ANTIVILLA - "a monument against the insulation madness”

Antivilla.

“A Monument Against the Insulation Madness�

[1]

AAR4926 Integrated Energy Design Theory Report

MSc Sustainable Architecture Trondheim, Norway 2018

Theory Report by Marija Katrina Dambe

page of contents. _03 abstract _04 introduction _05 relationship between architecture and environment _06 question of the study _07 case study _07 Antivilla _11 analysis _11 procedure _11 data for calculations _13 results _17 discussion _19 further studies _20 references _20 text _21 figures _22 appendix ”Monument gegen den Dämm-Wahn” (Rellensmann, 2015)

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abstract.

03 Buildings and architecture have always played the role of sheltering humans from the outdoor environment.Nevertheless, the sophistication of the building systems has gotten so high that the human has become a disturbing factor in the lifetime of the building. Additionally the issues of Global Warming put a pressure on the architectural sector with regulations and restrictions. In the end the practice of architecture has been put in tension between the environmental concerns and the manifests of architects.

Brandlhuber+ Emde, Schneider has planned Antivilla in Krampnitz, Germany. The concept deals with the issues of energetic renovation madness that Germany has been facing over the last years. What the architect offers is a flexible spatial and thermal solution that implements the use of curtains in interior space and eliminates the need of single thermal comfort and insulation levels throughout a building.

The study tests the solution implemented in Antivilla in terms of the energy demand difference with various concept options. After conducting the analysis, it highlights benefits of such spatial planning in terms of energy efficiency as well as prolonged building’s life cycle due to reduced refurbishment need in future. With the tested solutions, the energy demand for heating a space could be reduced up to four times.

The aim of the report is to highlight the benefits and need of combining the user, environment and building services in order to plan buildings that have increased architectural quality and sustainability.

Building: Antivilla

Architect: Brandlhuber+ Emde, Schneider

Contractor: Private

Location: Krampnitz, Germany

Completed: 2012/13

Usable Surface 445 m²

introduction.

04 The role of architecture in human life has always been one of structural protection from the environment. In some cases it might fulfill only the basic concept of sheltering, in others it might increase the comfort and lastly in some the interaction between the user and the built structure has been set as the main focus. While the primal forms of buildings and architecture were built in a way that can be assembled and disassembled rather easily, the current built structures are solid and permanent ones. Furthermore, the function of a building has expanded from a simple shelter to a work and living space. This has further on resulted in the need to achieve certain comfort levels that would satisfy all of the served functions. And so, to develop the perfect indoor environment, buildings have become deeply mechanized, so much that the actual base function of a shelter has been switched into a strict border between nature and building. As stated from Arno Brandlhuber and Andreas Schulz in an interview with Arch+.

“in the name of the environment the natural environment itself becomes more and more detached from our everyday. The human himself becomes even the disturbing element in the “intelligent” building service systems.”

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The question here is, how to re-integrate the human in the building an environment so that the shelter would serve the human and not live its own life. Though this question rarely appears in building discussions where the increase of indoor comfort and therefore also energy efficiency has been one of the main themes, together with global warming and its relation to the building field. One of the direct translations of the discussion into laws has been various energy efficiency regulations for new built buildings and refurbishments. Since the set rules have to apply to every building case in the country or region, many of the requirements have become generalised and reduce the possibility of architectural experimentation in fields of achieving environmentally friendly, user satisfying and high aesthetic quality architecture, leaving the question of human relation to the building and nature in background.

Maybe now more than ever before when global warming has become one of the main issues, the building field should reorganize itself back to the relation between the human and outdoors. One should review if the full mechanization of buildings is the right answer in each architectural case and if the environmental issues should not be tackled more case specific, so creating a built environment that is in harmony with the function, human and nature. Furthermore, if housing service solutions that allow certain flexibility might contribute to prolonging the building life cycle and avoid large renovations.

”im namen der umwelt wird diese immer stärker aus unserem Alltag verbannt. Der mensch mutiert zuweilen geradezu zum störfaktor des „intelligenten“ gebäudetechnischen systems.”

(Brandlhuber and Schulz 2012, p. 171)

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relationship between architecture and environment.

05

According to the DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL EU countries have to draw national plans for increasing the number of nZEB’s in them. As an answer, the Communication from the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany to the European Commission of 18 January 2013 is written and deals with the energy efficiency measures in the German building context.

According to the document, building owners in Germany in case of refurbishment are obligated to replace or improve the energy efficiency of building elements according to national standards. This and other laws such as the Energieeinsparverordnung - EnEV which describe the minimum energy requirements in new and renovated buildings put many numerical measures to the architecture and building process. This has resulted in something called the “insulation madness”[3] by L. Rellensmann in her article about Antivilla. The [3] German energy efficient renovation consists mostly of facade and roof ”Monument gegen den U-value improving and due to expenses, is mostly done with the Dämm-Wahn” (Rellensmann, 2015) cheapest possible methods such as by using polystyrene. The material use itself might be a subject to a Life Cycle Assessment to evaluate the actual ecological benefits or more likely downsides due to the respective method, nevertheless, this is not the concern of this report. The interest here is the effect on building services. The improved efficiency of building envelopes causes an increased need of housing services that would provide sufficient cooling due to internal heat gains as well as ventilation systems. As a result, the structure forms an entirely independent indoor environment that stays on an equal comfort level all year round in the entire building. This, as a result, can have an impact on the dimension of a building, meaning, if a building with a large footprint and little usage hours has to fit to the requirements, a paradox can happen that the energy use actually is increased instead of being reduced.

It might be worthwhile to look back at the earlier community behavior during various seasons. An example might be taken from Reyner Banham where he describes two types of societies, the ones that build substantial structures that protect from every kind of outdoor environment and the ones that group their activities around some central focus in a temporary form.

“The output of heat and light from a campfire is effectively zoned in concentric rings, brightest and hottest close to the fire, coolest and darkest away from it, so that sleeping is an outer-ring activity, and pursuits requiring vision belong to the inner rings.”

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(Banham, 1969), fragment from a book by Reyner Banham Nevertheless, the architecture as we know it nowadays mostly deals used as a reference in Antivilla with the fist type of society, it is a result of a long development and

by Brandlhuber+ [4]

social issues that occurred in past, when materials were hard to

06 acquire and they were very costly. In that case the built structures were constructed with such care and consideration that the would stand for many years. Though the tendency one sees nowadays is somewhat different. The type of building still is created as a massive structure from the principles of past, though the way of living, the society has changed. As a result, instead of 200 or even 100 year life time of a building, one speaks now of a 60 years time. Even more, in very dense and fast developing countries such as Japan, an average building stands for only 30 years[5]. Here a question has to be asked, if the lifestyle has changed, why have the buildings not changed? Is it worthwhile to reconsider the principles of the second type of society and plan for a temporary use and easy functional change, to plan for the future and not past? One of the issues connected is the building infrastructure that is fixed built for the single planned function and therefore make it hard for a change in years. A deeper research in flexibility solutions is needed that would allow the buildings to stand for longer years so reducing the carbon footprint and at the same time being adaptable for the type of society. Furthermore, this would as well allow to reduce the costs of refurbishing and maintaining if more simple and flexible solutions can be found, thus letting the user be part of the building and not the interruptor.

question of the study.

Based on the previously described flexibility issue and the insulation madness striking for the perfect efficiency, the question is, can a building be transformed during seasonal changes according to the outdoor temperatures and adapt to different functional needs?

This question will be examined based on a case study example in Potsdam, Germany. The building is called Antivilla and was designed by Brandlhuber+ Emde, Schneider. It has an experimental thermal concept that adapts to different spatial use during different seasons.

Nevertheless, this approach does not fit to the energy norms of German laws. The research question of focus is how much energy is needed to hold certain indoor temperatures based on different spatial layout concepts as in the original proposal of the architect as well as a layout that would fit the regulations.

�You look at houses you might want to buy and finally settle on one that's in the right location and appeals to you. But in Japan, that appeal hardly matters: the average home only lasts for 30 years. That's because, as the economists Richard Koo and Masaya Sasaki show in a report, 15 years after being built the average house is worth nothing.� (Braw, 2014)

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case study.

Antivilla.

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Architect: Brandlhuber+ Emde, Schneider Location: Krampnitz near Potsdam, Germany Contractor: Arno Brandlhuber Year of completion: 2012/14 Gross floor area: 765 m² Total usable area: 445 m² Gross costs per m²: 855 € Usable area costs per m²: 1234 €

0

25

100 m

Fig. 1. Building ground location in context to Krampnitz and Krampnitzer See, the ground can be seen marked in plan.

08 Located just next to the Krampnitz Kaserne from 1930s in Potsdam, Germany, stands the Antivilla by Brandlhuber+ Emde, Schenider. It is a renovation project of a German Democratic Republic time Ernst Lück underwear factory into a private residential building. While the visual look and name of building might cause some to think it was erected as a protest against the villas being created in the surrounding area, the origins of the Antivilla are very different. According to the architect, the name represents the different approach to the living environment. The Antivilla introduces a new concept of interior that adapts to seasonal changes and reduces the usable surface in the colder months to lower the energy demand.

It is still a villa[6] in the original meaning of the name since it is a week- [6]“villa /ˈvɪlə/ n. - a large and end house for the architect. The ground floor was transformed in two luxurious country house in its ateliers that do not have any specific indoor environment and basically own grounds”(Oxford Dictionary, protect the user only from the primary weather effects such as snow, 2018) wind or rain. The second floor of the building is divided in 4 climatic zones which are separated by PVC and/or gauze thermal curtains.

“Historically, one of the villa’s key gestures was exactly this sort of imbrication of architecture into nature, utilising interstitial forms such as colonnades, loggias and porticos that extended out from the main structure. Brandlhuber have reversed this tradition, their diffusion of heat, light and space allowing external elements to directly dictate internal programmes.”

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“The Antivilla - Brandlhuber” The outer zone between external wall and first curtain layer form an (Maxwell, 2015) [7]

anti frost environment of 5 ˚C in the coldest winter period. This area would be put to use only in spring and summer time. The next zone includes the bed and is set without a specific temperature, since it is a transition zone between the warm and cold layer. Similarly as in the case of previously described community that would gather itself around a fire and sleep in the outer rings. The next layer would have 18˚ C and host the main living functions as well as kitchen area. The very inner layer is the heat source, it hosts the sanitary functions with set 22 ˚C temperature, an oven and a sauna. The oven simultaneously provides heat for the sauna as well as the living area. The idea of having all primary functions fit to the core allow free rearrangement of the interior space during seasons or even in case of new functions being introduced. Similar approach but in a different context of interior flexibility and not thermal benefits has been as used in many projects in past as well as nowadays. An example can be the Dymaxion House by Buckminster Fuller or the multi-apartment buildings in Netherlands where the core as well has all primary functions fit and therefore allows the inhabitants to assemble their apartment in a tetris-like way.[8] All of those have already explored the spatial benefits

“Initiated by Marc Koehler Architects, Superlofts is a flexible design and development framework merging hybrid urban programmes [...]Superlofts are designed as Open Buildings, that separate the permanent support structure from the temporary infills, utilising a flexible and open framework that easily adapts to changing cycles of use and maintenance. This facilitates a circular way of building and, importantly, contributes to resilient cities that can accommodate the changing urban programmes and lifestyles of the people who inhabit them.”(Koehler, n.d)

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09 and freedom of architectural design such solution gives, but not much has been explored of the thermal benefits as Brandlhuber does in his Antivilla.

The previously pitched roof of the GDR factory is replaced by a flat roof terrace with a ring beam that allows to remove the interior walls and increase the window openings. The latter are increased in a rough aesthetic to illustrate the nature “braking back in” the building. Even the roof water drainage system is overemphasized to create a fountain like effect when rainfall takes place.

“As architectural theorist Anh-Linh Ngo has remarked, the result is a reiteration of Reyner Banham’s concept of “architecture of a well-tempered environment” – in this case, a low-tech strategy for implanting an ecological and economically sustainable solution in a given environment.”

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historical background to the Antivilla project. “The Antivilla Brandlhuber” (Maxwell, 2015)

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In an Interview with Arch+, Brandlhuber explains his thoughts on the building and inspiration behind the concept. He states the question behind the project regarding how the comfort might be defined in future when the human would rediscover living with nature as quality.

The 500 m² two-storied building is rediscovered in winter time as an enclosed space of only 50 m² and therefore reduces the energy demand that would otherwise be needed to supply the entire floor area. Similarly as Reyner Banham in his book describes the two types of society[10] Brandlhuber+ has developed the space based on the energy and the various properties of it wrapped in a protective shell.

The building instead of performing as a monolithic structure that separates the indoor and outdoor environment entirely, becomes one of the transition layers between different comfort and climate zones.

Nevertheless, this concept was not accepted according the German energy regulations since a curtain is not considered a building structure that can separate different thermal zones. As a result it was a must to provide the building with a full floor heating that has the capacity to heat up the 500 m² and therefore result in very high energy demand if used. Despite the changed energy concept of the building Brandlhuber+ anyway installed the curtain system an explains based on personal experience that the heating concept works well and therefore rises discussion in the architecture scene if new measures for defining thermal comfort of buildings would not be needed.

“The Architecture of Well-tempered Environmen”(Banham, 1969)

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introduction.

10 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nullam tempor vehicula eros, a rhoncus sem consequat et. Nam nec aliquam sem, id ornare nisi. Vestibulum in libero quis diam vestibulum condimentum a at tortor. In rhoncus, ex ac molestie iaculis, eros erat tristique est, et lacinia lectus dui a nisl. Etiam aliquam bibendum risus, eu lobortis leo condimentum sit amet. Nulla sapien arcu, aliquet a est nec, molestie luctus massa. Interdum et malesuada fames ac ante ipsum primis in faucibus. Etiam tortor odio, vestibulum ut eros non, maximus porta lorem. Mauris lobortis viverra sodales. Nulla iaculis Fig. 2. Interior view towards the core and a half-open curtain. vestibulum risus, eu congue ante laoreet vel.

Fusce vitae efficitur ex. Aenean hendrerit in augue vitae pretium. Nunc sit amet turpis vel turpis tempus auctor sed eget elit. Cras ex quam, hendrerit et tristique a, ultricies maximus dolor. Nunc sit amet neque a purus vestibulum pellentesque. Nunc id suscipit tellus. Sed eget lacus nec nulla consequat hendrerit vel tincidunt dolor. Nulla et turpis sed nunc facilisis iaculis eu eu lorem. Vestibulum sed varius augue.

Aenean id semper nisi. Quisque tortor lectus, maximus quis hendrerit vitae, tincidunt malesuada dolor. Etiam fringilla facilisis enim vel hendrerit.Quisque sollicitudin tortor sed tortor tristique, eu volutpat nisi ultricies. Suspendisse et leo magna. Duis ultrices diam sed venenatis laoreet. Curabitur tristique sodales est, nec tempor arcu ornare nec.

Proin vestibulum, felis a efficitur tempus, quam risus volutpat augue, non finibus enim libero at nisl. Nullam accumsan ipsum lacinia ullamcorper varius. Suspendisse lorem purus, pulvinar vitae augue vitae, suscipit consectetur tellus. Etiam scelerisque tristique aliquet. Duis at pretium nunc. Nunc et luctus velit, vitae ultrices mauris. Praesent sollicitudin eros neque, et placerat nisi laoreet eget. Etiam consectetur tellus eget arcu laoreet, et congue turpis suscipit. Integer fermenFig. 3. Interior view towards the tum magna at odio bedroom

Fig. 4. The curtain as aesthetic element dividing thermal zones.

analysis.

procedure.

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The aim of the analysis is to determine if the original heating concept from Antivilla would work in terms of energy reductions as well as discover the temperature limits.

In order to evaluate the strategy, first climatic data of the area of building is acquired. Then the thermal properties of the building are gathered and the information is plotted in an Excel sheet. The calculation is based upon how much energy is needed to hold set temperatures in the different thermal zones based on outdoor temperature. The results are evaluated then in comparison with the case of a building according to the regulation measures.

data for calculations.

Potsdam has mild climate with yearly average temperature of 9.2 ˚C. The monthly average temperatures vary between -0.6 and 18.6 ˚C. Nevertheless in wintertime the temperatures can drop down as well to -7.0 ˚C (Climate-data, n.d.). Therefore the design temperatures for simulation will be testing the concept from -10.0 till 21.0 ˚C. Higher temperatures will not be reviewed since the interest of the study is to look at the heating concept and therefore only temperatures below the wanted indoor temperature are looked at.

For the simulations, only the first floor with the different thermal zoning was tested. The zone arrangement within the space can be seen in Fig.1. The climatic zone 0, the core provides the highest indoor temperature and has a size of 8 m². The climate zone 1 is set as main living area and kitchenette with 48 m². To simplify the calculation, since the interest was in the curtain system, climatic zones 0 and 1 will be joined together. The zone 2 provides space for sleeping and has an area of 50 m². The most outer ring is the anti-frost zone with 160 m².

The U - values of building elements can be seen in the figure.

Zones 1, 2 and 3 are all separated by curtains. While no article specifies the exact curtain used, it has been described that a PVC or a gauze translucent curtain is used. Within this simulation the U-value of the curtain is not a fixed measure, since the interest is in the varying tightness levels between zones, nevertheless, a little research was done to see some reference thermal curtains and their parameters. A transparent thermal curtain by Smart Sheer™ has an U-value of 0.25 W/m² K. One has to understand that the value does not take in account the possible air flow at the connection points. A second reference for a PVC curtain was done and a product by Juncor was found with an U-value of 0.16 W/m² K.

Fig. 5. Exploded axonometric representation of the numerical values of the Antivilla thermal concept.

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results.

13

kWh

heating demand without curtain heating demand with curtains heating demand zone 3

Fig. 6. Heating demand in relation to the outdoor temperature in a space with and without thermal curtain zoning.

˚C U-value W/m² K

U- value curtain from zone 3 U-value curtain from zone 2

Fig. 7. Curtain U-value based on the outdoor temperature.

˚C ˚C

heating demans zone 1 heating demand zone 2 heating demand zone 3

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 kWh

Fig. 8. Heating demand in relation to the zone and outdoor temperature.

14 A calculation based on the heating period method from the German norms DIN V 4108-6 and DIN V 4701-10 was conducted that would allow to determine the heating demand of Antivilla. The formula used for calculations does not take in account the ventilation heat losses due to the need of simplification. The main aim of the analysis is to evaluate and understand of flexible indoor environment potential with different thermal behaviour.

What can be seen in the first graph (Fig. 6.) is the heating demand based on the outdoor temperature. The graph shows three different results. The behaviour of a single climatic zone, such that is recognised by the regulations, without any curtains can be seen with the highest values, reaching up to 10 kWh of heating demand if the outdoor temperature is -10 ˚C. If the temperature is near the average of the coldest month, around -0.6 ˚C, the heating demand drops down to 7.2 kWh. The relation between the temperature of outdoors and the heating demand in this scenario can be seen as linear. These calculations have been done set with the desired comfortable 22 ˚C indoor temperature. The next line represents the heating demand with the concept of three thermal zones separated by curtains. The temperatures inside the zones are set as follows: 22 ˚C for the inner zone (zone 1), 18 ˚C for the zone 2 and 5 ˚C for the zone 3. In this scenario the heating demand with an outdoor temperature of -10 ˚C is 5.4 kWh, and when it is near the average lowest temperature of -0.6 ˚C, the heating demand drops to 2.5 kWh. Nevertheless, a slight increase of heating demand is to be seen when the outdoor temperature is 10 ˚C since all zones start to get used. Additionally, a line that represents the heat losses in zone 3 is to be seen. This is represented to show the heating demand share of the anti frost zone in comparison to the full heating demand. Respectively, when the outdoor temperature is -10 ˚C, the zone 3 has a heating demand of 4 kWh, the share reduces up to the point when the user decides to use as well the outer zone, the heating demand of the core then is nearly the same as the heating demand of the outer zone.

The next graph (Fig. 7.) represents the relation between the U-values of the two curtains and the outdoor temperature. The U-values are not a set number since the airflow rate between zones has to change depending on the outdoor temperature and respective heat losses.

Therefore, the curtain value can be seen as an indicator in a way of having the curtains tightly closed then the value is low and having them very loose when the value is high. What is eye-catching in the results is, that at temperatures below 0 ˚C the curtain between the occupied, warm zones and the outer layer, which is not used in winter, has to be opened a lot more the colder it gets. This is to explain by the increasing heating energy demand in the outer zone in order to keep in it a frost-free temperature of 5 ˚C. Therefore, a stronger heat flow from the inner to the outer zones has to exist.

15 The third graph (Fig. 8.) that can be seen represents the share of heating demand for each of the curtain zones. Here, once more can be seen that the outer thermal zone has the highest heating demand due to high heat losses, therefore another optimization test is done.

A calculation is done for a scenario when a thermal curtain would be installed along the inside of the external wall. For this case an industrial thermal PVC curtain with U value of 0.25 W/m² K was chosen.

Figure 9 shows that if only the outer curtain is installed, no other thermal zones created and all area is heated up to 22 ˚C, the heating demand of the space in -10 ˚C would drop down to 4.9 kWh what is twice less than in case of having no installations done. For comparison the line of heating demand for having thermal zones can be seen, the option is more efficient between -7 ˚ and 11 ˚C but less efficient for colder temperatures. If both methods are combined, very good energy results can be achieved and the heating demand at -10 ˚C is reduced to 2.9 kWh. Here the full impact of the curtain can be seen.

When looking at the graph (Fig. 10.) regarding how tight the curtains need to be, the values still vary in the same manner as in the original scenario, though now the overall values are nearly twice lower, meaning that the curtains need to be more tightly closed. This is a result of the improved external wall insulation, since not so much heat is lost and therefore a not that high heat flow through the thermal zones is required.

Lastly the graph (Fig. 11.) showing heating demand relation between thermal zones in different outdoor temperatures can be seen. Similarly as in the original case the largest amount of heating demand comes from zone 3. Nevertheless, it has decreased by nearly half.

16 kWh

heating demand from Fig. 6. heating demand with all curtains heating demand with ext. curtain

Fig. 9. Heating demand in relation to the outdoor temperature in a space with exterior wall thermal curtain and with all methods combined.

˚C U-value W/m² K

U-value curtain from zone 3 U-value curtain from zone 2

Fig. 10. Curtain U-value based on the outdoor temperature in case of added external wall curtain.

˚C ˚C

heating demans zone 1 heating demand zone 2 heating demand zone 3

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 kWh

Fig. 11. Heating demand in relation to the zone and outdoor temperature in case of added external wall thermal curtain.

discussion.

17 What can be seen from the conducted analysis is that the thermal concept by Brandlhuber+ Emde, Schneider does work in terms of reducing the heating demand in relation to a case where the whole floor would need to be heated equally. Furthermore the thermal zone differences might even increase the living comfort by providing temperatures that react to the function of the indoor space.

Nevertheless, an issue of the concept can be seen as well. By looking at the first graph (Fig. 6.), one can see that more than half of the heating demand is generated by the outer thermal zone. This means also that especially in the coldest time of the year, a significant amount of the energy is consumed to keep the temperature above the freezing levels. Also the Figure 8 shows this relation between heating demand in different thermal zones. Here the outer ring stands out as well, with much higher heating needs than any other of the layers. One of the possible solutions would be to allow the outer zone to drop down more in temperatures, since all the sanitary and infrastructure functions are located in the core, so the risk of damage due to frost is reduced.

Another option of solution is as represented in Figure 9, where another curtain layer is installed along the interior of the external wall that can be closed in cold time and especially during night to improve the U-value of the external wall. It can be seen that such solution would improve and reduce the energy demand at the cold periods four times in comparison with the case without any interventions. Of course, another option is just to insulate the whole building and increase the U-values of the outer walls, such option is possible when the financial state allows the expenses, nevertheless, if the budget is tight, the curtain option might be a better solution with higher flexibility.

Another interesting behaviour of the curtains can be noticed, when looking at the analysis of the curtain U-values. As already said, the U-value is in this case more to be interpreted as the stage of opening, as the U-value of the textile itself is not changing. The values change very strongly with the respective outdoor temperatures. And while it might seem that in the colder weather the outer curtain should be more tightly closed to keep the heat at the core where it is needed most, it is the very opposite. The outer curtain needs to be rather loose to let enough heat through and keep the outer zone without frost. With warmer temperatures the process is reverse and the inner core has to be more tightly enclosed. While currently this seems not such large issue on paper, in reality the adjustments of the curtains might cause problems. Antivilla’s heat source is a stove, this means that the heat output is not constant during the whole time what as well means that the curtain adjustments would not only needed to be done during the outdoor temperature changes but as well according to the varying heat input. Such system demands a lot of attention from the user and might become a burden. A solution that would make the use of the system easier might be reduction of the number of zones - to only warm and cold. The curtain should be tight enough to keep the inner

18 zone warm but at the same time has enough heat flow to the cold zone.

Second option would be installing a curtain along the external walls as the analysis showed, the energy could be reduced remarkably. It is up to the user if a single curtain along the external wall is used or many curtains creating different thermal zones. In the latter case, installation of thermal sensors could help to monitor the temperatures in the different zones in order to know when exactly the curtains should be opened or closed.

While the thermal concept of Antivilla might have some downsides and need of improvement, the overall idea is proven to work and helps to reduce the heating demand with very simple methods. The concept of Brandlhuber+ to make the user aware of environment and seasonal changes is achieved. Moreover, the energetic behaviour of the building has become one of the key design features.

“[...] there is no manifest reason why environmentally sustainable design should not be compatible with culturally stimulation and expressively vital results. Sustainability ought to be rightly regarded as a prime inspiration with which to enrich and deepen our emergent culture of architecture, rather than as some kind of restriction upon the fullness of its poetic potential.”

[11]

Foreword by Kenneth Frampton in Peter Buchanan’s book “Ten Shades of Green: ArchitecWhat Kenneth Frampton has expressed in his opinion regarding sus- ture and the Natural World” tainability and architectural approach can be applied well to the proj- (Frampton, 2005) [11]

ect by Brandlhuber+ Emde, Schneider. The architect treated the case as an architectural experimentation driven by a sustainable concept, thus not reducing the aesthetic language of the building but actually increasing it. Whereas when the regulations are applied to the building, it falls way beyond and is not accepted as an energy efficient renovation. Here the sustainability became a restriction.

One can hope that the example of Antivilla and the many discussions surrounding it will affect the way sustainability is dealt with in architectural and regulatory level, so that the topic of a low environmental impact building can become as well popular in the architectural scene - maybe even become as a stimulating addition to the architectural manifestos.

further studies.

19

Further work in this field of flexible insulation layers in the interior might help to find solutions for buildings that have limited indoor space and footprint and therefore conventional insulation strategies don’t work. Moreover, the curtain strategy provides a potential for the refurbishment field as well in heritage buildings where intervening with the original structure is not wanted.

To have working solutions for further implementing in buildings, the issue with thermal zoning should be discovered deeper. How to easen up the management of the zones and what is the best temperature ratio with the lowest energy impact. As well, studies on the curtain options with help of LCA should be done to determine the products with lowest embodied energy.

The potential in the flexible thermal option does not lay only in the thermal zoning alone, the architectural flexibility, as well as possible multifunctionality of the curtain element such as acoustic properties could have many benefits for the interior development.

Fig. 12. Flexible interior arrangement

references.

text.

20

Banham, R. 1969, ‘ The Architecture of the Well-tempered Environment’. London, The architectural Press.

Brandlhuber, A & Schulz, A 2012, ‘Das projekt „Antivilla“ von Brandlhuber+’, Arch+, vol. 208, pp.

170-75.

Braw, E. 2014, ‘Japan's disposable home culture is an environmental and financial headache’, The Guardian, 2 May. [Online]. [Accessed September 28 2018]. Available from: https://www.the guardian.com/sustainable-business/disposable-homes-japan-environment-lifespan-sustainability Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parlament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings. [Online]. [Accessed October 5 2018]. Available from: https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/;ELX_SESSIONID=FZMjThLLzfxmmMCQGp2Y1s2d3TjwtD8QS3pqd khXZbwqGwlgY9KN!2064651424?uri=CELEX:32010L0031 Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast)- National plan for increasing the number of nearly zero-energy buildings pursuant to Article 9 Communication from the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany to the European Commission of 18 January 2013. [Online]. [Accessed October 5 2018]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/buildings/nearly-zero -energy-buildings Frampton, K. 2005, ‘Ten Shades of Green: Architecture and the Natural Environment’. New York, The Architectural League of New York.

CLIMATE-DATA.ORG. n.d., “KLIMA & WETTER IN POTSDAM”. [Online]. [Accessed September 20 2018]. Available from: https://de.climate-data.org/location/6406/ Koehler, M. n.d., ‘Superlofts’. [Online]. [Accessed October 6 2018]. Available from: http://superlofts.co/en/ Maxwell, P. 2015, ‘The Antivilla - Brandlhuber’. [Online}. [Accessed September 20 2018].

Available from: http://www.peter- maxwell.co.uk/index.php/architecture/antivilla/ Oxford Dictionary, 2018, Oxford University Press. [Online]. [Accessed 9 October 2018]. Available from: https://en.oxforddictionari es.com/definition/villa Rellensmann, L. 2015, ‘Monument gegen den Dämm-Wahn Über die Antivilla von Arno Brandlhuber’, BauNetz, 20 February. [Online]. {Accessed September 20 2018]. Available from: https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-ueber_die_Antivilla_von_Arno_Brandlhuber_42316 73.html

figures. cover

21 Overmeer, E. 2015, ‘Antivilla / Brandlhuber+ Emde, Schneider’, ArchDaily, 10 May. [Online]. [Accessed September 28 2018]. Available from: https://www.archdaily.com/627801/antivilla-brandlhuber-emde-schneider/

page of contents 032C, 2015, ‘Anti-Villa: ARNO BRANDLHUBER’s Thinking Model for a New 21st Century Architecture’, 032C, 28 September. [Online]. [Accessed September 28 2018].

Available from: https://032c.com/anti-villa-arno-brandlhubers-thinking-model-for -a-new-21st-century-architecture/ Figure 1

Own representation based on Viamichelin, 2018 ‘Map of Krampnitz’, 5 October. [Online]. [Accessed October 5 2018]. Available from: https://www.viamichelin.com/web /Maps?address=krampnitz

Figure 2

Overmeer, E. 2018, ‘Antivilla by Brandlhuber+ Emde, Schneider situated in Rotkehlchenweg, Potsdam, Germany’, The Hardt, 11 January. [Online]. [Accessed September 27 2018]. Available from: https://thehardt.com/en_US/architecture/antivillabrandlhuber-emde-schneider/

Figure 3

032C, 2015, ‘Anti-Villa: ARNO BRANDLHUBER’s Thinking Model for a New 21st Century Architecture’, 032C, 28 September. [Online]. [Accessed September 28 2018].

Available from: https://032c.com/anti-villa-arno-brandlhubers-thinking-model-for -a-new-21st-century-architecture/

Figure 4

Overmeer, E. 2015, ‘Antivilla’, competitionline, 26 January. [Online]. [Accessed 29 September]. Available from: https://www.competitionline.com/de/projekte/57305

Figure 5

Own representation

Figure 6

Own representation

Figure 7

Own representation

Figure 8

Own representation

Figure 9

Own representation

Figure 10

Own representation

Figure 11

Own representation

Figure 12

Overmeer, E. 2015, ‘Antivilla / Brandlhuber+ Emde, Schneider’, ArchDaily, 10 May. [Online]. [Accessed September 28 2018]. Available from: https://www.archdaily.com/627801/antivilla-brandlhuber-emde-schneider/

appendix.

A.

22

U ceiling, W/m² K

0,165

U floor, W/m² K

0,255

U curtain 1, W/m² K

1,65

U curtain 2, W/m² K

2,40

U wall + windows, W/m² K

0,986

Area ceiling 1, m²

56

Area ceiling 2, m²

50

Area ceiling 3, m²

160

Area floor 1, m²

56

Area floor 2, m²

50

Areafloor 3, m²

160

Area curtain 1, m²

88

Area curtain 2, m²

105

Area wall + windows, m²

204,57

T Zone 1, ˚C

22

T Zone 2, ˚C

18

T Zone 3, ˚C

5

T Outside, ˚C

-10

air changes

-

List of values used in the heating demand calculation