m anual for pl anne rs
GUI DE L I NE S F OR B UI L DI NG SUSTAI NAB L E I N L AT VI A
rea der m an u al This chapter is the result of research, developed key design factors and the gained experience from the design project. It provides guidelines for sustainable and affordable building in Latvia. The structure of the guidelines orientates on Brand’s building layer model (Brand, 1994), allowing to go from general to more in-detail topics. The guidelines start with the ground development and building in general and conclude with building services and space plan. Each guideline has its own number (1), which is listed again in chapter 4 (A Possible Construction System for Latvia). One or more reference numbers (2) point out the connection to the research topics which are influential for the respective guideline. Additionally, an illustration (4) exemplifies the main principle of the guideline. Furthermore, up to three types of benefits have been marked under the guidelines (3). These benefits mark possible emission, waste or cost reductions which can be achieved by following the guideline. CO2
emission reduction waste reduction
â‚Ź
cost reduction
Nevertheless, the guidelines at this stage are developed as far as it has been possible in the time of the present thesis. What is currently missing due to time constraints is the implementation in building practice and a resulting feedback that would help to improve the current research and the research by design based information. Therefore, the guidelines at this point should be seen as suggestions and an invitation for further expansion, specification and improvement. Yet, at the same time they might help to raise awareness on simple steps that can lead to a more sustainable building as well as short and long term cost reduction.
ex pl a n at ion of a gu ideline page g u i d e l i ne s fo r
topic
Guideline
1 guideline number
E xpla nat ion
2 reference numbers Benefi ts
Guideline
E xpla nat ion
Benefi ts
3 benefits
4 illustration
guidelines for
ground development I
Place a building considering options for future modifications or extensions
B3 C 2 C 5
â‚Ź
By provi ding variou s o pti o n s fo r a f uture deve l o pment a nd there by incre asing t h e a da pta b i l i ty o f the bui l di ng , the ex tent of co nve rsio n wo r ks ca n b e m i ni m i ze d a n d exi sti ng struct ure s are le ss at ri s k fo r de m o l i ti o n a s th ey do not bl oc k a furt he r deve lo pm e nt o f th e g ro und. Bene f i t s Wa ste reduct io n due to l owe re d r i s k o f d e m o l i ti on a nd rebui l di ng. F i na nci a l b e nefit s first l y du e to re duc e d n e e d o f co nstruc ti on work a nd a p ro longe d s e r v i c e l i fe o f a l re a dy bu i l t struc tures.
II
Us e pas s ive de sign strate gies to min i mi ze en erg y co n s u mp ti o n
B1 C4 C5
CO2
â‚Ź
T he us e o f passive de s i g n strate g i e s i nc re a s e s the use of energy prov ide d by nature a n d i s the refo re a m a j o r way to reduce e m issions and en e rg y co sts . Ben e f i t s Emi s s i on re duct io n due to a re duc e d e ne rg y co ns umpti on. F i na nci a l be nefit s due to a l owe r e ne rg y bi l l , a s wel l a s reduce d acquisit ion cost fo r te c hn i ca l syste m s .
54 III
Review t he loc al tr aditional arc h i tectu re i n a s p ects o f p a s s i v e d es i g n s trat egies and ground d evelopment
C5 Lo ca l bu ilding t radit io ns ca n de m o nstrate strategi es for m ateri a l and e ne rgy eff i c i e nt bu i l di ng , c l o s e l y a dj usted to the l ocal co ndit io ns. T hu s , a n awa r n e s s o f tra di ti ona l m et hods is im portant bu t re qui re s a ste a dy re i nte r pretati on and ret h in k ing re gardi ng co nte m p o ra r y te c hno l ogy a nd de ma nds to no t e nd up i n tra di ti o n a l i s m . Bene f i t s Be nefi t s can occu r in ma ny f i e l ds . Tra di ti o na l bui l di ngs ca n be good exam ple s of us i ng pa s s i ve de s i g n strategi es for he at i ng o r ve nt ilatio n. A l s o th e i r a da pta bi l i ty ca n be studi ed and how a gro und can b e di v i d e d to a l l ow f utu re g rowth.
guidelines for
building in general IV
U s e low- carb on or c ar b on sin k mat eri a l s
C1 C3 C6
CO2
â‚Ź
Low- ca rbon m ate rials ca n b e s o urc e d f ro m m ate ri a l s wi th both l ow e m b o die d e ne rg y a nd ca r bo n i n the i r produc ti on, as s e mbl y and t ranspo rtati o n pro c e s s e s . Ca rbon sink b uilding m ate r i a l s a re m a i n l y s o urc ed f rom ha r ve sted wo o d o r o the r ve geta bl e pro duc ts w h i c h have store d ca rbon in the m ti l l they get co m po ste d o r burned. Ben e f i t s Hi gh em ission re du cti o n d ue to s i g ni f i ca ntl y embodi ed e ne rgy and ca r b o n - sto r i ng po s s i bi l i ti e s .
reduc ed
F i na nci a l be nefit s firstl y d ue to fo c us i ng o n l o ca l prov i ders, res ul t i ng in re duce d tra n s po r t co sts a nd s e co nd l y due to the incre a s e d use o f m ini m a l pro c e s s e d pro duc ts whi c h a re us ua l l y c he ape r t han h i g hl y p ro c e s s e d o ne s .
V
Decreas e t he d emand for skills and to o l s d u ri n g co n s tru cti o n , u s e a n d d e m olit ion s tage
C1 C 5
â‚Ź
A l owe re d de m and for s k i l l s a nd to o l s m a ke s s e l f-bui l di ng more att ract ive and a l s o a l l ows fo r co m m i s s i o ni ng l ess spe ci a l i ze d bu ilde rs and co nstr uc ti o n co m p a ni e s . Ben e f i t s Wa ste re duct ion due to the s i m pl i f i e d d i s a ssem bl y proce dure s, w h ich can b e exe c ute d by a va r i ety o f persons or compa nie s, m ak ing re us e o f m ate r i a l s a nd co m po nents more attra ct i ve . Fi na nci a l be nefit s due to the i n c re a s e d po s s i bi l i ty of sel f- bui l ding or pe rso na l a s s i sta n c e du r i ng co nstruc ti on mea s ures and t he re d uc e d de m a nd fo r s k i l l e d wo r kers.
guidelines for
building structure VI
D es ign f or reu se an d rec yc lin g
B 2 C1
CO2
â‚Ź
Us e sta ndard building pra c ti c e a ppro pr i ate to the l o cati on so that too ls for d isasse m bl y a re re a di l y ava i l a bl e ( Crowther, 1999b). Us e l i g htwe ight m ate ri a l s a n d co m po ne nts a s thi s wi l l m a ke ha ndl i ng e asie r, qu icke r, a nd l e s s co stl y a nd the re by ma k i ng reus e mo re att ract ive ( C row th e r, 1 9 9 9 a ) . Avoi d hazardous and tox i c m ate r i a l s th at m ay m a ke di s a s s e m bly dange ro us o r c re ate co nta m i n a nts i n rec yc l i ng ( Crowther, 1999b). Avoi d s e co ndar y co ati ng s o r f i ni s he s a s they m ay conta mi nate t he base m ate r i a l a nd m a ke re c ycl i ng l ess attra ct i ve (C row t he r, 19 9 9 a ) . Mi ni mi ze t he am o unt o f d i ffe re nt m ate r i a l s , co m po nents a nd connecto rs to re duce the num be r o f di ffe re nt o perati o ns requi re d in o rd e r to sim p l i f y the pro c e s s o f s o r ti n g materi a l s o n s i te an d to incre as e th e attra c ti ve ne s s fo r re c yc l i ng due to l a rger quant it ie s of the s a m e o r s i m i l a r i te m s ( Crowther, 1999a ; Crow t he r, 1999 b ) . Us e a m inim um num be r o f co nn e c ti o ns to a l l ow ea sy a nd qui ck di scon ne ct io n (C row the r, 1 9 9 9 b) . Us e open able , m e chani ca l co n ne c ti o ns a s th i s w i l l a l l ow a n ea sy s eparat ion o f co m p o n e nts a nd m ate r i a l s w i tho ut forc e, and wi l l re duce co ntami nati o n to m ate r i a l s a n d da ma ge to compone nt s (C row t he r, 1 9 9 9 a ) . Susta i n all info rm at io n o n the bu i l di ng m a nufa c ture a nd as s e mbl y proce ss to e a s e n up m a i nte na nc e o r di s a ssem bl y proce s s e s (C row t he r, 1 9 9 9 a ) . Ben e f i t s E mi s s i on re duct ion due to a de c re a s i n g e n e rg y use for proces s i n g and m anufa c tur i ng m ate r i a l s re s ul ting f rom ex tende d m ate rial se r v i c e l i fe s ( C row th e r, 1 9 9 9 b) . Po l l uti on re duct ion due to l e s s de pl eti o n o f natura l res ources (C row t he r, 19 9 9 b) a nd l e s s vo l um e s o f waste goi ng to l a ndfi lls and in cin e rati o n ( C row the r, 1 9 9 9 b) . F i na nci a l be nefits due to th e po s s i bi l i ty o f s e l l i ng used materi a l s inste ad of p ay i ng d i s po s a l c ha rge a nd reduc ed costs for m ainte nance a n d d i s a s s e m bl y.
57 VII
Us e an open buildin g system
B2 B 3
â‚Ź
Us e a n ope n building syste m a s thi s fa c i l i tate s a l te rati ons of the building and rel o cati o ns o f co m po ne nts wi thout ex tens i ve const ruct io n wo r k ( C row the r, 1 9 9 9 a ) . Ben e f i t s Wa ste re duct ion due to l e s s r i s k o f m ate r i a l da m a ge duri ng al terat i o ns and att ract i ve re us e o pti o ns . F i na nci a l be nefit s due to re duc e d ne e d o f co nstr u c ti on work .
VIII Us e a regular p lan n ing grid
B2 B 3 C 2 C 5
â‚Ź
A regul a rit y in t he buildi ng patte r n m a ke s co nstr u c t i on work , ma i ntenance an d fut ure a l te rati o ns e a s i e r a n d the number of si mi l a r co m po ne nt s and co nne c ti o ns i s i nc re a s e d, m a k i ng reus e mo re att ract ive . Ben e f i t s Wa ste re duct ion due to hi g h e r re us e rate . F i na nci a l be nefits due to s i m pl i f i e d bui l di n g works a nd res ul t i ng bette r se lf-bui l di ng po te nti a l , a s we l l a s possi bl e income fro m se lling used co m po ne nts .
58 IX
Choos e t he plannin g grid siz e acc o rd i n g to co mmo n b u i l d i n g ma teri a l a nd com ponent dime n sions
B2 C6
â‚Ź
Us e a planning grid that a l l ows to us e sta nda rd / conventional size d bu i l di ng p ro d uc ts a s be a m s , boa rds, pl ates , windows, do o rs , etc . T hi s w i l l ke e p b ui l di ng cost l ow, reduce the am ount of c ut- o ffs , thu s co nstr uc ti o n wa ste a nd wi l l e ns ure a h igh de m a nd fo r a po s s i bl e f u ture reuse a nd res e l l of t he b uildings mate r i a l s a n d co m po ne nts . Bene f i t s Wa ste re duct ion due to hi g h e r re us e rate . F i na nci a l be nefit s due th e u s e o f ge ne ra l l y l e s s expensi ve sta nda rd size d p ro duct s , l e s s m ate r i a l wa ste a nd hi gh resel l pos s i bi l i tie s of building m ate r i a l s a n d co m po ne nts .
X
Use a modular construction system which works in various scales and shapes
B2 B 3 A modul ar const ruct io n syste m w hi c h wo r ks i n va r i ous sca l es and s ha p e s is im po rta nt i n o rd e r to g i ve m a ny a nd ea sy pos s i bi l i tie s for t he grow th o r s hr i nka ge o f a bu i l d i ng , a s wel l as to be able to deve lo p a l l bu i l d i ng s at a g ro und o r a rea wi th the s a me co nst ruct io n syste m . Bene f i t s Wa ste re duct ion due to hi g he r re us e p o s s i bi l i ti e s o f bui l di ng m ateri a l s or com ponents i n a dj o i ni ng bu i l d i ng pa rts or ne i g hbouring bu ildings .
59 XI
Provide uniformly designed structural connection points for possible expansions
B3 C1
â‚Ź
The prov isio n o f unifo r m l y de s i g ne d str u c tura l connec ti on poi nt s from t he b e ginni ng i n c re a s e s the b ui l di n g s f l exi bi l i ty as fut ure ex te nsio ns a nd a l te rati o n s o f th e bui ldi ng a re simpl i fi ed. Ben e f i t s Fi na nci a l be n efit s due to l e s s re qu i re d co nstr uc ti o n works i n cas e of a building ex te ns i o n a nd i n be st ca s e a s i m p l i f i cati on of t he const ruct ion p ro c e s s , i nc re a s i ng the s e l f-bui l di ng potenti a l.
XII
Use a roof construction that is not hindering the buildings adaptability
B3
â‚Ź
By bei ng ab le to div ide the ro o f i n s eve ra l s e l f- s upporti ng se gme nts, conve rsion wo r ks a re s i m p l i f i e d a s l e s s bui l di ng pa rts have to be d i s a s s e m b l e d a nd co n str uc ted new, f urtherm o re t he re use o f s e g m e nts at o the r pa r t s of the tra nsform e d build ing a l l ows fo r hi g he r re u s e rate s . Ben e f i t s Wa ste re duct ion due to i nc re a s e d re u s e po s s i bi l i ti es a nd a n incre a s e d ad aptabilit y o f th e bui l di ng w hi c h re duc e s the ri sks o f de mol it io n. F i na nci a l be n efit s due to l e s s re q ui re d co nstr uc ti on works and material sav ings in ca s e o f bu i l d i ng tra nsfo r m ati ons.
guidelines for
building envelope XIII Divide the envelope into easy separable layers based on function and lifetime
A1 B 2 B 3
â‚Ź
D i vi di ng t he build in g e nve l o pe i nto e a sy s e pa ra bl e l ayers incre a s e s t he flex ibilit y o f th e bu i l di ng a s c ha nges ca n be accommo date d m ore e a s i l y a nd fa st ( S a daf i et a l ., 20 1 4 ) . Ben e f i t s Wa ste reduct io n due to m o re attra c ti ve re u s e a nd rec yc l e o pti ons re sult in g from a h i g he r p re di c ta b i l i ty o f the bui l t system, l e ss m ate rial co nta m i nati o n a nd bette r a c c essi bi l i ty to di ffe re nt laye rs. F i na nci a l be nefits m ainl y due to s i m pl i f i e d m a i nte na nc e a nd repa i r.
XIV
Allow f or f uture u p gr ade s of th e ins u l a ti o n p ro p erti es
A1 B 3
CO2
â‚Ź
A bui l ding e nve lope w hi c h a l l ows fo r e a sy a d a ptati ons reduce s t he effort for f utu re u pg ra de s o r re n ovati o ns. Ben e f i t s Po s s i bl e e m issio n re du c ti o n d ue to e a sy f uture o pti ons for lowe ri ng t he he at ing de m a nd. F i na nci a l be nefit s due to re duc e d co sts o f m a ndator y or vo l unta r y fut ure upgrade s o f the i n s ul ati o n pro pe r t i es.
guidelines for
building services XV
Ensure easy integration of building services and allow for future upgrades
A1 B 3
CO2
â‚Ź
By s i mpl if y ing t he insta l l ati o n o f bui l di ng s e r v i c es a nd by provi di ng go o d acce ss fo r re p a i r a nd u pg ra de s the bui l di ng stays fl ex ible in case o f up co m i ng re qu i re m e nts , i nn ovati ons or occup ant w ishe s. Ben e f i t s E mi s s i on re d uct io n due to s i m pl i f i e d upg ra di ng po ssi bi l i ti es and res u lt in g incre as e d attra c ti v i ty to ca r r y o ut f uture improvem e nt s o f buildi ng s e r v i c e s . Fi na nci a l b e nefit s o cc ur f i rstl y du e to th e po s si bi l i ty of inve sti ng and upgrad ing g ra dua l l y, w he re by a l ow i nvestment in the be ginning is no t h i nde r i ng to up g ra de to a better pe rforming syste m in f utu re . S e co nd l y, th e costs for ma i ntenance and re pa i r ca n be re duc e d due to a better acces s i bi lit y.
XVI
S eparat e t he str u ctu ral and infill el emen ts o f a b u i l d i n g
B3
â‚Ź
By avoi di ng ru nning insta l l ati o ns thro ug h str uc tura l el ements the bui l din gs flex ibility a nd a da pta bi l i ty i s no t affec ted ( Sa dafi et al. , 2014) a n d m a i nte na nc e , re p a i r, upgra de or di s a s s e m bly of installat i o n s i s s i m pl i f i e d . Ben e f i t s F i na nci a l be nefit s d ue ma i ntenance works.
to
s i m pl i f i e d
co nstr uc t i on
a nd
62 XVII Minimize impairments of building services on the buildings spatial flexibility
B3
â‚Ź
A de centralize d ve nt ilati o n syste m ca n l owe r the am ount of duct s i n a building signi f i ca ntl y a nd c h a n ge s a s re l o cati ng or rel ayout ing t he system ca n be exe c ute d m o re ea si l y compa re d to a ce nt ralize d syste m . El e ctri c cable s and wate r pi pe s s ho ul d be e a sy to a c c ess a nd ea sy to re lo cate . Ben e f i t s F i na nci a l be nefit s due to re du c e d l a bo ur i nput duri ng a bui l di ng s m odificat ion.
XVIII Enable a lat er implementation of ren ewa b l e en erg y p ro d u cti o n
A1 C1
CO2
â‚Ź
If the building site is suited for renewable energy production it is useful to make renewable energy systems subsequently implementable, based on the financial or legal circumstances. Bene f i t s Pos s i bl e e m ission re du c ti o n due to a n i nc re a s e d attra c ti v i ty o f i mpl e m e nt ing re newa bl e e n e rg y pro du c ti o n a l s o at a l ater sta ge. F i na nci a l be nefit s due to the po s s i bi l i ty o f d i str i bu ti ng costs ove r ti me .
guidelines for
space plan XIX
Keep int ernal partition walls non lo a d -b ea ri n g a n d rel o ca ta b l e
B3
â‚Ź
A n open building system a l l ows fo r a h i g h va r i a bi l i ty of the bui l di ngs space plan ove r ti m e , thus i n c re a s e s the possi bi l i ty for di ffere nt use and re du c e s the ne e d fo r ex tensi ve renovati o ns. Bene f i t s Wa ste reduct ion due to a re duc e d ex te nt o f re co nstruc ti on m e a s ures. F i na nci a l be n efit s due to re d uc e d wo r k re qu i re d a nd materi a l savi ngs .
XX
Place room s or fu n ction s in con sid era ti o n o f th ei r es ti ma ted u s efu l l i fe
B3
â‚Ź
Rooms or funct io ns w hi c h get ve r y l i ke l y u nne e de d wi th ti me and therefore cause co nve rs i o n s o r di s m a ntl i ng shoul d be pl a ced i n a way t hat m i ni m i ze s str uc tura l i m p a c ts on the m ore durable part s o f t h e b ui l di ng . Bene f i t s Wa ste re duct ion due to l e s s i m pa c t o f co nve rs i o n works on the e nti re build ing. F i na nci a l be nefit s d ue to re du c e d l a bo ur i np ut a nd a proba bl e sav ing of co nstr uc ti o n m ate r i a l .
64 XXI
Provide s om e de gree of overcap ac it y
B3
â‚Ź
A bui l di ng w it h a bal a nc e betwe e n s p a c e eff i c i enc y a nd ove rca pacit y prov ide s s pa c e fo r a l a rge r va r i ety o f f unc ti ons and us e, t hus im p le m enti ng c h a nge s i s m o re o f te n possi bl e wi thout t he ne e d o f co nstr uc ti o n wo r k . Bene f i t s Wa ste re d uct io n due to l e s s m ate r i a l da ma ge a nd repl a cem e nt , re sult ing i n a p ro l o nge d s e r v i c e l i fe of the m ateri a l s. F i na nci a l be nefit s due to re du c e d ne e d o f re co nstruc ti on m e a s ures.
chapter III
b i b l i o g ra p h y
6
L ITE RATURE C row t he r, P. ( 1999a), “D e si gn for D i sa sse m bl y ”, P LEA I nte r nat i o na l , avai l abl e at : htt p: / / w w w. bo t .yi l di z. e du.t r / ids0 9 /_ data/_ reading s/ D ES I G N%20FO R %20D I SA S S EM B LY- - - - . pdf ( ac c e s s e d 2 0 1 9 ) . C row t he r, P. ( 1999b) , “D esi gn for D i sa sse mb l y to Ex te n d Se r v i c e L i fe and I nc re a s e Susta i nabi l i t y ”, ava i l a bl e at : htt ps://eprints. qut. edu.a u/ 2471/ ( a cce sse d 2019) . S a dafi, N. , Zain, M. F. M. a nd J a mi l , M . ( 2014) , “ D ES I G N C RI T E RI A FOR I N C R EASI N G B UI L D I N G F L E X I B I L I T Y: DYN A MICS AND P ROS P EC TS”, Envi ronm e nta l Engi ne e r i ng a nd M a nage m e nt Jo ur nal , Vo l . 1 3 N o . 2 , avai l abl e at : htt p s : / / w w w. re s e a rc h gate . n e t / p u b l i cat i o n / 2 8 7 1 8 3 1 5 2 _ D e s i g n _ c r i te r i a _ fo r _ i n c re a s i n g _ b u i l d i n g _ f l ex i b i l i t y _ Dy namics_ and_ prospects ( a cce sse d 2019) .
PHOTO GRA P HS cover page P. 51- 52
open source , https:/ / m om e nti .l v/ open source , https:/ / mom e nti .l v/
3 rd c ha pte r o f : A C C ES S I B LE SU STA I N A B I L I T Y FOR L AT V I A : res id e n tia l b u ilding in r ur al c onte xt M a ste r the s i s i n Susta i na bl e Arc hi tec ture by : F l o r i a n B etat & Ma ri j a Katri na Da m be s up e r v i s o rs : Pa s i Aa l to & Tom my Kl ei ven N T N U, D e pa r tm ent of Arc hi tec ture a nd Tec hno l ogy Jun e , 2 0 1 9