422

Email: secretary-rid@tudelft.nl

Http://www.rid.tudelft.nl/en/cooperation/facilities/reactor-

instituut-delft/

RISØ DTU Phone: +45 4677 4677 Fax: +45 4677 5688 Email: risoe@risoe.dtu.dk Http://www.risoe.dtu.dk/

43

Facilities

Synchrotron Radiation Sources WWW SERVERS IN THE WORLD www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000098

Sync Radiatio S ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility

CAMD Center Advanced Microstructures & Devices

Phone: +34 93 592 43 00

Phone: +1 (225) 578-8887

Fax: +34 93 592 43 01

Fax: +1 (225) 578-6954

Http://www.cells.es/

Email: leeann@lsu.edu

ALS Advanced Light Source

Http://www.camd.lsu.edu/

Fax: 510.486.4773

CANDLE Center for the Advancement of Natural Discoveries using Light Emission

Email: alsuser@lbl.gov

Phone/Fax : +(37 4-10) 629806

Http://www-als.lbl.gov/als

Email: baghiryan@asls.candle.am

Phone: 510.486.7745

ANKA

Http://www.candle.am/index.html

Fax: +49-(0)7247 / 82-8677

CESLAB Central European Synchrotron Laboratory

Email: info@fzk.de

Phone: +420-541517500

Http://ankaweb.fzk.de/

Email: kozubek@ibp.cz

Phone: +49 (0)7247 / 82-6188

APS Advanced Photon Source

Http://www.xray.cz/

CFN - Center for Functional Nanomaterials

Phone: (630) 252-2000

Phone: +1 (631) 344-6266

Fax: +1 708 252 3222

Fax: +1 (631) 344-3093

Email: fenner@aps.anl.gov

Email: cfnuser@bnl.gov

Http://www.aps.anl.gov/

Http://www.bnl.gov/cfn/

AS - Australian Synchrotron Phone: +61 3 8540 4100

CHESS Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source

Fax: +61 3 8540 4200

Phone: 607-255-7163

Email: info@synchrotron.org.au

Fax: 607-255-9001

Http://www.synchrotron.org.au/

Http://www.chess.cornell.edu/

BESSY II - Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin Phone: +49 30 - 80620

CLIO Centre Laser Infrarouge dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Orsay

Fax: +49 30 8062 - 42181

Email: accueil-clio@lcp.u-psud.fr

Email: info@helmholtz-berlin.de

Http://clio.lcp.u-psud.fr/clio_eng/clio_eng.htm

Http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/

BSRF - Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility Phone: +86-10-68235125 Fax: 86-10-68186229 Email: houbz@mail.ihep.ac.cn Http://www.ihep.ac.cn/bsrf/english/main/main.html

44

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Facilities

chrotron on Sources CLS Canadian Light Source

DFELL Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory

Phone: (306) 657-3500

Phone: 919-660-2681

Fax: (306) 657-3535

Fax: 919-660-2671

Email: clsuo@lightsource.ca

Email: beamtime@fel.duke.edu

Http://www.lightsource.ca/

Http://www.fel.duke.edu/

CNM Center for Nanoscale Materials

Diamond Light Source

Phone: 630.252.6952

Fax: +44 (0)1235 778499

Fax: 630.252.5739

Email: useroffice@diamond.ac.uk

Email: carrieclark@anl.gov

Http://www.diamond.ac.uk/default.htm

Phone: +44 (0)1235 778000

Http://nano.anl.gov/facilities/index.html

CTST UCSB Center for Terahertz Science and Technology

ELETTRA - Synchrotron Light Laboratory Phone: +39 40 37581

Fax: +39 (040) 938-0902

Http://www.elettra.trieste.it/

University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), USA Email: ramian@sbFEL3.ucsb.edu

ELSA - Electron Stretcher Accelerator

Http://sbfel3.ucsb.edu/

Phone: +49-228-735926 Fax: +49-228-733620

DAFNE Light INFN-LNF

Phone: +39 06 94031

Email: roy@physik.uni-bonn.de

Http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/elsa-facility_en.html

Fax: +39 06 9403 2582

ESRF - European Synchrotron Radiation Lab.

Http://web.infn.it/Dafne_Light/

Phone: +33 (0)4 7688 2000 Fax: +33 (0)4 7688 2020

DELSY Dubna ELectron SYnchrotron Phone: + 7 09621 65 059 Fax: + 7 09621 65 891 Email: post@jinr.ru

Http://wwwinfo.jinr.ru/delsy/variant-21june.htm

Email: useroff@esrf.fr Http://www.esrf.eu/

FELBE Free-Electron Lasers at the ELBE Radiation Source at the HZDR Dresden-Rossendorf Phone: +49 351 260 - 0

DELTA Dortmund Electron Test Accelerator FELICITA I (FEL)

Fax: +49 351 269 - 0461 Email: m.helm@hzdr.de

Http://www.hzdr.de/db/Cms?pNid=471

Fax: +49-(0)231-755-5383

Http://usys.delta.uni-dortmund.de/

FELIX Free Electron Laser for Infrared experiments Phone: +31-30-6096999 Fax: +31-30-6031204 Email: B.Redlich@rijnh.nl Http://www.rijnh.nl/felix/

45

Facilities Synchrotron Radiation Sources

Synchrotr Rad Sources FOUNDRY The Molecular Foundry

ISI-800 Institute of Metal Physics - Ukraine

1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley CA 94720, USA

Phone: +(380) 44 424-1005

Phone: +1 - 510.486.4088

Fax: +(380) 44 424-2561

Email: rjkelly@lbl.gov

Email: metall@imp.kiev.ua

Http://foundry.lbl.gov/index.html

Http://www.imp.kiev.ua/ (Russian)

HASYLAB Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor DORIS III, PETRA II / III, FLASH

Jlab - Jefferson Lab FEL

Phone: +49 40 / 8998-2304

Http://www.jlab.org/FEL

Fax: +49 40 / 8998-2020

Email: HASYLAB@DESY.de Http://hasylab.desy.de/

Phone: (757) 269-7100 Fax: (757) 269-7848

Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology Pulse Stretcher/Synchrotron Radiation Phone: +38 (057) 335-35-30

HSRC Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center HiSOR Phone: +81 82 424 6293 Fax: +81 82 424 6294

Http://www.hsrc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/english/index-e.htm

Fax: +38 (057) 335-16-88

Http://www.kipt.kharkov.ua/.indexe.html

KSR - Nuclear Science Research Facility Accelerator Laboratory Fax: +81-774-38-3289

Ifel

Phone: +81-(0)72-897-6410

Http://www.fel.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/english/index_e.html Http://www.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/index.html

Http://wwwal.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp/www/index-e.htmlx

KSRS - Kurchatov Synchrotron Radiation Source Siberia-1 / Siberia-2 Phone: 8-499-196-96-45

INDUS -1 / INDUS -2

Http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000152

Phone: +91-731-248-8003

Http://www.kiae.ru/ (Russian)

Fax: 91-731-248-8000

Email: rvn@cat.ernet.in

LCLS - Linac Coherent Light Source

Http://www.cat.ernet.in

Phone: +1 (650) 926-3191 Fax: +1 (650) 926-3600

IR FEL Research Center FEL-SUT Phone: +81 4-7121-4290

Email: knotts@ssrl.slac.stanford.edu

Http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls/

Fax: +81 4-7121-4298

LNLS - Laboratorio Nacional de Luz Sincrotron

Email: felsut@rs.noda.sut.ac.jp

Phone: +55 (0) 19 3512-1010

Http://www.rs.noda.sut.ac.jp/~felsut/english/index.htmI

Fax: +55 (0)19 3512-1004 Email: sau@lnls.br

ISA Institute for Storage Ring Facilities - ASTRID-1

Http://www.lnls.br/site/home.aspx

Phone: +45 8942 3778

MAX-Lab

Fax: +45 8612 0740

Phone: +46-222 9872

Email: fyssp@phys.au.dk

Fax: +46-222 4710

Http://www.isa.au.dk/

Http://www.maxlab.lu.se/

Medical Synchrotron Radiation Facility Phone: +81-(0)43-251-2111 Http://www.nirs.go.jp/ENG/index.html

46

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

Facilities

tron diation s MLS - Metrology Light Source

PSLS - Polish Synchrotron Light Source

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

Phone: +48 (12) 663 58 20

Phone: +49 30 3481 7312

Email: mail@synchrotron.pl

Fax: +49 30 3481 7550

Http://www.if.uj.edu.pl/Synchro/

Email: Gerhard.Ulm@ptb.de Http://www.ptb.de/mls/

RitS Ritsumeikan University SR Center

Http://www.ptb.de/mls/

Phone: +81 (0)77 561-2806 Fax: +81 (0)77 561-2859

NSLS National Synchrotron Light Source Phone: +1 (631) 344-7976

Email: d11-www-adm@se.ritsumei.ac.jp

Http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/se/re/SLLS/newpage13.htm

Fax: +1 (631) 344-7206

SAGA-LS - Saga Light Source

Email: nslsuser@bnl.gov

Phone: +81-942-83-5017

Http://www.nsls.bnl.gov/

Fax: +81-942-83-5196

NSRL National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory

Http://www.saga-ls.jp/?page=173

Fax: +86-551-5141078

SESAME Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East

Email: zdh@ustc.edu.cn

Email: hhelal@mailer.eun.eg

Http://www.nsrl.ustc.edu.cn/en/

Http://www.sesame.org.jo/index.aspx

NSRRC National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center

SLS - Swiss Light Source

Phone: +886-3-578-0281

Fax: +41 56 310 3294

Fax: +886-3-578-9816

Email: useroffice@psi.ch

Email: user@nsrrc.org.tw

Http://www.psi.ch/sls

Phone: +86-551-3601989

Http://www.nsrrc.org.tw/

NSSR Nagoya University Small Synchrotron Radiation Facility Phone: +81-(0)43-251-2111

Http://www.nagoya-u.ac.jp/en/

Phone: +41 56 310 4666

SOLEIL

Phone: +33 1 6935 9652 Fax: +33 1 6935 9456

Email: frederique.fraissard@synchrotron-soleil.fr

Http://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/portal/page/portal/Accueil

PAL - Pohang Accelerator Laboratory

SPL Siam Photon Laboratory

San-31 Hyoja-dong Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea

Phone: +66-44-21-7040

Email: ilguya@postech.ac.kr

Fax: +66-44-21-7047, +66-44-21-7040 ext 211

Http://pal.postech.ac.kr/eng/index.html

Http://www.slri.or.th/new_eng/

PF - Photon Factory

SPring-8

Phone: +81 (0)-29-879-6009

Phone: +81-(0) 791-58-0961

Fax: +81 (0)-29-864-4402

Fax: +81-(0) 791-58-0965

Email: users.office2@post.kek.jp

Email: sp8jasri@spring8.or.jp

Http://pfwww.kek.jp/

Http://www.spring8.or.jp/en/

47

Facilities

Synchrotr Rad Sources SRC Synchrotron Radiation Center Phone: +1 (608) 877-2000

TSRF Tohoku Synchrotron Radiation Facility Laboratory of Nuclear Science

Fax: +1 (608) 877-2001

Phone: +81 (022)-743-3400

Http://www.src.wisc.edu/

Fax: +81 (022)-743-3401

SSLS Singapore Synchrotron Light Source - Helios II Phone: (65) 6874-6568 Fax: (65) 6773-6734

Http://ssls.nus.edu.sg/index.html

SSRC Siberian Synchrotron Research Centre VEPP3/VEPP4

Email: koho@LNS.tohoku.ac.jp

Http://www.lns.tohoku.ac.jp/index.php

UVSOR Ultraviolet Synchrotron Orbital Radiation Facility Phone: +81-564-55-7418 (Receptionist's office) Fax: +81-564-54-2254

Email: webmaster@ims.ac.jp

Http://www.uvsor.ims.ac.jp/defaultE.html

Phone: +7(3832)39-44-98 Fax: +7(3832)34-21-63

Email: G.N.Kulipanov@inp.nsk.su

Http://ssrc.inp.nsk.su/english/load.pl?right=general.html

SSRF Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Http://ssrf.sinap.ac.cn/english/

SSRL Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Phone: +1 650-926-3191 Fax: +1 650-926-3600

Email: knotts@ssrl.slac.stanford.edu

Http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/index.html

SuperSOR SuperSOR Synchrotron Radiation Facility Phone: +81 (0471) 36-3405 Fax: +81(0471) 34-6041

Email: kakizaki@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Http://www.issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/labs/sor/project/MENU.html

SURF Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility Phone: +1 (301) 975-4200 Http://physics.nist.gov/MajResFac/SURF/SURF/index.html

TNK - F.V. Lukin Institute Phone: +7(095) 531-1306 / +7(095) 531-1603 Fax: +7(095) 531-4656 Email: admin@niifp.ru Http://www.niifp.ru/index_e.html

48

Information on Conference Announcements and Advertising for Europe and US, rates and inserts can be found at:

http://www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotrone nnls@roma2.infn.it sandra.fischer.le@gmail.com

The digital edition of Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone, the semestral magazine for users, is available on our web site.

To register a free subscription, please go to:

https://www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotrone

Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone Volume 18 n. 2

tron diation s

Editorial News

2 Roadshow 2013 C. Andreani and F. Comin

Scientific Reviews 4 Strong XMCD detected in 1s2p RIXS: a probe of 3d magnetic moments using hard X-ray photons A. Juhin, M. Sikora and P. Glatzel

8 Parametric representation of open quantum systems and cross-over from quantum to classical environment D. Calvani, A. Cuccoli, N.I. Gidopoulos and P. Verrucchi

Research Infrastructures

17 The Biocrystal Facility of the CNR promotes access to Synchrotron light sources C. Savino, A. Di Matteo, V. Morea, G. Colotti A.E. Miele, G. Boumis, A. Boffi, A. Ilari and B. Vallone

19 Probing matter under extreme conditions at the free-electron-laser facilities: the TIMEX beamline A. Di Cicco, C. Masciovecchio, F. Bencivenga, E. Principi, E. Giangrisostomi, A. Battistoni, R. Cucini, F. Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Amico, S. Di Fonzo, A. Gessini, K. Hatada, R. Gunnella, A. Filipponi

26 New Centre for Neutron Research in Germany: Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) R. Bruchhaus, F. Carsughi and I. Lommatzsch

Muon & Neutron & Synchrotron Radiation News

29 CALIPSO Project at Elettra G. Paolucci, M. Bertolo, C. Blasetti and O. De Giacomo

32 The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility: Working with Industry E. Mitchell

Call for proposal

36 Neutron Sources

37 Synchrotron Radiation Sources

39 Calendar Facilities 41 Neutron Sources 44 Synchrotron Radiation Sources