m anual for bui l de rs
A P OSSI B L E CONST RUCT I ON SYST E M F OR L AT VI A
p refa ce The gui de l i nes of the third chapter e nco ura ge o ne to follow and build a cco rdi ng to pr inciples that enable a s usta i na b l e a nd low cost outcome. As s uc h , the i nter pretation of the bui l di ng strateg y may var y f rom one a rc hi te c t a n d f rom one project to a no the r. Therefore, the possible construc ti o n system that is to see in t he fo l l owi ng pages is not to be seen a s the o nl y sustainable way of bui l di ng but rather as one of the possi b l e so l utions and an example for wo rki ng with the guidelines. For t he purpo se of easy following , it has bee n o rga ni zed according to B rand’s bui l di ng l aye r model ( B rand, 1994) , a s i n c ha pte r 3. Ea c h ste p ha s been explained with vi s u a l i zati o n and shor t descr iption. A ddi ti o na l l y, the g uidelines which a re fo l l owe d by the respective step have be e n mar ked with their refe re nc e nu mbers.
structure
composition and operating princi pl e
68
IV
V
VIII
X
T he m a i n struc ture i s a wooden skel eton construc ti on whi c h i s pl a c ed on conc rete stud foundati ons. T hi s a l l ows to maxi mi ze the a m ount of wood a nd m i ni mi ze the use of conc rete i n order to reduc e m ateri a l emi ssi ons. T he wood studs a nd bea m s a re sol d i n l engths between 5 a nd 6 m eters, whi c h ma kes them ea sy to tra nsport a nd ha ndl e. T hi s k i nd of construc ti on ca n be used i n a va ri ety o f sca l es. T he maxi mum si ze of a uni t i s ba sed on the ava i l a bl e materi a l l engths a nd ca n therefore cover a n a rea of up to 6 ti m es 6 meters.
69
IV
VI
T he co nstruct io n syste m works wi th a m inim um o f d i ffere nt m ate rials and d i me ns i o ns. T he st uds a nd b e a ms a re all ou t o f tim be r and have t he sam e pro f i l e , whi ch s i m plifie s construction or disasse m b l y p roces s . T he i ndi cate d d im e nsio ns coul d be slight ly m od ifi e d , b a s e d on availabilit y.
wooden pole 15x15 cm
wooden beam 20x5 cm
70
V
T he stud fo undati on i s ba sed on a wi del y a ppl i ed construc ti on method i n Latv i a . Espec i a l l y, m a ny sel f-bui l ders o r sma l l construc ti on com pa ni es use suc h system, a s the dema nd for sk i l l s i s rather l ow a nd i t i s a ver y cost-eff i c i ent way to bui l d a foundati on. F i rstl y, a hol e i s dri l l ed wi th a n a uger. Fol l owi ng a pi pe ( tr y to avoi d the use of pl a sti c ) i s i nserted. T he rei nfo rc em ent a nd the post a nc ho r a re posi ti oned a nd the conc rete i s ca sted i n.
+
pipe out of metal, ceramic or cardboard as casting mould ø 15 to 35 cm
+
reinforcement
post anchor
71
VII
basic structural unit
The st ruct u re consist s o u t of the m ain ske leton and opti o na l an d m o difiable struct ura l infills, w hich provi de s m o re st ru ct ura l opti o ns fo r a b uildin g a nd , as wel l , i ncre ase s it s ada pta bi lit y.
structural infill
main structure
floor beams
72
basic structure
VII
IX
T he struc tura l i nf i l l ca n be pl a c ed or removed ba sed o n the struc tura l needs a nd the desi red wi dth of wa l l openi ngs.
reduced structural infill
no structural infill
T he pl a nni ng gri d di mensi o n i s ba sed on 1 . 2 5 meter steps. T herefore, the m i ni ma l di sta nc e between two 1 5 c enti meter studs i s 1 . 1 meters, whi c h ena bl es a l rea dy the pl a c ement of sta nda rd si zed doors or wi ndows. If l a rger di sta nc es a re requi red then studs ca n be rem oved.
73
V
VI
XI
A l l connections are bo l te d, whi ch ma ke s t he m o pena bl e . H e nce , t he structure is m ore flex ibl e and material get s le ss d a ma ge d w h e n d i s a s s em ble d and has a h i g her re u se value . A ddi ti on ally, t he construction syste m red uc e s the a mou nt of diffe re nt connecti ons and the refo re n e e ded to o ls to a m in im um . Onl y two d iffe re nt bolte d connecti ons are re quired to b ui l d the m ain struct ure . T he boa rds get con ne cte d to the st uds w it h a t hre ad e d rod a nd nut s (A + B ) and th e studs w hich can be infi l l e d wi t h pl ate bracket s and screws (B ).
B
A
74
V
VI
XI
T he co nstruc ti o n system fol l ows a regul a r gri d a nd the corner ( A) a nd si de connec ti ons ( B) l eave spa c e to connec t a ddi ti ona l struc tures ( C) . T hus, the connec ti on of struc tura l uni ts ca n c reate va ri ous bui l di ng sha pes.
C
75
VIII
X
T he co nstruct io n syste m gi ve s the po ssib ilit y to a dd addi ti ona l bu ilding par ts wi th di ffe re nt floor he i g hts , as we l l . T his can be an o pt i o n to re act w ithout m uch effo rt in co nst ruc ti o n to a n uneve n bu ilding ground.
change in floor height
76
VIII
X
T he possi bi l i ty to di ffer c ei l i ng hei ghts between the m odul es ca n gi ve a ddi ti ona l f reedom i n pl a nni ng a nd desi gn
change in ceiling height
77 + roof
VIII
X
XI
On top o f a basic st ruc tu re ro o f struct ure s w ith any d es i re d s h ape can be a d de d .
basic structure
flat roof
78
gable roof
single sloped roof
79
VIII
X
XII
T he roof st ru ct u re s have to b e constructe d in a simi l a r way a s the unde rly in g b a s i c struct ure . T his e n ab le s ex tens i o ns in any dire c ti o n and va ri o us shape s.
initial situation
Importa nt is, t hat t h e ro o f struct ure has n o ove rha ng s , as t hey wo uld preve nt a n ea sy a dd it ion of building p a rts . The st ructure fo r ro o f ove rha ng s can be adde d subs e quent ly.
extension in roofline direction
extension against roofline direction
80
initial situation
extension to gable roof
extension to lean-to roof
81
VII
The woode n ske leton struct ure ne e ds bracing s . Thi s ca n be re alise d w ith wooden co nstructio n b o a rd s of OSB o r ply wo od. T h ey ca n hol d l oos e -fill insulat io n i n pl a ce a n d re duce t he us e o f pl a sti c produ ct s, as thes e boa rds can re place t he va pour barrie r if the j o i nts are ta ped air-t ight.
barcing with wooden panel material (OSB or plywood)
I n ca s e glaze d o r o pe n surfa ce s ne e d bracing the n wooden cro ss be am s o r more s l e nde r m etal cro s s bra ce s ca n be use d. wooden crossbeam
cross braces out of metal
building envelope
composition and operating princi pl e
82
IV
wall [U=0.172W/m2K] 1 wood-fibre insulation board (behind ventilated facade) 100mm 2 cellulose insulation 150mm
1 2
3 OSB or plywood board with taped joints 22mm
3
floor [U=0.098W/m2K] 4 OSB or plywood board with taped joints 22mm 5 cellulose insulation 390mm
4 5 6
6 MDF board 10mm
VI
XIII
XIV
T he va pour ba rri er a nd struc tura l bra c i ng i s rea l i zed wi th woo den construc ti on boa rds wi th ta ped j oi nts. As m a i n i nsul ati on materi a l ca n be used l oose-i nf i l l c el l ul ose. T hi s i s a recommenda bl e produc t, a s i t uses ma i nl y used wood o r pa per produc ts ( e. g. ol d newspa pers) for i ts produc ti on. T he outer l ayer i s out of va pour perm ea bl e m ateri a l to reduc e the ri sk of condensati on. T he va po ur permea bl e wood-f i bre i nsul ati on boa rds a re pl a c ed behi nd a venti l ated fa ca de a nd do not need a ddi ti ona l ra i n protec ti ng membra nes. T he U -va l ues for the wa l l a nd f l oo r a re both exc eedi ng the upcomi ng i nsul ati on requi rements for Latv i a . T he i nsul ati on properti es of the wa l l s ca n be i m proved f rom the begi nni ng o r subsequentl y by c hoo si ng thi c ker wood-f i bre i nsul ati on boa rds.
83
IV
VI
XII
XIII
XIV 1
3
Al s o for t he ro o f, t h e m a i n ins ul ati o n m ate rial is lo os e- i nf ill ce llu lo se . Fo r roo fs wi th a tilt o f m ore tha n 15 de gre e s, wo o d -f i bre boa rds can be use d as we l l and repl ace othe r roof me mbra ne s. The U -va lue s fo r the bo th ill ust rated roo fs are exce e di ng t he up co m in g ins ul ati o n re qu ire m e nts fo r Lat vi a .
2 4
flat roof [U=0.106W/m2K] 1 vapour-open roof membrane (for roofs with less than 15° roof pitch) 2 MDF board 15mm 3 cellulose insulation 360mm 4 OSB or plywood board with taped joints 22mm 5
6
10
tilted roof [U=0.130W/m2K] 5 roof lathing 6 wood-fibre insulation board 100mm 7 cellulose insulation 200mm 8 OSB or plywood board with taped joints 22mm 9 alternative place for insulation or thermal mass 10 subsequently mounted roof overhang
7
8
9
84
T he c urta i n wa l l ca n be ma de of va ri o us materi a l s a nd a l l ows for a hi gh degree of f reedom i n pl a nni ng a nd desi gn. Due to the open bui l di ng system, wi ndows ca n be pl a c ed i n di fferent di m ensi ons a nd desi gn, a s wel l .
85
XI
XIII
T he e a sy acce ss of t h e structura l conn e ct io n p o i nts and a conse que nt se pa rat i o n o f b uilding l aye rs al l ows to ex te nd an ex i sti ng b ui l di ng co st-effe ct ive l y. I t is to hi g hlight th at th is construction syste m all ows o ne to l ive in t he in it ia l b ui l di ng w itho ut any li mi tati ons during ex tens i o n works . It is no t n e e de d to f ind a nothe r place to stay d uri ng construct ion wo r ks as the i nit ial wall stays inta ct a nd insulate d til l th e added structu re has its ow n c los e d enve lope . A fte r thi s , the wa l l can be o pe ne d a nd the fo rm e r an d add e d s p a c e ca n be co nn e cte d.
1 before extension
2 the facade layer is taken down and the structural connection points are accessible
3 the new structure is connected
86
4 the building envelope of the extension is closed
5 the former outer wall is opened and the extension and initial building part are connected
6 the wooden poles can be removed to gain a continuous room
building services
87
XV
XVI
XVII
For the build in g se r v ice s i t is i mportant to find effi ci ent, co st effe ctive a nd h i ghl y fl ex ible syste m s, whi ch wo rk to get he r wi th the constru ct io n syste m .
The ventilation is decentralized to avoid ducts in the building. Such systems can have an excellent rate of heat recovery, which fulfills any upcoming legal requirements. The ventilation units are installed directly through the exterior walls which allows for easy maintenance, upgrading or relocation.
ceramic heat exchanger ~85% heat recovery
The decision for a heating source is very individual and strongly bound to the local conditions. However, it is important to choose efficient heating systems and avoid as much as possible the use of fossil fuels.
The efficiency of appliances can be compared easily with the Energy Efficiency Label of the European Union.
88
Cables and ducts are placed easy accessible in or along the floor or ceiling without intersecting with structural elements or the vapour barrier.
ceiling strip
suspended ceiling
corner strip
embedded cable duct
space plan
89
VII
XIX
T he pa rt it ion walls w it hi n a structura l unit can be bui l t ea sy re l o catable . Loa ds can be absorbe d by loa d- bearing co lum ns w hi c h ca n be place d at t he c ros s poi nt s o f t he use d p l a nni ng grid .
use of flexible placeable partition walls
load-bearing columns can be placed on each intersection of the floor beams
90
VII
T he spa c e pl a n i s hi ghl y tra nsform a bl e, a l so due to the possi bi l i ty to rem ove or i nsert studs between two struc tura l uni ts. In thi s way, the uni ts have m a ny opti o ns i n what way they ca n be connec ted.
the studs between two building sections can be removed or inserted, depending on the spatial and structural needs
91
VII
the ceiling beams can be removed also subsequently
T he cei l ing be am s can a l s o b e a dded or re m ove d d ur i ng a bui l di ngs lifetim e , as the mounti ng stays acce ssib l e . T herefore , ce iling re ce s s e s ca n be cre ate d o r close d and sta i rs can be adde d o r move d during a building s li fet i me .
this allows to change ceiling openings or stair positionings with time
chapter IV
b i b l i o g ra p h y L ITERATU R E Brand, S. (1994) , “How Bui l di ngs Le a r n: W hat H a ppe ns A f te r T hey ’re B ui l t ”, V i ki ng Pre s s .
FIG URES P.87 top
LunosCa n a da . ( 2019) , “ Lunos e 2™ H RV Syste m Sho r t ”, avai l abl e at : htt ps : / / l uno s ca nada . co m / products/copy-of-l u nos-e 2-h r v-syste m - s ho r t- 6 ( ac c e s s e d 2 0 1 9 ) .
P.87 botto m
GoinGre e n Now. ( 2015) , “ Ene rgy Eff i ci e nc y ”, ava i l a bl e at : htt p: / /go i ng re e nnow. bl o g s po t . co m / 201 5/ 06/e ne rgy-eff i ci e ncy.htm l ( a cc e s s e d 2 0 1 9 ) .
P HOTO GR A P HS cover page P. 67- 68
open source , https:/ / m om e nti .l v/ open source , https:/ / mom e nti .l v/
4 th c ha pte r o f : A C C E S S I BL E SU STA I N A B I L I T Y FOR L AT V I A : res id e n tia l b u ilding in r ur al c onte xt M a ste r the s i s i n Susta i na bl e Arc hi tec ture by : Fl o r i a n B etat & Ma ri j a Katri na Da m be s up e r v i s o rs : Pa si Aa l to & Tom my Kl ei ven N TN U, D e pa r tm ent of Arc hi tec ture a nd Tec hno l ogy Jun e , 2 0 1 9