Global Urbanism(s) Degree Project

上海 SOUTH BUND

创新 网络 CREATIVE NETWORKS

nurhan shukri redzheb

global urbanism studio washington university in saint louis, sam fox school of design and visual arts master of urban design, instructors: John Hoal, chair MUD Prof. Bu Bing shanghai, july 2013

contact information: nurhan.r@gmail.com 4 CREATIVE NETWORKS

CONTENT I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................06 II. SHANGHAI GLOBAL CREATIVE CITY............14 III. THE SITE .................................................................22 IV. VISION ......................................................................34 V. GOALS .......................................................................37 VI. DESIGN PRINCIPLES..........................................38 VII. FRAMEWORK PLAN .........................................48 VIII. DISTRICT PLAN..................................................52 IX. BLOCK/STREET PLAN.......................................56 REFERENCE.................................................................64

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I. INTRODUCTION The re-development of the area in and around Cool Docks and Dream Wharf shows that old industrial buildings and warehouses can be preserved and adapted to foster new creative enterprises leading to a process of incremental transformation of the South Bund area.

This individual authenticity, particularness and smallness rather than large scale development, product of China’s rapid growth and urbanization, are taken as main design concepts that will foster the transformation of the area.

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The site’s potential for future development can be seen as a combination of places where the identity of old is kept and which has fostered an environment that has already begun to attract diverse human capital, attractions and new creative industries.

authenticity

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industries

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identity

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attractions

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scale

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dream wharf

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creativity

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II. SHANGHAI GLOBAL CREATIVE CITY Creative industries are globally considered as a driving where creative industry has been taken as a major

force of a knowledge based economy.

Ranked amongst the most creative cities in Asia, Shanghai is still behind the cities like Boston, New York, London and Tokyo in this regard. Also, it is interesting to note that Shanghai is losing positions and falling down with 5 places and going from 24 to 29 in the world creative cities ranking in the last few years.

The primary goal of looking at creative industries as a global design challenge is to look at the spatial factors that lead to success or failure of that global phenomenon. Also, how the physical form of the city is influenced—more particularly the site of South Bund—

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development premise that has the potential to trigger the transformation of the area and become a model for improving creative index of Shanghai.

Consideration should be taken into the fact that the global creative index is based on criteria which is related to cultural assets, human infrastructure and networked markets. In addition, 162 city indicators are measured including architecture and planning, arts, economics, environment and nature, etc.

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What is creative industry ?

Richard Florida describes a new or emergent class of knowledge workers, intellectuals and various types of artists as a leading future economic force. Florida defines 3 T’s: Talent, Tolerance and Technology as leading factors of future knowledge based economies driven by the creative class.

According to Artscape (Creative Placemaking Lab) creative and cultural industries are compromised by: core creative fields, cultural industries and creative services.

Core creative industries include visual arts, artisan craft, live theatre, dance and music.

Cultural industries are film and TV production, broadcasting, record companies, book and magazine publisher, computer games and leisure software.

Creative services are defined as design consultancies, 16 CREATIVE NETWORKS

advertising agencies, architecture practice, and digital media firms.

The two broadest characteristics that is relevant to placemaking while designing creative industries are: networks: proximity to buyers/clients/markets; proximity to suppliers; close to business support services; part of a supportive community; close to other creative practitioners; close to competitors/collaborators Districts: close to public transit; close to downtown core; sense of safety; close to major transportation routes; close to home; proximity to green/public space; active street life; proximity to independent restaurant/ retail.

Considering there broader placemaking principles it is crucial for the design to use them as an instrumental in the development of the site.

Creative Shanghai

Shanghai is considered as the city with the largest creative cluster in the world with more than 75 creative clusters where 2/3 of them are located in old buildings and warehouses. In 2009 approximately 950,000 people were employed in the creative sector and with a gross economic output that grew more than 17% in one year.

The issue was taken seriously by the government and in 2004 was established Creative city promotion office.

Unprecedented growth of creative economies in Shanghai in the last 10 years has brought some development challenges related to the origin of this type of economy. In a research done by Chen where the development is looked in the holistic interrelation between locations, influence of intellectual resources, support of regional industries, cultural ambiance, market factors and facilities that triggers development

of creative industries. It has been found that only 20% out of 75 clusters are actually sharing characteristics of creative industries where huge part of them was conventional office development.

Although creative industries are triggering economic features of the city, they fail to foster talent or creative entrepreneurship (Jane Zheng). Also one of the biggest critiques of the same author is the fact that public policy in Shanghai stipulates real estate boom and physical improvement of the different areas which leads to a cultural-consumption-led development approach.

The idea of creative industries has always been related to micro-productivity and if we look back at the earlier examples of the development of Shanghai they were larger than 4000 sq.m. (Creative warehouse) as opposed to the city policy to favor grand scale flagship projects

with size more than 105 000 sq.m (Hi Shanghai).

Physical development of such kinds of projects leads to fragmentation of the urban environment and results in a physical image that differs significantly from the surrounding area. The most common urban patterns are the preserved historical buildings and warehouses surrounded by modern skyscrapers and walled edges inaccessible for citizens.

Yet another issue is that most profitable industries such as architecture, advertising, R&D, and consultation are favored and less profitable sectors related to art, music and video and antique markets are not really desirable.

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CREATIVE CLUSTERS IN SHANGHAI

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generic office development

+

large scale projects

+

urban patches

≠

SHANGHAI COMPETITIVE GLOBAL CREATIVE CITY

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tianzifang

Tianzifang and M 50 are considered as one of the most successfull creative enterprises in Shanghai because of their “organic“ evolvement and bottom-up approach

m 50

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Opportunity

Under the current conditions, innovative creative economies in Shanghai, together with rapid urbanization, real estate pressure on the waterfront and conventional master planning practices in China; do not support global competitiveness of the city as a leading global creative city.

That’s why the emerging “organic� bottom-up smallness and spontaneity of the South Bund provides the incremental opportunity to establish a new model for creative enterprises.

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III. THE SITE The South Bund is strategically located on the Huangpu River, with Shanghai’s renowned Bund to the north, the Expo Park to the south, with the western portion of the site extending to the old Chinese settlement.

Main conditions that the site is facing today are rapid demolition and transformation of old industrial dock areas and residential communities (significant changes have occurred during the project timeline), walled off and gated residential communities, underutilized waterfront, lack of public parks and street trees. In addition, Zhonshang road is a divider between residential communities in the west and the riverfront. Also, there is an issue of large “superblocks” which ddo not stimulate

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walkability and street life, as well as sharp typological divides between small scale buildings and new high rise developments.

All these conditions are questions that need to be addressed in the urban design scheme.

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SITE LOCATION

Huangpu River

Suzhou Creek

01

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5

10

20km

SITE CONNECTIVITY

AERIAL IMAGE North Bund

er u Riv

ngp

Hua

Lujiaxui Financial District

The Bund

The Old City SOUTH BUND

Nanpu bridge

Expo Park Lupu bridge CREATIVE NETWORKS 25

demolition of old warehouses

walls on the street

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walled communities

infrastructural divider

inaccessible riverfront

typological divide

underutilized waterfront

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BLOCK TYPOLOGY

0

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50

150

250m

WALLS

0

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250m

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PUBLIC PARKS

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150

250m

BUILDING USES

industrial commercial office institutional residential 0

50

150

250m

mixed use vacant

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FIGURE GROUND

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50

150

250m

BUILDING TYPOLOGY

residential towers

old docks/warehouses

mixed use

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IV. VISION

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Street level culture in creative districts is examined by Richard Florida as “teeming blend of cafes, sidewalk musicians, and small galleries and bistros, where it is hard to draw the line between participant and observer, or between creativity and its creators� (p.166, The Rise of the Creative Class)

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Proposal

Core creative

The aim of the project is to re-activate and transform the waterfront area of the South Bund through adding to the pre-existing strengths of the site and enlivening/ embracing the emerging creative nodes such as Cool Docks and Dream Wharf. The idea is to develop creative clusters, live work, and a mixed-use environment that is lively, vibrant and feeds off from creative environment.

The idea of networks is to provide a physical dimension of public spaces that is the key factor of supporting such kind of creative environments.

The aim of the project is not to develop the entire site as a creative industry district but rather as one with key interventions to support innovation that have the potential to trigger economic, social and environmental transformation of South Bund.

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Cultural fields

ECONOMY

Services Live ENVIRONMENT

NEIGHBORHOOD Work Private NETWORK

Semi-public Public

SPACE

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INDUSTRY

V. GOALS Based upon existing emergent creative industries - cool docks and dream wharf, establish creative clusters as a new identity of the area Activate riverfront use and public access Create neighborhood creativity

based

upon

community

Establish network of public spaces that triggers liveliness and vibrancy of the community Create multi-use environment Improve accessibility and bridge the infrastructural dividers CREATIVE NETWORKS 37

VI. DESIGN PRINCIPLES DP. 1 Build upon emerging creative enterprises to develop a defined 24/7 creative livable community

25 min

0

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50

150

250m

DP.2 Break down superblocks into walkable block size supported by ground level building program

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150

250m

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DP. 3 Develop continuous public access to the riverfront/ system of public parks and plazas/

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150

250m

P.4 Create netoworks of inner courtyard spaces and provide access to the waterfront for local community

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150

250m

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DP. 5 Preserve fine grain buildings and develop infill strategies where possible with mixed-use buildings

0

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50

150

250m

DP. 6 For existing high rise redesign ground floor uses to integrate with new public spaces

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50

150

250m

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DP. 7 Create strong block perimeter with new development

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150

250m

DP. 8 Site taller buildings at the major intersections and transportation nodes to create iconic skyline and to frame major public spaces

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50

150

250m

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DP. 9 Improve public transportation and Zhonshang road section through adding new metro stations on existing lines and street car, and adding a tunnel

tram metro tram station metro station metro station-new

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0

50

150

250m

SPATIAL STRATEGY Key design strategies in the design scheme are as follows: 1. To create a network of inner courtyard spaces as a catalyst of creative enterprises and social interaction 2. To create a continuous public waterfront 3. To establish main street connectors that link the riverfront, neighboring communities, and courtyards creating a defined system of public spaces.

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50

150

250m

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VII. FRAMEWORK PLAN

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bund park continuation

residential communities creative services core creative industries

educational institutions high rise landmark

cultural industries

expo park continuation 0

50

150

250m

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AERIAL VIEW

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AERIAL VIEW

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VIII. DISTRICT PLAN In the district plan, a strategy of micro-courtyard spaces is further developed. The typology is defined as: public, semi-public and private. Also, further block and building typologies are defined, as well as supporting street and public transit networks.

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0

10

25

50m

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block typology

public space typology

public semi-public private

figure ground

public transit and bike network

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25

50m

AERIAL VIEW courtyard public spaces

residential communities

riverfront walkway

tram

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IX. BLOCK/STREET PLAN At the block/street level it is explored how building ground floor meets defined communal spaces and how they relate to the street.

One typical block is taken as an example of how the idea of courtyard spaces function, the program and the textural quality of spaces are defined.

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B

A

0 2 5

10m

A

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SECTION A-A

waimalu road

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communal space

courtyard publi space

zhonshang road

SECTION B-B

courtyard public space

0

5

15

20m

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PROGRAM

studio commercial office retail residential

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0 2 5

10m

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PERSPECTIVE FROM COURTYARD SPACE TOWARDS STREET

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PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS INNER PLAZA

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REFERENCE Florida, R. (2012). The Rise of Creative Class (p.166).

New York: Basic Books Zheng,J. (2011). Creative Industry Clusters and the Entrepreneurial City of Shanghai. Retrieved from http:// usj.sagepub.com/content/48/16/3561 http://www.innovation-cities.com/indexes http://www. artscapediy.org/Home.aspx http://www.creativecity.sh.cn/en/ http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/index.html http://en.thecooldocks.com/ h t t p : // w e n k u . b a i d u . c o m / v i e w / b302bd4dfe4733687e21aa1a.html

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