“Egypt is a big informal city with strips, just strips, of formality.” -UN Development Programme http://anawanahnoo.blogspot.ca/2012/11/blog-post.html Context // Scope
“Nearly 97% of the country’s 82.6 million people live in three major regions of the country: Cairo & Alexandria and elsewhere along the banks of the Nile valley and the Nile delta, and along the Suez Canal. These regions; which occupy about 4% of the country’s area, are among the world’s most densely populated regions, where the population density is about 1,500 inhabitants per km. The national poverty line is 22% of the entire population, 15 million of which live on informal settlements.” [EEAA, 2013]
Informal Settlements ? Informal Services ? Impact on Climate Change?
http://anawanahnoo.blogspot.ca/2012/11/blog-post.html Context // Scope
Who Manages Cairo’s 15,000 Tons Of Daily Waste? Waste Increased dramatically, by more than 36% since the year 2000, to reach 20.5 million tons per year. Cairo alone generates waste of about 15,000 tons per day. Alot of this excess waste is burned, deposited in to the nile or left to rot in landfills near slums increasing unsanitary conditions; frameworks for recycling is not acknowledged within a legal framework.
Context // Scope
The Story of the Zabaleen: Cairo’s Garbage Village Informal solid waste management system [SWMS]
http://thetravelphotographer.blogspot.ca/2011/01/marty-aim-zabaleen-of-cairo.html
Originally, the Zabaleen were rural farmers from a city
In 2003, the government awarded annual contracts
called Assiut in Upper Egypt who migrated to Cairo in
worth $50 million to three multinational garbage col-
the 1940s to escape poor conditions and lack of har-
lecting companies putting the livelihoods of the Zaba-
vests. As a result, the Zabaleen established informal
leen under threat. The three companies included two
settlements on the outskirts of Cairo, where they con-
Spanish firms, FCC and Urbaser, along with Italian
tinued their tradition of breeding pigs to eat up organic
company AMA in addition to the Egyptian Company for
waste. Due to the Zabaleen’s success, this lead to more
Garbage Collection (ECGC) who was also given a con-
migrants from Upper Egypt relocating to Cairo to take
tract. However, the international firms recycled only
part in the Garbage trade.
20 per cent of waste collected, while the remaining 80 per cent is deposited in landfills in contrast to the Za-
“Before 2004, the zabaleen would take the rubbish they collected back to their homes and make a living from selling the salvaged materials to factories and wholesalers. The remaining organic waste would be fed to their pigs, whose meat also brought them a steady income.” -The Guardian Today, the Zabaleen are spread among seven settlements in Greater Cairo, with a primarily Coptic-Christian population of around 70,000. the Zabaleen deal https://www.flickr.com/photos/mosaaberising/6907115960/in/photolist
Context // Scope
with 9,000 of Cairo’s 15,000 daily tons of household rubbish, recycling 85% of it.
baleen, who manage to recycle nearly all the garbage they collect. The situation for zabaleen was made worse in 2008, when the government announced the slaughter of 300,000 pigs due to fears regarding the spread of swine flu. Due to these recent events the waste situation is made worse in a city of 20 million.
The Story of the Zabaleen: Cairo’s Garbage Village Informal solid waste management system [SWMS]
compositing pigs eat organic waste waste collection
recycling segregation
waste recovery
reuse production sell back to factories other
Zabaleen deal with 9,000 of Cairo’s 15,000 daily tons of household rubbish, recycling 85% of it.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/mosaaberising/6907115960/in/photolist Context // Scope
The Story of the Zabaleen: Cairo’s Garbage Village Informal solid waste management system [SWMS]
“With resources stretched, children ended up sharing more of the burden” -zabaleen local http://www.flickr.com/photos/34173577@N05/15104140192 Stakeholder Analysis
Voices of the Zabaleen Family
Mother
Father
Youth
"We were having a hard time treating children for anaemia, because pigs had been a very good and cheap source of protein."
"The problem first began with the government's decision to contract foreign companies to do our job, even though we know the garbage system better than anyone," said Naem.
“With resources stretched, children ended up sharing more of the burden” Aramanyos said.
see: garbage everywhere children playing
see: garbage everywhere people living with more in the city
see: garbage everywhere the city as an escape father overworked
do: collect garbage and sell or reuse
do: help with garbage collection
hear: traffic government policies
hear: stories about wealth
do: segregate garbage & manage household fetch water hear: children playing superstitions about finding gold in trash think: about children, water needs feel: fear / kinship helpless / uncertain
think: make enough income to feed family feel: injustice overworked angry
think: about escaping feel: like they don’t have a choice ‘shy’ about their task
https://www.flickr.com/photos/mosaaberising/7053214503/in/photolist Stakeholder Analysis
Voices of formal entities NGOs
Government
SWM Companies
Community leaders tried to persuade officials to use the zabaleen formally within the system, but they received a patronising response” said Ezzat Naem Guindy, head of the zabaleen workers' syndicate, and chairman of Spirit of Youth, an influential local NGO
'How can we contract them? They're not formed into companies. They don't pay taxes.'
National + Lcal
see: zabaleen’s needs
see: luxuries of modernity
see: modernization
do: development projects
do: policies
do: waste collection
hear: government policies they don’t agree with
hear: local and international discontent
hear: complaints
think: strategies for integration of zabaleen
think: strategies for waste management
think: incapable of managing situation
https://www.flickr.com/photos/mosaaberising/6907115960/in/photolist Stakeholder Analysis
Informal Solid Waste Management
Resources
Mother
Father
Youth
NGOs
Government
SWM Companies
clean water Knowledge nutricious food health care
clean water Knowledge nutricious food health care
clean water Knowledge nutricious food health care
insights from both entities + Funding
economic and social wellbeing
assistance in waste management
source of income literacy
source of income literacy
opportunities time for school
safe platform for dialogue/learning funding & governemt support
development of infrastructure + economic incentives
play a caregiving role fear of change
able to protect & provide for family fear of change
marriage escape change
connect with communities
trust informal garbage collectors
See her children living a better life
be recognized in the formal WMS / raise income
validation independence
integrate zabaleen and raise living conditions
decrease waste & reduce cost
less waste
experience & integration
Needs
Pragmatic
Formal Solid Waste Management
Emotional
Aspirational
Stakeholder Analysis
share responsibilty
more capital
Interest And Influence Is Variable
Informal Solid Waste Management Mother
Father
Youth
Formal Solid Waste Management NGOs
Government
SWM Companies
NGos are middlemen between stakeholders
Resources
clean water Knowledge nutricious food health care
clean water Knowledge nutricious food health care
clean water Knowledge nutricious food health care
insights from both entities + Funding
economic and social wellbeing less waste
assistance in waste management
experience & integration
learning, and problem solving for the stakeholders by the stakeholders
Needs
Pragmatic
source of income literacy
source of income literacy
opportunities time for school
safe platform for dialogue/learning funding & governemt support
development of infrastructure + economic incentives
marriage escape change
connect with communities
trust informal garbage collectors
voices must be heard and exchanged
Emotional
play a caregiving role fear of change
able to protect & provide for family fear of change
share responsibilty
mutual need between stakeholders, but no trust
Aspirational
Stakeholder Analysis
See her children living a better life
be recognized in the formal WMS / raise income
validation independence
integrate zabaleen and raise living conditions
decrease waste & reduce cost
more capital
Informal Solid Waste Management
NGOs
Formal Solid Waste Management
85% Recycled
20% Recyled
65% of populations waste
45% of populations waste
Safe platform for dialogue: cocreating Development of living conditions for Zabaleen, best practices of waste management, integration between both systems
Insights // Outcomes
less waste
more waste
more income for slum dwellers
less income for slum dwellers
INSIGHTS > QUESTIONS
How can slums play a positive role with in the ecosystems of major cities, what services are they providing? What services do they need? How can we utilize informal systems (bottom up) with formal systems (top down) to create resiliency for climate change? How can we establish a safe platform for dialogue and action between formal and informal systems?
http://anawanahnoo.blogspot.ca/2012/11/blog-post.html Insights // Outcomes
Bibliography Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (2009) Cairo’s Informal Areas: Between Urban Challenges and Hidden Potentials Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (2003) UNDERSTANDING SLUMS: Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency [EEAA] (2013) Climate Change Risk Management in Egypt http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/ El Gamal Mostafa. (2012) MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT: Legal and Economic Instruments of Environmental Policy http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/povertymatters/2014/mar/27/waste-egypt-refuse-collectors-zabaleen-cairo http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/55025/ Egypt/Politics-/Zabaleen-Egypts-traditional-garbage-collectors-str.aspx
References
http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/03/egypt-climatechange-2/ Plan Bleu. (2000, December). Regional Study on Policies and Institutional Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Egypt. Retrieved January 20, 2012, from Plan Bleu - Regional Activity Centre -Enviroment and Development in the Mediterranean: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/wasteEGY.pdf The World Data Bank. (2013). Country profile: Egypt. http://data.worldbank.org/country/egypt-arab-republic