Chapter 2 THE CONTEXT FOR BUILDING SUSTAINABLE IN LATVIA

l i te rat ure revi ew

T HE CONT E XT F OR B UI L DI NG SUSTAI NAB L E I N L AT VI A

rea der m an u al This chapter is based on research and shall provide a comprehensive over view of the numerous factors which influence sustainable and affordable building in Latvia. Thus, a wide spectrum from the legal context in and around Latvia up to the country specific set of conditions has been dealt with.

Each of the researched topics makes it possible to extrude respective key design factors (3), which are relevant for enabling sustainable and affordable building. This factors and an illustration (2) summarize the most important facts at the beginning of each topic.

The obtained key design factors will be used in the following chapters to develop building guidelines and a construction system for residential building in Latvia. The different topics of each of the three catregories (A - political context; B universal sustainable strategies; C Latvian context) have been givien a reference number (1). The number of each topic can be found in the third chapter (Guidelines for Building Sustainable in Latvia) again, where they are used to mark which topics were influential for which respective guideline. Therefore, the reference numbers can also be used in the third chapter to gain more background information and reasoning for particular guidelines.

t em pl a t e of a su mm ary page cate go r y

Topic

1 reference number

2 illustration

F IG U R E N U M BER F IG URE NAM E s o urc e

3 key design factors

KEY DESIGN FACTOR 1

KEY DESIGN FACTOR 2

KEY DESIGN FACTOR 3

Description 1

Description 2

Description 3

A1

political contex t

Europe-wide and national approaches

minimal insulation thickness example: loose-fill cellulose 2001 till 2015 2015 till 2021

+ 0

20

40

60

80

from 2021

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360

U=

0,2

5

U=

0,1

8

U=

0,1

5

pa

ssi

v

o eh

us

= eU

mm

0,1

FIGU R E 1 Th e impa c t o f bui l di n g req u ireme n ts fo r in s u la tio n thic kne s s e s in L atvia ba s ed on : UBA KUS (n. d.)

KEEP BUILDING COSTS AFFORDABLE

USE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY INSULATION PRODUCTS

PROVIDE SIMPLE AND CHEAP OPTIONS FOR UPGRADING A BUILDINGS EFFICIENCY WITH TIME

As t he am ount o f m ate r i a l s i ncre a s e s d ue to higher i ns ul at ion and te chno l o g i ca l sta nda rds, t h is au tomati ca l l y l e a ds to h ighe r m ate ri a l a nd l a bour co st s. T he refore , i t i s ne ces s ar y to find constru ct io n opt ions, w hi c h ful fi l l th e n ew re gulat i o ns a nd kee p t he building co sts a s l ow a s p o ssible .

A s the de m a n d o n i nsul ati on m ate r i a l i nc re a s es, i t i s i m po r ta nt to co nsi der the e m b o di e d e m i s s i ons, a s wel l a s the re us e - o r rec yc l a bi l i ty o f the s e l e c te d i nsul ati on m ate r i a l s .

T he nati ona l requi rem ents for bui l di ngs have thi ghtened over ti m e a nd m ost l i kel y wi l l do so i n f uture, too. In order to avo i d costl y upgra des or renovati ons of the bui l di ng envel ope or i ts tec hni ca l system s, bui l di ng strategi es whi c h a l l ow ea sy a nd eff i c i ent a da ptati ons shoul d be consi dered.

10 Euro pe As a res ult o f inte rnati o n a l c l i m ate a g re e m e nts such a s t h e Kyo to Pro to co l a nd Pa r i s A g re e m e nt, the E uro pe an Unio n ove r th e ye a rs ha s b e e n deve l opi ng m ult iple go a l s , g ui de l i ne s , reg ul at i o ns and dire ct ive s that d e a l w i th c l i m ate cha nge a n d it s preve nt i o n. A s um m a r y o f the EU cl i mate act ions can be s e e n a m o ng i t ’s 2 0 2 0 , 2030 a nd 2050 clim ate ta rgets that affe c t sectors as h o using , t ra n s po r t, a g r i c ul ture a nd wa ste. T he 2020 strate g y ha s th re e key di recti ons o f act ion: t he c ut o f g re e nho us e ga s emi s s i on s, t he incre ase o f re newa bl e e ne rg y a nd the i mprove m e nt o f e ne rg y eff i c i e nc y ( Euro pe a n Commi s sio n, 2018).

Sa me st rate gie s but w i th h i g he r e ne rg y effi ci e nc y go als can be s e e n i n the 2 0 3 0 ta rget.

L a stl y, the 2050 target p urs ue s the s a m e a i m s wi th a s l ight ly m ore ho l i sti c a p pro a c h a nd state s the i ntent ion to ach i eve a c l i m ate ne utra l Europea n Unio n. (E uro p e a n C o m m i s s i o n, 2 0 1 8 ) “T he E uro pe a n C o mmis s io n ’s R o a dm a p st a t e s th a t b y 2 0 5 0 , th e tota l o f G H G e mis s io n s s h o u ld b e cu t by 9 0 % (co m pa re d t o 1 9 9 0 lev els )” (E uro pe an C om mi s s i o n, 2 0 1 8 ) The cl a i m fo r bette r en e rg y eff i c i e nc y i s f i rstl y impl e mente d in t he E ne rg y Eff i c i e nc y D i re c ti ve ( European Parliam e nt, 2 0 1 2 ) , w h i c h de a l s w i th the exi st ing building sto c k a nd a s we l l i n the Di recti ve on t he Ene rg y Pe r fo r m a n c e o f Bui l di ng s in fo rm o f gui d e l i n e s fo r ex i sti ng a nd f uture buildings. T he l atte r ha s to be rev i ewe d m ore i n detail to a l l ow p re di c ti o ns a nd eva l uat i o ns o f t he re sul ti n g nati o na l re g u l ati o ns and a mbit io ns.

The EU - dire ct ive o n t he e ne rg y p e r fo r m a n c e o f bui l di ng s (E urop e an Pa r l i a m e nt, 2 0 1 0 ) state s the ne e d to e stablish m i ni m u m re qui re m e nts fo r energy pe rfo rm an ce in bui l di ng s a nd bui l di n g el ements in t he M e m be r S tate s .

Th e requi rem e nt s sho uld be rev i ewe d re g u l a r l y a nd m ust i nclu de sp ace he ati ng a nd co o l i n g , venti l ation, do m e st ic ho t wate r, l i g hti ng a nd other technical building syste m s . Fur the r m o re , the require m e nt s sho ul d be s et i n a b a l a nc e bet we e n t h e am ou nt o f i nve stm e nt ne e de d a n d

the potenti a l energy costs saved throughout the l i fec yc l e of the bui l di ng. To countera c t to the i nc rea si ng use of a i r-condi ti oni ng uni ts, strategi es whi c h i m prove the therma l performa nc e of a bui l di ng duri ng the wa rm sea son shoul d be drawn up. T hi s ca n be a c hi eved wi th the hel p of sha di ng systems, therm a l ca pa c i ty prov i ded by the bui l di ng construc ti on a nd pa ssi ve cool i ng opti ons.

As the di rec ti ve states, the use of a l ternati ve energy suppl y system s shoul d be consi dered.

T hese i nc l ude dec entra l i sed energy suppl y systems ba sed on energy f rom renewa bl e sourc es, cogenerati on, di stri c t or bl oc k heati ng or cool i ng f rom renewa bl es. F urtherm ore, to reduc e the energy consumpti on a nd CO2 emi ssi ons, the stoc k of bui l di ngs that a re m ore energy eff i c i ent tha n the requi rements set shoul d be i nc rea sed. T herefore, the term ‘ nea rl y zero energy bui l di ng ’ ( nZ EB) i s i ntroduc ed. “‘ne ar ly z e ro-e ne r gy building’ me ans a building that has a ve r y high e ne r gy pe r for manc e . T he ne ar ly z e ro or ve r y low amount of e ne r gy re quire d s hould be c ove re d to a ve r y s ignific ant e xte nt by e ne r gy from re ne w able s ourc e s , inc luding e ne r gy from re ne w able s ourc e s produc e d on-s ite or ne ar by.” ( Europea n Pa rl i a ment, 2 0 1 0 ) T he di rec ti ve states that a l l new bui l di ngs shoul d be nea rl y zero energy by 3 1 Dec em ber 2 0 2 0 . Al l Member States shoul d i ntroduc e a def i ni ti on of a nZ EB bui l di ng a c cordi ng to the l oca l contex t a nd prov i de spec i f i c mea sures for the pri ma r y energy use per yea r. La stl y, a n awa reness between pl a nners a nd a rc hi tec ts shoul d be ra i sed on the topi c of energy eff i c i enc y, energy f rom renewa bl e sourc es a nd strategi es to i mprove i t. Moreover, i nsta l l ers a nd bui l ders shoul d be educated i n the m ethods of a c hi ev i ng energy eff i c i ent bui l di ngs.

Si nc e the di rec ti ves a re doc uments that requi re ea c h countr y to prepa re i ndi v i dua l l egi sl ati ons, i t i s worth to rev i ew si gni f i ca nt steps a nd a mbi ti ons of som e sel ec ted EU m em ber states a nd EEZ countri es.

11 Ge r m a ny G e rma ny was o ne o f the dr i ve rs i n the f i e l d o f energy efficie ncy. Alrea dy i n 2 0 1 0 i n the e n e rg y conce pt o f t he G e rm a n fe de ra l gove r nm e nt ( BM Wi , 2010) can be fo un d the go a l o f b e co m i ng one of t he m o st e ne rg y- eff i c i e nt a nd g re e n e st eco nomi e s in t h e wor l d. T he go a l wa s to have G H G e m issions cut by 4 0 % by 2 0 2 0 a n d by 80- 95% by 2050 co m pa re d to the e m i s s i o n l eve l in 1990. F urt he rm o re , the g ro s s e ne rg y cons umpt ion by 2050 s h o ul d be cove re d by 8 0 % f rom renewable sourc e s . T he f i na l e ne rg y cons umpt ion sho uld dro p by 4 0 % by 2 0 5 0 w hi c h m e a ns t hat t he e ne rg y- o r i e ntate d m odernisation o f t he ex i sti ng bu i l d i ng sto c k shoul d i ncre ase . Add it i o n a l l y, a l l new bu i l d i ng s f rom 202 0 o nward s sh o u l d b e c l i m ate ne utra l , i n order to re duce t he he ati ng d e m a nd . T h i s w i l l , accordi ng to t he e ne rg y co nc e pt, l e a d to a cl i mate-ne ut ral stock o f bui l d i ng s by 2 0 5 0 .

Summa rizing , G e rm any a i m s to l owe r th e e ne rg y de ma nd o f buildings a n d cove r the re m a i ni n g ne e d p e rm an e nt ly wi th re newa bl e e n e rg y sources . H oweve r, t h e s et go a l s fo r 2 0 2 0 w i l l be m i s s ed cle arly. At t his ti m e l aws a re deve l o pe d, whi ch s hould e n sure t he co m p l i a nc e o f the 2 0 3 0 goa l s to lowe r gre e nho us e ga s e m i s s i o n s by at lea st 55% . (B MWi, 201 0 ) A ust r i a Austri a has curre nt ly the hi g h e st de n s i ty o f compl ete d passive h o us e s i n Eu ro pe ( Vo s s a nd Mus a l l , 2013).

F ur th e r m o re , in the # mi s s i on 2030 (B MNT a nd B M V I T, 2 0 1 8 ) , Austri a 's clim ate and e ne rg y strate g y, the p l a n for the b uilding se ctor i s f i rstl y to i nc re a s e the energy f rom re n ewabl e s o urc e s i n i ts di str i c t he ati ng syste m s. S e co ndl y, to i nc re a s e th e energy efficie ncy o f b ui l di ng s , th i rdl y to de ns i f y the urban fabric and i n c re a s e m i xe d us e to re duce t he ne e d of co m m u ti ng . L a stl y m o re bui l di ng leve l spe cific to m ax i m i ze th e us e o f a bui l di ng s t he rm al m as s , i n o rd e r to m i ni m i ze cool i ng loads. (B MNT a n d B M V I T, 2 0 1 8 ) Anot her large init iat ive i s the k l i m a a kti v w hi c h is i ni t i ate d by t he A ust r i a n gove r nm e nt ’s c l i m ate cha nge info rm at ion a nd g ra nt pro g ra m . T hey have deve lo pe d a bu i l di ng sta n da rd w h i c h fol l ows t he E U D ire cti ve s but a d di ti o na l l y a d ds an 1000 point evaluati o n syste m to a s s e s the bui l di ng co m pliance . A ddi ti o na l l y, m ul ti pl e

educati ona l m ateri a l s for pl a nners a nd house owners have been devel oped.

Sw itz e r land T he swi ss a pproa c h not onl y ta c k l es the c l i mate c ha nge but a s wel l the possi bl e f uture i ssues conc erni ng resourc es. In the l ate 1 9 9 0 ’s the v i si on of the 2 0 0 0 Watt Soc i ety wa s devel oped i n Swi tzerl a nd. It i s a n energy pol i c y model whi c h restri c ts the i nha bi ta nts to consum e onl y a s m uc h energy a s the reser ves worl dwi de woul d a l l ow wi th v i ew on the env i ronmenta l i mpa c t. T he strategy i nvol ves f i rstl y energy eff i c i enc y mea sures. T herefore, 7 5 % of energy needs shoul d be covered by renewa bl e sourc es by 2 0 5 0 . Secondl y, susta i na bi l i ty conc epts i n the bui l di ng f i el d a s wel l a s genera l l y educati ng the publ i c i n susta i na bl e matters shoul d be i mpl em ented. ( Ci ty of Z uri c h, 2 0 1 6 ) To ena bl e the a mbi ti ous goa l whi l e at the sa m e ti me keepi ng the l evel of l i fe qua l i ty a nd a rc hi tec tura l qua l i ty i n bui l di ngs unc ha nged, the swi ss have c reated the Bui l di ng 2 0 5 0 Resea rc h group whi c h sha l l prov i de tec hni ca l a nd sc i enti f i c support by devel opi ng the so ca l l ed Sma rt Li v i ng La b bui l di ng whi c h wi l l house the resea rc hers a nd shoul d be si m ul ta neousl y a n experi m enta l tool for testi ng a nd a c hi ev i ng the 2 0 0 0 Watt Soc i ety goa l s. T hi s a dopted strategy consi ders the enti re l i fec yc l e of bui l di ngs, equi pm ent a nd ser v i c es wi th fo c us on mi ni m i z i ng energy a nd resourc e dem a nd, a s wel l a s the reduc ti on of greenhouse ga s emi ssi ons. ( EPF L , n. d. ) “I t e mbr ac e s the s mar t living lab’s de finition of a s mar t us e of te c hnology, that pr ivile ge s “low te c h” s olutions for the building, r athe r than re s ourc e -c ons uming mac hine r y.” ( EPF L , n. d. ) T he four key po i nts i n a l l o f the proc ess a re huma n c entred env i ronm ent, env i ronm enta l performa nc e, f l exi bi l i ty a nd a rc hi tec tura l qua l i ty. ( EPF L , n. d. )

Z EB Li v i ng La b Pi l ot bui l di ng of the Nor wegi a n Z EB Resea rc h Centre the energy for the operati on of the bui l di ng ca n be covered by on si te produc ed renewa bl e energy

13 No r wa y A l though No r way is n o t p a r t o f the EU, i t h a s deci ded to follow t he EU go a l o f re str i c ti n g a l l new bui ldings by 20 2 0 to be ‘ne a r l y ze ro ene rgy ’. Neve rt he le ss, s i nc e the def i ni ti o ns o f ‘ ne a rl y ze ro e n e rgy ’ a re sti l l rathe r l o o s e a nd di ffe r i n e ach co unt r y, the i ni ti ati ve Z EB C e ntre ha s a ri s ed. T he inte nt io n i s to a c hi eve a net ze ro ba l a nce ove r t he build i ng s l i feti m e a nd to l o o k at the im pact of gree nho u s e ga s e m i s s i o ns instea d of o nly focusing o n e ne rg y us e ( H e stne s et a l ., 20 17). T h e refore , “Z EB ” sta n ds i n co ntra st to other co unt rie s for “Ze ro Em i s s i o n B ui l di ng ” instea d of “ Ze ro E ne rgy B u i l di n g ”. The re s e a rc h c entre define d five diffe re nt a m b i ti o n l eve l s fo r Z EB ’s . The am bit io n leve l fo r a bui l di ng re a c h e s f rom the lowe st , m e a ni n g a bu i l di ng compens ate s only fo r the G H G e m i s s i o ns f ro m it s ope rat ion by on site p ro duc ti o n o f re newa bl e ene rgy, to t he highe st, w he re the e m i s s i o ns o f the e ntire life sp an ( m ate r i a l p ro duc ti o n, const ruct io n, use a nd de m o l i ti o n) a re compens ate d fo r (H e stne s et a l ., 2 0 1 7 ) . O ve r the work ing pe riod o f th e re s e a rc h c e ntre , mul ti pl e p ilo t buildings we re bui l t by te sti ng the sug gested st rate gie s. I n 2 0 1 7 , a fo l l ow up ini t i ati ve by t he Re se arc h C o unc i l o f N o r way wa s esta bl i s he d w it h t h e v iew towa rds ze ro e m i s s i o n nei g hbourhood s (Z E N) ( FM E Z EN , n.d.) .

Here the fo cus lie s u po n e sta bl i s hi ng e nti re nei g hbourhood s that co m pe n s ate fo r th e i r emi s s i ons and wo rk to gethe r a s o ne , i de a l l y more efficie nt syste m . T he go a l , s i m i l a r l y a s wa s wi t h t he Z E B Re se arch C e ntre , i s to deve l o p pi l o t projects , st rate gie s a nd s o l uti o ns fo r impl ementatio n of ze ro emission nei g hbourhood s in p l a n ni ng o r bu i l di ng pra cti ce . (F ME Z E N, n. d .)

Lat v i a A l s o i n L at v ia t he ste ps o f the Euro p e a n U ni o n c li mate target s we re i m pl e m e nte d i n fo r m o f new regulat io ns and nati o n a l go a l s . W he n looki ng dire ct ly at t he bui l di n g i ndu str y, the nati ona l re gulat io ns we re a da pte d i n 2 0 1 5 , incre a s i ng t he ne e de d i ns u l ati o n pro pe r ti e s o f bui l di ngs . T he te rm ‘ ne a r l y ze ro e n e rg y bui l di ng ’ wa s i nt ro duce d, as we l l . The nex t ti g hte ni ng o f requi re m e nt s is ex pe cted fo r 2 0 2 1 , w he n a l l new bui l di ngs sho uld have to co m p l y w i th th e defi ni t i o n o f ‘ ne arly zero e ne rg y bui l di ng ’ w hi c h Latvi a ha s define d as suc h that f i ts to a l l o f the

fol l owi ng requests. F i rstl y, the energy eff i c i enc y va l ue for bui l di ng ’s heati ng ha s to be c l a ss A energy l a bel , at the sa m e ti m e ensuri ng i ndoor mi c roc l i mate a c cordi ng to the regul ati ons i n bui l di ng , hygi ene a nd l a bo r protec ti on f i el ds.

Secondl y, the overa l l pri m a r y energy usa ge for heati ng , dom esti c hot water, m ec ha ni ca l venti l ati on, co ol i ng , l i ghtni ng shoul d not exc eed 9 5 k W h/ m2 per yea r. Fol l owi ng , the bui l di ng uses hi gh eff i c i enc y system s whi c h ensure a venti l ati on heat recover y of at l ea st 7 5 % i n the heati ng peri od a nd at l ea st pa rti a l l y ensure the usa ge of renewa bl e energy. Al so, the bui l di ng ca nnot have a ny l ow eff i c i ent fossi l f uel heati ng dev i c es i nsta l l ed. ( Mi ni stru ka bi nets, 2 0 1 3 ) D is c us s ion It i s recogni za bl e on the severa l goa l s, regul ati ons a nd di rec ti ves, that the genera l EU a pproa c h for the bui l di ng sec tor i s to ta c k l e c l i mate c ha nge pri m a ri l y wi th i nc rea sed energy eff i c i enc y. T he reduc ti on of emi ssi ons i s a c hi eved a nd l ooked at m a i nl y i n the use sta ge of bui l di ngs due to the use of m ore eff i c i ent a ppl i a nc es a nd the reduc ti on of heati ng o r cool i ng dema nd beca use of thi ghter, better i nsul ated bui l di ng envel opes. Neverthel ess, the emi ssi ons of the materi a l s used, duri ng the construc ti on or ref urbi shment pha se, a s wel l a s f rom dem ol i ti on a re not menti oned of ten. It i s i mporta nt to understa nd that the def i ned c l i mate neutra l bui l di ngs a re not nec essa ri l y emi ssi on f ree or l ow emi ssi on si nc e onl y one of the emi ssi on sourc es i s ta c k l ed. Moreover, one ha s to ta ke ca re that by reduc i ng the em i ssi ons i n the use sta ge, the other sta ges of the bui l di ng ’s l i fe ti me do not becom e f i l l ed wi th steps wi th l a rgel y negati ve env i ronmenta l i mpa c t. T he energy-ori entated moderni zati on i n G erma ny i s to m enti on i n thi s contex t a s a negati ve exa mpl e. A l a rge a m ount of the exi sti ng bui l di ng stoc k wa s moderni zed by mounti ng a n a ddi ti ona l i nsul ati on l ayer of l ow-pri c ed expa nded pol ysty rene ( EPS) pl ates ( Consul ti c Ma rketi ng & Industri eberatung G mbH, 2 0 1 6 ) .

T hese pl ates a re a n oi l produc t, whi c h i s not bi odegra da bl e a nd therefore not com posta bl e ( Ba ndyopa dhyay a nd Ba sa k , 2 0 0 7 ) Rec yc l i ng i s due to the com m on proc essi ng method l a bori ous a nd costl y. Of ten, EPS pl ates used the substa nc e HBCD a s f i re reta rda nt. T hi s substa nc e i s c l a ssi f i ed a s hi ghl y toxi c a nd ca n

14 co nta mi n ate su rface a nd g ro und wate rs . S i n c e 2 016, the use o f H B C D i s fo r bi dde n i n G e r m a ny. ( Wurbs et al. , 2017) Thi s exa m ple shows, t hat re g ul ati ng o n l y p a r ts of the em issio n and pol l uti o n ca u s i ng sta ge s ca n be mi s us e d and le ad no t a uto m ati ca l l y to bette r res ul t s i n e m ission and po l l uti o n preve nti o n.

The refore , it is goo d to s e e th at c e r ta i n ini t i ati ves take n o n by va r i o us co untr i e s go beyond re quire m e nt s fo r the bu i l d i n g e nve l o pe , such a s t he A ust rian go a l o f de ns i f y i ng th e c i ty fabri c w hich at t he same ti m e ta c k l e s e m i s s i o ns of t he building and t ra n s po r tati o n s e c to r. To me nti on is also t he No r we g i a n a ppro a c h, w he re ze ro e m ission building s a re d ef i n e d w i th th e invol vem e nt o f t h e e nti re l i fe c yc l e o f the bui l di ng . T he refore , a stro ng fo c u s l i e s , b e s i d e energy efficie ncy, o n t he us e o f e nv i ro nm e nta l l y f ri e ndl y m ate rials and the to pi c o f re c yc l i ng , a s we l l . H oweve r, t h e te r m ze ro e m i s s i o n i s to be us ed w i th care and co ul d b e m i s l e a d i n g fo r the genera l pu blic. Also cl a s s i f i e d Z EB ’s e m i t G H G emi s s i on s, alt ho ugh stro n g l y re duc e d co m p a re d to sta ndard buildings. T he te r m “ze ro e m i s s i o n” rel ates he re by to a ca l c ul ati o n m etho d w h i c h defi nes the re duce d e m i s s i o ns by us i ng o n s i te renewa ble p owe r pro d uc ti o n a s e m i s s i o n co mpens at ion (H e st ne s et a l ., 2 0 1 7 ) .

The sw i s s B uilding 2050 Re s e a rc h i s fo c us i n g o n a hol i sti c approach, as we l l a nd i s co n c e r ne d wi t h the e m issio ns of th e w h o l e l i fe c yc l e o f bui l di ng s. A ddit ionally, they fo c u s o n the bui l di ng stocks re so urc e de m a nd a nd how to limi t i t to an e nv iro nm e nta l l y a c c e pta bl e l eve l .

The re by, t h e lon gev it y o f the bui l d i ng sto c k , i ts tempora l adaptabilit y a n d h i g h l i fe q ua l i ty, a s we l l a s a significant i n c re a s e o f re u s e - a nd recycl a bilit y of buil di n g co m po ne nts a nd materi a l s are se e n as key fa c to rs fo r a c hi ev i ng the s et clim ate go als. ( C i ty o f Z ur i c h, 2 0 1 6 ) S uch holist ic appro ache s , a s the no r we g i a n s o r sw i s s one , are cle arly bette r s ui te d a nd a l s o ne e ded to re duce G H G e m i s s i o ns a nd envi ronm e ntal p o llut io n i n l o ng te r m .

U nfortun ate ly in L at v ia , the EU di re c ti ve s a re impl emente d w it h t he s o l e fo c us o n the e ne rg y effi ci enc y of buildings dur i ng th e i r us e sta ge .

Al s o, s p e cific te chnica l syste m s a re s et a s requi re d, preve nt ing a ny l ow- te c h a l te r nati ve s .

The i mportant to pic o f re duc i ng m ate r i a l us e

a nd construc ti on a nd dem ol i ti on wa ste i s mi ssi ng whi c h i s a c tua l l y a rel eva nt a spec t for Latv i a , a s poi nted out by the report to the U N Hi gh Level Pol i ti ca l Forum on Susta i na bl e Devel opm ent in 2018 ( Cro ss Sec tora l Coordi nati on Centre, 2 0 1 8 ) rega rdi ng the i nsuff i c i ent wa ste ma na gem ent i n the countr y.

“Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is one of the heaviest and most voluminous waste streams generated in the EU. It accounts for approximately 25% - 30% of all waste generated in the EU and consists of numerous materials, including concrete, bricks, gypsum, wood, glass, metals, plastic, solvents, asbestos and excavated soil, many of which can be recycled.” ( Europea n Pa rl i a ment, 2 0 0 8 ) Al l i n a l l , Latv i a ' s a pproa c h wi l l resul t i n hi gher bui l di ng costs due to hi gher materi a l a nd tec hni que dem a nd. T hi s ca n reduc e the a bi l i ty for i nha bi ta nts wi th l ow i ncome to bui l d houses.

Addi ti ona l l y, ba sed on l oca l obser vati ons, bui l di ng regul ati ons a re of ten v i ol ated a nd una uthori zed construc ti on oc c urs regul a rl y. If the va st m a j ori ty of i nha bi ta nts shoul d support the new emi ssi on reduc i ng path i t i s recom m enda bl e to f i nd ways how a dva nta ges ca n outnum ber the di sa dva nta ges resul ti ng f rom fol l owi ng the regul ati ons.

T he gui del i nes for susta i na bl e bui l di ng a nd the possi bl e bui l di ng system for Latv i a , whi c h both get devel oped i n thi s work , wi l l tr y to ta c k l e these demonstrated i ssues.

B1

universal sustainable strate g i e s

Passive design strategies

solar heating

thermal storage

natural ventilation

m su m

natural cooling due to stack effect

er n su

winte

calculated overhang

r sun

use of thermal mass in day

storing heat

trombe wall

solar h eat

cross ven�la�on use of thermal mass in night

releasing heat

F IGU R E 2 Selection o f sust a i na b le d es ig n s tr a teg ies ba s e d on : Vo ss and Mus a l l ( 2 0 1 3 )

MINIMIZE THE USE OF ACTIVE MECHANICAL SYSTEMS BY USING PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES Pa s s i ve de sign st rate g i e s ca n hel p s i gn ificant ly to lowe r a bui l di ng s e ne rgy d e m a nd , t herew it h e m ission s. M a ny of thes e st rate gie s are no t a utomat ically linke d to hi ghe r co nst ruct ion pr i c e s .

Instea d t hey can have fi na nci al be nefit s due to re duce d acquisit io n co sts fo r mecha nical syste m s and l owe r en e rgy bills.

16 Pas s i ve de sign st rate gi e s ta ke a dva nta ge o f the locat i on of t h e building ’s s i te , the l o ca l c l i m ate o r eve n m icro clim ate a nd the pro pe r ti e s o f bui l di ng m ate rials in o rde r to i n c re a s e the us e o f e nergy prov id e d by nature s uc h a s s o l a r he at, wi nd or day light . T he ul ti m ate go a l o f us i ng pa s s i ve d e sign st rate gi e s i s to f ul l y e l i m i nate a l l nee ds fo r act ive m e c h a n i ca l syste m s by ma i nta i n ing t h e o ccupa nts co mfo r t at a l l ti m e s .

T he four m ain st rate gie s fo r p a s s i ve de s i g n a re pa s s i ve he at ing , pass i ve ve nti l ati o n , pa s s i ve cool i ng and d ay light ing . ( B h att, 2 0 1 4 ) D e s i gni n g a buildings l o cati o n, o r i e ntati o n a nd form i n a way t h at allows to h a r ne s s eff i c i e ntl y sol a r ra diat ion and ca ptu re the i nte r na l he at gai ns i s o ne o f t he e a s i e st a nd m o st effe c ti ve o pti ons to lowe r a bu i l di ng s e ne rg y requi re m e nt s but has to be p l a nn e d fo r a l re a d y in the be ginning of de s i g n sta ge ( H e stne s et a l ., 2017). The bu ildings o r i e ntati o n to s o uth a n d a hi gh ratio o f so ut h facing w i n dows ca n m ax i m i ze the heat gains. T he r m a l m a s s ca n re du c e te mpe rature flu ct uat io n s by sto r i ng a n d eve nl y di stri but ing t he he at ga i ne d d ur i ng day a l s o i n ni ght . Neve rt h e le ss, a bui l di n g ' s he ati ng dema nd change s duri n g th e s e a s o n s a nd i s si g ni fi ca nt ly lowe r in s um m e r tha n i n w i nte r.

Pas s i ve shading can be us e d to s o l ve thi s i s s u e .

Overha ngs ab ove t he s o uthe r n w i n dows ca n bl ock s o lar he at fro m the hi g h sta n di ng s u n i n summer, w hile take adva nta ge o f di re c t s o l a r heat ga i n in t he w inte r m o nths w h e n the s u n i s lowest in t he sk y (M a nza no - A g ug l i a ro et a l ., 2015). A no t h e r po ssibi l i ty wo ul d b e the us e o f deci duous t re e s in front o f the w i ndows , a s they sha de t he build ing duri n g s u m m e r b ut l o s e the i r le ave s i n w inte r an d inc re a s e the re by th e s o l a r heat ga i ns. I n com binat i o n w i th a we l l i ns ul ate d bui l di ng e nve lop e , t he he at prov i de d by the s un ca n cover a large part o f the bui l di ng s he ati ng dema nd.

Other strategies as passive ventilation and cooling can be achieved by utilizing the prevailing wind for cross ventilation or by taking advantage of the stack effect, the general characteristic of warm air rising up and out of the building which forces cooler air to flow into the building at a lower level (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2015). Therefore, such strategies can reduce the need for mechanical ventilation and cooling systems. The need and use of lighting can be reduced by providing well daylit spaces, too.

Despi te ever y thi ng , there i s a l ways a tra de-off between one a nd a nother strategy that ha s to be ca ref ul l y consi dered. For i nsta nc e, a com pa c t bui l di ng sha pe ca n reduc e heat l o ss due to a reduc ed si ze of the bui l di ng envel ope ( Cofa i gh et a l . , 1 9 9 6 ) . However, thi s ca n resul t i n a l owered use of day l i ght due to l a rger room depths.

D is c us s ion T he genera l a i m of usi ng pa ssi ve strategi es i s the prov i ded l oweri ng of energy a nd heati ng dema nd. In suc h, the tec hni ca l a ppl i a nc es a re repl a c ed as muc h as possi bl e wi th env i ronm enta l benef i ts of the si te.

Mostl y pa ssi ve strategi es ca n be used wi thout nec essa ri l y i nc rea si ng bui l di ng costs, yet prov i di ng hi gh cost reduc ti on potenti a l i n the use sta ge due to the reduc ed heati ng a nd energy dema nd. F urthermore, the i ndoor comfort a nd qua l i ty ca n be el evated through the prov i si on of f resh a i r a nd suff i c i ent day l i ght.

B2

universal sustainable strate g i e s

Design for disassembly

extrac�on of natural resources

built environment

processing into materials

recycling of material

manufacture into components

reprocessing of material

assembly into buildings

reuse of components

building use

reloca�on of whole building

disassembly

waste for dumping

FIGU R E 3 Fou r pos si bl e re i nc a r n a tio n s c e n a rio s fo r res o u rce s in the built e nvironme nt ba s ed on : C row t he r, P. ( 1 9 9 9 a )

INCREASE THE USE OF RECYCLED OR REUSED PRODUCTS

ALLOW EASY REPLACEMENT AND DISMANTELING OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

INCREASE THE DURABILITY OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

The us e of re cycle d or re us e d p ro duct s can lowe r e mi s s i o n and waste product io n significantl y.

Furt herm o re , a h igh us e o f re cycl e d o r re use d m ate r i a l s a nd com pone nt s he lps to l owe r building co st s.

By o rga n i zi ng the bui l di ng i n e a s i l y s e pa ra bl e l ayers ba sed o n the i r f u nc ti o n a nd l i feti m e a nd by usi ng o pe na bl e , m e c ha ni ca l co nn e c ti o ns , the re c yc l a bi l i ty a nd reusea bi l i ty i nc re a s e s . T h e resul ti ng l ow m a i nte na nc e co sts a nd hi gh re s e l l va l ue fo r materi a l s a nd co m p o n e nts a re f i n a c i a l l y attra c ti ve, a s wel l .

An increased durability lowers the risk of wear and damage and therefore increases the materials and components functional lifetime. Additionally, at the end of a buildings life time, its materials are more valuable for reuse or recycling.

18 Even nowadays t he m a j o r i ty o f b ui l di ng s a re pl a nned as pe rm a ne nt str uc ture s , as monume nt s w h ich shoul d o utl i ve ti m e . I n re a l i ty most buildings w ill no t eve n o u tl i ve the i r c re ators and face major re novati o n s , refurbi s hm e nt s, or even the to ta l de m o l i ti o n. ( C rowther, 1999a) The design fo r d isa s s e m bl y ( D f D ) strate g y addres s e s t h is issue a n d re l ate s to a m o re effi ci ent an d sustainabl e m ate r i a l u s e . I t po i nts out a n alte rnat ive to th e p l a n ne d , o r a s we l l ignore d fut u re obs o l e s c e nc e a nd the throw- away cult ure o f nowa days co ns u m e r so ci et y. B uildings o fte n di e e a r l y a nd the i r materi a l s o ut live t he m. The refo re , i t m ust be co ns i de re d how to en co ura ge m ate r i a l a nd co mpone nt re in carnat i o n, i n o rde r to m i ni m i ze the worldw ide re sourc e de pl eti o n a nd wa ste c re at i on. Re sult ing , it i s c r uc i a l to co n s i de r the ne e d to disasse m bl e b ui l d i n g s a n d i ts co mpone nts alre ady in the pl a nni ng sta ge to ena bl e subse que ntly e a sy re p a i r, ref ur bi s hm e nt or re cycl in g. (C row t he r, 1 9 9 9 a ) M ateri a l s in a building we a r o ff i n di ffe re nt spee ds . Fu nct io nal and a e stheti c c ha n ge s affe c t the pa rt s o f a building to a va r y i n g ex te nt, a s we l l . Thi s is illust rate d w i th the B u i l di ng L aye r M odel deve lo pe d by Fra nk D u ff y a n d S tewa r t Bra nd (1994) w hich po i nts o ut the fo l l ow i n g s i x di ffere nt laye rs o f a bu i l d i ng : s i te , s k i n, struct ure , se r v ice s, spa c e pl a n a nd stu ff, w hi c h all have d iffe re nt e st i m ate d l i feti m e s . ( B ra nd, 1 994) “Our ba si c a r g um en t is th a t th e re isn' t a ny suc h t h in g a s a b u ild in g .

A bui l di ng pro pe r ly c o n ce iv ed is sev e r a l l a y e r s o f lo n g ev ity o f b u ilt compo ne nt s” (Brand, 1994) He nce , i t is crucial in w hat way the di ffe re nt laye rs a re arrange d in a bu i l di ng . To pro l o ng the materi a l s lifet im e t he l aye rs have to b e e a s i l y sepa ra bl e and sho uld be o rga ni ze d b a s e d o n the i r estim ate d lifetim e . T hi s wo ul d preve nt a n unneces s ar y dam age o f i nta c t m ate r i a l s dur i n g repa i rs , re novat ions or de co nstr uc ti o n. ( C rowther, 1999a) Equa l l y i m po rtant is th e way how the m ate r i a l s

of bui l di ngs ca n be rei nca rnated. Ac cordi ng to the Df D strategy fo ur di fferent possi bi l i ti es exi st. F i rstl y, the enti re bui l di ng coul d be rel ocated a nd used a ga i n. T hi s may oc c ur where a bui l di ng i s needed for a l i m i ted ti m e peri od but ca n l ater be reused el sewhere for the sa me or si mi l a r purpose. Secondl y, com ponents coul d be reused i n a new bui l di ng or el sewhere on the sa m e bui l di ng. T hi s woul d m a i nl y a ppl y to com ponents wi th “sta nda rd” desi gn. T hi rdl y, com ponents a nd m ateri a l s coul d be repro c essed i nto new components. And l a stl y, m ateri a l s coul d be rec yc l ed i nto new materi a l s. ( Crowther, 1999a) Idea l l y, m ateri a l s a nd com ponents get used a ga i n wi th the l ea st a m ount of a l terati ons. A tota l bui l di ng reuse wi l l , for exa mpl e, dra sti ca l l y reduc e energy use a nd resourc e depl eti on, wherea s the sc ena ri o of materi a l s rec yc l i ng wi l l reduc e the resourc e use but wi l l sti l l requi re a si gni f i ca nt energy use for reproc essi ng a nd ma nufa c ture. ( Crowther, 1 9 9 9 b; Ri os et a l . , 2015) Comprehensi ve gui del i nes for bui l di ng a c cordi ng to the Df D pri nc i pl es a re exi sti ng si nc e the 1 9 9 0 ’s. Som e of the m a i n recom m endati o ns a re m enti oned i n the fol l owi ng. One of them i s to mi ni m i ze the di fferent a mount of m ateri a l s, components or connec tors used i n a bui l di ng , i n order to ea sen up the l ater di sa ssem bl y a nd sorti ng proc ess.

T hi s ca n i nc rea se the attra c ti veness of rec yc l i ng or reuse due to l a rger qua nti ti es of the sa m e or si m i l a r i tems or materi a l s. Li kewi se, i t i s i mporta nt to use opena bl e mec ha ni ca l rather tha n c hem i ca l connec ti ons to avoi d a conta m i nati on of materi a l s or a da m a ge of com ponents. Seconda r y coati ngs or f i ni shes shoul d be avoi ded a s good a s possi bl e, a s wel l , a s they ca n reduc e the attra c ti veness for reuse or rec yc l i ng. By usi ng a n open bui l di ng system a bui l di ng i s ea si er to be a l tered a nd components ca n be rel ocated wi thout ex tensi ve construc ti on work . F urtherm ore, the use of l i ghtwei ght materi a l s a nd components ea sens thei r ha ndl i ng a nd ma kes a di sa ssembl i ng fa ster a nd l ess costl y. ( Crowther, 1 9 9 9 a ) T he struc ture i tsel f sha l l be dura bl e enough to prov i de the c ha nc e of c ha nge i n mul ti pl e l evel s a nd for m a ny ti mes, suc h a s c ha nge of m ateri a l s, el ements a nd f i ni shes. Sturdy m ateri a l s a nd

19 jo i nt s t hat can w ith sta nd the c ha nge s a nd u s e are re co m m e nde d w hi c h wo ul d e ns ure the longevi ty o f t h e st ruc tu re a s we l l a s the el e ments t he m se lve s. T he us e o f wo o d fo r structural syste m s h a s be e n prove n to b e ve rs ati l e , st ro ng and ada pta bl e . H e re , e s pe c i a l l y la rge r e le m e nt s are co ns i d e re d m o re pro ne to da ma ge a nd t he refore mo re f i t fo r re u s e . ( S a daf i et a l ., 20 14) T he re s ult in g be n efit s f ro m D f D wo ul d be a reduct i o n in t he e ne rg y us e d to pro c e s s a nd ma nufa ct ure t he m ate r i a l s ,a s we l l a s l e s s ne e d o f depl et ing nat u ral re s o urc e s . A l s o, th e vol umes of co nst ruct io n wa ste go i ng to l a ndf i l l s and i nci ne rat io n wo uld be re duc e d. Po l l uta nts enteri ng t he e nv iro nm e nt wo u l d be l owe re d a n d the s er vice life of b uildi n g s a n d m ate r i a l s wo u l d be ex ten de d. (C row t he r, 1 9 9 9 b) Disc ussi o n It wa s discove re d, that the de s i g ne r i s res pons i ble for alm o st a l l the o bsta c l e s i n the f ut ure re use o r re cycl i ng pro c e s s ( Ri o s et a l ., 2015). Furt he rm ore , t he l a c k o f i nfo r m ati o n a nd educat i o n o f t he ge ne ra l pub l i c o n the to pi c i s another m ajor o bstacl e s fo r m ate r i a l re c yc l i ng

( Ri os et a l . , 2 0 1 5 ) . T he pri nc i pl es fo r Df D a re a l rea dy l ong determ i ned but they were rea l i zed i n fa r too l ess bui l di ngs ti l l now. T he wi de i m pl ementati o n of the Df D strategi es m i ght be hi ndered a ddi ti ona l l y, due to the rec ent tec hnol ogi ca l devel opment i n the bui l di ng sec tor. Devel opments i n c hem i str y, m ateri a l produc ti on a nd connec ti on tec hnol ogi es have resul ted i n the produc ti on of com pound m ateri a l s wi th a compl ex struc ture whi c h a re di ff i c ul t to di sa ssem bl e or decom pose ( Sa daf i et a l . , 2 0 1 4 ) . Al so, bui l di ng envel opes get i nc rea si ngl y com pl ex a nd m ore tec hnol ogy i ntegrated, a s rea c ti on to the i nc rea si ng requi rem ents for i nsul ati on a nd a i rti ghtness va l ues.

Df D ca n contri bute to si gni f i ca nt resul ts i n em i ssi on a nd wa ste reduc ti on. If sma rtl y combi ned wi th other strategi es, whi c h foc us on the em i ssi on reduc ti on i n other sta ges, a s f ro m m ateri a l produc ti on, construc ti on a nd the use of a bui l di ng , a hol i sti c sol uti on for susta i na bl e bui l di ng ca n be devel oped. Df D ca n a l so enri c h the f i el d of a rc hi tec ture, a s the understa ndi ng of bui l di ngs c ha nge f rom som ethi ng stati c to som ethi ng that evol ves over ti me i n a conti nuous proc ess.

estimated service life stuff space plan services skin structure

FIGU R E 4 A buildi ng a s a se t o f co m p o n e n ts th a t ev o lv e in diffe re nt time s c ale s ba s e d o n: B rand, S . (1 9 9 4 )

0-5 years 5-15 years 15-25 years 25-50 years 50-100 years

expa nsi on of Brum m en Town Ha l l 9 0 % of materi a l s ca n be di sma ntl ed a nd reused

B3

universal sustainable strate g i e s

Typological flexibility

F IGU R E 5 T he larg e r t he spa c e th e m o re m u lti-u s a b le it is ba s e d on : Kro k fo rs, K . ( 2 0 1 7 )

OPTIMIZE THE WHOLE BUILDING INSTEAD OF MANY SEPARATE PARTS

ALLOW HIGH ADAPTABILITY OVER TIME

An ove r-opt im izat ion o f o ne s pa ce or funct ion can l i m i t a bui l di ngs cap abilit y to ha ndl e w it h futu re cha n ge .

An a cce ptable leve l o f overca pacit y m ake s a bui l di ng m ore re silie nt a nd prepa red fo r fut ure cha nge s .

A b ui l di ng ca n be prepa red f ro m the be g i nni ng to cope w i th a va r i ety o f possi bl e ( sti l l un k now n) future c ha nge s . Thi s i nc rea sed f l ex i bi l i ty a nd a da pta bi l i ty of the b ui l di ng m a kes i t ea si er fo r the o c c u pa nts to ca rr y o ut c ha nge s w i t hout the ne c e s s a r y ne e d of ex tent re novati o ns o r m o di f i cati o n s .

22 T he fundam e ntal task o f a rc hi te c ture i s f i rst a nd foremost t he planning a nd prov i di n g o f s p a c e s for peop le . T h e re sult i ng co ns e que n c e i s th e c ha l l enge of d e aling w i th unpre di c ta bi l i ty.

A ccordi n g to Karin Kro k fo rs i t ca n no t be fores ee n how pe o ple w i l l ex pe r i e n c e , wa nt to li ve a nd act in the e nv i ro n m e nt, yet sti l l the bui l t e nv iro nm e nt in a s u sta i na b l e deve l o pm e nt shoul d l a st t h ro ugh m ul ti pl e ge n e rati o ns w hi l e sti l l prese r v in g it s m e a n i ng f u l ne s s ( Kro k fo rs , 2017).

“Thi s l a c k o f pe r m a n e n c e is a res ul t o f bui l di n g o b s o les c e n c e , an d t hi s o bso l e sce n c e is mo re oft e n t he re sul t o f cu ltu r a l c h a n g e rathe r t ha n o f ph y s ica l det e r i o r a t i o n o r fa ilu re. ” (Crow t he r, 1999a ) The longevity of a building can be described as its ability to provide the structural needs, functionality and also the desired style over a long time period (Sadafi et al., 2014). As such, the building could withstand the changes in culture and demand of society with reduced environmental impact, if compared to a static planned building which has to be replaced every time a change occurs.

Karin Krokfors mentions that structural issues and materials are relevant in resilient development.

Nevertheless, the core of longevity of building space is directly affected by the use and potential for different functions over a period of time. (Krokfors, 2017) The recent efforts of emission reduction in the building sector focus on energy efficiency.

Nevertheless, the efforts and material input in achieving a highly energy efficient building do not justify if the building fails to fit the needs and has to be retrofitted or is even demolished after few years. Furthermore, such outcome could void the initial emission saving efforts due to the high input of materials and energy. This highlights the importance of keeping a holistic approach while planning.

While the principles described in the design for disassembly strategy increase the possibilities of altering a building and make the process more efficient, typological flexibility decreases the

need for alterations from the very beginning.

The typological flexibility can describe two different forms of flexibility - the one during construction and the one during the use of a building. While the former deals with the ease of construction and the connected short-term economical benefits, the latter is most influential for prolonging a buildings lifetime. As buildings are too often seen as permanent structures, the flexibility during the use stage is in many cases less involved in the planning process than the one during the construction stage. The worst is, if the decisions regarding the construction stage prevent flexibility in the long run. A recurring problem is among other things the transport of the building elements to construction sites. More exact, the size of roads and vehicles plays a major role in defining the size of the elements, which have actually nothing to do with the use of buildings or contexts for housing. Hence, a few hours of transportation could dictate how a building can be used for several decades. The flexibility during the use stage and the providing of multi-usable and transformable space should therefore be a main concern of the planners. (Krokfors, 2017) However, the question is to what the building should be able to react to. The actions that might occur are to a large extent unpredictable due to the unknown future decisions of the user and as well being influenced by countless external factors. These unknown factors cause challenges in spatial configuration and decision making. In order to not prevent a future flexibility of a building , the strategy of systems thinking can be used.

“Sys te ms thinking is a holis tic approac h at unde r s tanding s ys te mic be haviour. Sys te ms thinking s tudie s the w ay things influe nc e e ac h othe r w ithin a w hole .” ( Krok fors, 2 0 1 7 ) In the contex t of bui l di ng f l exi bi l i ty over l ong ti m e, the systems thi nk i ng ca n be pra c ti c ed wi th the hel p of sc ena ri o-ba sed pl a nni ng. T he bui l di ng i s studi ed over i ts enti re l i feti me a l ong wi th mul ti pl e i nf l uenc es a nd events that ta ke pl a c e som ewhere on the ti mel i ne. T he a pproa c h

23 all ows to te st if t he bui l di ng ca n f i t to the c ha nge s an d t he refore g i ve s fe e dba c k to the ori gi na l d e sign if t he de s i g n ha s to b e i m prove d .

As a sta rt ing point in pl a nni ng a f l ex i bl e s p a c e , the stru ct u ral syste m o f the b ui l di ng s ho ul d all ow free spat ial plann i n g a nd e a sy c h a n ge s i n bui l di ng laye rs. T h e l o a d- b e a r i n g a nd us ua l l y stat i c e le m e nt s should be s e pa rate d f ro m the modi fi a b le com pone nt s o f a bui l di ng . ( Kro k fo rs , 2 017) S uch step p rov id e s t he ‘bui l t- i n’ ca pa c i ty to ada pt ove r t im e an d avo i ds s i g ni f i ca nt co sts o r lost us a b ilit y due to cha nge o r re novati o n . A s a res ul t, t he e nable d flex i bi l i ty w i l l a l l ow to fo l l ow the conce pt of susta i na b i l i ty by re duc i ng materi a l and e ne rgy co ns um pti o n a nd the re by e nvi ronm e ntal p o llut io n . ( S a daf i et a l ., 2 0 1 4 ) Not l ess re levant is the co nf i g u rati o n o f provi ded space s such a s the l i nk to ca r r y i ng st ruct ure s, re lat io n betwe e n s pa c e s a nd c i rcul at i o n p ro pe rt ie s. The go a l be h i nd i s th e provi s i o n o f dive rsi ty, m e a ni ng di ffe re nt pos s i bi l i t ie s o f re o rgani z i ng s pa c e i n co n ne c ti o n to each o t he r.

C o n s e que ntl y, c e r ta i n over- ca p acit y o f space s h o ul d be prov i de d th at all ows t he re -arrange m e nt i n m o re tha n a s i ng l e way. Ka ri n Kro k fo rs po ints o u t o n the exa m pl e o f a bedroo m t hat to o o fte n the s pati a l d i m e ns i o ns all ow to po sit io n a bed i n o nl y o ne way, thus limi ti ng t h e in habitant s f re e do m o f a dj u sti ng i ts livi ng s pace ove r t im e. W hi l e to o h i g h s pa c e redunda ncy can le ad to a ca s e o f to o l o o s e -f i t fo r a ny fu nct io n, a ba l a nc e b etwe e n s pa c e effi ci enc y an d space fo r c ha nge s ho ul d be fo und. The balance can be a c h i eve d by fo l l ow i ng the syste m s t hink ing i n a s m a l l e r v i ew p o i nt, w here dim e nsion s a nd ne e d s a re te ste d accordi ng to various t i m e c ha n g i ng , e co no m i c , archi tectural and soci a l i nf l u e nc e s . ( Kro k fo rs , 2 017) “A c e r t a i n ki nd o f in effe c tiv en e s s at o ne l e v e l c a n p ro d u c e s p a tia l con f i g ur a t i o ns t h a t p ro mo te a h ig h lev e l o f f l e x i bi l i t y a t a n o th e r, bas e d o n a bst r a c t m o d u la rity th a t pro m o t e s di f f e ren tia tin g u s e o f spa c e . ” (Kro k fo rs, 2017)

D is c us s ion T he c urrent thi nk i ng of a bui l di ng ’s f l oor pl a n consi ders muc h too of ten spa c es a s studi o, one bed or two bed rooms or other spec i f i ca l l y def i ned spa c es ( Krok fors, 2 0 1 7 ) . Al though consi deri ng the l ea st spa c e needed for a f i xed f unc ti on ca n save construc ti on costs, a s a m i ni mum of a rea ha s to be bui l t. Neverthel ess, a n overspec i f i cati on ca n cost a bui l di ng i ts f l exi bi l i ty a nd hi nders i t to a da pt to c ha ngi ng requi rem ents ( Krok fors, 2 0 1 7 ) . A pre-pl a nned f l exi bi l i ty o f the i ndoo r l ayout ca n reduc e costs a nd compl i cati ons i n the use sta ge of bui l di ng , thus ena bl i ng the i nha bi ta nt to o pti m i ze the spa c e for i ts c ha ngi ng needs. As a resul t, the l i feti me of the bui l di ng a nd i ts m ateri a l s ca n be ex tended, a s the ex tent of ref urbi shments i s reduc ed.

W hat exa c tl y ha ppens wi th a bui l di ng af ter i t i s bui l t i s not possi bl e to predi c t, but one ca n prepa re a bui l di ng to wi thsta nd a nd m a ster upcomi ng events a nd c ha nges of a ny k i nd a s good a s possi bl e.

24

low level o f e l a sti c i ty

hi gh l evel of el a sti c i ty

F IGU R E 6 Th e h igh e r t he e l a st i c ity th e m o re v a ria tio n p o te ntial is in the plans ba s ed on : Kro k fo rs, K . ( 2 0 1 7 )

C1

Latvian contex t

Average income

RIGA

727 to 897 € 619 to 726 € 546 to 618 € 483 to 548 € 361 to 482 €

10 km

647 €- average in Latvia

FIGU R E 7 Median o f a v e r a g e m o n th ly g ro s s ea rn in g s b y te r r itor ial unit in E uro at 2017 ba s ed on : C S B (2019)

REDUCE COSTS RELATED TO BUILDING AND MAINTENANCE

INCREASE RESALE VALUE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

The limited financial status of many people in the rural areas should not prevent them from building or maintaining a building in a high quality, with high efficiency and good environmental sustainability.

As old-age poverty is a big topic, strategies should be found how buildings can act as finance depot with stable value.

A good resell possibility for buildings, their components or materials could bring financial benefits for their owners and additionally increase the reuse and recycle rate of materials.

26 T he average m ont hly i n co m e i n L atv i a i s w i th 647 € i n 2017 far be low the EU ave ra ge o f 1 5 2 0 €. Addi t ionally, t he inco m e di ffe re nc e i ns i de the count r y, bet we e n urba n a nd r ura l a re a s i s si g ni fi ca nt . Many rural d i str i c ts have a n ave ra ge income t hat range s o nl y f ro m a pprox i m ate l y 3 6 0 to 550 €. I n com pariso n, th e ave ra ge i nco m e i n the g re ate r are a o f capi ta l Ri ga ra nge s b etwe e n 620 a nd 900 €. H oweve r, l o ca l s e r v i c e s , l a bo r costs a nd go o ds are gene ra l l y c he a pe r i n r ura l are a s t ha n in urb an ones . ( C S B, 2 0 1 9 ) A s i n mo st co unt rie s in the EU, the co untr ys i de fa ce s a n aging po pulati o n. T hi s a g g ravate s the pove rty issue s at co untr ys i de , a s the ave ra ge payme nt o f 289 € for o l d a ge pe ns i o n i s o ne o f the l owe st in E uro pe (C S B, 2 0 1 9 ) . T h i s re s ul ts i n the nat ion w ide pove r ty rate i nd ex fo r inha bi ta nt s o lde r th an 6 5 ye a rs o f 3 9 .9 % ( C S B, 2019).

Re sult ing , especially the older popul at i o n in rural area s wo ul d hi g hl y be nef i t f rom a ny financial re liefs .

Toget her w it h t he ave ra ge i nco m e , the hous e ho ld financial status i s re l eva nt w he n cons i de ring t he building o f s i ng l e -fa m i l y h o m e s .

T he stat ist ic d ata fo r a l l ho us e ho l d s w i th c hi l dren shows a re duc ti o n o f 1 0 0 € pe r pe rs o n o f ave rage d isposable i nco m e w h e n co m pa r i n g wi t h hou se holds w it ho ut c hi l dre n ( C S B, 2 0 1 9 ) .

Ma ny Lat v ian s start wi th bui l d i n g the i r ho us e o nl y after hav ing a ch i l d a nd the refo re have reduce d disposable in co m e .

Disc ussi o n A s de s cribe d, t he L atv i a n co ntex t i s d e e pl y affe cted by financial m atte rs . T he refo re , th e ma i n poi nt s fo r plan ni ng s ho u l d b e to deve l o p strategi e s how to m i n i m i ze co sts f ro m const ruc t io n, use and m a i nte n a nc e , a s we l l a s to incre a s e t he re sale po te nti a l o f bui l di ng s a nd the i r co m po ne nt s.

A s i mpl e way to re duce b ui l di n g co sts i s to fo c us o n l oca l m ate rials and pro d uc ts . T hey a re i n genera l affo rdable , as the p r i c e s a re ba s e d o n the re gional inco m e l eve l .

A c co rdi ng l y, importi n g m ate rials o r p ro du c ts i s o f te n m o re ex pe ns i ve .

Reus e and re cycling a nd the a da pta bi l i ty o f bui l di ngs co uld play a s i g n i f i ca nt ro l e i n ke e pi ng bui l di ng and m aintain i ng a h o m e affo rda bl e .

Henc e, bui l di ngs shoul d be a bl e to ea si l y rea c t on fa m i l i a l c ha nges by a ddi ng o r remov i ng roo ms a nd by a l l owi ng ea sy c ha nges i n the l ayout. T hi s woul d save energy a nd ma i ntena nc e costs in l ong term .

Addi ti ona l , ea si l y di sm a ntl a bl e bui l di ngs wi th a good reusa bi l i ty of materi a l s coul d be attra c ti ve f rom the f i na nc i a l poi nt of v i ew for the one sel l i ng pa rts a nd the one purc ha si ng them, a s wel l . As a resul t, costs for modi f i cati ons on the bui l di ng coul d be l owered, a s wel l a s the bui l di ng i tsel f, when reusi ng m ateri a l s a nd produc ts.

C2

Latvian contex t

Demographics rural area

926.000 inhabitants (48%) thereof 316.000 in small towns

continuing rural exodus urban area

985.000 inhabitants (52%) thereof 625.000 in Riga

RIGA

10 km

FIGU R E 8 Distrib ut i o n be t we e n u rb a n a n d r u r a l a rea s in Latvia ba s ed on : C S B (2019)

PREPARE FOR CHANGING FAMILIAL CONSTELLATIONS AND SPACE DEMANDS IN BUILDINGS

REACT ON THE HIGH POSSIBILITY OF FUTURE VACANCY OF BUILDINGS IN RURAL AREAS

Buildings should be easy adaptable for changing occupant numbers and functional needs. Expansions and shrinkage of a building and its heated area should be easy possible in order to prevent unnecessary material and energy use and resulting costs.

Recycling and reuse can prolong the usetime of materials beyond the lifetime of a building. Durable and therefore high value materials make the disassembly of vacant buildings attractive.

28 In Latvi a 610. 000 inhabi ta nts l i ve i n r ura l a re a s and 316 . 000 in sm a l l tow ns ( C S B, 2 0 1 9 ) .

T herefore , ne arly h a l f o f the co untr i e s popul at i o n live s at t he co untr ys i de . 6 2 5 .0 0 0 o f the urba n inhabitant s l i ve i n Ri ga , the re st o f 360.000 pe op le live in o th e r l a rge r c i ti e s ( C S B, 2019).

T he populat io n at m o st o f th e r u ra l a re a s i s decrea s i ng st rongly sinc e the 1 9 9 0 s . O nl y f ro m 2015 to 2018 ove r 2 0 .0 0 0 pe o pl e l ef t the count r ys ide . T h e grow i ng di str i c ts a re m a i nl y located in t he surrou ndi ng a re a o f Ri ga . ( C S B, 2019) T he re a s on s for le av ing the co untr ys i de a re the o ften bette r labo ur m a r ket co ndi ti o ns a nd the better educat io n syste m i n the c i ti e s . Th e refo re , es pe ci a l ly yo ung p e o pl e a n d fa m i l i e s m ove to urba n are as, le av ing m o stl y e l de r l y pe o pl e behi nd. N eve rt he le ss, th e ho us e h o l d s i ze s at the count r ys ide are st ill l a rge r th a n i n the c i ti e s ( CS B, 201 9)

i m porta nt probl em to sol ve, a s wel l a s i n what way bui l di ngs ca n be desi gned to be prepa red for thi s i ssue i n a dva nc e. Al so, si tuati ons, where m i grati on affec ts onl y pa rt of the fa mi l y, have to be l ooked at. Of ten young peopl e m ove out, whi l e the pa rents stay. In thi s ca se, the spa c e dema nd i s a c tua l l y shri nk i ng. W hi l e som e may prefer to keep the qua l i ty of spa c i ousness a nd tr y to use the ga i ned spa c e i n a new way, others m i ght prefer to have l ess a rea for ma i ntena nc e a nd heati ng.

T he topi c of m i grati on ca nnot be sol ved wi th a rc hi tec ture, but foc usi ng on the rec yc l i ng a nd reuse possi bi l i ti es ca n hel p to prol ong the useti me of bui l di ng materi a l s a nd therefore save em i ssi ons. T hi s ca n a l so hel p to reduc e the a m ount of va ca nt bui l di ngs a s i nc enti ves for di sm a ntl i ng a re hi gher, whi c h contri butes to m a i nta i n a c erta i n l evel of l i fe qua l i ty a nd a estheti c va l ue i n the affec ted regi ons.

Disc ussi o n Whi l e the m igrat ion to c i ty i s ve r y stro ng , ne a r l y ha l f of th e po pulatio n l i ve s sti l l i n r u ra l a re a s ( CS B, 2019). H ow to d e a l w i th a n i nc re a s i ng amount of vacant b ui l di ng s w i l l be o n e

a ba ndoned bui l di ngs at the Latv i a n countr ysi de

C3

Latvian contex t

Infrastructure

place 107 of 140 in international road quality ranking

74% crushed stone or gravel roads

mostly asphalt roads asphalt or crushed stone and gravel roads mostly crushed stone and gravel roads 10 km

FIGU R E 9 Latvian ro a d ne t wo r k ba s ed on : LVC (2015)

GENERALLY REDUCE WEIGHT, SIZE AND FRAGIBILITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

MINIMIZE TRANSPORT DISTANCES BY CHOOSING LOCAL AVAILABLE BUILDING PRODUCTS

By using lightweight, small sized and sturdy products more building grounds are easily reachable. This allows for less professional but more private transport and handling of the products, which increases the options for self-building. The reuse of materials is easier due to simpler transport options and better reachability.

Reducing transport distances reduces emissions and costs.

Nevhertheless, it is important to evaluate emissions from the material production and the costs of different products, as well, in order to find the best suited supplyers.

30 7 4% of t he L at v ian st reets a re c r us he d sto ne o r g ravel roads. Asphalt ro a d s a re m o stl y to f i nd i n R i ga , l a rge r cit ie s o r t he i nte rstate co n ne c ti o ns ( LVC, 20 17). T he m ate r i a l i ty a n d a ge ne ra l l y poor ma inte nance o f th e co untr y s i de ro a ds limi ts the ir use abilit y fo r he av y tra ns po r ts i n c erta i n we at he r condi ti o ns , e s pe c i a l l y i n aut umn and spring (LVC, 2 0 1 9 ) . D ue to a l a c k o f f i na nces , t he state plan s to i nve st a l s o i n f uture in t he furt he r deve lo pm e nt o f hi g h traff i c ro a d s and w i l l ke e p inve st m e nt l ow i n th e co untr ys i d e ( LVC, 201 9) B a s e d on a re ce nt re po r t by the Wo r l d Eco no m i c Forum, L at v ia’s ro ad q ua l i ty i s ra nke d at p l a c e 1 07 out of 140 co u ntr i e s ( Wo r l d Eco no m i c Forum, 2019). I n t he co ntex t to Euro pe , L atv i a ranks i n t hird last place a n d i ts ro a d qua l i ty ha s bee n m arke d as ve r y po o r ( Euro p e a n C ommi s sio n, 2019).

D is c us s ion Latv i a ’s roa d network i s ver y dense but consi sts mostl y out of regi ona l or countr ysi de di rt ro a ds.

As a resul t, nea rl y ever y pl a c e i n the countr y ca n be a c c essed by roa d, though, not nec essa ri l y wi th l a rge or heav y vehi c l es. Espec i a l l y i n the ra i ny sea sons a s a utum n a nd spri ng , the state o f the roa ds a re of ten not sui ted to bri ng heav y or f ra gi l e com ponents. Heav y ma c hi ner y ha s a tendenc y to get stuc k i n muddy or dr y sa nd roa ds whi l e the ba d roa d condi ti ons i ntensi f y the ri sk of da ma ge for f ra gi l e el ements.

Addi ti ona l l y, i t ha s to be kept i n mi nd that ma ny roa ds l ea d through forests, whi c h compl i cates the tra nsport of l ong bui l di ng co m ponents.

T he probl em s rega rdi ng tra nsportati on ca n be reduc ed when l oca l m ateri a l s a re sel ec ted i n order to l ower tra nsport di sta nc es a nd by c hoosi ng materi a l s a nd components wi th ea sy to ha ndl e di m ensi ons a nd wei ght.

ty pi ca l seconda r y roa d

C4

Latvian contex t

Renewable energy 104g CO2eq/kWh

from Latvias energy produc�on

Sweden Finland Latvia Austria Denmark Estonia Portugal Croatia Lithuania Romania Slovenia Bulgaria Italy Spain France Greece Czech Republic Germany Hungary Slovakia Poland Ireland Cyprus United Kingdom Belgium Malta Netherlands Luxemburg

EU 28

(%) 2016 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

2004 2016 Europe 2020 targets

FIGU R E 10 Share of re ne wa bl e e n er g y in g ro s s fin a l en e r g y cons umption by c ountr y, 2004 and 2016 ba s ed on : E uro stat (201 6 )

5.000 2.500 0 1990 coal

1995 2000 2005 2010 oil gas biofuels hydro wind

2015

plan to increase wind power production till 2022 to 10% of overall power production

FIGU R E 11 Electrici t y g e ne r a t i o n b y fu el; La tv ia 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 6 ba s ed on : I EA (2018)

SUPPORT THE EXPANSION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION

MINIMIZE THE ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND AIM TO USE ENERGY WITH THE LOWEST EMBODIED EMISSIONS

If many people are choosing an energy supplyer with low emissions the energy market is pressured to invest in additional renewable energy production. This strategy is very easy and cost-effective compared to private renewable energy production.

Emissions from energy use can be lowered firstly by using less energy and secondly by using energy from renewable sources.

32 Since the independence of Latvia in 1991 till 2015 the electro energy market was a monopoly (Ekonomikas ministrija, 2014). Hence, it was not possible to choose a provider, based on one's preferences. To consume fully renewable energy, the user would have to install by himself on-site renewable energy production systems.

Nevertheless, since 2015 the electro energy market in Latvia was opened and currently consists of 13 providers of which some are based to a large extent on renewable energy production (LIAA, n.d.)

Around 40% of energy produced in Latvia is hydro based, 3% wind based and 57% derives from cogeneration facilities which are mostly based on burning biogas, biomass and wood chips (CSB, 2019). This results in rather low CO2 emissions from electricity production, being with 104g CO2 /kWh one of the lowest in the EU (EEA, 2018). Nevertheless, Latvia is not producing enough electricity to cover its demand and therefore is dependent on energy imports (CSB, 2019). Much of the imported energy is produced in Estonia, which is in terms of GHG emissions from power production due to the extensive use of brown coal as energy source in europe the country with the most dirty energy (Tomorrow, 2019). To reduce the resulting average carbon intensity of the available electricity in Latvia, which ranges currently between 500 and 600 g CO2/kWh (Tomorrow, 2019), the country would need to increase its energy independence and expand the use of renewable energies.

The best strategy for increasing the share of renewable energy seems to be the increase of wind energy production. The current share of wind energy production in Latvia is very low.

Nevertheless, the plan for the next years is according to EC 2009/28/EC to increase the amount of wind energy production significantly (LSM, 2018). During the next four years the swedish company Eolus Vind AB plans to construct the largest wind park ever built in Latvia. As a result, the produced wind energy could cover up to 10% of the national electricity consumption and increase its electric independence (LSM, 2018). Additionally to that, a sur vey conducted by SKDS in December 2018 shows that 77,2% of inhabitants support the increased use of wind energy and see a further expansion of wind power production positive (SKDS, 2018).

D is c us s ion Although many sustainable building guidelines sug gest the use of renewable energy production on site, the cost of solar panels in comparison to the entire building costs, also with view on the general financial possibilities, are disproportionately high for Latvian circumstances. As already mentioned in relation to the average income, the purchasing of products from outside Latvia is proportionally high for the inhabitants of a country with low income level. As a result, it is not often possible to implement the use of renewable energy systems at an early stage of building since the income is barely enough to cover the construction costs itself. Additionally, the installation of a solar system would not have any incentives in form of financial long-term benefits, as in other countries with higher energy prices.

Nevertheless, as described above, the state has plans of further expanding the renewable energy production in Latvia. As some companies sell recently solely renewable energy with a comparable pricing as other providers, they are a good option for Latvian inhabitants to lower their personal GHG emissions in a very easy and free of charge way. One of the particular suppliers offers energy with only 60g CO2/kWh (Latvenergo, n.d.). If many people will choose a solely renewable energy provider the force on the market to invest in the construction of further clean energy plants will raise.

t he H PP i n Ai z k rauk le pro duc e s 2 5 % to 3 0 % o f all e l ectri c p owe r ge ne rate d i n L atv i a

wood c hi ps a re burnt i n cogenerati on fa c i l i ti es to produc e power a nd heat

C5

Latvian contex t

Building culture

m

0.5 k N 27

34

5

14

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

grain shed barn main dwelling sauna barn storage storage

12

6

27

3

10

11

7

7

21

2

10

14

9

4 6 5

F IGU R E 1 2 Trad itio na l m e ssua g e n ea r C Ä“s is ba s e d on : B re ie re et al . ( 1 9 5 3 )

PROVIDE HIGH SPATIAL FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY

SUPPLEMENT, INSTEAD OF REPLACING THE VALUES OF THE TRADITIONAL EVOLVED BUILDING CULTURE

PROTECT THE PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE AND CAPABILITY OF SELF-BUILDING AND SELF-REPAIR

A hi gh sp at ial flex ibility a nd ada pta bilit y is ne e de d to be pre pa red fo r any k ind o f fut ure change s. T h e ex te nt of conve rsion works is re duce d and t he rby t he fi na nci al burde n, as we l l .

Local building traditions can demonstrate strategies for material and energy efficient building, closely adjusted to the local conditions. Thus, an awareness of traditional methods is important but requires a steady reinterpretation and rethinking regarding contemporary technology and demands to not end up in traditionalism.

Sel f-bui l di ng a nd sel f-repa i r ca n l ower costs for bui l di ng a nd m a i ntena nc e.

Addi ti ona l l y, pra c ti ca l k nowl edge of the oc c upa nts ca n l ea d to m ore regul a r ma i ntena nc e a nd ea rl y repa i r, therefore hav i ng i mpa c t on the m ateri a l s ser v i c e l i fe.

36 Bu i l di ng t r a di t i o n In s pi te o f t he deve l o pm e nt i n bui l di ng te chnol o gy, change o f a rc hi te c tura l ta ste a n d urba n exo dus, t he rura l l a nds ca pe o f L atv i a i s sti l l characte rize d by the ty p o l o g i e s o f home stead s or m e ssuage s .

“A m e ssua g e i s a s ta n d -a lo n e dwe l l i ng o r m ul t ip le s ta n d -a lo n e dwe l l i ng s wi t h t h e fu n ctio n a lly ad j a c e nt ho use ho ld b u ild in g s a n d th e l a nds a ppro p ria ted to th e u s e of ho use ho l d. ” (Sae im a, 2008) It ha s be e n liste d as o ne o f th e 9 9 L atv i a n c ul tura l value s in t he L atv i a n C u l tura l C a n o n a nd the refore is se e n as a tra di ti o n that i s sti l l rel eva nt and influenti a l i n to d ay ’s l i fe .

F urt herm o re , t he L atv i a n F und o f N ature supported a large re s e a rc h i n 2 0 1 7 “A i nava s runā ” on L at v ian l a n ds ca p e a nd i ts c ha ra cterist ics. As t h e re s ul t, f i ve m a i n va l ue s o r cha ra cte rist ics we re e m ph a s i ze d : the tre e , the stone , t he cur ve o f th e ro a d, th e m e a dow and t he m e ssuage . W it h the ba c k g ro un d o f The Europe a n L andscap e Co nve nti o n o f the C o un c i l o f E urop e , t h is re se arc h a l l ows to und e rsta nd the Latv ian landscape a nd e l e m e nts that contri bu te in t he cre ati o n o f i t a s we l l g i ve gui de l i ne s towards pre s e r vati o n w i th the he l p o f whi ch a succe ssful co nte m po ra r y a pp ro a c h ca n be create d. H av ing d ef i n e d i n the natura l la nds ca pe t he e le m ent o f a ve r y s p e c i f i c bui l di ng cult u re , state s th e i m po r ta n c e o f as s e s s i ng t he t y p o logy a s we l l i n nowa d ays r ura l deve l opme nt s.

T he me ssuage is co nsi de re d the m o st co m m o n Latvi a n building t y polo g y, i n w hi c h the L atv i a n spat i a l und e rstand in g , be a uty, f un c ti o na l i ty, a nd ha rmony w it h n at ure i s wo r k i ng to gethe r. T he f irst dwellings in t his sty l e a re m e nti o ne d a s ea rl y a s t he 10t h ce nt ur y. ( B u dže , 2 0 1 7 ) A me s s ua ge is t he ho us e ho l d c e nte r o f a s i ng l e fa mi l y w hich is cre ate d by a fe nc e d co ur tya rd and a grou p o f b uildi ng s l o cate d a ro un d thi s ya rd. The rich e r and bi g ge r the ho us e h o l d wa s , the more buildin gs i t ty pi ca l l y ha d. Eve r y f uncti on in t he garde n ha d i ts ow n bui l di ng a nd

ever y i tem ha d i ts c erta i n pl a c e. In the terri tor y of a messua ge, ever y thi ng took pl a c e: work , rel axati on, c el ebrati ons a nd ri tua l s. ( Z ī bā rte, 2011) T he a rra ngement of a messua ge, the number of bui l di ngs a nd thei r f unc ti ons have been strongl y dependi ng on regi ona l tra di ti ons a nd the respec ti ve topogra phi c condi ti ons. T hough one thi ng i s a l ways i n com m on - the thought out a rra ngem ent of bui l di ngs. T hey a re ma i nl y l ocated hi dden f rom the col d wi nds, a s c l ose a s possi bl e to a l a ke or ri ver a nd at the sa m e ti me sha ped a s spa c e eff i c i ent a s possi bl e to not wa ste a ny of the househol d l a nds that coul d be a ppropri ated for a nother use. ( Budže, 2 0 1 7 ) T he tra di ti ona l househol d consi sted out of f i ve m a i n bui l di ng ty pes. F i rstl y, the ma i n dwel l i ng wi th a l l the l i v i ng f unc ti ons. Secondl y, stora ges ( l atv. k l ēts) whi c h were used to store food or c l othi ng but whi c h coul d be used a s sl eepi ng spa c e i n summer a s wel l . T he thi rd ty pe wa s the sa una , whi c h i s ti l l now a n i ntegra l pa rt of Latv i a n c ul ture. T he two l a st bui l di ng ty pes, the threshi ng ba rn ( l atv. ri j a ) a nd the a ni m a l ba rn ( l atv. k ūts) , ser ved the purpose of fa rm i ng. ( Bī l enštei ns, 2 0 0 1 ) T he ma i n dwel l i ng wa s m ostl y l ocated i n a dr y a nd sl i ghtl y el evated spot, rotated so that the short fa ca des fa c e north a nd south. Ani ma l sheds woul d be l ocated sl i ghtl y m ore di sta nt to the north whi l e ba rn woul d be l ocated on the south. F rom the wi ndows of the m a i n dwel l i ng , a l l of the househol d a dj a c ent bui l di ngs were to see. T he shed for gra i n woul d be l ocated on a sl i ght hi l l so that the wi nds coul d venti l ate the gra i n. T he f urthest wa s l ocated the sa una i n order to reduc e the ri sk of f i re da ma ge for the other bui l di ngs. If a nei ghbori ng messua ge wa s nea r, they someti m es sha red the sa me sa una .

Ba sed on the regi on the num ber of rooms i n a bui l di ng va ri ed - som eti mes m ul ti pl e f unc ti ons were l ocated under the sa me roof whi l e i n other a rea s ea c h bui l di ng woul d have onl y one f unc ti on or ro om . In the c entra l regi on of Latv i a , i t wa s com m on to dwel l i n the gra i n shed i n the col d peri od a nd i n the wa rmer sea sons i n a dj a c ent spa c es. ( Budže, 2 0 1 7 ) T he bui l di ngs were construc ted m ostl y out of wood materi a l s a nd usua l l y a s ti m ber construc ti ons si nc e wood wa s ea sy a nd

37 cost- effe ct ive acce ssib l e f ro m ty pi ca l l y ne a r by fo re st. S ince fo r a lo n g pe r i o d the m e s s ua ge s were pa rt o f a m anor a nd unde r the pro p e r ty o f the l a ndlord, so m et im e s the l a nd l o rd wo ul d recommend for t he farm e rs to us e c l ay br i c ks o r c l ay a nd st raw con crete fo r the fo un dati o ns o f the mes s uage buildings i n o rd e r to p ro te c t the wood mate rials from hum i di ty a nd, the refo re , to prol ong the lifet im e and o f the bu i l d i ng s . U p ti l l the 19th ce nt ur y, t he he ati ng o f the dwe l l i ng wa s a chieve d t hro ugh a s m o ke ro o m i n the c entre o f t he bu ildin g w h i c h wa s a l s o u s e d to sm oke m e at . (B udže , 20 1 7 ) O nl y i n 1 9t h ce nt ur y far m e rs be ca m e the ow ne rs of the i r m e ssuage s. T h i s wa s fo l l owe d i n the e a rl y 20 t h ce nt ur y w i th a n ew wave o f mes s ua ge s and deve l o p m e nts in th e countr ys ide . (B ud že , 20 1 7 ) Neve rthele ss, during th e ye a rs o f S ov i et occupat io n, t he t y po l o g y o f m e s s u a ge wa s unwa nted and unpo pu l a r i ze d due to the ide ol og y of t he o ppre s s o r. The co untr ys i de ty pol og y was ch ange d i n co l l e c ti ve fa r m i ng , a l s o cal l ed ‘ko lk h oz ’. (B ud že, 2 0 1 7 ) Though since L at v ia' s i nde p e n de n c e m a ny archi tecture proje ct s d e a l w i th the ty p o l o g y o f mes s ua ge again, eve n t ho ug h i n a co nte m po ra r y ma nner.

Bu i l di ng t o da y Accordi n g to t he data o f the L atv i a n C e ntra l B ure a u o f S tat ist ics (C S B, 2 0 1 9 ) , i n 2 0 1 7 the new dwel l i ngs com m issione d we re m a i nl y s i ng l e dwel l i ng buildings in eve r y re g i o n exc e pt the C a pi ta l . T he data exclude s s um m e r co tta ge s a nd garden ho use s and s hows o nl y dwe l l i ng s commi s s ione d as full t i m e re s i de n c i e s .

Whi l e t h e cu rre nt rura l bu i l di n g sty l e do e s no t neces s a r ily fo llow t he ne e ds o f a fa r m ste a d a s i n pa st , the m e ssuage t y p o l o g y ha s staye d. Th e fo rme r farm associate d bui l di ng s a re us ua l l y repl a ced w it h gue st ho us e s , wo r ks ho p s pa c e s o r gara ge s . T he m e ssage ty po l o g y i s sti l l attra c ti ve beca us e it prov ide s va r i o us o pti o ns o f conne cting archite ct ure w i th th e s u r ro undi ng nature a nd h e lps to d eve l o p l a rge g ro u nds .

Addi ti onally, t h e m e s s ua ge ty po l o g y e na bl e s bui l di ng ove r t im e and te m po ra l , f unc ti o na l a nd f i na nci a l flex ibilit y. T he s e qua l i ti e s m a ke the bui l di ng t y po logy nowa d ays attra c ti ve fo r bo th, hi gh- a nd low-inco m e h o us e h o l ds . Fo r th e l atte r,

a spec i a l ty po l ogy of tempora ri l y m i c ro housi ng ha s become ver y po pul a r. Ty pi ca l l y, a sma l l a nd si mpl e construc ted hut gets bui l t f i rst. It i s prov i di ng j ust eno ugh spa c e for the most nec essa r y l i v i ng f unc ti ons for the f i rst yea rs. As f i na nc es a nd ti me a l l ows, thi s hut gets upgra ded a nd ex tended wi th ti m e i nto a sta nda rd si zed dwel l i ng o r a l ternati ve a dwel l i ng i s bui l t nea rby a nd the hut rec ei ves a new f unc ti on. T hi s ty pe of bui l di ng i s espec i a l l y popul a r a mong young peo pl e, whi c h of ten l a c k the possi bi l i ty to bui l d i m m edi atel y a f ul l si zed hom e. Al though there a re no stati sti c s rega rdi ng thi s pa rti c ul a r bui l di ng construc ti on, the obser vati ons on countr ysi de strengthen the a ssumpti on of i ts wi de use.

D is c us s ion Both, the data of new dwel l i ngs com m i ssi oned i n 2 0 1 7 a s wel l a s the prev i ousl y rev i ewed num ber of i nha bi ta nts l i v i ng i n rura l a rea s shows why si ngl e fa m i l y resi denti a l bui l di ngs a re pa rti c ul a rl y rel eva nt i n connec ti on wi th the c ha ngi ng bui l di ng l aws.

By the need of bui l di ng more susta i na bl e i n f uture i t i s i m porta nt to not forget the a rc hi tec tura l sol uti ons, whi c h were evol v i ng duri ng Latv i a ' s hi stor y a nd whi c h have become a n rel eva nt c ul tura l va l ue, a s wel l . T he cost sav i ng a spec t, the spati a l f l exi bi l i ty a nd the connec ti on to nature shoul d not be sa c ri f i c ed i n order to bui l d susta i na bl e. Henc e, i t wi l l be m ost i m porta nt to f i nd ways how the a spec t of susta i na bi l i ty ca n be a dded to the tra di ti ona l va l ues, wi thout repl a c i ng them .

For i nsta nc e, the strong pra c ti ca l k nowl edge a nd ca pa bi l i ty i n ma ny rura l a rea s of sel f-bui l di ng a nd sel f-repa i r i s to see a s a va l ue. Evol ved due to f i na nc i a l pressure i t ena bl es not onl y cost reduc ti on but i nc rea ses genera l l y the rate of rec yc l i ng a nd m a i ntena nc e, a s a ba se for f uture susta i na bl e l i v i ng.

tra di ti ona l messua ge at the coa st

te m p o ral mic ro ho usi ng f o r a fa m ily o f 5 - 2 5 m 2 A rc hitect: Juris D am bis B u ilt: 2014

Above, one can see an example for the temporal micro housing. It houses two adults and three children in the smallest possible space. The hut is planned as the first stage of gradual building.

Later, when the savings allow, it will be expanded to provide firstly more privacy for the family members, as well as more living space in general.

The construction methods follow simple, low cost and self-buildable principles. The material demand is reduced as much as possible and the cheapest materials are used. The building is set on concrete pile foundations which are made on

site by drilling below the frost line, inserting sewage pipes and filling them with concrete. The building itself is built in a wood frame construction with a standard spacing between the studs of 60 cm, allowing to use standardized building materials and components which are the cheapest available. The roof is built as cold roof, also this action is taken to reduce costs, since it requires less materials and is easier to build. After a few years the building will be expanded into a full sized family home. Sheds and a sauna will be added after.

6

5

1 4

3

2

1 m

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kitchen coat rack eating area sleeping area bathroom storeroom terrace + entrance

7

c on t emporary m e ssua g e - 4 6 1 m2 A rchitect: N R JA B u i lt: 2011

This example shows how the traditional building typology is used in a rather luxurious way to achieve a good interaction between architecture and the specific natural conditions. In this case the full sized home is already built at the beginning together with multiple other buildings, as a guest- and boathouse, a sauna, a cellar, sheds and garages. By placing the different functions into detached buildings, a reaction to the natural conditions on site can be achieved easier. Additionally, the further development stays flexible, as new buildings can be easily added to fulfill any kind of raising future demands.

4 9 3 6 5 1 7 2

13

8

12 11

10

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main house tower / studio main entrance & outhouse front square courtyard garage storage greenhouse cellar

10 - wood shed 11 - shed 12 - sauna house 13 - river

C6

Latvian contex t

Sustainable materials Wood Studs vs Steel Studs Wood I-Beams & Wood Ply vs Concrete Slabs Wood Sheatings & Ply Covering vs Concrete Block & Stucco Wood Beams vs Steel Beams Wood I-Beams & Wood Ply vs Steel Beams & Concrete Slabs

Woodlands cover around 56% of Latvia (Pine 34%, Spruce 18%, Birch 30%)

Wood I-Beams vs Steel Beams 0

2

4

6

8

10

Net CO2 savings KgCO2/Kg of additional wood used

80.000 workplaces in Latvian wood industry

F IG U RE 1 3 C ar bon s aving e ffic ie nc ie s of w ood-bas e d building c ompone nts c ompare d to s te e l and c onc re te c ompone nts . ba sed on : Dodoo et a l .

(2016)

FIGU R E 14 Forest a re a s i n L a t v i a (2 0 0 6 ) ba s ed on : E EA (2011)

MINIMIZE THE USE OF PRODUCTS WHICH DEPLETE NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES

USE PRODUCTS WITH A MINIMUM OF EMBODIED EMISSIONS AND ENERGY

USE PRIMARILY REUSEABLE OR ELSE RECYCLEABLE PRODUCTS

O ne s hou ld avoid to us e the e a rt h’s fut ure re so urc e s i n t he pre se nt . By using s usta i nable gain e d pro du c ts from re n ewab le so urc e s , the ri s k of de plet ing re so u rc e s ca n be re duce d.

T hi s i nc l ude s m ini m i zi ng e m i s s i o n s a n d e nergy use dur i ng th e m ateri a l ex tra c ti o n, p ro c essi ng a nd tra ns po r t to th e bui l di ng s i te .

Reuse a nd rec yc l i ng conser ve the natura l resourc es that woul d have been used to produc e bra nd-new produc ts. In ca se of reuse the emi ssi ons a nd energy use f rom tra nsport to a nd f rom reproc essi ng si tes a nd the reproc essi ng i tsel f ca n be saved i n a ddi ton.

44 40% of the raw material use globally is consumed by the building sector (University of Nottingham, n.d.).

The impact on the environment is accordingly high which should encourage to an increased use of sustainable materials. That means using materials which do not deplete non-renewable resources and reduce depletion in general by minimizing the material demand and waste generation and by using reclaimed rather then new materials. Additionally, sustainable materials should have no adverse impact on the environment when used. Therefore, materials with a minimum of embodied emissions and energy should be used, what includes to reduce transport distances. (Designing Buildings Wiki, 2019) Building in Latvia offers good possibilities to use sustainable materials. 56% of Latvia's territory is covered by forest. With around 80.000 workers, the wood industry is proportionally larger than in most other countries, making wooden products widely available and affordable. The fact that 75% of all building works in the country are based on self building or the help of small local companies (LATVIJAS BŪVUZŅĒMĒJU PARTNERĪBA, 2019), materials that are lightweight and easy to transport are preferred.

“Tim be r i s c o m m o n ly u s ed in lo w densi t y ho usi ng co n s tru c tio n a n d it i s a l so a hi g hl y s u s ta in a b le con st r uc t i o n m a te r ia l - p ro v id in g a na t ur a l l y re g e n e r a tin g ca rb o n sto re . ” (Forsy t he , 2011) According to a study done by Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, wood has been reviewed as the preferable material in sustainable constructions.

Although it is hard to provide certain environmental impact data in comparison to another building material due to different construction methods, the study showed lower embodied emission in timber products when compared to other building materials.

Furthermore, the recycling possibilities of timber allow to repurpose it in multiple other products. (Hill and Zimmer, 2018) As an example cellulose insulation which is made from recycled wood or paper can be taken. It is a widely available and low cost product in Latvia and can be easily used in any wooden frame building constructions.

Closely linked to the design for disassembly strategies the reuse possibility of products is dependent on their dimensions and modifications. Unmodified products with widely use dimensions / standard dimensions are more likely to be reused than custom ones. The latter might only be worth for recycling which is in fact avoiding the depletion of resources but requires energy for processing again. Therefore, reuse is always more sustainable than recycling. “[A lvar A alto] s aw that s tandar diz ation s hould not be us e d as infle xible finis he d buildings or c omple xe s , but de e pe r in its inte r nal limbs , s tr uc tur al e le me nts and the e le me nts of w hic h c an be for me d fle xibly into an unlimite d numbe r of diffe re nt e ntitie s , like nature c re ate s its type s . He c alle d this type of s tandar diz ation arc hite c tur al s tandar diz ation. A c c or ding to him, buildings had to be diffe re nt, but the y had to be s o in an or ganic , non-ar bitr ar y manne r.” ( Krok fors, 2 0 1 7 ) D is c us s ion Ac cordi ng to a study on wood i nnovati on i n resi denti a l sec tor, CO2 emi ssi ons of a bui l di ng ca n be reduc ed by 3 8 % i n compa ri son to a ty pi ca l Dutc h seri a l house i f pa rti a l l y bui l di ng el ements a re repl a c ed by wood el em ents.

F urtherm ore, the em i ssi ons ca n be reduc ed up to 5 0 % i f a ti m ber f ra m e bui l di ng i s consi dered. ( G roenewegen et a l . , 2 0 0 1 ) W hi l e suc h hi gh potenti a l emi ssi on sav i ngs ca n prov i de enough rea son to c hoose wooden construc ti on m ateri a l s, even f urther benef i ts ca n be tra c ked. T he ha r vesti ng of m a na ged forests ensures that the overa l l a ge of trees stays yo ung. As trees ca pture ca rbon duri ng thei r growth, espec i a l l y i n young a ge, suc h forest ca n store m ore CO2 i n the sa m e ti me a s unma na ged ones. ( Hi l l a nd Z i m m er, 2 0 1 8 ) T hi s sto red ca rbo n rema i ns a l so i n the wooden bui l di ng produc ts ti l l thei r end of l i fe, gi v i ng the bui l di ng sec tor the possi bi l i ty to a c t a s ca rbon stora ge. If m ateri a l s get rec yc l ed a nd reused more of ten, the ca rbon stays ca ptured l onger, too. ( Hi l l a nd Z i mmer, 2 0 1 8 )

t im be r i n a hardware sto re

ti mber at a l oca l wood m a rket

CHAPTER II

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