Low-Lying Singapore

LOW-LYING SINGAPORE

Reimaging coastal landscape for sea-level rise adaptation

LA4702 Master of Landscape Architecture Studio : City 11 Jan to 20 Apr 2021

Tutors: Evi Syariffudin | Hwang Yun Hye

Students:

Fang Ting | Feng Kangtai | Ge Wenxi | Hao Jun | He Xiaowei

Hong Mengyi | Huang Xi | Lam Ching Hang, Adam | Li Jiaying | Li Wanying

Li Xi | Liu Kaiyan | Long Di | Ou Yeyao | Rui Xue |

Tan Shuyue | Wang Xiaomeng | Xiang Wenqin | Xie Wanying | Yin Yi

Zhang Kairui | Zhang Liao | Zhang Liping | Zheng Qiaoyu | Zhu Wen

NUS School of Design and Environment Department of Architecture

As a studio product which is not censored, it may contain mistakes or defciencies, and proposed ideas may not represent the position of NUS.

Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture

Department of Architecture

School of Design and Environment

National University of Singapore

4 Architecture Drive

Singapore 117566

TEL: +65-6516-3452

FAX: +65-6779-3078

Copyright © 2021  Syariffudin, Evi and Hwang, Yun Hye (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-18-1130-2

PREFACE

SEA-LEVEL RISE: THE CHALLENGE AT HAND

On 18 August 2019, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, in his National Day Rally speech, announced that “around $100 billion or more may be needed over the long term to protect Singapore against rising sea levels, one of the many threats posed by climate change and one which the country is especially vulnerable to.”

While signaling the magnitude of the challenge at hand, this simultaneously sanctioned the environmental design and development community at large to zealously charge ahead in its combined effort of acquiring expertise, test- bedding innovations and applying acutely appropriate strategies to secure the future of our coasts.

This studio is a hearty response to that call to arms.

THE STUDIO PROCESS

25 graduate students from the Landscape Architecture Department at the National University of Singapore were tasked to, frstly, understand the complexities of the issues related to sea-level rise in the specifc context of Singapore. Analyses were made, exploring the interrelations of seemingly disparate and independent factors. The outcome of these studies are shown in Chapter 2.

Thereafter, students were divided into 7 groups. The entire coastal perimeter was also divided into 7 stretches, with each group examining each stretch of similar or related land-use conditions. At this middle scale, they were able to delve into the fner considerations of developmental opportunities and constraints on a more strategic level.

Each student were then asked to identify the desired site of roughly 10 hectares to test out new ideas or showcase how coastal adaptation strategies can be applied robustly to their site.

Refer to Chapter 3 for these individual projects.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Special thanks to the following for collaborating with us in various capacities, including guest lecturing, guest-critiquing, as well as giving practical and valuable advice to our analysis and design approaches:

Audrey Huang (PUB Coastal Protection Team)

Ervine Lin (NUS)

Jahson Berhane Alemu (NUS Geography)

Jessica Diehl (NUS)

Jonathan Tan (NParks, National Biodiversity Center)

Juliana Tang (URA)

Kenya Endo (NUS, DOA)

Lyn Liu (PUB Coastal Protection Team)

Mina Zhan (URA, Coastal Planning Policies)

Naomi C. Hanakata (NUS architecture)

Pavel Tkalich (NUS Tropical Marine Science)

Puay Yok Tan (NUS)

Ria Tan (WildSingapore)

Ryan Subin (LA)

Shawn Lum (NTU ASE)

Stéphanie Groen (Aurecon Asia, Coastal & Climate Change)

Yit Chuan Tan (NParks)

(In alphabetical order)

STUDIO INTRODUCTION

CONTEXT

Singapore, as a coastal city-state, is especially susceptible to the effects of climate change and, in particular, rising sea levels. The National Climate Change Secretariat has projected the mean sea level to rise by up to 1 meter by 2100. Any additional increase in sea level caused by heavier and more frequent rains would be an immediate threat for a third of the city sitting less than 5m above sea level.

Almost 25 percent of the mainland sits on reclaimed land and an additional 7 to 8% of land will be reclaimed by 2030. Singapore’s 2030 Master Plan has gazetted coastal areas to become more intensively utilized as dense mixed-use developments in the future. It is also expected to have more hard-engineered infrastructures that might increase coastal erosion and environmental hazard.

In parallel with its rapid urbanization, Singapore’s coastal ecosystem has been drastically altered over the past few decades with a signifcant loss of natural coastal habitats. 83% of the total shoreline has been transformed from mangrove forests, natural sandy shores, and mudfats into seawalls or artifcial beaches. Man-made infrastructures are expected to be increasingly utilized for coastal protection, estimated to cover up to 86% of the shoreline by 2030. This trend towards a mono-functional, static and disconnected sea-land interface has to be reversed.

ONGOING EFFORT

Adaptation to the rising sea level becomes a vital agenda for Singapore’s existence. The government’s plans include:

Port Relocation Projects

Most existing port operations are incrementally moved to a new location in Tuas. Aimed to be completed by 2040, this effort will facilitate the gradual removal of existing coastal structures and infrastructures, while freeing up land for future coastal development. For example, Tanjong Pagar Terminal is expected to free up 80 hectares of land by 2027.

Flood Mitigation Efforts

PUB guidelines encourage the implementation of food-mitigation structures and strategies, including food-proof buildings, elevated buildings, elevated roads, food gates, and water-sensitive urban design (WSUD). Modifcations to existing developments are also suggested to decrease hazard risk.

Coastal Development Projects

Many ongoing and future district scaled projects along Singapore’s coastal lines (such as the Greater Southern Waterfront, Northern agri-tech and food corridor, and Greater Rustic Coast) also contain design potentials to accommodate sealevel rise adaptation strategies. The following is one such project that addresses sea-level rise more directly.

Coastal Protection along the Eastern Coastline

The use of polders and dykes, in conjunction with land reclamation, is planned as a way of protecting low-lying areas against inundation. The series of reclaimed islands from Marina East to Changi will also be connected with barrages to create a reservoir.

STUDIO QUESTIONS

What existing coastal landscape typologies and developments are vulnerable to sea-level rise? How can they be retroftted to not only ensure sufcient coastal protection but also uncover creative and unexpected land development methods that would otherwise be eclipsed by conventional planning processes? How can these new design approaches facilitate multi-functional land-use and cohabitation of man and ecology? How does this all ft back into the context of climate change? The studio aims to answer these questions.

CHAPTER 1 CHRONOLOGY

The studio timeline from 11 Jan to 20 Apr 2021

The studio started with a studio orientation by Ms.Yun Hye Hwang and Ms. Evi Syariffudin

Three guest lecturers were invited to give lectures about the coast. Ms. Ria Tan from WildSingapore provided intellectual input on the coastal habitat and biodiversity. Jahson Berhane Alemu from NUS geography department gave lectures about nature-based coastal management. Ms. Lyn Liu from PUB explained coastal protection and urban hydrology.

In the afternoon, most of the students went to visit Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) Singapore City Gallery.

Students were divided into 7 groups, which were assigned to 7 different stretches throughout the entire coast of Singapore. Each individual were told to then pick a site of roughly 200m x 500m within their group boundaries.

Group consultation about assignments was conducted later.

Each group was asked to do a relevant project case study analysis. After presentations, there was a mapping practice for each group to discuss their site visits and potential areas within their sites.

The studio ended with Evi’s brief lecture about PUB’s ABC Waters program and a design competition in Pindingshan, Henan Province, China.

18 Jan

A2 Case Study Presentation

21 Jan

Guest Lecture and Basic Site Analysis

The studio began with a lecture about climate change and sea-level rise conducted by Dr. Pavel Tkallch from NUS’s Tropical Marine Science Institute, who also covered topics of climate and ocean change, ocean parameters, ocean dynamics, ENSO, and Asian monsoon system.

After the lecture, each group presented 10 different coastal sections from their site.

The studio began with land-use study presentations by seven groups. Land use includes fsheries/agriculture/food safety, oil refnery, drinking water/reservoir creation, residential and commercial property, recreation/health/pollution management, nature conservation, and shipping and naval/military defense that are highly associated with Singapore’s geographical history, future development plans, and government policies, especially in coastal areas.

A3 Land-Use Study Presentation Interim Check of Basic Site Analysis

Group consultations on fne-tuning site analysis.

The studio began with presentations of site analysis, land use, open space and infrastructure, historical land transformation, water fows map, sea-level rise vulnerability analysis, deep and detail sectional drawings, etc.

Basic Site Analysis Group Presentation

Consultation with tutors on individual site selection, based on fndings from group site analysis.

The studio began with group discussions of individual project sites with tutors. This followed with group presentations of sea level rise strategies which include seven considerations (coastal development and hazards, public access and recreation, coastal habitats and wetlands, agricultural resources, water quality, archeological and historical resources, and scenic and visual resources) in relation to individual sites.

Pin-up of revised sea-level rise strategy. Discussion about sharing of data amongst everyone. Workshop on making physical models.

Presentation of physical models and individual consultation of potential design strategies for each site.

Individual Site Visit

Each student met with the tutors on-site. Tutors drove around the island to give 15-20 minutes consultation to each individual. Students did on-site analysis, including collecting water and soil samples.

Interim Review. Guest critics include Dr. Pavel Tkallch from NUS Engineering, Ms. Lyn Liu from PUB Coastal Protection Team, Dr. Naomi C. Hanakata from NUS Architecture, Dr.Jahson Berhane Alemu from NUS Marine Ecology, and Dr. Shawn Lum from NTU Asian School of the Environment. Each group had twenty minutes to talk about their site analysis and individual projects.

4 Mar

Interim Presentation Trial Session Interim Presentation of Planning Strategies

Preparation for interim review.

Students were redistributed into new groups in order to stimulate fresh approaches and perspectives. Instead of grouping by site proximity, they are now grouped according to site characteristics, land-use and similar typologies.

Today is the second interim presentation. Students were presented in their new groups based on their site typologies. Invited critics include Mr. Ryan Shubin and Mr. Kenya Endo from NUS MLA, Ms. Stéphanie Groen from Aurecon Asia, Coastal & Climate Change, Ms. Mina Zhan from URA (Coastal Planning Policies), and Mr. Jonathan Tan from NParks.

This month’s studio was about fnalizing individual projects. Tutors held individual consultations with students to help them improve and fnalize their designs and SLR strategies.

Seven groups were divided into morning and afternoon sessions. For the morning session, invited critics were Dr. Pavel Tkallch from NUS Engineering, Ms. Juliana Tang from URA, Dr. Ervine Lin from NUS MLA, and Mr. Jonathan Tan from NParks. For the afternoon session, invited critics were Ms. Audrey Huang and Ms. Lyn Liu from PUB Coastal Protection Team, Dr. Puay Yok Tan and Dr. Jessica Diehl from NUS MLA, and Dr. Yit Chuan Tan from NParks.

CHAPTER 2 SITE ANALYSIS

Seven groups of students were asked to do different sets of analyses , including competing land-use, land-reclamation, ecology, sea-to-land-transportation and water quality.

LANDUSE

•Ecological preservation

•Fisheries & Agriculture

• Industries and Oil Refneries

• Recreation and open space

• Residential, Commercial and institutional properties

• Shipping and Naval / Military Defence

•Water management and reservoirs

OTHER RELEVANT FACTORS

• Accessibility and Scenic / Visual Resources

• Cultural and Ecological Heritage

•Drainage, Water Quality and Pollution

• Land Reclamation

•Sea and Land Transportation

New typologies of coastal protection methods as well as conservation of coastal habitats were given particular attention

The best outcome of these analyses are included in this chapter.

SEA LEVEL TREND & VARIABILITY OF SINGAPORE

Asymmetric Tidal Flows

Overview

The Singapore Strait connects the South China Sea (diurnal tides dominantly) to the Indian Ocean (semidiurnal tides dominantly). At this transition, the tidal water level oscillations are observed to be semidiurnal while the tidal current oscillations are mixed, diurnal to fully diurnal. Due to the interaction of the diurnal constituents with the principal lunar semi-diurnal (M2 tide), the tides are strongly asymmetric.

Hydrodynamics of Singapore Strait

· Tides:

Singapore is located in an exceptionally sharp transition zone where the dominantly diurnal tides (in-between Sumatra and Borneo) change into semidiurnal tides (in-between Sumatra and Malaysia) within a distance of only 400 km. The sharp transition in tidal regimes is expected to generate strong tidal currents in the Singapore Strait. Near Singapore, the tides are mixed, mainly semidiurnal, and water level oscillations are semidiurnal while flow velocity oscillations are diurnal.

Adopted by: Long Di

References: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011JC007615

Tidal regimes in the South China Sea.

· Monsoon Driven Currents:

Nov. to Apr. is dominated by the NE Monsoon (north of the equator) and the NW Monsoon (0° to 10° S). May. to Oct. is dominated by the SE Monsoon (south of the equator) or the SW Monsoon (0° to 10° N). The sea level near Singapore fluctuates over 40 cm annually, with the lowest levels in Jun.–Jul. and a peak in Nov. The water flow in the Singapore Strait is generally westward throughout most of the year, with velocities of 10–15 cm/s, but flows eastward during the peak of the SW Monsoon, from Jun. to Aug.

Monsoonal and seasonal influence on sea level variations (monthly sea level anomalies).

· Human Influence:

Various causeways constructed to connect Singapore with Malaysia and its islands have in some areas led to a transition from dominantly diurnal flow (as part of large-scale flow patterns) to dominantly semidiurnal flow (driven by local water level variations).

Redrew by: Long Di

References: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236010829_Sea_level_trend_and_variability_in_the_Singapore_Strait

Existing Coastal Infrastructure

Mapping of Singapore

References: Ng, Zhao Ying, 2019, Creating Technological University

Potential Coastal Infrastructure

Bio-engineering Infrastructure

The tidal difference is 3.2 m.

unit Coastal vulnerability degree to erosion:

Created by: Tan Shuyue(coastline types and vulnerability degree)& Liu Kaiyan(infrastructures)

References: 1. Lim, Elsa Rui Jia. “Hybrid Solutions for a multi-functional coastal landscape in Singapore.”

2. Lai, Samantha, et al. “The Effects of Urbanisation on Coastal Habitats and the Potential for Ecological Engineering: A Singapore Case Study.” Ocean & Coastal Management, Elsevier, 22 Nov. 2014,

3. https://seagrant.sunysb.edu/glcoastal/pdfs/CoastalLandforms.pdf

Singapore Coastline Types (2018)

Creating a national shoreline typology map and identifying ecosystem services found in Singapore’s shoreline habitats, Nanyang

Infrastructure

Infrastructure

artificial tidal pool

low-sloping stepped seawall

planting of coastal vegetation

artificial reef

oyster reef bag

Singapore Coastal Hazards Analysis

Vulnerable Land Types and Development Demand

Estuary - Industry

High requirement for defence against hazards

Require low other services

ReclaimationIndustry+Infrastructure

High requirement for defence against hazards

Require low other services

Created by: Li Wanying

References: 1 URA Masterplan 2019

2 Effectiveness of Runoff Control Legislation and Active, Beautiful, Clean (ABC) Waters Design Features in Singapore

3 Shoreline erosion degree, Oil Refnery land use study group, Tan Shuyue

4 Reservior in Singapore, Drinking Water / Reservoir Creation / Water Flow land use study group, Huang Xi & Yin Yi

5 Ng, Zhao Ying, 2019, Creating a national shoreline typology map and identifying ecosystem services found in Singapore’s shoreline habitats, Nanyang Technological University

Estuary - Commercial Medium/high requirement hazards

Require higher social ecological services

Estuary - Commercial + Medium/high requirement

Require higher social services

Natural Shoreline - Residential + Open Space Medium/high requirement for defence against hazards

Require higher social and ecological services

Commercial requirement for defence against social services and medium

Natural Shoreline - Commercial + Residential Medium/high requirement for defence against hazards Require higher social and ecological services

Estuary - Residential + Open Space Medium/high requirement for defence against hazards Require higher social services and medium ecological services

Open Space requirement for defence against hazards services and medium ecological services

Flooding Vulnerability

- Peak Runoff Coefcient

High (0.86-1)

Ports / Airports

Business / Industry

Medium (0.66-0.85)

Low (0-0.65)

Commercial Residential Open Spaces

Erision Vulnerability

- Shoreline Erosion Degree

High

Mudflats Sand

Medium

Vegetation Rocky Shore Mangrove Vertical Seawall Bridge/Dock/Piling/ Pier/Jetty

Dam

Low

Breakwater

Salinization Vulnerability

- Coastal Reservoir

High

Reservoir directly connected to the coast

Medium

Reservoir connected to the coast by waterbody

Low

Reservoir close to coast but disconnected to the coast

- Farmland

Farmland at risk of soil salinization

0 5km

SETBACK BUILDINGS

ROAD ELEVATION

TIDE BREAKWATER

Created by: Li Jiaying, Karry and Dreamy

References: 1 Hill, Kristina. “Coastal infrastructure: a typology for the next century of adaptation to sea level rise”

2 Lim, Elsa Rui Jia. “Hybrid Solutions for a multi-functional coastal landscape in Singapore.”

Soil

Flooding

Salinization

Ecological service

Social service

Commercial benefit

VERTICAL POOL

MOVABLE BARRIER

ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT

ELEVATION FLOOR

ADAPTIVE FACILITIES

PLANTING OF COSTAL VEGETATION

COALSTAL BANK

DYNAMIC

MANGROVE

SHRUB VEGETATION

BARRIER ISLAND

OYSTER REEF BAG

Vulnerable Land Types And Strategy

Current and Future Development

Singapore now has 350ha of nature parks and Nparks is aiming to add another 200ha of nature parks by 2030. Four new parks along the coast will open in the next 5 years.

PCN will be extended from the current 340km to 500km and nature ways will be extended from the current 115km to 300km by 2030.

The Rail Corridor is a former railway line that stretches 24km north to south of Singapore. It will spur the development of surrounding lands and rejuvenation of older districts by 2021.

The Coast-to-Coast Trail is a 36 km trail that spans across Singapore, linking up nature areas, parks, and park connectors from Jurong Lake Gardens in the west, the new Lornie Nature Corridor near the center, and to Coney Island Park in the northeast.

Greater Rustic Coast is a 50km continuous belt of rustic green and recreational spaces for all with rich significance to Singapore’s heritage and biodiversity.

The Greater Southern Waterfront, which extends from Pasir Panjang to Marina East, will be transformed into a new major gateway and location for urban living along Singapore’s southern coast.

The Round Island Route (RIR) is a continuous 150 km park connector that goes around Singapore. It will provide opportunities for recreational activities.

Created by: Li Xi Emily

References: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/ https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate

References: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate

Created by: Zhang Liao, He Xiaowei

Matrix of Typology

Eighteen recreational space typologies have been identified in the study and classified into four groups. Accessibility

Hard Types of Landscape

Created by: HE Xiaowei Ceama, LAM Ching Hang Adam, Li Xi Emily, Zhang Liao Judy

Reservoir Park

Nature Reserve

Beach

Naturalized Promenade

Camp Site Golf

More coastal areas in the East and northeast of Singapore are open to the public, mainly in the form of coastal parks. And in the same area, residential areas has greater proximity and immediate accessibility to the coast.

Created by Xiang Wenqin Information from Google Map, local websites and feld trips

Complete access

Public access in daytime

Access by consumers/members only

Access by staff only

Military No access

Water area

Residential area

Factors influencing public preference

The map shows the accessibility of public transport along the coast of Singapore, as well as the nearest MRT station of each coastal park and the time required to arrive (min). In addition to the convenience of transportation, the following factors also affect the public's choice of open green space.

Cleanliness and Maintenance

Richness in plant species

Existence water bodies

Sufficient benches

Tranquility

Existence of playground

Richness in animal species

Opportunities for sport activities

Good facilities

Existence of car parking

Large size of the park

Existence of quiet and privacy areas

High frequency of visitors

Reference:Helena Madureira,Preferences for Urban Green Space Characteristics: A Comparative Study in Three Portuguese Cities, 1 February 2018

Created by Zhu Wen, Xiang Wenqin

Impact on access

Road networks, particularly in low-lying areas, are susceptible to flooding. Left uncheched, this will cause mahor disruptions to urban logistics.

Created by Zhu Wen, Xiang Wenqin

Reference: Npark

1.Erosion and subsidence of road bases

2.Flooding of underground tunnels and low-lying infrastructures

3.Inundation of roads and rail lines

4.Traffic congestion

5.Infrastructure damage due to increased storm intensity

Habitat Map

Reference: https://fgshare.com/articles/dataset/A_high-resolution_map_of_Singapore_s_terrestrial_ecosystems/8267510

There are more biodiversity and abundance in the northeast, South, and Sungei Buloh of Singapore coastal animals. When overlapping with the habitat map, we can see that it is closely related to the distribution of mangroves, seagrass and coral reef.

Created by Xiang Wenqin, Ge Wenxi

References: 1.iNatruralist 2.eBird 3.Nparks

East asian migratory bird flyways

Coral reefs in Singapore can generally be divided into two types: fringing and patch reefs. The fringing reefs present in the offshore islands south of Singapore island are generally narrow but can be divided spatially into two main areas, the reef flat and the reef slope.

Natural Coastal Habitats

There are no extensive seagrass beds in Singapore. Most are patches less than 15 ha in the vicinity of coral reefs, sandy shores, and rocky shores. Seagrass occurring on the floor of mangrove forests of Singapore may have been overlooked, but a loss of seagrass habitats in Singapore has been attributed mainly to land reclamation.

Mangroves comprised about 13% (about 75 km2) of the total land area of Singapore Island when it was first established as a British trading post in the early 19th century. By 1978 this was reduced to some 24 km2 (Khoo, 1980) and today, less than 1.5 km2 of the original mangrove remains recent study has estimated the total mangrove area is now about 6 km2.

The soft bottom subtidal benthos comprises the largest contiguous marine ecosystem in Singapore. The seafloor off the Singapore coastline is generally flat or gently sloping, with depths ranging between 5 and 50 m, although in the Singapore Strait towards the southern port limits there are several areas where depths exceed 100 m.

Intertidal mudflats in Singapore are generally located adjacent and beyond the seaward edges of mangrove forests. These are best developed in the sheltered waters of the Johor Straits, although significant expanses of mud are also found on a number of larger islands in the Singapore Strait. Floral and faunal studies of mudflats have been fairly limited in scope due to their inaccessibility.

Reference: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/our-ecosystems/coastal-and-marine

In Singapore, many of the natural sandy shores that were present along the southeastern coast from Tanjung Rhu to Changi, and also along the southwestern coast from Teluk Ayer to Pasir Panjang, have been reclaimed extensively. A small stretch of beach is preserved in the Labrador Nature Reserve and other short lengths of sandy areas remain along the estuarine northern shores of Singapore

Coral Reef Sea Grass

Subtidal Benthic

Sandy Shore

Mangrove

Mudfat

Rocky Shore

Only a small proportion of original rocky shores are left in Singapore, and most have largely been either reclaimed or replaced by seawalls and breakwaters. The only natural rocky shore left on Singapore island is at Labrador Beach but short stretches remain on St John’s Island, Pulau Tekukor, Pulau Semakau, and Pulau Pawai.

Artificial Coastal Habitats

Sea Wall

Seawalls are a dominant feature of the much-reclaimed Singapore coastline, and have a surprisingly diverse flora and fauna associated with this artificial habitat, with some 30 autotrophic and 66 invertebrate taxa observed in a study carried out on two islets in the Singapore Strait.

Estuarine reefs at Beting Bronok and Tanjung Chek Jawa at the mouth of Sungei Johor in the East Johor Strait are characterized by a high diversity of echinoderms, including starfish (Protoreaster), sea urchins (Salmacis) and sea cucumbers.

While much of the original landscape of Singapore have given way to buildings, bridges, roads and flyovers, many of the original waterways still remain, although in nearly all cases, they have been canalized and rerouted in one way or another.

Water Column Artifcial Lagoon

The seas surrounding Singapore that is within its port limits occupy an area of about 600 km2 that is mostly shallow (<50 m) with waters that are generally turbid and eutrophic. The water column is the largest living habitat in Singapore, and is shared by a range of organisms ranging from viruses and prokaryotic microorganisms.

Numerous artificial swimming lagoons for recreation were constructed in the early and late 1970s on many of the islands south of Singapore island. These included Sentosa (formerly Pulau Blakang Mati), Kusu, St John’s, Sisters’ Islands, Pulau Hantu, Sultan Shoal, Pulau Sudong, and Pulau Satumu.

Tidal Canal

Estuarine Reefs

REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS

Relationship Between Coastal Habitats

Created by: Xiang Wenqin

REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS

Distribution & Key Species

Seagrass

Coral reef

References:

1.Wild shores of Singapore 2.Nparks 3.Reef ecology lab

Animal:

Diodora singaporensis

Diogenes sp

Chelonia mydas

Eretmochelys Imbricata

Acreichthys tomentosus

Sirenia(Dugong)

Vegetation:

Halophila ovalis

H.spinulosa

Syringodum isoetifolium

Cymodocea rotundata

Thalassia hemprichii

Animal:

Pavona frondifera

Heliofungia

Lobophytum

Sarcophyton

Neopomacentrus bankieri

Chelmon rostratus

Vegetation:

Neomeris annulata

Cymodocea

Avrainvillea erecta

Corallina officinalis

Created by: Xiang Wenqin

Created by: Xiang Wenqin

Sandy shore

Animal:

Stichodactyla haddoni Clibanarius infraspinatus Astropecten sp.

Archaster typicus Scopimera Diogenes sp

Vegetation:

Neomeris annulata

Cymodocea

Avrainvillea erecta

Corallina officinalis

Rocky shore

Animal:

Onchidiidae

Periwinkles

Porcellanidae

Anthopleura

Ligia

Vegetation:

Pemphis acidula

Portulaca pilosa

Pelir musang

Xylocarpus rumphii

Pouteria linggensts

Created by: Xiang Wenqin

Created by: Ge Wenxi

REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS

Distribution & Key Species

Seawall

Freshwater

Created by: Ge Wenxi

References: http://www.wildsingapore.com/

Animal:

Patelloida saccharina

Siphonaria guamensis

Trochus maculatus

Littoraria strigata

Schizophrys

Vegetation:

Penaeid prawns

Alpheidae

Juvenile mullet

Shadow goby

Aquilonastra coronata

Animal:

Dendrocygna javanica

Egretta eulophotes

Cichla ocellaris

Duttaphrynus melanostictus

Lutrinae

Vegetation:

Alpinia aquatic Nymphaeaceae

Nelumbo

Peltandra

Mudfat

Animal: Mudskipper Tree climbing Crab

Pacific Golden Plovers

Common Whimbrel Curlew Sandpipers

Vegetation: Rhizophora. Xylocarpus. Avicennia rumphiana Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

Mangrove

Animal:

Mudskipper Otter

Malysia Monitor

Tree climbing Crab

Telescope snails

Vegetation: Rhizophora. Xylocarpus. Avicennia rumphiana Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

Created by: Feng Kangtai

References: http://www.wildsingapore.com/

Nature history timeline

1985: Significant baseline of marine biology database was established in Singapore.

1990: The Nature Society published Masterplan for the conservation of nature in Singapore, marking the first systemic effort to catalogue significant nature areas in Singapore.

Created by: Ge Wenxi`

References: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/national-biodiversity-centre/history-of-biod-conservation

1990: Bukit Timah and Central Catchment were declared as Nature Reserves.

1994: The Singapore red data book was first published.

2002: The Singapore green plan 2012 was published.

2002: Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve and Labrador Nature Reserve were gazetted.

2009: The Singapore Blue Plan was published.

Habitat historical change

1. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)

To outline five strategies and respective action plans that work towards achieving the three CBD objectives

2. The National Parks Board Act (Chapter 198A)

To establish the National Parks Board and to provide for its functions and powers, and for matters connected therewith.

3. The Parks and Trees Act (Chapter 216)

To provide for planting, maintenance and conservation of trees and plants within nature conservation areas.

4. Animals and Birds Act (Chapter 7)

To measure pertaining to the general welfare and improvement of animals, birds, or fish in Singapore.

5. Wildlife Act (Chapter 351)

About wildlife Management, and regulates the import, sale, and export of wildlife.

6. Control of Plants Act (Chapter 57A)

About the development and improvement of the plant industry in Singapore, and for purposes connected therewith.

7. Planning Act (Chapter 232)

To provide for the planning and improvement of Singapore and for the imposition of development charges.

Created by: Ge Wenxi

References: 1. Tse Lynn Loh, Preliminary study of community development and scleractinian recruitment on fbreglass artifcial reef units in the sedimented waters of Singapore, 2005

2. Samantha Lai, The effects of urbanisation on coastal habitats and the potential for ecological engineering: A Singapore case study, 2015

3. Hilton, M.J., Manning, S.S., 1995. Conversion of coastal habitats in Singapore: indications of unsustainable development. Environ. Conserv

4. Npark, Singapore 4th national report to the conservation on biological diversity, 2010

Reclaimed Land

Reclaimed land distribution map

Tuas: reclamation began in 1988

Marina bay: reclamation began during the late 1960s and early 1970s

Reclaimed land method history

Dry method: It is the simplest and oldest method that involves filling the required area with large and heavy rocks and/or cement, then building up to the required height level using clay or other soil in a process called ‘infilling’.

Hydraulic reclamation method: It is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source, but is only suitable for granular soil which has good drainage characteristics.

Hydraulic filling method: This method is suitable for granular fill and is generally used when filling is carried out from an offshore source. It is not suitable when the seabed is too shallow or the seabed soil is too soft.

Sand spreading method: This method is used when there is a shallow seabed or the seabed soil is too soft for hydraulic filling.

Created by: Ge Wenxi

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/reclamation

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Land_reclamation

Coney island: reclamation period is from 1975 to the 1990s.

Old reclaimed land method---Dry method

Changi: reclamation began in 1975

Contemporary reclaimed land section

Existing Condition In Drinking Water System

Strengths

• Abundant rainfall

Under the premise of insufcient groundwater resources, rainfall provides a sufcient water source for the water network.

Average

• Water reticulation network

Annual annual rainfall in Singapore

Weaknesses

• Limited national territorial area 728 km2

• Lack of groundwater resources

Threats

• Rising population 5,850,342 people

Major waterways and catchment in Singapore

Opportunities

• Diversifying water supply

With an area of about 710 km2 and growing urban areas, Singapore lacks the space to collect and store all the rain that falls on it. Through a network of rivers, canals and drains, rain that falls on 2/3 of Singapore’s land area is channeled to our 17 reservoirs.

Singapore population (1950-2020)

By 2060, Singapore’s water use is expected to double from about 430 million gallons a day (mgd) now.

NOW

150L per person Demand now domestic sector 45%

Non-domestic sector 55%

Water from local catchment

Imported water

Created by: Huang Xi

References: https://www.pub.gov.sg

• Impact from sea level rise

Flood risk area

SealevelScenarioCScenarioDLowrisk + 2.8mm/ yr

2060

140L per person Demand in 2060 domestic sector 30% Non-domestic sector 70%

Water logging

Vulnerable hydraulic system

Storm surge

Kranji(1975)

Storage Capacity: 15,850,000km3

Kranji Reservoir was created by damming up the river mouth and is rich in birdlife biodiversity. Rainwater that falls in Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Panjang towns flows to the Kranji Reservoir through drains and canals.

Upper Seletar(1920)

Surface Area: 450ha

Upper Seletar Reservoirs is Singapore's third impounding reservoir, after MacRitchie and Peirce Reservoirs. Rainwater falling in Woodlands towns flows to the Upper Seletar Reservoir through drains and canals.

Sarimbun, Murai, Poyan and Tengeh(1981)

Surface Area

Sarimbun: 82ha

Murai: 215ha

Poyan: 370ha

Tengeh: 145ha

These four reservoirs are located in generally uninhabited areas in the west.

Jurong Lake(2006)

Surface Area: 70ha

Jurong Lake is a man-made freshwater lake. Rainwater that falls in the Jurong West and Jurong East towns is channelled to the lake through drains and canals.

Pandan(1975)

Surface Area: 180ha

Constructed over swamp land and the original Pandan river, Pandan Reservoir receives its water through drains and canals from areas such as Clementi and Bukit Batok towns.

MacRitchie(1868), Upper and Lower Peirce(1975)

Storage Capacity

MacRitchie: 4,200,000 km3

Upper and Lower Peirce: 3060000 km3

The first of Singapore's reservoirs, these are located within the nature reserves. The reservoir waters are pristine as they are left in their natural states.

Created by: Yin Yi Anna Reference: PUB

Lower Seletar(1986)

Storage Capacity: 9,400,000 km3

Lower Seletar Reservoir was constructed by building a dam accross Sungei Seletar. Rainwater that falls in parts of Yishun and Ang Mo Kio towns is conveyed to the Lower Seletar Reservoirs through drains and canals.

Marina(2010)

Surface Area: 240ha

Marina Reservoir, Singapore's 15th reservoirs and the first reservoir in the city, has the largest and most urbanised catchment at 10,000 hectares. Rainwater is collected from as far as Queenstown, Geylang East, Ang Mo Kio and Toa Payoh areas.

Surface Area

Punggol: 135ha

Serangoon: 132ha

Punggol and Serangoon Reservoir are Singapore's 16th and 17th reservoirs. They were formed damming major river. Rainwater from Sengkang, Punggol, and Hougang towns will be channelled to them.

Tekong(1979)

Surface Area: 67ha

The reservoir currently provides potable water supply for all military installations within the island. Access to the island and hence the reservoir is restricted.

Bedok(1986)

Storage Capacity: 12,800,000km3

The first to tap water from an urban catchment, Bedok Reservoir was converted from a former sand quarry. Nine stormwater collection stationstap the rainwater from surrounding urbanised catchment like Bedok and Tampines town.

Legend:

Reservoir Disconnected with Ocean

Reservoir Connected to Ocean through Waterbody

Reservoir Connected to Ocean Directly

Inland Reservoir

Water Network

Unprotected Catchment

Protected Catchment

Watershed Partition

Punggol and Serangoon(2011)

Function of Coastal Reservoir Collection

Water catchment means that the water in a reservoir comes from natural rivers in the city, artificial channels and surface water flow around the reservoir. Unlike what we normally call "local catchment", this category does not include direct precipitation.

In the reservoir not directly connected to the coast, a large part of the freshwater collected is rainwater, so rainwater is one of the important components of fresh water in the reservoir.

Some older reservoirs, or where topographic conditions permit, are built of earthen dams. For example, in pandan reservoirs, the base of the dam is a man-made structure.

Prevention

Floodgate can not only effectively separate salt water from freshwater, but also is extremely important for the control of reservoir water level. There are many types of floodgate globally, but there are roughly two types of floodgate in Singapore.

a. Natural Waterway

a. Rigid Foundation Dam

Secondary Barrier

a. Crest Gate

a. Rigid Foundation Dyke

Rainfall

b. Canal and Ditch

b. Earthen Dam

b. Vertical Lift Gate

c. Surface Water fow

1. Catchment

1. Dam

2. Rainfall

2. Floodgate

1. Secondary Barrier

2. Dyke

Created by: Huang Xi & Yin Yi Anna

Reference: PUB

Legend:

Floodgate

Secondary Boundary

Dam

The secondary barrier is a floating barrier that has a skirt suspended from it. The skirt can extend to the floor of the reservoir and can be weighted with ballast to fix it. It can also be moved with an anchor and chain system.

Watershed

Waterflow

Water Network

Reservoir Disconnected with Ocean

Reservoir Connected to Ocean through Waterbody

Reservoir Connected to Ocean Directly

Inland Reservoir

a. Lifting Hydraulic Gate

b. Earthen Dyke

b. Crest Hydraulic Gate

3. Hydraulic Gate

WATER TREATMENT

2 separate systems are used to collect rainwater and used water. Rainwater is collected through the drainage network and reservoirs before being treated. Used water is channeled through sewers and pumping stations to the water reclamation plants.

Desalination is another weather-resilient water source, PUB turns seawater into drinking water using advanced membrane technology and continues to find more efficient ways to desalinate seawater.

Rainwater Treatment

Used Water Treatment

Created by: Long Di

References: https://www.pub.gov.sg

Desalination Plant: Singapore currently uses reverse osmosis for its desalination and now it has three desalination plants with two more desalination plants in the near future. Tuas

When DTSS is completed, Singapore will only have 3 WRPs. The existing intermediate used water pumping stations and conventional WRPs will be dismantled and used for other higher value development.

Deep Tunnel Sewerage System(DTSS): DTSS uses deep tunnel sewers to convey used water by gravity to centralised WRPs located at the coastal areas. The treated used water is further purified into NEWater or discharged to the sea.

Waterworks: Raw water is conveyed by pipelines to the waterworks where it is chemically treated, filtered, and disinfected. Treatment frees the water of harmful bacteria and suspended particulate matters, makes it safe for consumption.

Service Reservoir: There are currently 9 service reservoirs operating in Singapore which are used to store potable water.

Kranji WRP Decommissioned To Be Decommissioned Legend:

N PUB Waterworks

Desalination Plant

0 5 10km NEWater Plant Water Catchment Service Reservior

WRP & NEWater Plant DTSS Water Reclamation Plant(WRP)

WATER POLLUTION

Singapore Water Pollution Distribution Map

Credit to: Long Di, Redrawn by Hao Jun

References: Hu, G. P., Balasubramanian, R. and Wu, C. D. (2003) ‘Chemical characterization of rainwater at Singapore’, Chemosphere, 51(8), pp. 747–755. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00028-6. Song, H. et al. (2019) ‘Characteristics of Stormwater Quality in Singapore Catchments in 9 Different Types of Land Use’, Water, 11(5), p. 1089. doi: 10.3390/w11051089. Yuen, J. Q. et al. (2012) ‘Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in road deposited sediments in residential and light industrial neighborhoods of Singapore’, Journal of Environmental Manage ment, 101, pp. 151–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.11.017.

Water Quality Indicators

Higher concentrations of oxygen, lower concentrations of salinity and nitrogen(within the range shown in the figures below) contribute to better water quality

Salinity Concentrations

Salinity (g/kg) in layer 1

12-Dec-2013

Oxygen Concentrations in Top Layer

Dissolved Oxygen (g/m³) in layer 1 20-Dec-2013

Top Layer

Redrwn by: Tan Shuyue

Nitrogen Concentrations in Top Layer

total nitrogen (including algae) (gN/m³) in layer 1

12-Aug-2013

Oxygen Concentrations in Bottom Layer

Dissolved Oxygen (g/m³) in layer 10

20-Dec-2013

Bottom Layer

Shipping Routes And Ports In Singapore

SHIPPING ROUTES AND PORTS IN SINGAPORE

Worldwide Shipping Routes

Senoko Fishery

Modern style fishing port Acreage: 0.3 ha

Keppal Shipyard

Manufactural industrial port Berths: 6

Docks: 3

Terminal

Passengers port for workers Acreage: 0.3 ha

Keppel Bay

Recreation port for cruise Acreage: 1.2 ha

Singapore

Pasir Panjang Ferry

Created by:Karry Zhang, Li Wanying References:https://www.maersk.com/local-information/asia-pacifc/singapore/routes

LEGEND:

SG SHORELINE PORT

OUTSIDE PORT

LEGEND:

ANCHOR PROHIBITED

LEGEND:

SG SHORELINE PORT

SHIPPING PROHIBITED

SG SHORELINE PORT

OUTSIDE PORT

SHIPPING ROUTE

ANCHOR PROHIBITED

OUTSIDE PORT

SHIPPING PROHIBITED

ANCHOR PROHIBITED

SHIPPING PROHIBITED

SHIPPING ROUTE

SHIPPING ROUTE

LEGEND:

SG SHORELINE PORT

OUTSIDE PORT

SG PORT LIMITED

ANCHOR PROHIBITED

RECREATIONAL ROUTE

SHIPPING PROHIBITED

SPECIAL PURPOSE ROUTE

SHIPPING ROUTE

SG PORT LIMITED

FREIGHT ROUTE

RECREATIONAL ROUTE

SG PORT LIMITED

SG ROAD

TYPES OF PORTS

COASTAL GUARD

COMMERCIAL

TYPES OF PORTS

SG PORT LIMITED

COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL

TYPES OF PORTS

RECREATIONAL ROUTE

COASTAL GUARD

FISHERY

COMMERCIAL

SPECIAL PURPOSE ROUTE

COASTAL GUARD

INDUSTRIAL

COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL

COMMERCIAL

FREIGHT ROUTE

PASSENGERS

SG ROAD

TYPES OF PORTS

COASTAL GUARD

COMMERCIAL

COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL

FISHERY

INDUSTRIAL

PASSENGERS

PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL

SPECIAL PURPOSE ROUTE

RECREATIONAL ROUTE

SPECIAL PURPOSE ROUTE

FREIGHT ROUTE

SG ROAD

FREIGHT ROUTE

SG ROAD

FISHERY

COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL

PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL

FISHERY

INDUSTRIAL

RECREATIONAL

INDUSTRIAL

PASSENGERS

PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL

PASSENGERS

RECREATIONAL

PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL

RECREATIONAL

RECREATIONAL

Singapore Last Fishing Village

Traditional style fshing port

Acreage: 0.4ha

Changi Point Ferry Terminal

Small passengers and recreational port

Acreage: 0.7 ha

Marina Bay Cruise

Large scale passengers and recreational port

Acreage: 3 ha

Keppel Terminal

Transportation industrial and commercial port

Acreage: 102.5 ha

Container berths: 14

Ports Typology

Classifcation

Classified by Purpose

Typologies of Different Purposes

Industrial Ports

Industrial

Commercial

Passengers Transport

Recreational

Industrial Fishery

Passengers Transport Ports

Classified by... bussiness types users groups uses styles

Manufacture

Jetty

Crane

Import & export

For tourists

For special use

Cruise

Sports

Traditional

Transportation Mordern

Passengers Station

Parking Lots

Recreational Ports

Temporary Parking

Floating Jetty

Reinforced Concrete

Long-term Parking

Reinforced Concrete

Temporary Parking

Created by: Li Wanying, Dreamy Hong

Reference: http://www.singaporeshipping.com.sg/

Relate Concrete+Floating

Ports Related Land-use

Created by: Li Wanying

References: URA marster plan 2019

Section of ports typologies

NAVAL/MILITARY DEFENSE

1979: Malaysia publishes a map depicting the territorial waters it claims.

1980: Singapore lodges a diplomatic protest with Malaysia over the 1979 map.

1987: Malaysia publishes its Johor Bahru port limits, which tracks the territorial sea limits claimed in its 1979 map.

1997: Singapore’s port limits to the west of Raffles Lighthouse are extended slightly for better regulation of shipping traffic in the vicinity.

Oct 25, 2018:The altered port limits extend significantly eastward beyond the territorial sea claim in the area made in Malaysia’s 1979 map. Nov 5: Singapore lodges a “strong protest “ with the Malaysian government.

Created by: Li Jiaying

References: Fender Application Design Manual

Police Coast Guard

Lim Chu Kang Base

Laluan Kedua

Johor Causeway Bridge

Legend

Present Naval Base

Costal Guard

Past Naval Base

Customs

Boundry

Bridge between Malaysia and Sinagpore

Disputed Maritime Border Area

Global Oil Shipping Routes Map

Map of Singapore’s Crude Oil Imports,2018

Singapore does not have any natural oil resources, so the oil refinery industry relies on importing crude oil mainly shipping from the Middle East. References:

Singapore is locted in the Malacca Strait, which is the second busy chokepoint to Hormu. It is vital to the shipping routes to get oil from the Persian Gulf

Map of Singapore’s Refned Oil Exports,2018

The associated oil industries together form a key pillar of Singapore’s economy, accounting for 34% of the country’s total manufacturing output in 2014 worth over S$100 billion.

Distribution of residential and commercial property

Created by: Zhang Liping, Zhu Wen

References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg

This mapping illustrates the urban structure of seashore, from mixed commercial center, to residential area, to industrial cluster.

Commercial Building Type

Shop house by road

Shop house by the river

Shop houses usually have mixed elements from a different country. It often appears in the form of 2-3 stories high with a shop on the ground floor. At the same time, the vestibule is also a common element. Generally, the main drainage type is road drainage.

Distribution of Commercial Area

The business buildings, like office and shopping malls, are centered in Marina CBD area, and some are in town center area.

Created by: Zhang Liping, Zhu Wen, Zheng Qiaoyu

References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg

Shopping mall-by the river

Shopping mall-by the sea

Shopping mall usually has less than seven stories. Some of them have their own green space. As shopping mall always has a large area of hard scape and underground floors, the main drainage way is evacuating rainwater to nearby road catchment and waterbody.

High-rise building-by the sea

High-rise building-by road

Office buildings are likely to in the form of the high rise, some of which have office garden, sports facilities, and underground parking lot. Surrounding the structure there will be some liner greenery. So rainwater in the office and business area is usually evacuated into road catchments and surrounding soft space, like parks and water bodies.

Residential & commercial building-by the river

Mixed-use building usually contains not only residential use but also commercial areas. The lower stories are mainly used as commercials. Rainwater mainly flows into surrounding roads

Residential Building Type

Landed house-by road

Landed house-by river

Landed house is commonly coordinated with a swimming pool and private garden. The drainage way is collecting the rainwater to nearby road catchment and water body through the surface drainage and private garden.

Distribution of Residential Area

Industrial clusters are mainly located in Tuas and partially in the north region. The seashore park is integrated with the existing network.

Created by: Zhang Liping, Zhu Wen,Zheng Qiaoyu

References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg

HDB-by the river

HDB-by road

Condo-by

the sea

Condo-by

the river

Condo-by

road

The condo is a private house,it is commonly coordinated with the community garden and swimming pool. The water drainage way is also divided into three phases, same as hdb. The community rain garden collects the rain water to the canal

The hdb constructed by different years has different water drainage types. At present, the drainage way is divided into three phases: source-pathway-receptor.

History & Method of Fishery and Agriculture

Fishery/Agriculture/Port Area in 1965

Kelong sea based fish farm:

- Need licence

- at least 0.2 k㎡

- Fish Net

Floating fish farm:

- Need licence

- Fish Net/ Fish Tank

References: https://www.researchgate.net/fgure/Land-Use-Agriculture-Imports-1965-ISD-Panel-Food-Group-2017_fg2_331639279

High-tech fish farm: - Ferrry - 1.4 k㎡

Created by: Rui Xue, Wang Xiaomeng, Xie Wanying

Recent Method of Fishery and Agriculture

Fishery/Agriculture/Port Area in 2015

Greenhouse:

- Temperature control, Light, Watering

- Plants that easy to start:

Tomatoes

Mushroom

Onions

Potatoes Carrots

Vertical farm:

- Scale can be very small (Using in the home)

- Environment is important (like green house)

Aquaponics:

- Scale can be very small (using in the home)

- suitable size fish tank and media bed

Human cultivation

Using Animals

Farm Truck

Greenhouse

Automated agriculture

Vertical Farm

Aquaponics

Main method of modern fsh farm and agriculture

SINGAPORE AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY RESOURCES

Geographic Information And Distribution Of Agriculture And Fishery Resources

Created by: Rui Xue, Wang Xiaomeng, Xie Wanying

References: https://coldstorage.com.sg/storelocations https://khaisengfshfarm.com/2016/01/07/sustainable-fsh-farming/ https://www.arowanafshtalk.com/forums/showthread.php?2318-Visit-to-Singapore-Arowana-Breeding-Farm-(Arowana-Farm-in-Singapore) https://fnbyboat.com.sg/our-technology

SINGAPORE AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY RESOURCES

Seafood

Created by: Rui Xue, Xie Wanying

Reference: https://www.nhb.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/building-and-sites

Reference: https://www.nhb.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/building-and-sites

Marina Bay

The land in Marina Bay is mainly from land reclamation. The early 1800s: Waterfront area.

1971: Singapore embarked land reclamation project. The late 1990s: The Marina Bay area covers a total of 360 hectares of prime land for development. The 2000s: Mixed-use developments.

Residential/ Commercial/ Park/ Industry

Heritage Trail (27 points)

5 Districts in Chinatown: Kreta Ayer, Ann Siang/ Club Street, Telok Ayer, Tanjong Pagar/ Duxton, Bukit Pasoh

1843: Chinatown’s physical landscape development began.

1918: Much overcrowding and congestion in Chinatown.

Residential/ Commercial/ Park

Mid-1960s: Urban renewal schemes started, and residents were re-housed in resettlement estates.

1983: Major upgrading of shophouses and new developments took place.

2002: The Chinatown Heritage Centre is opened which introduces Chinatown’s history.

Created by: Zhang Liao

References: https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/ https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg

https://www.ura.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/

The coastal area is made from land reclamation. Seaside and water activities were part of the area’s recreational highlights.

1604: The map referring to Sungei Bedok (Bedok River) as Sunebodo.

1960s: The extensive land reclamation project began.

1963: Early plans to develop Bedok into a HDB town.

1966: Modern development of Bedok began.

1970s: Began to make way for modern flats and industrial parks.

1980: Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) was completed.

Historical

1964

1845: Telok Blangah Hill was renamed to Mount Faber. And a road to the top of the hill was built cut through the thick undergrowth in order to build a signal station.

1857: After the Indian Mutiny, the government decided to convert Mount Faber into a fort.

1965: Mount Faber Park was opened as one of the oldest parks in Singapore.

References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg https://www.ura.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/

Created by: Zhang Liao, He Xiaowei

References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg/ https://www.ura.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/

Created by:He Xiaowei

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Reserach Based Design proposal for specifc site

CATALOG OF PROJECTS

From Tuas Second Link to West Coast Park

Amphibious Sports Park

Hao Jun

Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resource

Tan Shuyue

Super Coastal Hub

Yin Yi

Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation

Zhang Kairui

From West Coast Park to Marina South Pier

In-between Landscape

Li Wanying

Revival: Coastal Nature

Hong MengYi

Living with Mangroves

Zhu Wen

Triple Life Line

Zheng Qiaoyu

From Marina Barrage to Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal

Rebuild seawalls: Waiting for Sea Level Rise

Liu Kaiyan

Learning in Nature - Waterfront

He Xiaowei

Turning Risk into Opportunity

Xiang Wenqin

Guardian of the City

Zhang Liao

From Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal to Pasir Ris Park

Bike on the Dyke

Li Jiaying

Dockscape: Keep the Coastal Memory

Fang Ting

Landform Adaptation Resort

Rui Xue

Life in Green and Blue

Wang Xiaomeng

From Pasir Ris Park to Sembawang Park

Redefning Coastal Barrier

Lam Ching Hang (Adam)

Riparian Urbanism: Nature Oriented Development on Business Park

Ge Wenxi

From Sembawang Park to Sungei Buloh Nature Reserve

Retreat forward: Reclaim for the Next Mangroves

Long Di

Collecting, Catching, Cultivating-Productive Coastal Park

Li Xi

Self-Sufcient Water Recycling System

Ou Yeyao

Futuristic is Past

Huang Xi

From Tuas Second Link to Kranji Dam

Regeneration Hub in Kranji

Feng Kangtai

AGRI Park

Xie Wanying

Wild Adventure

Zhang Liping

FROM TUAS SECOND LINK UNTIL WEST COAST PARK

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Amphibious Sports Park

Hao Jun

This project aims to create an “amphibious” sports park among the vast industrial zone. Terraced spaces are remodelled responding to ocean fows over time to provide full-service sports felds from supratidal, intertidal to subtidal zone that promote physical health for workers including heavy vehicle drivers in the industrial estates. The park leverages sea level rise as an opportunity to grow water adaptability for human and diverse marine habitats by remodelling the terrain of submerged land into triple-level terraced buffer.

Adaptative Coastal Hub: Conversion from Industrial Area

Yin Yi

With the development of the technology, the future of the industrial coast has many possibilities, and the purpose of this design is to build this site into a multi-functional coastal center after phased construction. There three main zones in the site: building area, landscape, and water retention lake. The building area can undertake different urban functions over time, including working as a worker center. Meanwhile, the landscape works as a resilient flter to treat the leftover pollution and adapt to the changing water level. The lake can take the function of water supply and generating hydroelectric power. Together with introducing several kinds of renewable energy, the designer wants to shape the future of coast industrial area.

Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation

Zhang Kairui

Sea level rise threatens to food portion of an existing food packing district. In refurbishing the site to adapt and protect, opportunities can be found in an innovative redeveloping costal edges that allow new commerical, F&B, social, recreational space to occur along connections, as well as revitalize space between existing structure.

Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resource

Tan Shuyue

With decreasing demand for oil, the existing oil plants along the coastal line of Sungei Pandan has a great potential to be transformed into an alternative industrial landscape that could be more innovative and energy efcient with the sea level rise adaption. Taking advantage from the existing landform (bathtub-like bay) and adjacent reservoir as a water storage, I propose solar powered desalination system and water dependent industry/workshop spaces. The project includes pretreated seawater storage with bio-engineering fltration; foating solar panels that connected with the existing oil pipelines; renovated oil tanks; retroftted road networks; and extended green corridors for recreation and mangrove habitat enhancement.

Site 1: Amphibious Sports Park

Site 2: Adaptative Coastal Hub: Conversion from Industrial Area

Site 3: Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation

Site 4: Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resource

Hao Jun

Site 1 Hao Jun

Site 2 Yin Yi

Site 3 Zhang Kairui

Site 4 Shu Yue

Yin Yi Zhang Kairui Shu Yue

AMPHIBIOUS SPORTS PARK Remodel the Future for Industry

Hao

This project aims to create an “amphibious” sports park among the vast industrial zone. Terraced spaces are remodeled responding to ocean fows over time to provide full-service sports felds from supratidal, intertidal to the subtidal zone that promotes physical health for workers including heavy vehicle drivers in the industrial estates. The park leverages sea level rise as an opportunity to grow water adaptability for human and diverse marine habitats by remodeling the terrain of submerged land into the triple-level terraced buffer.

LOSS OF HABITAT

Only 3 species with scarce quantities are found here, which is nursed toward extinction due to reclamation works. The relatively whole forest with about 20 species occupies 1ha area in the middle of the site. But this forest is lack connection to urban ecology.

No recreational space for industrial workers within 8km. No point of interest to attracting citizens and near workers. No recreational landmark as Malaysia has. As measured & estimated by myself, the average daily ridership is only 35% of the designed capacity.

SIMPLE LAND-USE

Strategy: Social Level

AMPHIBIOUS SPORTS AREA

Activity-adaptation multi-use modular sports field

Tempo-adaptation multi-use flowing path

Enclosed multi-use canal for water sports & bath

Sand beach & waterside platform for coastwise sports

Intertidal sports zone

Neritic sports zone

To meet the needs of industrial workers who are suffering from mental & physical problems, the spaces can provide comprehensive sports felds throughout terrestrial, intertidal & littoral areas.

FLEXIBLE ACCOMMODATION FOR FUTURE-ORIENTED TRANSPORTATION

HUB

PARK-CENTERED TRANSPORTATION HUB

Skidproof, waterproof surface

Screen to display lineation 200-500mm 200-500mm

Footsteps power generator Automatic jacking system

FUTURE MODULAR SPORTS FIELDS

SELF-ADAPTATION SOFT SCAPE

Multi-use sports lawn

Lying on undulant lawn

Shuttling in marsh

Camping on higher knolls

Usually

Playing at subspace separated by undulant lawn

Temporary water sports lawn

Parking one-man aircraft & future vehicle Drain stormwater as detention swale

Shifting people to higher hardscape

In storm, or water-level rises further

MULTI-USE FLOWING EXPERIENCE

The modules can form different sports felds as required, the lineations can be displayed by the screen.

Fast-tempo path Vehicle accessible

Medium-tempo path Vehicle unaccessible skating

Utilizing spare spaces to form jogging paths automatically, and bleachers for spectators

Slow-tempo path Pedestrian only

Raised bridge Crossing forest

Downpour will no longer annoy users as the site can automatically drain water by lifting modules to form a slope. Further sea level rising can also be resisted.

Promenade Comprehensive

AMPHIBIOUS HABITATS CONSERVATION

Strategy: Ecological Level

HABITAT INTERVENTION ACTIONS

Removing coastal plants and stone revetment, remodeling the soil into breakwater with installing oyster reefs and planting seagrass

Excavating the soil and planting coral reef and seagrass, for water sports recreation and sedimentation basin

Softening the sandy soil and turning it into recreational sand beach, planting palms

Softening the sandy soil and turning it into arable soil to cultivate lawn and secondary forest

HABITAT MAP & HUMAN-NATURE RELATIONS

4 Stone Revetment Canopy

Removing coastal plants and stone revetment, remodeling the soil into breakwater with installing oyster reefs and planting seagrass

On the basis of rising sendiment, turning shore into salt marsh by planting essential pioneer plants

Bringing in mangrove forest prior to submerging, with cutting down a part of forest

Maintaining the majority of forest, by fine treatment and installing essential facilities

To protect the last seagrass habitat along Tuas and secondary forest from sea level rise, secondary mangrove forest will be planted and multiple strategies are building coherent intertidal habitat.

Canopy

1 Seagrass Habitat

2 Salt Marsh

3 Mangrove

4 Secondary Forest

5 Lawn Softening crusty soil and plant grasses.

Such multi-pronged approaches to be applied in face of sea-level rise could set an example for those sites which try to turn danger to bargain and revitalize the environment for both human and nature and enlighten people to imagine future lifestyle.

CREATE A SHRINE TO THE WATER SPORTS ENTHUSIAST

By remodeling the landform and restoring the littoral environment, a series of water sports spaces and facilities are welcoming sports lovers with open arms.

CANAL CHANNEL OF HEALTH.

The canal will be expanded to create a recreational water sports channel with integrating futureoriented terrestrial and beach sports, to heal the mental and physical health of people.

ALTERNATIVE INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE DRIVEN BY OCEAN RESOURCES

Birth of a Water Industry

With decreasing demand for oil, the existing oil plants along the coastal line of Sungei Pandan have a great potential to be transformed into an alternative industrial landscape that could be more innovative and energy-efcient with the sea level rise adaption.

Taking advantage of the existing landform (bathtub-like bay) and adjacent reservoir as water storage, I propose solar-powered desalination system and water-dependent industry/workshop spaces. The project includes bay landform changes to terraces for pretreated seawater storage with bio-engineering fltration gravitationally; foating solar panels that connected with the existing oil pipelines for energy support; renovated oil tanks; retroftted road networks for human fow connection; secondary forest restoration and extended green corridors for recreation and mangrove habitat enhancement.

Tan Shuyue

GREAT POTENTIAL TO BE TRANSFORMED INTO AN ALTERNATIVE INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE AND RELATED TO CITIZENS’ DAILY LIFE

INDUSTRY VISION IN 30 YEARS: LESS RELY ON PETROLEUM BUT MORE ON CLEAN ENERGY

Water Issues (bay catches calm water, surface water fow, junction between sea water and fresh water)

HABITAT LOSS, FRAGMENTATION AND DISCONNECTION

LACK OF HABITAT CONNECTION

DESIGN CONCEPT AND WORKING FLOW

Sea Water Pretreatment (driven by ocean resources), Habitat and Human Connection

Human Connection

Habitat Reconnection

Water Treatment

Water Activity

Energy Support

Coastal Habitat

Sight-viewing

Bio- engineering Dam (Filtration) Chemical Treatment Sand

Off-land

DESIGN STRATEGY

1 Reorganize Site Resources

Shape the Land form

Enlarge water catchment capacity Change the contour to terraces topography

New Revetment Edge

Land Shape Change Direction

Utilizing Ocean Resources

Tidal Force

Solar Energy

Reorganize Site Infrastructure Function

Water Production

Water Consumption

Recreation Renovation

Demolition

Sand Filters

Canopy Walk

Water-demanding Industry

Desalination (Reverse osmosis)

Water Storage

Water-demanding Industry

Recreation Reservoir

Habitat

2 Connect Water, Habitat and Human

Water Connection

Recreation Renovation

Desalination (fresh water production)

Water Distribution

Habitat Connection

Habitat Connection

Human Connection

Habitat Connection

Desalination process and water distribution

Sea Water Pre-tretment Reservoir

Desalination Plant

Water-demanding Industry

HABITAT RESTORATION PHASING

Mangrove

Secondary Forest Regeneration

Mangrove Corridor

Common Trees

Lawn

Mudfat Extension and Mangrove Restoration

Secondary Forest Regeneration

Species for regeneration:

Walking Pathway

Carway

Recreation Oil Tank

Floating Solar Panel

Amomum villosum Lour. /Streblus asper Lour /Hopea odorata Roxb. /Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels /Dipterocarpus alatus z

TANKS RENOVATION

Have fun at the top of the remaining tanks and take a view of the secondary forest canopy layer. Don’t forget to taste the freshest juice, beer, or any beverage just produced and delivered from the factory on-site directly!

BIO-ENGINEERING DAM

Mangrove continues to the foot of the dam from the reservoir, the secondary forest combining with the renovation tanks and industries make the dam become an ecological, productive, and leisure connection point.

Habitat Corridor

ADAPTIVE COASTAL HUB

Conversion from Industrial Area

Yin Yi Anna

With the relocation of the maritime industry and the development of technology, the future of the industrial coastline has many possibilities, and the purpose of this design is to build the site into a multi-functional coastal hub after phased construction, which includes a worker community center phase.

There three main zones on the site: building area, landscape, and water retention lake. The building area can undertake different urban functions over time, including working as a worker center. Meanwhile, the landscape works as a resilient flter to treat the leftover pollution and adapt to the changing water level. The lake can take the function of water supply and generating hydroelectric power.

Together with remolding the landform, carrying out brownfeld treatment, transferring the infrastructure space, introducing renewable energy, and enhancing the ecosystem service, the designer wants to enhance the participation of citizens in the industrial area and develop the energy potential of coastal areas for self-sufciency, hoping it could be the paradigm of Singapore future redevelopment.

Water Treatment Plant

Oil Refinery

Shipyard

Seawater Ship Dock

Heavy Metals Detected in Singapore Southern Maritime Industrial Zone

Zn> Cu> Pb> Cr> As> Cd> Hg

Runoff goes into the ocean with pollutant Vulnerable to sea level rise

Topo & Waterflow Map

Accumulated pollutant & Harmful to organism

Existing barriers stop the accessibility Coastal edges are not adaptive to SLR

Map of Site Edges Types

Inflitration is not enough

Permeability Map

The infiltration amount in the site compared to total runoff: 12.9%

2021 Existing Condition : Shipyard, Maritime Industry

1.

2. Remould

2040 Phase 1: Worker Community Center

3.

1.

2070 Phase 2: Super Coastal Hub

2. Introduce

3.

Phytometabolism

Chrysopogon zizanioides Cymbopogon citratus Ficus microcarpa Ipomoea pes-caprae Nerium oleander Ophiopogon jaburan Osmoxylon lineare

Water Retention Lake (Under Construction)

A. Demolish Existing Barrier

B. Elevate The Topography of Building Area

C. Build Retention Dam

Pennisetum alopecuroides

Pennisetum x advena Arundo donax Complaya trilobata Bulbine frutescens

Leucophyllum frutescens

Wind Energy

Hydro-electricity

Underwater Gallery

Water Retention Lake

③Improve Soil Electricity Facility

①Increase iInfiltration

a. Plant trees over shrubs

b. Use bio-char / compost to increase the earth content

c. Pay attention to high-clay soil

a. Forest and with shrubs

b. Increase the and structural

c. Remain the

d. Add bio-char to increase the

Underwater Gallery

a.

b.

c.

Lake Oasis

Sunken Lawn

MRT Station Exit A

MRT Station Exit B

Open Sport Area

Boating Club

Boating Deck

Hydro-Dam/Tidal

Retention Lake

Hydro-Dam/Tidal Energy Station

Underwater Gallery

REVITALIZING FOOD DISTRICT VIA SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION

Interactive Food-and-water Experience

Kairui ZHANG (Karry)

The food packing district involves a variety of food packaging and trading businesses, including seafood, pork, dairy, and soy sauce. It takes the responsibility of food supply to whole Singapore, currently contributing 20% of Singapore’s pork supply. Potential sea-level rise threatens the food portion of the food packing district, exaggerates heavy lack of accessibility, and leads to rarely recreational and relaxing urban space for workers in such a highly rigid district. In refurbishing the site to adapt and protect, opportunities can be found in innovative redeveloping coastal edges that allow new commercial, F&B, social, recreational space to occur along with connections, as well as revitalize space between existing structure.

By replanning, the food business into a more interactive form and introducing a food recycling system, food showcasing space occurs on-site. By-products are reused and recycled, contributing to the development of other related commercial and social spaces for visitors experiencing from farm to fork. Under such redevelopment of food district, water is welcomed to the site by revising landform for better water storage and utilization of natural water, as well as enhancing the interaction between visitors and water. Freshwater detention pond and tidal swamp are found shifting in turns via the effect of tide and sea-level rise. Building code is also changed correspondently based on their different value and function. Accessibility throughout the whole food district is improved by creating various spatial relationships between humans, water, building structure, and vegetation, as well as a more fuent logistic fow.

To sum up, the vision of this project is to fulfll interactive food process and production on site, and enrich the food-related experience for humans under sea level rise scenario, making food production and process visible to visitors and let them fully participate and enjoy the site during different water level periods.

SITE SELECTION & SITE CONDITION UNDER SLR EFFECT

In a such highly industrial zone, the site becomes a place that workers must pass through based on their daily needs. Future PCN provides the opportunity of development in an energetic way by bringing the public to the industrial zone.

SITE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE & ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS

Analysis of building structure and parking lots provides clues of future industry development need for logistic routes and food storage, as well as trading.

Existing Condition Project Vision

The current site is a rigid food packing district, involving various food productions. The site is limited within the packing and production function, which does not provide any social, relax, human-related function.

MACRO PLANNING

Project vision aims to make the food district more energetic under SLR scenario with multi-function meanwhile improve the efciency of the food industry development. It would possess both economic and social functions.

Macro planning is based on the new introduction of the versatile food recycling system. According to different food businesses, multi-function would generate correspondently.

STRATEGY INTERVENTION

FLOODING STRATEGY INTERVENTION

ECOLOGICAL STRATEGY INTERVENTION

ACCESSIBILITY TYPOLOGIES ILLUSTRATION

Visitors who come to the food district now could participate in a variety of food production activities in a water featured landscape. People could seed themselves, harvest themselves, even process food by themselves. Besides, there are also other social activities generated along the process of food production under such a versatile food recycling system. The human builds their own connection with food and water in food district.

PHASE 1: UNDER 1M SEA LEVEL RISE SCENARIO

A freshwater detention pond could be found in the inner part, meanwhile the beach is in front of the coastal boardwalk. Human activities are intensively in the outdoor space.

PHASE 2: UNDER 3M SEA LEVEL RISE SCENARIO

Freshwater detention turns into tidal retention, meanwhile, a big distance of lagoon could be found behind the coastal boardwalk. Human activities are partly shifting into semi-open space.

Ofce Waterfront & Seafood Market Waterfront

The veggie garden could be found in the entrance of wetland, as well as multifunction layered deck provides opportunities for fshing, and other social activities.

People are dining outside the seafood market in front of the coast. And multi-layered deck offers visitors various views to the coast, as well as interactions with water and plants.

FROM WEST COAST PARK TO MARINA SOUTH PIER

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

In-between landscape Li Wanying

Located in the urban estuary, the project site has a dynamic hydrological condition and complexity in land use. The project hence aims to redevelop water infrastructure as in-between new open spaces in industry zone and urban park to better adapt to SLR and optimize the land use. The canal and drainage system will be re-designed as a distributed watershed and open spaces will be interwoven among the waterways, recreational and commercial areas, industrial test felds, and coastal habitats patches. Such hybrid forms of water infrastructure will help land-water Interface to be multifunctional and habitable for both nature and human.

Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture Dreamy Hong

As the core of the southern coastal line that is vulnerable to sea level rise, the project attempts to retroft outdated post-industrial facilities into coastal adaptive cultural landscapes including the art performance center. Semi-enclosed sea becomes two tiered stages – underwater and on the water. The factory buildings are renovated as workshop space for theatre design, a museum and educational facilities for performing arts. Open spaces include terrace types structure gardens that are multifunctional - for sitting towards the ocean stages, for defending sea level rise, and for coastal biodiversity.

Living with mangroves Zhu Wen

The site, 9.5hc falt grass patch that is waiting for future residential development, lies between two high mountains, Labrador Nature Reserve and Kepple club golf course, making it a vulnerable place if sea level rise. By retroftting existing mangrove creek and unsealed sea walls, the project attemps to propose a blue green infrastructure that is resilient against sea level rise and increase closeness to nature for future residents.The new waterway will work for stormwater management and the raised coastal terrian by sediment from marine current contribute to defend sea level rise by there meters. PCN, jogging tack, cycle way, water playground, restaurants and community center will be interwoven with mangrove creek and coastline as a part of everyday life.

Triple lifeline Zheng Qiaoyu

With the Keppel terminal relocation, the site opposite the Sentosa island would be in commercial and residential use to accelerate tourism development. However, currently used as the shipping terminal, the concrete site also faces serval hard barrier for future development such as weak accessibility, sea level rise issue, low rain water harvesting and green habitat fragmentation etc. In this project, high-end condominium and reservoir park would be built on the fooded area to explore a kind of new metropolitan hydrophilic lifestyle. By integrating current transport system, shaping water system and connecting surrounding habitat, the human water and wildlife triple lifeline would be enhanced in the site.

Site 1: In-between landscape Site 2: Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture

Site 3: Living with mangroves Site 4: Triple lifeline

Li Wanying

Site 1

Li Wanying

Site 2

Dreamy Hong

Site 3 Zhu Wen

Site 4 Zheng Qiaoyu

Dreamy Hong Zhu Wen Zheng Qiaoyu

IN-BETWEEN LANDSCAPE

Redefne urban water infrastructure

LI Wanying

Located in the junction of industry zone, urban park, and residential area at the urban estuary, the project site has complexity in land use and dynamic hydrological condition. However, these characteristics also cause 3 key issues, including loss of land, loss, and disconnection of habitats, and industrial pollution issues.

Hence, the project aims to redevelop water infrastructure as in-between new open spaces in industry zone and urban park to better adapt to SLR and optimize the land use. The canal and drainage system will be re-designed as a distributed watershed and open spaces will be interwoven among the waterways, which includes recreational and commercial areas, industrial test felds, and coastal habitats patches.

Three strategies will be implemented. Firstly, to create a new land-use typology between industry and park. By reshaping the landform, re-arranging the building layout, and re-naturalizing the water network, the new industry & park land use form will be generated. Secondly, to form the purifcation system between polluted surface runoff and purifed water. Industry runoff will be fltrated through the treatment feld or buffer before draining to the sea, the purifcation system is a part of the new land use. Thirdly, diverse habitats will be created in the new land-use type.

Such hybrid forms of water infrastructure will help land-water Interfaces to be multi-functional and habitable for both nature and humans.

DYNAMIC HYDROLOGY AND LAND-USE COMPLEXITY

The site is located at the urban estuary, at the junction of the industry zone, west coast park, and residential area. The Sungei Pandan Kechill is the main drainage in the area, through which the surface runoff around drain away to the sea.

KEY ISSUE 1 _ VULNERABILITY AND LOSS OF LAND

The site is one of the most vulnerable areas in SLR 3m scenario, especially for the industry zone. Almost half of industrial land will be submerged.

Existing Scenario 3M SLR Scenario

912m³/hrs

in extreme flooding event

7114m³/d

in daily situation

pollutant: Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, N, P, S

336m³/hrs

in extreme flooding event

2620m³/d

in daily situation

pollutant: N, P, S

KEY ISSUE 2 _ POLLUTED SURFACE RUNOFF

Due to the grey infrastructure and impermeable surface, the large amount of polluted industrial surface runoff will be drained to the Sungei Pandan Kechill.

1.8Ha

Mangrove habitats lost

Managed Turf

Managed Tree

Coastal Forest

Brackish Mangrove

Tidal Canal

Granite Seawall

Rocky Seawall

KEY ISSUE 3 _ DISCONNECTION AND LOSS OF HABITATS

The industry zone lack of habitat connection between the sea and urban green. In SLR 3m scenario, mangroves along the canal have no inland to move inwards.

Adaptive void deck

Industrial buffer

Rain garden

Accessible void deck

Multi-mechanism buffer

Activity void deck

Semi-open commercial

Coastal mangrove

Broadwalk

Coastal mangrove

Relocated exercise garden

Waste

High-tide pathway

Low-tide pathway

Light industry

Sports field

Treatment field - Sedimentation

Water treatment industry

Linear greenspace + rain garden

Treatment field - Heavy metal removal

Treatment field - Pathogen removal

Treatment field - Nutirents removal

Treatment field - Stablization pond

Sports field

Cleansing biotope

Biodetention field

Light industry

Tidal marsh - brackish pond

Vegetated swale

Activity lawn

Carpark

garden

Broadwalk

Tidal marsh

Activity plaza

commercial area

STRATEGY 1

Between industry and park - New land-use typology

LAND-USE TYPOLOGY TRANSITION

New lad-use types will be created between park and industry, which can not only serve residents but also workers, not only have recreational value but also economic value.

1 Mangrove next to the canal has no spaces to move inwards.

2 Low-lying industry zone will be submerged.

Tactic 1 Re-shaping Landform

Industry field and building in low-lying area will be submerged.

Tactic 2 Re-arranging Buildings

1 Polluted surface runoff directly run sinto the sea.

2 The site has dynamic hydrology conditions but single-function grey infrastructure.

3 Park is resilient while the industry zone is vulnerable in flooding event.

Tactic 3 Re-softening Water network

OPTIMIZATION TACTIC

Mangrove can grow Buffering

Arranged building at highland

Elevated

Treatment pond Tidal Marsh Rain garden

Cleansing biotope

Tidal Mangrove Bioswale

Multifunction blue-green infrastructure

After optimization, the water network will be more dynamic, working spaces will be safer, new landuse types offer multi-functional spaces for both industry and park.

IMPROVEMENT TACTICS

By analyzing slope and hydrology, different coastal habitats can be added to the site. By connecting the water network, plant multi-layer vegetation, and integrating with structure, connectivity can be improved.

PROPOSED HABITATS MAP

The design aims to create more diverse patches and connective habitats.

Between polluted and purifed - Purifcation system

PURIFICATION SYSTEM

The purifcation system has enough capacity for treating the polluted surface runoff from the surrounding urban environment, and of managing the storm water in the site.

KEY SECTION

The key section showcases that the purifcation system not only management storm water but also provide different function space.

In the future, the water capacity and biodiversity in the original industry zone will be largely increased. More activity spaces will be designed for both workers and residents around.

The water capacity and biodiversity in the original urban park will be increased. What’s more, the park can provide a safe working area for the light industry.

THE NEW URBAN PARK

THE NEW INDUSTRY ZONE

+0.8ha activity spaces +600m2 rain garden +600m3 water capacity

+150m2 industry treatment feld / wetland

7114m3 /d industry surface runoff treated

+0.7ha tidal marsh

+13000m2 light industry (offce)

+1400m2 cleansing biotope/wetland 2620m3/d surface runoff treated

+550m vegetated swale

+7+ species

+1400m3 water capacity

REVIVAL

Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture

Pasir Panjang power station is the core of the southern coastal line that is vulnerable to SLR. What`s more, the post-industrial infrastructure and related equipment are fully underutilized. Therefore, the project attempts to retroft outdated post-industrial facilities into coastal adaptive cultural landscapes.

This project will employ three strategies. Firstly, reorganize and redefne the function of existing infrastructure by renovating the post-industrial infrastructure and adding new structures both inland and in the ocean. The existing infrastructures such as power stations, post-industrial components are renovated as workshop space for theatre design, a museum, and educational facilities for performing arts. Secondly, to better adapt to SLR by hard and soft measures. Soft measures include vegetation purifcation to deal with the high city run-off and the natural coastal barriers: coral/seagrass to protect the inland from the SLR. Hard defense measures include underwater structures change the direction of the tide fow and terrace types structure gardens that are multi-functional - for sitting towards the ocean stages, defending sea level rise and coastal biodiversity. Lastly, create diverse habitats in the post-industrial area to build a bio-relationship from the coast to inland.

The outdated power station will become a new natural and cultural heritage for recreation and learning in the future. Simultaneously, the revitalized coastal natural resources will also become an essential part of the historical and cultural center for research and exhibition.

Dreamy Hong

VULNERABLE ANALYSIS

Pasir Panjang power station area is an important node of Pasir pangeng nowadays, this power station area has not to glory as before.

WATER FLOW ANALYSIS

POLUTION ANALYSIS

Reorganize and redefne the function by shaping the coastal line and renovating post-industrial component

SITE TRANSITION Before After

STRUCTURE RENOVATING

Core Buildings - Historical Power station

Reuse the basement Open the part of the wall Connect buildings

STRUCTURE RENOVATING

Industrial Component - Oil tank Above Water Structure

STRUCTURE RENOVATING

ADDING

Underwater Structure

Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture

Underwater Museum Underwater Theater Underwater Gallery

Defense the sea-level rise by soft/ hard infrastructue

1.City run-off / pollutants purifcation by Vegetation

SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE

2.Natural barrier for coastal defense: coral/ seagrass

HARD INFRASTRUCTURE

1. Underwater Structure

2. Terrence Structure

Connect diverse habitats with landscape component

HABITAT AND LANDSCAPE COMPONENT

Buildings

Landscape Structure

Section B-B

Section C-C

POWER STATION VISION

UNERWATER VISION

Section D-D

CENTER STAGE VISION

References : Mangrove Refection, photoed by Dirk Seifert

LIVING WITH MANGROVES

From land to water : Mangroves as infrastructure

Zhu Wen

The site, a 9.5hc fat grass patch that is waiting for future residential development, lies between two high mountains, Labrador Nature Reserve and Keppel club golf course, making it a vulnerable place if sea level rises by 3 meters. Poor accessibility and habitat degradation are the other two issues of the site.

Hence, this project attempts to create blue-green infrastructures to integrate the residential area with the natural ecology, making it more resilient against sea-level rise.

For sea-level rise, the main strategy is to retroft the Berlayer Creek and coastal seawalls. Mangrove creek will be naturalized and expanded against seawater. Delta from the estuary and silt clay from mangrove creek will be utilized to create a coastal green dike. Meanwhile, the winding creek will create more habitats for fora and fauna and provide varied public spaces for residents.

For poor accessibility, the corresponding strategy is to increase different layers of connectivity. Cycleway would be introduced to connect surrounding areas to the coast. Based on the residential design, secondary roads are designed to increase the connection between the residential areas and mangroves’ habitat.

The third strategy is to create a multi-functional community. Various open spaces will be connected and interwoven with mangrove creek to increase closeness to nature for residents.

HISTORY MAP

The site was surrounded by a coral reef, sandy beach and seagrass habitats. With the development of industry and urban greenery, shorelines became seawalls and habitats disappeared in this site.

Coral

Water body

Secondary Forest

Sea grass

Grass land

Mangroves

Surrounding park

High densely vegetated area

Shoreline Type

Mangroves

Unsealed sea wall

Rocky shore

Sealed sea wall

Board walk

HABITAT MAP

Recently, the site only has grassland and mangrove habitat. The main shoreline type is mangrove and unsealed sea wall.

Mangroves Plants Marine species Animials

LAND USE MAP

Terminal Park

Reserve land

Bussiness

HUMAN FLOW MAP

Main road

MRT line

Foot path

Cycle way

MRT station Bus stops

Site Analysis In Bigger Scale

WATER FLOW MAP

Main canal

Drainage

Surface water

Ocean currents

The surrounding land use is mainly business, public park, and industry. The site itself is locked, making the surrounding areas have poor accessibility. Meanwhile, the berlayer creek catches surrounding surface fow and drainage.

Detailed Human Flow Map

The site is mainly covered with hardscape make the site less vulnerable if the sea level rise by 3 meters high. The drainage system carries the rain water and drains into the belayer creek, making the creek has higher sediment concentration.

Detailed Human Flow Map & Landscape Typology

The site has a small part of the labrador nature reserve. The liner park area is blocked by the reserve land which is surrounded by the fence. The activity of the site is simple. The visitor has no access to the sea.

Strategy1 : Site Cleaning & Terran Shaping

Through cleaning and expanding the waterway, the natural creek will reemerge with more habitat coming with it. The sediment from the waterway can be utilized to rise the shoreline against sea-level rise.

Strategy2 : Walkway Installation & Urban Occupation

Different layers of connection can help increase the accessibility of the site to surrounding areas. Various building typologies can increase closeness to nature for residents.

1. Entrance

2. Larbrador MRT Station

3. Cycle Way

4. Plaza

5. Foot path in mangrove forest

6. Wetland Habitat

7. Floating platform

8. Community center 9. Water playground

10. Supermarket

11. Visitor center

12. Gym

13. Basketball court 14. Hotel

15. Education center

16. Sandy Beach

Multi-functional community is created with various open space which is connected and interwoven with mangrove creek to increase closeness to nature for residents.

Sandy Beach will be rebuilt so that visitors can have more access to the water body and enjoy Singapore’s unique tropical scenery.

Shaded Grove

Mangove Habitat

Cool and calm for hot days

Broad Walk

Enjoy the open ocean view

TRIPLE LIFELINE

Landscape design in Keppel area under the sea level rise

Zheng Qiaoyu

With the Keppel terminal relocation, the side opposite the Sentosa island would be in commercial and residential use to accelerate tourism development. However, currently used as the shipping terminal, the concrete site also faces several hard barriers for future development such as weak accessibility, sea-level rise issue, low rainwater harvesting and green habitat fragmentation, etc. In this project, a high-end condominium and reservoir park would be built on the fooded area to explore a kind of new metropolitan hydrophilic lifestyle. By integrating the current transport system, shaping the water system, and connecting the surrounding habitat, the human water and wildlife triple lifeline would be enhanced in the site.

CONCEPT-TRIPLE LIFE LINE

The water line (connecting the Marina Reservoir and the Keppel Bay ), human line ( connecting the central area, Vivo City, and Sentosa Island), green line (connecting the Faber park, new urban park, and Sentosa Island) would be integrated together in the kepple site.

STRATEGY

OPEN THEATER

CORAL RECREATION

Coral sightseeing & Sightseeing

SKY WALK

connect Viovo city and the site

SKY PASS

Green corrior & tourist

EXPLODED AXON MATRIX

Elevating the ground for the fooding barrier, and then construct the canal from the Marina reservoir to the Keppel Bay on the elevated ground. The elevated road from elevated ground is build in the water. And the foating platform locates at the end of the road.

BRANI ISLAND

tourist path

Sightseeing cycling

WATER SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION

Canal , reservoir and high end condominium

HIGH END CONDOMINIUM

ADAPTIVE MULTIFUNCTIONAL RESERVOIR

CONDOMINIUM

sea level rise

HABITAT RESTORATION AND ACCESSIBILITY ENHANCEMENT

Coral habitat ,green corridor construction and underground space reuse

RECLAMATION LAND REUSE FOR CORAL RESTORATION

HUMAN LINE

FROM MARINA BARRAGE UNTIL TANAH MERAH FERRY TERMINAL

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Rebuild Seawalls: Waiting for Sea Level Rise

Liu Kaiyan

To expand land and adapt to the sea-level rise issue, Singapore has done many land reclamation projects in the past decades, and over 70% of shorelines are hardscape. The vertical sea walls, rocky shores, concrete blocks are non-eco-benefcial, and obstructing people from getting close to the sea.

This project aims at redesigning the hard shorelines, thus connecting the inland area and the sea, rebuilding natural habitat and protecting marine life, as well as providing more opportunities for people to enjoy the water

Learning in nature——Waterfront classroom

He Xiaowei Ceama

The most unique feature of this site is the schools located along the canal. However, due to space limitation, schools lack outdoor activities and teaching space. The main purpose is to connect fragmented and underutilized waterfront open spaces as a part of school felds and adapt sea level rise by shaping the topography along the coastal area. The newly created school felds are linked by a running route connecting the campus and the park, along which distributed outdoor educational facilities and sports felds, hoping to stimulate students’ curiosity, improve their physical ftness and cultivate the spirit of scientifc exploration.

Turning risk into opportunity

Xiang Wenqin

The east coast is directly exposed to the Singapore Strait and is at risk from both sea level rising and extreme weather fooding. The aim of the project is to turn the risks into opportunities to protect coastal infrastructure and residential areas with physical multi-layered protection, while creating new reservoirs to meet the demand for drinking water from the increasing number of residents, and create more possibilities for activities..

Guardian of the City

Zhang Liao Judy

Situated at the edge of the east coast district, the project site is one of the most vulnerable to sea level rise in Singapore. Adapted from the government plan to have an additional reclaimed land to protect the district, the project proposes to extend the edge area that has undulated terrains for golf courses as a coastal defence. Together with the extended coastal edge, open canal vertically crossing the existing and new golf courses is reshaped to reuse drained water for irrigation, recreational purposes, and diverse coastal habitats promoting human and wildlife interaction.

Site 1: Marina South Pier Site 2: Gocycling East Coast Park Site 3: Singapore Wake Park Site 4: Tanah Merah Country Club Garden

Kaiyan

Site 1 Kaiyan

Site 2 Ceama

Site 3

Wenqin

Site 4 Judy

Ceama Wenqin Judy

REBUILD THE SEAWALLS

Waiting for the sea-level rise

Kaiyan Liu

To expand land and adapt to the sea level rise issue, Singapore has done many land reclamation projects in the past decades, and over 50% of shorelines are hardscape. The vertical sea walls, rocky shores, concrete blocks are non-eco-benefcial, and obstructing people from getting close to the sea.

This project aims at redesigning the hard shorelines, thus connecting the inland area and the sea, protecting marine life, rebuilding natural habitat, and also providing more opportunities for people to enjoy the sea.

This aim will be achieved by three steps:

Step 1: mitigate pollution and wave energy. The giant cruise ships and fshing boats cause the hard water wave and produce an oil spill, which hardly disturbing marine life. Also, the cargo terminal is polluting the soil along the shoreline. To mitigate pollution and wave energy, the tactics include plant purifcation, foating flters, building breakwaters, and prolonging the docks.

Step 2: design multipurpose seawalls. The previous vertical and rocky seawalls negatively separate the land and the sea, but there are more potentials than these. The seawalls can act as green space, tidal pool, fshing farm, and waterfront buildings, which provide more chances to both protect the marine life and provide places to get close to the water.

Step 3: facilitate land-sea interaction.

The height difference between the land and the sea varies from 5 to 8meters. By designing stepping slopes and beaches, people can easily enjoy the water. The functions of both sides will remain the same or at least related. The green roof and paths under the docks will make sure circulation.

The frst three samples are at normal level pH(8.0-8.3). Water close to the cargo terminal has higher pH. Higher acid may be due to the higher water temperature and some chemical leaks.

Detailed Flow Map|Permeability Calculation

WHERE?

Step1: mitigate

Step2: multipurpose

HOW?

Step1: mitigate pollution and wave energy.

The giant cruise ships and fshing boats cause the hard water wave and produce an oil spill, which hardly disturbing marine life. Also, the cargo terminal is polluting the soil along the shoreline. To mitigate pollution and wave energy, the tactics include plant purifcation, foating flters, building breakwaters, and prolonging the docks.

Step3: facilitate land-sea interaction.

The height difference between the land and the sea varies from 5 to 8meters. By designing stepping slopes and beaches, people can easily enjoy the water. The functions of both sides will remain the same or at least related. The green roof and paths under the docks will make sure circulation. Height

Plant Purifcation

Green Space

Marine Habitat

Selected coastal plants can eliminate soil pollution caused by the cargo terminal.

The stepping green space allows people to get close to the sea.

The gentle slopes the stepping green the height difference

Make full use of the space under the docks to build artifcial tidal pools.

Height Difference

Step3: interaction

Landuse&Function

Step2: design multipurpose seawalls.

The previous vertical and rocky seawalls negatively separate the land and the sea, but there are more potentials than these. The seawalls can act as green space, tidal pool, fshing farm and waterfront buildings, which provide more chances to both protect the marine life and provide places to get close to the water.

Floating Surface

Breakwater

Prolong Dock

The landuse and functions of both sides will remain the same or at least related.

The green roof and paths under the docks will make sure the circulation.

The space under the fshing platforms can act as fsh farms.

Buidlings can also become part of the seawalls

Create foating foundations for emergence of oyster and corals.

The rocky breakwaters will be built under the sea level, reducing wave energy and accumulate sediment.

By prolonging the docks, the ships can be moored in the far sea area, so as not to affect the marine life along coastlines.

Circulation

Human Activity

SCENARIOS: SEA LEVEL RISES BY 3 M

1.Urban beach

3.Commercial zone

2.Waterfront amusement

When sea level rises by 1 meter, part of the green space will be submerged into artifcial tidal pools; when sea level rises by 3 meters, more green space and some buildings will be underwater or half-submerged. People can experience the marine ecosystem along with these tidal pools, enjoy the sea on the beach, and observing the fsh groups in the underwater architecture.

Perspective A

Perspective B

Learning in Nature

Waterfront Classroom

The project is located along East Coast Park, around the siglap canal. The most unique feature of the project is different schools that locate on the site, Ngee Ann Primary School, CHIJ Katong Convent Secondary School, and Victoria Junior College. The schools have a wide age range of students from 6 to 18 years old, with a variety of outdoor activities and learning needs, but due to the limitation of space inside the schools, the children lack opportunities for outdoor learning and practice around the campus and need to travel far away for outdoor activities. Therefore, this project aims to provide children with an outdoor activity site close to the school to meet their needs for physical development, scientific knowledge exploration, and getting close to nature. What’s more, the site is very vulnerable to sea-level rise due to its flat topography. Therefore, the project responded to sea-level rise by changing the topography of the coastal areas and modifying the riverbeds, using resilient areas to adapt to sea-level rise, and using artificial structures in some vulnerable areas to resist the waves. After solving the problem of sea-level rise, comes different functions for different areas according to the new topography. In the current site, the presence of the ECP separated the connectivity between the school area and the parking area, so a bridge is built to connect the two parts and the entrances are extended inside the campus and the surrounding community to facilitate the nearby residents and school students to pass through. The new transportation system connects the various functional nodes of the site. In the river area near the school, outdoor classrooms are dedicated to scientific research and sports activities for the school students, while the coastal area becomes a large nature theme park for all citizens. Children can do sports, learn outdoor skills, organize volunteer activities in this playful educational park. In addition, because of the introduction of seawater into the site by changing the topography and the ecological design of the shoreline to create new habitats, children can also experience the rich flora and fauna brought by the tidal flows, which can help them get closer to nature and learn about nature in a subtle way.

He Xiaowei

1. Site Information

The site is along the central part of east coast park, around siglap canal. The most unique feature of this site is that there are three schools, from primary school to junior high, which means there is a group of children of a wide range of ages. And they have different demands of outdoor activities.

2. Problem Statement

A. LACK OF OUTDOOR LEARNING AREAS

DEMANDS OF STUDENTS

After checking the social media and the ofcial websites of these schools, it shows that they indeed have a lot of demands of outdoor learning.

The existing situation is that this area has very few types of outdoor activity——jogging, exercising with ftness facilities, barbequing and resting, which doesn’t meet the exact needs of the students nearby. Kids have to travel far away to take outdoor classes.

B. LOW ACCESSIBILITY

School and coastal areas are separated by the ECP. The footpath has been highlighted in the picture that people pass through most frequently and the only overhead bridge. It’s quite a long walk if students and nearby residents want to go to east coast park.

C. VULNERABILITY AGAINST SEA LEVEL RISE

Almost all the area will be submerged when the sea level rises to 3m. 3 main reasons that cause this problem:

1. Flat terrain

2. A hard scape plaza at the place where the canal meets the sea, which kind of block the water fow

3. Lack of resilient areas in the site which cause the low adaptation of seawater

2. Strategy

A. REZONING

B. CREATING LINKAGE

Using an overhead bridge——EDU-LINK to link up school & residential areas and coastal areas.

D. BUILDING HABITAT

Using fragmented spaces along the canal to build outdoor classrooms for school students. East Coast Park will be divided into two parts, using for science popularization and nature play&education.

A more ecological environment will be created, providing more diverse habitats to attract different animals.

C. IMPROVED ADAPTABILITY

1.Open the entrance of the sea and change the topography.

2.Widen the canal and use different methods to build a stronger riverbed.

3.Adding resilient areas.

4.Using hardscape along the shoreline to make a strong defense.

DESIGN DETAILS

1. Zoning

1.Horticulture&Agriculture

2.Planting Experiment

3.Eco-swimming Pool

4.Sensory Garden(emphasis on planting)

5.Waterfront Fitness Facilities

6.Fitness Facilities

7.Ocean Science Lab

8.Nature Playground&Inclusive Playing Area

9.Exercise Lawn

10.Outdoor Living Skill&Educational Tree Houses

11.Outward Bound&Camping Site

12.Hardscape Plaza

14.Tree House Water Splash

15.Waterfront Planting

16.Forest Theatre

13.Multiple Water Play

17.Mini Farm

18.Outdoor Classroom&Hands-on Activity

19.Event Lawn 20.Sports Tidal Pool

21.Sensory Garden(emphasis on experiencing

2. Linkage

EDU-LINK is built with its entrances go directly into the campus site, community, and coastal park areas to create a closer connection between the inland and the coastal area. EDU-LINK together with the main footpath can also form a circular coastal educational route, linking the outdoor learning areas around the schools and the various educational nodes in the coastal park, and taking on the function of a jogging route for students at the same time.

3. Sea Level Rise Adaptation

4. Rebuilding Habitat

5. Perspectives

A. Using artificial structure to adapt sea-level rise

B. Using topography to defense sea-level rise

SECTION 1-1'

B D C

D. Using artificial structure to defense sea-level rise

C. Using topography to adapt sea-level rise

TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY

Responding to SLR in East Coast

XIANG Wenqin

The east coast, because of its low altitude, is the most vulnerable area in Singapore to sea level rising and extreme weather fooding. It is also the area where large residential areas and urban infrastructure are most directly exposed to this problem. As the number of residents increases year by year, Singapore, which is already short of land and freshwater resources, will face greater pressure.

Based on the Government’s future land reclamation plan, the project aims to transform the risks into opportunities by proposing a plan to shift the coastline with physical multi-layer protection, protect and promote the development of coastal infrastructure and residential areas. Combined with newly reclaimed land, the new planned offshore bike path will be the plan’s frst line of defense against rising sea levels, creating a new reservoir along the east coast that will meet the growing demand for drinking water while keeping seawater out. The calm and stable waters of the reservoir allow for more activity and restoration of the natural habitat.

The protected former east coast park will no longer need to fulfll the function of green space responsibility of coastal protection and can have more development possibilities. One possibility proposed by the project is to invite residential areas into the Park, transform the land use and integrate water management measures to achieve a pioneering living design with water.

EXISTING SITUATION

Apart from SLR, the east coast also facing the pressure of rising population.

AFTER 30 YEARS

Based on the government’s future land reclamation plan, this project hopes to reasonably plan part of the area, guide the water system.

AFTER 100 YEARS

Use the four-layer protection to shift the coastline, protect and promote the development of coastal infrastructure and residential areas, so as to turn the risks into opportunities.

Government future land reclamation plan

BASIC ANALYSIS

LAND USE PERMEABILITY MAP

WATER FLOW

HABITAT MAP & HIGH RISK AREA

This area has a high degree of development. The park mainly serves the surrounding residential areas and bears the needs of simple daily activities. The water in the site flows directly into the sea through the drainage system or unutilized surface runoff. Based on the topography, most areas will be threatened by a flooding event, except that area where the BERM already exists.

PATH ANALYSIS & HUMAN FLOW

LARGER SCALE PLANNING

There is a planned PCN on the site, allowing cycle riders to pass through, and the pedestrian flow is concentrated near the food center.

However, there is only one bicycle/ pedestrian shared underpass with a width of 2.5m and a flyover with a width of 1m between the park and the residential area.

Bedok town is planning to create a liveable and pleasant housing environment, with a plan of a 13 km bicycle network.

Outdoor play corridor is a completed project connecting Bedok Reservoir Park and East Coast Park. It has four nodes on the way for residents to enjoy a connected network to access recreational facilities.

1.bedok reservoir

2.the hill

3.the wind valley

4.the fishing village

1. UNDERPASS

2. FLYOVER

The first layer as physical protection, the Seawater will not have access to the reservoir, to create peaceful and stable waters, then the protected original east coast park will no longer need to carry out the functions of the coastal protection green Land responsibility, It can have more development potential.

What I propose is to invite residential areas into the park, changing the pure park land use, combine water management measures, and achieve the pioneering residential design of co-living with water.

LAYER 1 + 4

Strategy : USING LANDFORM FOR PROTECTION

LAYER 1: CYCLE WAY + RECLAIMED LAND

- SLR BARRIER

- STORM SURGE DENFENSE

- COSATAL HABITAT RESTORATION

LAYER 4: BERM PROTECTION

- FACILITATING WATER RECYCLING SYSTEM

- ENRICHING HABITAT TYPES

Layer1 and 4 are to achieve the purpose of protection by transforming the landform. .The land reclamation plan is not limited to form the high-density construction area.

In this site, I hope to achieve a more natural ecological environment, rationally allocate soil filling, form a tidal pool adapting to tide changes, rationally select and introduce mangroves, to support many creatures living in the tidal zone. It also forms a buffer area against the storm Surge.

There is an elevation difference in the existing site, so I try to transform the sailing pool into a natural swimming pool with ecological benefits, as well as an area for water storage in the site.

The soil dig from the pool can be added to the Berm to Facilitate Water Recycling System. Through the re-selection and mixing of tree species, more fruit tree species will be added to the freshwater wetland area to attract more animals into the habitats on the site.

SEPARATED CYCLING PATH

- ENRICHING CYCLING EXPERIENCE

- ENSURING THE SAFETY OF DIFFERENT USERS

WATER RECYCLE

- Adjust the flow direction to fully collect the surface runoff and

- Use natural and artificial filtration systems to purify water

- Recycling water to achieve different activities to improve residents' living experience

attraction point

human flow

cycling path

bus stop

bicycle service station

F&B

view pavillion

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

- ESTABLISHING A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESIDENTS AND NATURE

With the introduction of residential buildings, there will be two different sources of water, Greywater, and Rainwater. Rainwater is collected primarily by altering topography to redirect surface runoff and is collected through a solid separator then pass to bio-fltration, which can be used for irrigation or for water recreation. Greywater mainly enters the storage tank through the drainage system, is treated, and then discharged into the purifcation wetland for reuse.

Another initiative is to replan the cycle lanes according to the cycling speed, keeping the original PCN in the site to be a slower path because it interacts more with the activity area, to prevent hazards between pedestrians and cyclists. In combination with land reclamation, a new Lane is planned to create a more exciting cycling experience with more interaction with water, It will allow users many different scenes.

Under the premise of reasonable arrangement of water management, residents’ life will be closely related to water and their activities will be more closely related to nature and water.

GUARDIAN OF THE CITY

Future Flooding Landscape

Zhang Liao Judy

Situated on the edge of the east coast, the project site is not only one of the most vulnerable to sea-level rise, but also lacks connections to surrounding sites and has potential for further development. Future government plans to reclaim land on the east coast district offer an opportunity to face rising sea levels. Adapted government’s land plan, the project proposes to extend the edge area that has undulated terrains for golf courses as a coastal defense.

Topographical modifcations to extend the coastal edge outwards and to open the linear canal and waterfront area to increase the tolerance of the site to sea-level rise. Replan the functional zones and add open public space to the site while retaining the original functions. The new golf course utilizes a circular water system for irrigation, creating diverse habitats and creating continuous open public space to enhance the connection between the site and its surroundings. A more open ecological golf course that promotes human and wildlife interaction while meeting people’s recreational sporting purposes.

This approach which is a strong defense towards sea-level rise could be applied more widely across the country, to upgrade existing coastal golf courses, or to future reclaimed land areas.

UNITARY FUNCTION & POOR CONNECTION

The main function of the east coast district is Sports & Recreation. In this site, the 8 categories of open space are relatively independent and lack spatial and functional connections between them. At the same time, only one narrow access on the site. Accessibility is poor both for pedestrians and public transportation.

VULNERABLE AREA

The East coast district has a fat terrain. In this site, except for the golf course, the elevation of the most area is below 3m, which would be seriously threatened when sea level rise happened. Government plans to do further land reclamation with a new method along the east coastline to protect the inside residential and commercial areas.

Land Reclamation Method

Government Reclamation Plan

Sea-level Rise Analysis

Site Section

TERRAIN MODIFICATION

Reorganization of space to make more efcient use of it. Reducing the impact of fooding or sea-level rise on the surrounding area. And use it to form the site’s water system.

ZONE RELOCATION & MULTI-LAND USE

Re-location of the zones. Addition of new functional areas. Enhance connectivity within the site and around the site.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT & HABITAT ENHANCEMENT

Increase wildlife habitats and form nutrient circulation. Less manual intervention and less negative impact on the environment.

RESHAPE THE TOPOGRAPHY

The current site can be divided into a reserved area, golf course, and MOE outdoor center. The area is not fully utilized and the terrain is relatively fat. The river is straight and the speed of the fow is quite fast. What’s more, the coastal area is at a lower elevation, will be fooded when the sea level rises.

Reshape the canal to slow down the river or tidal fow. Add ‘polder’ & ‘bio-islands’ to increase the inland water capacity and sea-level rise tolerance. Like the bio-islands, not only can store the water, but also play functions as purifying the water quality and providing wildlife habitats. Lastly, further land reclamation to create more space. At the same time, it can keep the seawater out and become a powerful way to protect the inland area and combat sea-level rise.

WATER FLOW SYSTEM

Water fow inside the site can form a system to maximize the recycling of water.

MULTI-LAND USE

Land Use Analysis

Relocate the MOE area and create a series of open spaces to enhance the connectivity.

(1)

Adventure Centre

Adventure Zone + Infrastructure Zone + Building Zone

Re-locate MOE Outdoor Adventure Learning Centre to the northern part of the site. Retain the original functions and add more outdoor areas, integrate humans with nature.

(2) Therapeutic

Garden

Active Zone + Passive Zone

Therapeutic garden with simple and clear layout aims to create a self-contained space which has a series of activities to promote both physical and mental health.

* Aim

1) provide an enriching experience with nature

2) promote social interaction and physical activity

3) stimulate the senses through interaction with nature

4) enhance physical and mental well-being

ECOLOGICAL GOLF COURSE

Provided that golfng conditions are met, minimize the use of artifcial irrigation systems and chemical fertilizers to manage the turf. At the same time, increase the number of wildlife habitats and enhance biodiversity.

(1) Water

The water circulation in the golf course is based on the water system of the whole site.

(2) Fertilizer

Golf courses require a high degree of manual maintenance and a large amount of fertilizer to ensure that the turf grows properly. In the ecological one, minimizing chemical fertilizer use, linking to the surrounding site, and efcient circulation of energy within the site.

(3) Wildlife Habitat

CIRCULATION SYSTEMS

Inland golf courses and coastal golf courses have different habitats. Inland habitat refers to layered and complex woods space including diverse creatures. While coastal one contains mangroves and marine creatures.

Perspective_ Inland Golf Course

Perspective_ Coastal Golf Course

The Government’s plans for the East Coast are to continue to reclaim land, and in addition to the outward extension along with the land, a long island is planned to be reclaimed to protect the corresponding residential area. However, the site is homogeneous and has not been given sufcient value. In this project, re-plan the land reclamation along the east coast and propose to extend the edge area that has undulated terrains for golf courses as a coastal defense.

From the perspective of the country, the use of existing golf courses and government reclamation schemes to modify their topography is an effective strategy against sea-level rise. Adopting a new typology of a golf course as a coastal defense will not only prevent a range of threats from the sea but will also enrich the site and increase the natural habitat.

Government Land Reclamation Plan

Project Land Reclamation Plan (East Coast District)

Golf Course_ Distribution in Singapore

Golf Course_ Future Development

FROM TANAH MERAH FERRY TERMINAL TO PASIR RIS PARK

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Bike on the Dyke

Li Jiaying

Situated in the Changi shoreline where a massive land extension is planned, the project utilizes a dyke of the reclaimed land as a landscape infrastructure for cyclists and new developments. At the frst phase, the infrastructure on the dyke connects to the existing cycling trails along the Changi coast and East Coast Park for recreational purpose, where users will appreciate scenic views formed by six dynamic coastal habitats. In the next phase, inner blue and green infrastructure crossing the reclaimed land (formed by dredging the bay for crustaceans, sand, and gravel) guide the future development as a key spine of landscape networks.

Dockscape: keep the coastal memory

Fang Ting

The Changi point is an open beach area land which has a unique landform naturally shaped like a “gate”. As a landing area of the eastern coastal line that is vulnerable to sea level rise. The main objective of the project is to create a new landing platform that emerge a new order of docking system for different functions. Uplifted areas are remodelled to resilient against sea level rise and encourage human direct contact to water. By utilizing the potentials of accessibility from the Changi inland area to the Straits of Johor, the newly design remain the traditional activities and it can be a mark as history keeping.

Landform Adaptation Resort

Rui Xui

Changi village has been seen as a place to escape from city life for decades with recreation and sports usage. This project provides a new possibility for the seaside resorts by creating sea-level rise adaptation land forming. With alternative energy resources like hydro-powered and solar-powered systems, the self-sufcient eco-hotel could consume less energy with a rainwater harvesting system. The agricultural design within the site brings food-to-table opportunities for the eco-hotel. The historical buildings will be protected by a new dike and drainage system.

Life in green and blue

Wang Xiaomeng

Pasir Ris Park is a recognized park with high-quality residential areas around it. Meanwhile, the government plans to convert few parts of the park into residential areas in 20 years. The project aims to comply with policy and solve future social issues and environmental challenges, including decreased living quality and sea-level rise. The site will be planned in different stages, and a new residential area will be created by improving the land structure, HDB form, and transportation methods.

Site 1 Li Jiaying

Site 2 Fang Ting

Site 3 Rui Xue

Site 4

Wang Xiaomeng

Site 1: Bike on the Dyke Site 2: Dockscape: keep the coastal memory

Site 3: Landform Adaptation Resort

Site 4: Life in green and blue

Li Jiaying Fang Ting Rui Xue Wang Xiaomeng

BIKE ON THE DYKE AN COASTAL CYCLING PARK

Li Jiaying

My site is a reclamation land on the east coast of Singapore. It is a massive and low-lying land which is disconnected with other scenic spot and faced with habitat destruction. However, it has a great potential to propose a new type of infrastructure by utilizing the structure of coastal protection such as dyke. This project aims to utilize a dyke of the reclaimed land as a landscape infrastructure for cyclists and new developments.

This project will apply three strategies. Firstly, using a polar system to build the reclamation land. With a polder system for 442 hectares of reclaimed land, the dyke is not only to protect the reclaimed land from sea-level rise issue, but also to insert key infrastructure such as drainage, water supplies, distribution, and electric power lines to prepare for future development on the newly reclaimed land. By utilizing spaces on the dyke, the dyke can connect the existing cycling trails along the Changi coast and east coast park. Secondly, conserving habitat to make users appreciate scenic views formed by dynamic coastal habitat-seagrass, mudfat, coral reef, mangrove, sandy beach, rocky shore, and forest. Last, insert multi-functional activity areas to make the site has a recreation function so that people can do leisure activities here, and also make the site has an educational function.

The site will be designed as a cyclist park and will become open space and residential area that serves Changi airport in the future.

ANALYSIS

My site is a reclamation area on the east coast of Singapore, which land use is a reserved area, with Changi Airport nearby. There are long PNC Way and Greater Rustic Way cross my site, which connects to Changi Beach Club and East Coast Park. There are a few bus stations and MRT stations near my site, the only way to get to my site is by taking a car or riding a bike, so the site is with low pedestrian volume.

The site is full of disordered plants, which look very messy, and has a few bus stations and MRT stations nearby, which traffic is not convenient, making the site is disconnected from another scenic spot.

Entrance Forest

Mudflat Pond

Port Rocky Shore and Sandy Shore

The shoreline typologies mainly consist of sandy shore and rocky shore, which vulnerability is high. And the habitat is faced with extinction.

Government planning

Current Area

Government Plan Area: 720hec

Need Sand: 5040000T

The site is low-lying, when facing three meters of sea-level rise issue, most of the site will be submerged.

Storm Water Pond

Drainage Pumping Station

Central Pumping Station Stream

Polder Dike

POLDER SYSTEM

The Polder system is to do land reclaimed from a body of water, such as from a lake or the sea bed, through the construction of a dyke and a network of drains, water pumping systems, and canals.

MASTER PLAN

Event Lawn

Lawn Steps

Dyke

Waterfront Stair

Cycle Way

Rocky Shrore

Walkway

Elevated Waterfront

Walkway

Interactive Area

Waterfront Platform Playground

Wetland

Floating Wetland

BEFORE AND AFTER SECTION

Lawn and Micro Forest

Rocky Shore

Sandy Shore and Mudfat

Wetland

Dam

Waterfront Platform

Lawn Steps

Rocky Shore

Elevated Walkway

Walk Way

The mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef can co-exist, sandy beach and rocky shore can coexist to be put in the sedimentation area. The rocky shore is hard which can be put in the erosion area.

Ascending lawn Central Plaza

Elevated Central Plaza

Waterfront Stairs

HABITAT DETAIL SECTION

Pond

Beach Sand

Supratidal Mudfat

Micro-Forest

Forest Cycle Way

Intertidal Mudfat

Mangrove

Seagrass

Coral Reef

Skateboard Area

Interactive Plantform

Wetland

Sports Area

Playground Cycle Rest Area

Tidal Zone

People can appreciate scenic views formed by dynamic coastal habitats——Seagrass, mudflat, coral reef, sandy beach, rocky shore, forest, and do a variety of activities along the shoreline as well as on the water surface, such as children can play in the interactive platform, skateboard area, and playground.

Viewing Rocky Shore and Rest at Waterfront Stairs

Leisure in Central Plaza

Viewing on Floodable Lawn

Rest and Learning in Wetland

Residents can do exercise on the sports area, and tourists can do water sports on the water exploration area. They can also rest on the floodable lawn, waterfront platform, and waterfront plaza.

In the second phase, the infrastructure on the dyke connects to the existing cycling trails along the Changi Coast and East Coast Park for recreational purposes, where users will appreciate scenic views formed by six dynamic coastal habitats.

SECTION

Mangrove Dyke Drainage

Stream Forest Residentila Area

Sand

Skateboard Area

Dyke Forest

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Platrofm

In the next phase, inner blue and green infrastructure crossing the reclaimed land (formed by dredging the bay for crustaceans, sand, and gravel) guides the future development as a key spine of landscape networks. In the future, the land use of the site will be open space and residential area.

DOCKSCAPE

Keep the Coastal Memory

Fang Ting

The edge of the Changi Point was once infuenced by natural processes, resulting in a unique landscape shaped like a “gate”. As a landing area, it allows direct access to the broad ocean and was created historically as a hub for the vibrant shipping industry. However, over the past century, it is no longer economically, ecologically, or socially relevant, although open beaches still existed, the water edge has become a more static, constructed edge. These problems will be aggravated by SLR issue because in the long term, sea-level rise will take away a large part of the waterfront and weaken the shoreline. There will be three major challenges: sinking dock, water pollution and vanishing beach.

This project proposes a new framework to arm the edge of the site and weaves the climate-resilient programs and public spaces together. Three main strategies will be implemented. Firstly, create a new dock system. To address the degraded site edge, conserve the dock function — change the location of dock and make the platform function as a new landing platform with a new order of docking system for different functions. Secondly, soften the creek revetment to adapt to rising water level. to activate the static edge, create a soft edge — which facilitates the accretion of ecologically rich wetland habitat for mangroves, seagrass and coral to purify the water in the creek. Meanwhile, it will be a water park to keep the unique shape. Thirdly, conserve the beach. The structure will be introduced to construct the perched beach to keep and strengthen this existing original beach.

The design integrates Changi Point to a vibrant and active place both in short and long time span, which adapt to the anticipated effects of global climate change and people’s need for safe and stable waterfront space.

3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE

Considered the sea level rise issue, there will be three major challenges: sinking dock, vanishing beach and water pollution. As the sections show, most areas will be submerged, the most vulnerable part is the ferry terminal.

It was created historically as a hub for vibrant shipping industry coz the edge of this area allowed direct access to the broad ocean. However, over the past century, it is no longer economically, and socially relevant. And these problems will be aggravated by SLR issue coz It will sink.

SINKING DOCK

According to the 3-meter sea-level rise, the most area here will be submerged. The Changi Point Ferry Terminal and docks will sink which are the carrier of the history and regional culture. So, the sinking problem means the activities what take place here will disappear together.

POLLUTION

As a busy hub, there are many shipping routes, the pollution can not be ignored. In 2017 the oil spill in johor straits had an impact on seagrass meadows and mangrove habitat in Changi creek. However, recreational beach needs high water quality.

DOCKING INFRASTRUCTURE

The Changi point is an open beach area land that has a unique landform naturally shaped like a “gate”. As a landing area of the eastern coastal line that is vulnerable to sea-level rise. The main objective of the project is to create a new landing platform that emerges a new order of docking system for different functions. Uplifted areas are remodeled to resilient against sea-level rise and encourage human direct contact to water. By utilizing the potentials of accessibility from the Changi inland area to the Straits of Johor, the newly design remain the traditional activities and it can be a mark as history keeping.

LANDING PLATFORM AND VISITOR CENTER

To address the degraded site edge and maintain the dock function, change the location of the dock, which before is at the narrow creek. By facilitating the good accessibility from the land to the ocean, to make the platform function as a new landing platform. The form of the dock changes from the dots to the line, different dock areas are connected by various small spaces.

For those long journey boats, the plaza for distribution is designed for people to go on board, and the foating docks are adaptive to SLR. And for short ones, waterfront space is suitable and resilient to water, it’s convenient to drag the boats. And it can be submerged, when the sea level rise, people still can go sailing and boating.

ECOLOGICAL WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM

Soften the hard creek revetment to be a water park

Soften the hard creek revetment to be a water park. It’s a way to activate the static edge and adapt to the sea level rise issue.

ECOLOGICAL WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM

Meanwhile, it provides rich wetland habitat for mangroves, seagrass and coral to purify the water in the creek. People can go For those long journey boats, the plaza for distribution is designed for people to go on diving and boating.

SINKING DOCK AND WATER PARK

The design shows the comparison of hard edge and soft edge. It forms a buffer that responds to the land and water adjacencies. And it also integrates Changi Point into a vibrant and active place both in the short and long term.

LANDFORM ADAPTATION RESORT

Sea Level Rise Adaptable Hotel

Rui Xue

Changi village has been seen as a place to escape from city life for decades with recreation and sports usage. This project provides a new possibility for the seaside resorts by creating sea-level rise adaptation land forming. By changing the original topography in the site, new islands are formed while allowing sea water to enter the lawn. Through the design of different forms of water edges to ensure the normal operation of the resort activities. The site can continue to maintain its original function even when facing sea-level rise. With alternative energy resources like hydro-powered and solar-powered systems, the self-sufcient eco-hotel could consume less energy with a rainwater harvesting system. It provides new ideas for coastal resorts when facing sea-level rise issues.

HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND CURRENT LANDUSE

In history, the land use of the changi area has been changed from residential to military use to the sports and recreation use in nowadays. The building which we can see right now is mostly built in the last century by the army. Those bungalows with history and political meaning in the history of Singapore are now mostly used as hotels and restaurants. Others are for meetings, weddings, and nursing house. With the thriving of the tourism industry in Singapore in the recent decade, both international and local tourists are more willing to come to the resort to get closer to nature.

History of Changi

For the habitat of the site, there are fve types: lawn, street trees, secondary forest, rocky shore, and sandy shore. There are also many heritage trees which are native species with long history inside the site. Although most of the sites are covering with green, the habits are highly vulnerable when comes to the 3-meter sea-level rise, especially the shoreline area and the big lawn at the center of the site.

The green vegetation coverage rate of the landscape site is relatively high. But it is vulnerable in most areas when facing 3m sea level rise. Especially for some Heritage tree species on the site.

The Changes of Site Coastline

3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE

DIFFERENT COASTAL HABITATS WITH RECREATIONAL SPACES

With the opportunities of the tourist industry and the threat from habitat loss, creating different types of water edges without sacrifce the activities of the resort area is crucial. Let the water in instead of block it outside. The change of the topology and the water could be an opportunity to have more activities.

SWIMMING ZONE

SEASIDE OBSERVATION DECK

ENERGY SAVING RESORT

To create an environmentally friendly resort, a sustainable energy circulation system will be added.

The frst is electrical energy. The temperature of the seawater helps to cool down the foating solar panel’s system that build on the sea. By utilizing strong wind energy, a wind power generation system is suitable to put on the islands facing the sea. In addition, the solar panels installed on the roof of the buildings can also meet the daily use of the bungalows.

The second is the water cycle. The terrain in the site has a large elevation difference. A unique lake view is formed in the bungalow area. It can be used to irrigate crops in the planting area and the lawn in the mini-golf area.

The Section of Sustainable Energy System

LIFE IN GREEN AND BLUE

HDB+ Park Pasir Ris Park is a beloved coastal park, where nearby residents and many locals like to relax on weekends.

Wang Xiaomeng

LIFE IN GREEN

With the housing pressure of population growth, the government plans to convert part of the green space into residential areas. To meet the needs of a growing population, more green space will be occupied by houses in the future. However, do residential areas and parks have to confict? Perhaps a better result would be achieved by merging the two. By dividing the whole function area and optimizing the transportation system, the park function is integrated into the residential area under the condition of satisfying the residents’ basic needs. Simultaneously, the use of spatial planning methods should be diversifed in the space to meet the different needs of residents and tourists.

LIFE IN BLUE

The site is located in low-lying coastal areas; the large area will face fooding problem in the future. However, the water will make the land more interesting if it been taken advantage of. The project uses phasing to solve the problem of rising sea levels gradually. The frst step is to transform the land, protect the land we need, and plan the future land. The second step is to build a residential area on the reclaimed land and use the structure to build a second layer of green space, increasing the available land area while making a rough distinction between open and private areas. When the sea level rises 3m, the third step submerges the ample land, uses the water surface to increase a series of water activities, enriches the resident and the visitor’s life.

CURRENT LAND USE AND FUTURE PLAN

The site is Part 2 of Pasir Ris Park, in the middle of the Park. It has connected to its surroundings. Residential areas dominate the surrounding land, and most park visitors are families.

Public transport is less convenient, but the government plans to add more subway and bus routes to solve the problem. Furthermore, the government will also add more residential areas here.

The site is in the low land, and most of the area is below 3M. After the sea level rises 2 meters, the high tide will submerge to 3 meters above sea level. At this time, part of the coastline would generally be fooded, while large areas would be fooded at high tide.

SEA LEVEL RISE MAP

As the population will continue to expand in the future, the occupation of green space to establish residential areas is a trend. Nevertheless, the lack of green space and parks not only do harm to ecology but also reduce the quality of human life. So in order to comply with the government plan and meet the needs of the community, the design will explore HDB park and the integration of the subject. The most crucial issue to note at this point is connection.

BASIC DATA ANALYSIS

FIRST STEP EXCAVATE AND FILL - PROTECT THE LAND

DESIGN ANALYSIS

FUNCTION

According to the planned HDB area, the spare space is assigned to different empty energy zones. On the whole, the south is densely populated, and the public spaces are repurposed to serve the residents, while the north and the coastal areas are more geared to serve the tourists.

TRANSPORTATION

The fooded area was so large that it was difcult to get around, so it changed the original road and added many other modes of transportation (water taxi, boardwalks, bicycle lanes, etc.). Different modes of transportation will solve the transportation problem and guide people’s behaviour to create different private spaces.

As a result of the above two plans, the private density of space is higher in the south, while the connection between the north and the middle is open. Nevertheless, people are free to move around the entire area, although functional zoning can induce different people to prefer places.

During the frst stage of flling, the soil was used to raise part of the ground and build GREEN DIKE to protect large areas of low-lying land. Moreover, the DIKE and the afforestation union create the scenery simultaneously forms a hydrophilic belt park.

In other areas, the shore is dominated by nature, but SEA WALL dominates the shore to preserve the soil in hard surface areas.

GREEN DIKE-1 STEEP SLOPE

GREEN DIKE-2 GENTLE SLOPE

SEA WALL

NATURAL SHORELINE

SNADY SHORELINE

In this project, the connection of the community, the connection of the park and the connection of the park and the residential area is a major issue. This problem can be solved by creating different spaces within this diverse site using functional zoning and transportation systems. At the same time, let us also get a more exciting and more efcient land.

FROM PASIR RIS PARK TO SEMBAWANG PARK

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Redefning Coastal Barrier

Lam Chinghang Adam

This project envisions Yishun Dam as a living infrastructure to protect the Lower Seletar Reservoir from the hazard of sea-level rise by the full utilization of onsite natural resources. A new terrain will be built to reinforce the dam through the accumulation of coastal sediments formed by tide and currents and green waste from the reservoir and nearby golf courses. The extended terrain has a multilayer – the ground surface is used for generating energy, diverse community recreational functions, and coastal habitat enhancement, while the engineering function such as a heavy trafc road and a tidal barrier is maintained under the ground.

Riparian Urbanism: Nature Oriented Development on Business Park

Ge Wenxi

The newly reclaimed island, Punggol Timor island, faces several long-term environmental challenges, including sea-level rise, storm surge risk, low biodiversity, and pollution. The project aims to propose a repeatable mixed development mode and triple-tiered defenses that can keep pace with sea-level rise for the business park. By reshaping the water system and ecosystem, reconnecting habitats, injecting regional vitality, the project integrates nature into the business area and creates a new sustainable coastal lifestyle.

Site 1: Yishun Dam

Site 2: Punggol Timor island

Lam Chinghang Adam

Site 2 Ge Wenxi

Site 1 Lam Chinghang Ge Wenxi

REDEFINING COASTAL BARRIER

Building and Inhabiting With Nature

Singapore is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. The country is heavily dependent on reservoirs to collect and store storm runoffs from the local catchment. Besides, 9 of the 17 reservoirs in Singapore are estuarine reservoirs situated in the coastal area, consequently setting them vulnerable to rising sea levels.

This project envisions Yishun Dam as a living infrastructure – A coastal barrier built by nature and humans, moreover, inhabited by the community. A new terrain will be built to reinforce the dam through the accretion of coastal sediments formed by tide and currents and green waste from the reservoir and nearby golf courses. The extended terrain has a multilayer – the ground surface is used for generating energy, diverse community recreational functions, and coastal habitat enhancement, while the engineering function such as a heavy trafc road and a tidal barrier is maintained under the ground.

In short, this project attempts to redefne the civic function of a tidal barrier, from a conventional dike to a coastal barrier that serves the community in multiple aspects.

Lam Ching Hang, Adam

The Lower Seletar Reservoir and Yishun Dam

The Lower Seletar Reservoir collects storm run-off from the surrounding urbanized area and serves as a major recreational space for the nearby residential area

FOR WATER SUPPLY AND AS A MAJOR RECREATIONAL DESTINATION

The reservoir was created in 1985 by the construction of Yishun Dam at the river mouth of Seletar River. It is a major reservoir in the North-East region of Singapore with a capacity of 9.5 million m³. A PCN loop around the reservoir is planned for the future which including the Yishun Dam.

Current from the Johor Strait brought sediment and mud. Tidal wave affects the nearby mangrove and drafts along the Yishun Dam. The dam blocks the current from Johor Strait, while the tidal gate controls the overfow from the reservoir.

3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE

In this scenario, the existing design of Yishun Dam is not adequate to protect the reservoir from seawater instruction. The water in the reservoir will be polluted and salinized. Also, the recreational space around the reservoir will be affected.

3M SLR Scenario

2M SLR Scenario Existing Condition

CURRENT CONDITION

Three wastes of resource in the site. The green is collected from the reservoir, and the sediment is brought by tide and currents. Lastly is the marine clay located in the river mouth area.

It is an invasive species in the local reservoir which causes algae bloom and affects water quality.

HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA

PROPOSED CHANGE

The concept is to redesign the energy and resources fow in the local context, hence, to utilize the resource for the purpose of coastal reinforcement and creation of new open space.

INHABITING INFRASTRUCTURE

A series of new terrain will be formed from phasing construction. A series of permeable structures will be placed to collect sediment and facilitate mangrove recovery. Afterward, the excessive sediment and green waste will be placed on top of the highway tunnel to form the new terrain. The newly formed terrain can be used for different functions, such as hiking trails, observation decks, etc. Furthermore, different kinds of visitor centers are proposed to facilitate outdoor recreation activities, such as kayaking and bird watching. It is not only a coastal defensive structure but a multi-functional open space at the same time.

Proposed Energy and Resources Flow in a Local System

PHASING CONSTRUCTION

Diagram 2

Diagram 3

Diagram 4

Diagram 1

NEW FORMED TERRAIN ON EXISTING DAM STRUCTURE

Collected green waste and sediment will be used on the construction of the proposed terrain. The newly formed landscape will reinforce the dam to against the threat of rising sea level. At the same time, it will be a new public space to smoothen the transition from the reservoir to the sea.

INITIAL VISION

VISITOR CENTER AND TERRACED PROMENADE

The architectural structure is proposed to act as a new sea wall and visitor center at the same time. The visitor center provides service at different scenarios of rising sea levels. It could be a recreational hub initially, but be an observation hut or museum after sea-level rise.

VISION IN

SEA-LEVEL

3M

RIPARIAN URBANISM

Nature Oriented Development on Business Park

Ge Wenxi

Punggol Timor, a newly relatively recently reclaimed island, is now used as a temporary site for storing construction material. While land reclamation facilitates new land development, it poses an environmental threat in the long-term. The three major challenges are: sea-level rise and storm surge, low biodiversity and habitat loss, as well as disconnection with the surrounding environment.

The project proposes a repeatable, mixed, nature-oriented mode of development for business parks. In response to the three challenges, three strategies are raised: triple-layered defense against sea-level rise and its secondary disasters; habitat stepping stones and migratory bird destination; a park for people. Unlike conventional construction process, this project proposes the reuse of the material resources found on-site, namely the remaining soil left behind from previous earthworks, to recover the ecosystem frst. Buildings are proposed to only be introduced after habitats have reached an appropriate level of maturity. By reshaping the water system, reconnecting habitats and injecting regional vitality, the project integrates nature into the business park. It also rejuvenates coastal biodiversity in a reclaimed area, while creating a new coastal lifestyle for citizens. It challenges the traditional expectations of the business park and sets a precedent for equitable and sustainable coastal development in the rapidly growing region.

SITE PHOTO

PROBLEM STATEMENT

PROBLEM 01 Sea-level Rise & Flood Vulnerability

Hydrological response regime (Peak C values)

Sea-level rise map

PROBLEM 02 Low Biodiversity

Animal observation map

Macrobenthos amount change

PROBLEM 03

Surrounding Environment Disconnection

Shoreline comparation

Punggol Timor Island

Punggol Barat Island

A. Beach

B. Barrier island

C. Marine eco-link

D. Tidal flat

E. Ephemeral river

F. Green roof

G. Roof garden

H. Parking lot

I. Fishing pot

J. Wharf

K. Skywalk

L. Floating structure

HYDROLOGY MAP

Modified waterflow

PROTECTION LAYER

1st protection layer——Wave energy reduction & conversion

Artificial marine shelter+ Breakwater + Floating structures + Wave energy converters

2nd protection layer ——Sea-level rise & Storm surge defense

Barrier island + Sand beach + Mudflat + Mangrove + Seawall

3rd protection layer——Waterlogging prevention

Ephemeral river + Topography

DETAIL DESIGN

Protection layer 01 Floating structure

STRATEGY 02

Habitat stepping stone + Migratory bird destination

Greenbelt

Marine eco-link

Habitat Typology & Biodiversity

Habitat map

STRATEGY 03

Program

Encourage park utilization

Walking trail

Extend Singapore Round Island Route

PROJECT CONSTRUCTION PHASING

1. Current condition

Used to store constructure material

Building footprint

Connect office with nature

Vehicle lane

Increase accessibility

3. Recovering 3-5 years

Add road, introduce vegetaion and develop habitat first

Reuse site left material to create overall topography, seawall, and breakwater

4. Mature biomatrix 6-30 years

Introduce building and new facility after habitat is built

2. Earthwork balance 0-2 years

FROM SEMBAWANG PARK TO SUNGEI BULOH NATURE RESERVE

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Retreat forward: Reclaim for the Next Mangroves

Long Di

As one of the few remaining mangrove habitats in Singapore, the site has high biodiversity and carries historical signifcance but now faces the double threat of sea-level rise and degradation of ecology if traditional land reclamation methods were to be employed. Urban development limits the existing mangrove habitats from retreating inland when sea level rises. Exploring new ecologically-sensitive methods of land reclamation, this project aims to frst expand the mangrove habitats seaward in anticipation of rising sea-level.This entails phased land-use and sedimentation processes that also includes the development of a freshwater swamp that improves the uality of water being discharged from the estuary into the sea.

Collecting, Catching, Cultivating-Productive Coastal Park

Li Xi

Facing with recreational spaces loss of the Woodland Waterfront Park due to SLR, the proposal introduces a new park typology that is more interactive, collective, and coastal adaptive. Waterways and landforms are manipulated for creating diverse a uatic habitats and stormwater management purpose. The newly designed waterways and open spaces promote productive recreational activities including catching, growing and harvesting marine animals such as fshes and oysters as well as edible plants. Park users would also enjoy seafood restaurants and the marketplace with the excellent sea view of Malaysia.

Self-Sufcient Water Recycling System

Ou Yeyao

This scheme analyzes the current situation of the site and users’ needs, designs SLR solutions, and uses strategies to design a self-sufcient system to meet workers’ needs for living space and activity space. Meanwhile, the setting of the farm can enrich workers’ eating habits.In the event of a 3m rise in sea level, salt marshes would become mangroves, cricket pitches and farmland would be fooded, and fsh, shrimp and seaweed would naturally move in, enriching the ecology.

Futuristic is Past

Huang Xi

This scheme analyzes the current situation of the site and users’ needs, designs SLR solutions, and uses strategies to design a self-sufcient system to meet workers’ needs for living space and activity space. Meanwhile, the setting of the farm can enrich workers’ eating habits.In the event of a 3m rise in sea level, salt marshes would become mangroves, cricket pitches and farmland would be fooded, and fsh, shrimp and seaweed would naturally move in, enriching the ecology.

Site 1: Mandai Mangrove & Mudfat Site 2: Woodland Waterfront Park Site 3: Sembawang Shipyard Site 4: Sembawang Park

Long Di

Site 1 Long Di

Site 2 Li Xi

Site 3 u eyao Site 4 Huang Xi

Li Xi u eyao Huang Xi

RETREAT FORWARD

Reclaim for the next mangroves

Retreat means to relocate or remove existing development out of hazard areas and limit the construction of new development in vulnerable areas. As one of the few remaining mangrove habitats in Singapore, the site has high biodiversity and carries historical signifcance but now faces the double threat of sea-level rise and degradation of ecology if traditional land reclamation methods were to be employed. Even worse, urban development also limits the existing mangrove habitats from retreating inland when the sea level rises.

Exploring new ecologically sensitive methods of land reclamation, this project aims to frst expand the mangrove habitats seaward in anticipation of the rising sea level. This entails phased land-use and sedimentation processes that also include the development of a freshwater swamp that improves the quality of water being discharged from the estuary into the sea.

This project has a long period with the vision that mangroves will retreat to the newly formed land through natural succession, and the original position can be changed to provide more space for urban development. The strategies adopted in this project are also applicable to other sites with high ecological value but in confict with urban development.

Existing

CURRENT SITUATION

MANGROVE HABITAT

Threat from sea level rise

Ecological disconnection

Sediment reduction

Long Term Conservation

Abandoned heritage

Not accessible

Near Term Construction

Single waterfront

Surface runoff collection in Near Term

STRATEGY

50-100 Years

Prototype for ecological coastal reclamation by fshpond

Pioneer seedling

Fishpond Rail Corridor

0-5 Years

Physical & functional connection through PCN & Rail Corridor

Attraction

Migratory birds route

Mandai River

Soil fltration

Bio-purifcation Water

RAIL CORRIDOR & NEW PCN MANDAI

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Before 2025

Cleansing & Connection

PCN & Rail Corridor construction

Mandai River purification

After 2030

Reclamation & Recreation

Artificial islands construction

Fish pond construction

After 3m SLR

Sedimentation & Construction

Sediment forms new land

Mangroves move forward New business park construction

BIO-PURIFICATION

Cycling Path Netwalk(＜25km/h)

Walking Path

Along the Mandai River

Subsurface Filtration

Heavy Metal Removal

Pathogen Removal

Nutrient Removal

Aeration

RAIL CORRIDOR

Cycling Path(＜10km/h)

Cycling Path Netwalk(＜25km/h)

Around the Rail Corridor

Walking Path

Boardwalk

NEW PCN

Cycling Path Netwalk(＜25km/h)

PCN

Terrestrial Plant

Back Mangrove

Rail Corridor

Central Mangrove

Mangrove Fringe

Timmac @ Kranji

Along the shoreline

Walking Path

Business 2 Area

Bioswale

PCN - SLR Barrier

Existing Mangroves

ARTIFICIAL ISLAND & TIDAL CREEK FISHPOND

Watergate

ArtifcalIsland

Bioswale

PCN - SLR Barrier

Existing Mangroves

Artifcial Mangrove Planting

SAFER OPEN SPACE

According to different types of transportation, speed, and scale of activities, pedestrians and cyclists will be separated to create a safer experience.

Sedimentation

Pioneer Seedlings

NEW MANGROVE HABITAT

Building fshponds to catch sediment. Sediment cleared from the port areas can be transferred to promote sedimentation. The newly reclaimed land provides a retreat for mangroves, and succession will take place at back.

Boardwalk

The original intertidal zone gradually turns into a freshwater swamp as the seawater is blocked, and the surface runoff of the business park is collected here after bio-purifcation.

The new building divides the site into different areas, and the cycling and walking paths connect them through the ground foor of the building. So The ground level of the business park is still open to the public.

BUSINESS PARK

FRESHWATER SWAMP

COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING

Productive Coastal Park

Li Xi Emily

Located in the Northern Singapore, Woodland Waterfront Park is facing the issues of isolated habitat patches, loss of recreational spaces due to sea-level rise, and the lack of interactive activities. It has a potential for food production.

The proposal focuses on three aspects: sea-level rise adaption, habitat improvement, and productive recreation. The aim of the proposal is to envision an innovative park typology that is more ecologically connective, interactive, and coastal adaptive.

The proposal highlights three movements. Sea level rise and storm-water strategy: Mangroves will be extended from adjacent Admiralty Park to connect with existing isolated mudfats and contribute to sedimentation. Oysters will be introduced in the form of reef balls, foating farming structures and breakwater to attenuate wave energy. The shell of the oyster will be reused in gabion walls and mesh bags for revetment stabilization. A new canal with bio-retention ponds will be created for water fltration and collection from the hill. Habitat Improvement: Mangrove forest provides a habitat with a soft muddy foor for fshes, shrimps, and crabs. Oyster reef balls and breakwater can function as shelter for tiny marine animals. Seagrass can be restored in shallow and undisturbed water areas behind mangroves or oyster breakwaters. The pond creates stone-based habitat with logs for freshwater aquatic animals.

Productive Recreation: Productive recreational activities such as catching, collecting, and consuming aquatic animals and edible plants are promoted based on different natural habitats. Visitors can participate in recycling oyster shells and placing the shell bags along the shoreline. New open spaces and paths are designed for events and community engagement.

Responding to the future agri-tech food corridor and recreational routes development in Northern Singapore, the new productive coastal park encourages a healthy lifestyle with environmental and economic benefts.

Woodland Waterfront Park is located in Northern Singapore facing the loss of recreational spaces due to 3m sea-level rise. Besides, there are four areas with specifc problems and opportunities. A new residential project of Woodland North Coast will be developed near the edge of the park. Currently, this area lack programs for the new community but it is suitable to develop storm-water management. The waterfront area is mostly blocked by existing waterfront vegetation which is not accessible and interactive. The jetty with a restaurant on it is a tourist attraction and has the potential for food production. However, it has little connection with another part of the park. The mudfat habitat is benefcial to local fauna but it is isolated.

PROBLEM STATEMENT CONCEPT

Based on the analysis, the proposal will focus on four themes: recreation, food production, habitat, and sea-level rise. The aim of the proposal is to create a new coastal park that is more connective, adaptive, and interactive.

Problem Statement Concept

MAIN STRATEGY

The main strategy of the proposal is to introduce specifc triggers to each of the areas. For the residential area, the existing sloping landform will be utilized for stormwater management and fruit tree planting. For the waterfront area, more accessible and recreational boardwalks will be provided so that people can get closer to the water with a broader view. For the jetty with restaurant, the oyster will be introduced for food production, habitat improvement, and attenuation of a wave. For the mudfat, another mangrove creek will be extended from Admiralty Park to connect with the mudfat and create more diversifed habitats.

Triggers

In the off-shore area, oyster farming foating structure and oyster breakwaters will be applied to reduce wave energy. Oyster reef balls will be attached to the piers of the jetty so that the jetty itself can be seen as a large breakwater. At the shoreline, an oyster shell gabion wall and oyster shell mesh bag will be placed for shoreline stabilization. Mangrove will be planted both in off-shore are and shoreline areas for the same purpose. A new canal will be created from the residential area. Water from the canal will get fltered through bio-retention swales along the terrace and collected in the freshwater pond.

SEA LEVEL RISE/STORMWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

After applying these strategies, the water fow and direction of this area will be changed. Wave energy will also be attenuated near the shoreline. In the 3m sea-level rise scenario, most recreational spaces will not be infuenced. The freshwater pond will be turned into a brackish pond with a more diversifed habitat. Recreational areas will retreat to the higher ground. Oyster bags will be accumulated along the shoreline while Mangrove will keep contributing to sedimentation.

HABITAT IMPROVEMENT

Distribution & Typologies

After introducing the triggers to each area, the habitats of the park have been improved. There are three types of habitats: saline aquatic habitat, freshwater/brackish aquatic habitat and upland habitat

Saline Aquatic Habitat

Saline aquatic habitats include: mangrove & mudfat (muddy foor), oyster habitat and seagrass habitat.

Freshwater/Brackish Aquatic Habitat

Freshwater/brackish aquatic habitats include: mangrove creek, bio-retention swale and freshwater/brackish pond (rocky foor)

Upland Habitat

Upland habitats include secondary forest, managed forest, fruit trees, shrubs for butterfies, edible groundcovers, and lawn.

Flora, Fauna & Food Production

Different habitats serve as food resources and shelters for different animals. For example, aquatic habitats with muddy foors and rocky foors might attract different kinds of fshes and other aquatic animals. Fruit trees with low maintenance needs such as lime and pomegranate are planted on the terrace. For edible ground covers, common herbs like lemon grass, mint, and basil are cultivated so that they can be used by the restaurant.

Productivity

The oyster farming area is 1800 sqm which can cultivate 28000 oysters in the mesh box suspended on the foating structure. There are 66 fruit trees in the park and the productivity is estimated to be 2600kg per year.

Distribution & Typologies

Based on the improved habitats, there will be fve types of productive recreation including catching, collecting, cultivating, consuming and recycling.

Cycle of Oyster

The diagram shows how the restaurant relates to another part of the park. Oysters are cultivated in the foating structure managed by the restaurant and then consumed in the restaurant as food by consumers. The waste shells can be recycled and collected in gabions or mesh bags and later be placed along the shoreline for stabilization. Community and other visitors can participate in this activity.

Recreation Scenario

People can go fshing in different natural habitats or open spaces as they want. They can also pick or collect fruits, herbs and oyster that are naturally grown or manually cultivated in specifed areas. Besides, visitors would also enjoy seafood with an excellent sea view of Malaysia on the jetty, waterfront plaza, or the lawn. After eating and drinking, they can engage in the activity of recycling oyster shells.

The new coastal adaptive park promotes productive recreation based on enhanced habitats and encourages a healthy lifestyle with environmental and economic benefts. From this perspective, we can see that the productive recreational routes, habitats, and sea-level rise strategies are connected and interwoven with each other. This innovative park is also a response to the future development of Northern Agri-Tech and Food Corridor and multiple upgraded recreational spaces like Round Island Routes and The Greater Rustic Coast.

SELF-SUFFICIENT WATER RECYCLING SYSTEM

Sembawang shipyard redevelopment

Under the broad topic of Sea Level Rise, the water. shortage cannot be ignored. The project analyzes the current situation of the site and the needs of users, designs three strategies to reduce the erosion of coastal area caused by sea-level rise, ABC strategies are used to collect and recycle rainwater for the daily water use in the dormitory which allows the design to become self-sufcient water recycle system to meet workers’ needs for living space and activity space.

Meanwhile, the setting of the farm can enrich workers’ eating habits. In the event of a 3m rise in sea level, would become the mangroves, half of the cricket pitch and farmland would be fooded, fsh, shrimp, and seaweed would naturally move in, thus enriching the ecology. The remaining half of the cricket pitch would allow the plant to have a natural succession and becomes a secondary forest.

Ou Yeyao

SITE ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY SHIPYARD INFLUENCE TO HABITAT

WATER SAVING METHOD AND POLLUTION PURIFICATION

cricket feld

jogging trail

ecological island

agricultural feld

front square

outdoor kitchen

basketball feld

rain garden

theater

open grassland

dormitory

parking lot

water purifcation building

water purifcation pond

edible garden

The cricket feld and agricultural feld would enhance the activity experience and increase the health of workers. Each dormitory area accommodates a square, rain garden, sports feld, parking lot.

DRAINAGE FLOW

HABITAT MAP

cricket feld

ACTIVITY MAP

ecological island

ROAD ANALYSIS

BASE MAP

agriculture feld

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM

outdoor kitchen and square

outdoor theater

SECTION

Plant Palette and Scenario

SECTION1-1’

SECTION2-2’

SECTION3-3’

SECTION4-4’

SCENARIO 1 CRICKET FIELD

SCENARIO 2 ECOLOGICAL ISLAND

SCENARIO 4

DORMITORY FRONT SQUARE

Provide various types of activity space for workers to relax. Different elements like a corridor, plantation box, lamb with plants can be introduced to the site to make it a more eco-friendly space.

VISITOR CENTER AND TERRACED PROMENADE

The eco-friendly phenomenon is created for the health of workers. People can make the best use of riverside walk, jogging trail, agricultural feld to increase their life.

PHASE 1: CURRENT SITUATION

SECTION 1-1’

Succession happens and create a secondary forest

Mangrove habitat will increase, the island would be covered by mangrove species. The ability to address the sea level rise effect will increase.

SALT MARSH

PHASE 2: 30 YEARS AFTER

The Cricket feld would be fooded create a habitat for marine life

Reduce ocean wave and increase sediment

MANGROVE HABITAT EXPANDS

Agricultural feld would be fooded create a habitat for marine life

SECTION 2-2’

FUTURISTIC IS PAST

What does 22nd-century Kampung look like？

As one of the rare natural sandy beach resources in Singapore, Sembawang Beach serves as a crucial coastal buffer and carries the forgotten Kampung culture. However, it is currently facing three main problems: rising sea level, habitat loss, and poor accessibility. Fortunately, the future land reclamation plan provides an opportunity to deal with those issues.

Therefore, the goal is to revitalize the Kampung lifestyle by reshaping Sembawang Beach so that the development of coastal residential areas can be reintegrated into the natural process of the coast, enhancing the resilience of the coastal zone in the face of climate change while providing a new pattern for the construction of coastal settlements.

This project will propose a new approach to land reclamation that preserves beach resources while integrating old and new land into a sustainable whole and enhances its ecological and human value. Four strategies will be applied. Firstly, construct the disaster prevention infrastructure to promote the beach’s expansion and the formation of offshore tidal fats. Secondly, develop a water management and pollution control system to reduce the impact of extreme weather on inland areas while providing suitable conditions for habitat succession. Thirdly, create more abundant habitat types to stabilize the ecosystem of the transitional zone. Finally, improve the accessibility to encourage various coastal public activities that bring people closer to each other and nature.

With all these methods, the future coastal residential area can become a human inhabitation community that coexists harmoniously with the sea like the past’s Kampung.

Huang Xi

2 THREATENED HABITATS

In addition to the beach ecosystem, the diverse plant community on land also provides habitat for various animals and plants. However, due to the high proportion of buildings and impervious surfaces, the biodiversity of residential areas is extremely low.

1 SANDY BEACH & RISING SEA LEVEL

Beach resources of Mainland Singapore are disappearing under threat from rising sea levels and urban land expansion plans. As a rare natural beach resource, Sembawang beach serves as a buffer zone to protect the residential area, parkland, and shipyard onshore.

3 IRRATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT

All the water directly fows into the sea and lacks purifcation and reuse processes, leading to seawater pollution and a low utilization rate of rainwater resources. At the same time, because of the fatness of the landform, the residential area is vulnerable to fooding during extreme weather processes.

4 LOW ACCESSIBILITY

Barriers and unreasonable road systems prevent people from conveniently accessing coastal recreational resources and reducing the communication between residents and the public. At the same time, the coastal activities are relatively single than the inland.

5 CONCEPT GENERATION

FUTURISTIC IS PAST

The goal is to revitalize the Kampung lifestyle by reshaping Sembawang Beach so that the development of coastal residential areas can be reintegrated into the natural process of the coast, enhancing the resilience of the coastal zone in the face of climate change while providing a new pattern for the construction of coastal settlements.

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FROM SUNGEI BULOH NATURE RESERVE TO TUAS SHIPYARD

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Regenerative Facility

Feng Kangtai

The site locates in a transport node of Kranji area, which is next to Sungei Buloh wetland reserve, farming area and the gate of Kranji Dam. Facing the ongoing transformation of whole area, including upgrading of agriculture, sea level rise and succession of secondary forest, my site can play a role as regeneration hub to reuse and allocate the natural resources in Kuanji area. By helping the natural resources to be reallocated efciently, Kranji area can be more resilient to the potential changes. Methods consist of recycling waste concrete and wood, compost of forest and agricultural litter, helping mangrove to retreat and seed storage.

Agri Park

Xie Wanying

The Lim Chu Kang Jetty area has a long history of farming and fshery, which needs agrifood development to meet the future food vision. This site also features mangrove and mudfat habitats, and secondary forest patches which are vulnerable to sea-level rise. This project is aiming to design an integrated and interactive agriculture park featuring a productive and diversifed agri-food approach, while also capturing the socio-economic benefts of agriculture, including food tourism. Therefore, various agricultural practices, a foodto-table restaurant, and a farmer market can be seen in this agri-park.

Wild Adventure

Zhang Liping

The project aims to create a more diverse habitat through the transformation of the coastal and nearshore land topography, while also cleverly taking advantage of the changes in the habitat brought about by sea-level rise. Meanwhile, three relatively fragmented individuals, the camping site(Camp Christine), the adventure centre(MOE Jalan Bahtera), and the two kelongs near the shoreline, were combined and changed into a complete and unifed wild adventure center, providing a variety of land, water, and underwater activities.

Site 1: Kranji Dam

Site 2: Lim Chu Kang Jetty

Site 3: MOE Jalan Bahtera Adventure Center

Feng Kangtai

Site 1 Feng Kangtai

Site 2

Xie Wanying

Site 3 Zhang Liping

Xie Wanying Zhang Liping

REGENERATION HUB IN KRANJI

Material Regeneration For Resilient Shoreline

Feng Kangtai

In addition to our common theme——sea level rise, Kranji area is also facing other two transformations, secondary forest succession and transition of farm. I see the opportunities behind those changes even though they bring threats at the same time. A transformation could be turned into a chance to overcome the crisis of other transformations. Through the development of farm, abandoned materials will be generated. Natural resources like litter and mud are produced by nature in all time. Therefore, those resources can be regenerated and recycled to new tools for the sea level rise and succession of forest. Besides, my site can play a role of educational and recreational gateway of Sungei Buloh and Kranji because of its location and convenient transportation condition. It is the case we transform crisis to chance.

In Singapore, sea-level rise is becoming a potential serious problem as the large area will be fooded. The Centre for Climate Research Singapore has projected that Singapore could experience an increase in daily mean temperature of 1.4C to 4.6C towards the end of this century, more intense and frequent heavy rainfall events, and mean sea level rise of up to 1 meter by 2100. Under that issue, there is 2 other main transformation in Kranji area—— Transition of types of farm and succession of secondary forest. Singapore Food Agency (SFA) will be embarking on a holistic exercise to master plan the Lim Chu Kang (LCK) area to create a high-tech, highly productive and resource-efcient agri food cluster. The master plan is spanning about 390ha of land. And secondary will stop developing as it’s far away from primary forest, which offers long-life trees’ seeds.

More than 75 percent of Singapore’s mangrove fora in Sungei Buloh wetland reserve locating in Kranji, with a 130-hectare wetland of mangroves, mudfats, ponds, and supporting secondary forest.

more than 60 percent of Singapore’s bird species ( over100 species) and more than 2,000 Arctic migratory birds from more than 30 species make "winter holiday visits" to Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve Sungei Buloh Wetland reserve offers shelter for lots of reptiles and mammals. SBWR is the home of otters, crocodiles, monitor lizards, crab and fsh. It's one of the most important habitats in Singapore with high biodiversity.

Industrial area

Marsh

Mangrove

Wood

Farmland

Wasteland

Bush

Grassland

Building area

Golf

Fresh water

Seawater

Marsh

Utility Industry

Open space

Current building

Park

Sport & recreation

Farm

Military protective area

Reserved area

There ’re various natural habitats in Kranji area——Mangrove, forest, grassland, etc. On one hand, they’re vulnerable to the changing climate. On the other hand, lots of natural resource generated from those areas. And in the process of the farm’s transition, much wasted material will be generated.

Landuse Map

EXISTING AGRICULTURE MAP, HABITAT MAP, AND SEA LEVEL RISE VULNERABILITY MAP

Transformation Direction in 2024

The Singapore Food Agency (SFA) will be embarking on a holistic exercise to master plan the Lim Chu Kang (LCK) area to create a high-tech, highly productive and resource-efcient agri-food cluster. The master plan is spanning about 390ha of land.

Waste Generated by the Transformation to High-tech Farm

Short life of trees in secondary forest

Relationship between mangrove and Forest

Withstanding

Solutions to develop secondary forest

Genes from primary forest

Mangrove location Forest

Ecological fow

Vulnerability for Sea Level Rise

Retreatment space

Threats from sea level rise

CURRENT TYPOGRAPHY

By analysis, the current topology is not suitable for mangrove retreatment and material processing. Reshaping the landform would be the frst step.

Mangrove, Farm, Mudfat and Secondary Forest

POTENTIAL USE OF AVAILABLE RESOURCE

Propagules from mangroves can provide the genetic source of new mangrove habitats. Waste concrete and wood would be generated from abandoned farms. The secondary forest can generate litter.

MATERIAL PROCESSING

Through the regeneration processing, the waster materials become the new materials that can be used as tools to strengthen the shoreline. The regeneration hub will locate at my site.

MATERIAL REGENERATION MAP

This map shows the detail of the regeneration process. Those materials are muti-functional for various uses.

PROCESSING PHASES

Firstly, remold the landform to make space for industrial use, leaving a place for material settlement. Conduct the original pond water to provide new space for the mangrove to retreat.

COMBINATION OF EDUCATION AND REGENERATION

Finally, this site will be a combination of resource regeneration and learning coastal forests for the public. The traveling part and industrial part will be separated. This site is designed to be a museum for people to learn the coastal ecology and material regeneration.

1. SBWR visitor center 2. Nursery 3. Viewing deck 4. Seed bank 5. Visitor center 6. Regeneration playground 7. Coastal learning forest 8. Existing pond 9. Car park 10. Mud storage 12. Litter dumping 11. Litter dumping 13. Grinding 14. Composting 15. Delivery 16. Concrete tipping 17. Concrete processing 17. Concrete storage

AGRI PARK

Future Food in Lim Chu Kang Agri Hub

XIE Wanying

The Lim Chu Kang Jetty area has a long history of farming and fshery, which needs agri-food development to meet the future food vision. This site also features mangrove and mudfat habitats, and secondary forest patches which are vulnerable to sea-level rise.

This project is aiming to design an integrated and interactive agriculture park featuring a productive and diversifed agri-food approach, while also capturing the socio-economic benefts of agriculture, including food tourism. Therefore, various agricultural practices, a food-to-table restaurant, and a farmer market can be seen in this agri-park.

Three main strategies will be implemented to meet the design goal. The frst approach is to enhance the water fow on-site, introducing two streams running from inland to the ocean to create a brackish-water habitat, while also bringing sediments downstream for the gradual mangrove regeneration. The mangrove habitat here not only serves as a nursery for juvenile fshes, but also as a natural barrier when facing sea-level rise.

The second strategy is to increase food production to meet future food development. With the second strategy being introduced, the third strategy will come as well which is about diversify the habitat. Different agricultural production methods not only increase the output but also enhance the overall food resilience since more fora and fauna have been invited to come as well. This agri-park will feature several types of habitat/ land use, including sea, mudfat, mangrove, coastal vegetation, brackish-water, terraced felds, aquaponics, and agroforestry.

In conclusion, with these design strategies, food production and tourism, and natural habitat protection can be well balanced in this agri-park.

Historical Changes

The Lim Chu Kang Jetty area has a long history of farming and fshery, which needs agri-food development to meet the future food vision. This site also features mangrove and mudfat habitats, and secondary forest patches which are vulnerable to sea-level rise.

(by Kangtai, modifed by myself)

Sources: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg/ https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-lim-chu-kang-nature-park-to-be-part-of-400ha-nature-park-network-along-the-northern https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/lim-chu-kang-set-to-be-redeveloped-into-high-tech-agri-food-cluster-sfa

Satellite Image of Lim Chu Kang Jetty Area

Source: Google Earth

Model of Existing Site Condition

Existing Habitats

Sections (Before Changes):

Before

The coastal area is vulnerable to SLR, therefore mangrove regeneration is necessary to protect the site. Besides mangrove regeneration, other soft protections like introducing streams for coastal sediment accumulation can be helpful as well.

Existing Condition

Problem Statement:

• Highly natural but relatively mono habitat --> diversify habitats

• Sea level rise leads to mangrove retreat --> increase sedimentation for mangrove regeneration

• Agriculture productivity and resilience needs enhancement --> future food development

3M SLR Scenario

3m SLR --> mangrove retreat

section 1-3

1. Sea level will lead to mangrove retreat

2. Inland water fow and sea area are separated

3 Meters Sea-Level Rise

3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE

Design vision is about creating an integrated and interactive agriculture park featuring a productive and diversifed agri-food approach, while also capturing the socio-economic benefts of agriculture, including food tourism. Therefore, various agricultural practices, a food-to-table restaurant, and a farmer market can be seen in this agri-park.

Design Strategies:

1. enhance water fow

2. strengthen agriculture production

3. diversify habitats

STRATEGIES:

• Enhance the water fow

• Introduce two streams

• Create a brackish-water habitat

• Sedimentation for gradual mangrove regeneration

Human Flow & Activity Diagram

1. ENHANCE WATER FLOW

• Increase food production

• Introduce different agricultural production methods

• Enhance food resilience

• Introduce different agriculture activities

• Diversify the habitats

• Invite more fora and fauna

In conclusion, with these design strategies, food production and tourism, and natural habitat protection can be well balanced in this agri-park.

Terraced Fields Perspective

Fishing Weir Perspective

Farmers’ Market Visionary Perspective

Key Map

WILD ADVENTURE

Habitat change and activities adaption

The project aims to create a more diverse habitat through the transformation of the coastal and nearshore land topography, while also cleverly taking advantage of the changes in the habitat brought about by sea-level rise. Meanwhile, three relatively fragmented individuals, the camping site(Camp Christine), the adventure center (MOE Jalan Bahtera), and the two kelongs near the shoreline, were combined and changed into a complete and unified wild adventure center, providing a variety of land, water, and underwater activities.

One of the most obvious problems for the site is the loss of mangrove habitat due to rising sea levels. Thus, Strategy One was to reshape the shoreline to protect the mangrove habitat and create a habitat for benthos and seagrass (As the sea-level rise, the previous mangrove habitat becomes a habitat for corals, sea urchins, and other benthos). It also provides an excellent water depth condition for diverse surface and underwater activities.

The second obvious problem of the base is that the boundary between land and sea is so closed that the accessibility is almost zero. Strategy Two is to open the coastline to the public as much as possible. Meanwhile, three relatively fragmented individuals, the camping site, the adventure center, and the two kelongs near the shoreline, were integrated into a whole and replanned. It is planned to be a wild adventure center that integrates the functions of land field adventure, land field training, water activities, water living, and underwater activities. This will increase the accessibility, fun, and experience of the coastline, weaken the impact of sea-level rise, and even use it to show the ecological environment of the shallows and invert more interesting activities. +

In order to increase the abundance of wild adventures, different types of terrain environments such as hillsides, valleys, dry streams, and wetlands have been created in the coastal land. Coupled with the planting density, types of plants, the choice of soil types, and the difference between fresh water and saltwater, ten different natural environments can be created. And then different natural habitats can be connected through a mainstream line. In addition, a climbing and suspended crossing route was added as part of the field training.

The plan places most of the living space on the water. Using the technology that kelong can stably float on the water, and the introduction of the floating bridges, the existing kelongs and created new floating camps are connected with the water activity spaces on the shoreline.

Zhang Liping

BASE MAP

Problem Statement One_Forbidden to shoreline &Underutilization

First_Limited observation of shoreline

Second_Limited management of mangroves

Third_Forbidden to entry shoreline

Fourth_Underutilization of camp site

The first obvious problem of the base is that the boundary between land and sea is so closed that the accessibility is almost zero.

Problem Statement Two_Threat to mangrove

Solid model

Current flooded area

STRATEGIES

Three Integrated system

First_Reshaping water flows

Future flooded area

Current mangroves habitat

Future mangroves habitat

One of the most obvious problems for the site is the loss of mangrove habitat due to rising sea levels.

Second_Enhancing coastal and marine habitat

Third_Retrofitting recreational activities

Strategie one_Reshaping water flows

Section A-A

Section A'-A'

Section B'-B'

Section B-B

Strategy One was to reshape the shoreline to protect the mangrove habitat and create a habitat for benthos and seagrass (As the sea level rise, the previous mangrove habitat becomes a habitat for corals, sea urchins, and other benthos).

Third_Retrofitting recreational activities

It is planned to be a wild adventure center that integrates the functions of land field adventure, land field training, water activities, water living, and underwater activities. This will increase the accessibility, fun, and experience of the coastline, weaken the impact of sea-level rise, and even use it to show the ecological environment of the shallows and invert more interesting activities.

Water activity center

Water activity service center

Coconut hotel

The plan places most of the living space on the water. Using the technology that kelong can stably float on the water, and the introduction of the floating bridges, the existing kelongs and created new floating camps are connected with the water activity spaces on the shoreline.

marine canteen

Marine camp housing center

CHAPTER 4 REFLECTIONS

Students’ Refection and Feedback After the Studio

Low Lying Singapore is an exciting project. and our studio aims to reimagine coastal landscape to sea level rise adaption. It is interesting to learning the relationship between ocean and human, as nowadays the contradiction between the urban sprawl and rising sea level is getting serious. And I have learned about how to design my project more logically and reasonably step by step, by understanding the site and exploring various design strategies approaches. Water is a complicated topic, so I have encountered many challenges in this design process, but they prompted me to think more deeply. I hope that I can do more related projects in the future, coz I was overwhelmed by the charm of the ocean during this semester.

The process of this studio was tortuous before I come through and realize how tremendous the harvest that I gain it is. In this semester, the most fantastic but exhausting thing is that we are repeatedly wandering between actuality and imaginative future, and I am certain this nuance has dramatically extended my comprehension of the capability and role that a landscape architect should own in face of the future challenges. Several group works with different teammates are also laudable as we can freely share ideas to germinate diverse and wonderful solutions. After all, it is exciting that the frst half of the graduate career is conquered.

Although the topic of sea-level rise is often heard, this semester is the frst time that I try to solve this problem in my design. The tense and stressful course arrangement makes me try to understand the site and landscape design from multiple perspectives and interdisciplinary felds. I have learned a lot both in and out of class, integrating the knowledge of ecology and engineering into the design. I strengthened the ability to analyze the site, and also the ability of time management.

The second semester’s studio is a fruitful experience for me since this is my frst face-to-face studio in Singapore during this pandemic period. During several assignments and site analysis, I learned more about the Singapore context. It is also my frst time dealing with a project related to the sea. Therefore, I understand more about water and sustainable design, which will be very helpful for my future landscape projects. Although I encountered many difculties throughout the design process, my logic became more explicit, and my time management ability improved.

Nowadays, climate change and sea-level rise are highly relevant concerns in Singapore and many other coastal cities. I learned how to systematically analyze and get inspiration from the current site conditions to come up with suitable and applicable designs for my site. The general land-use analyses which we did for the frst half of the semester are useful which helps me to know my site’s surrounding context better. The process of designing not only for human needs’ accommodation but also for natural habitat protection and regeneration is necessary when thinking about climate change in coastal areas. Such a biophilic approach is important to landscape architects who trying to achieve the goal of designing for the wellness of all species.

Ge Wenxi

Xie Wanying

This semester is challenging for me because the theme of sea level rise is unfamiliar to me who was born inland. The studio is quite productive and effective which improves my ability in site analysis, concept development and presentation. There are two main points that I have learned from the studio. Firstly, the design should be based on credible information and complete site analysis. Then you will understand the most interesting and unique characteristic of the site and develop the design from it. Secondly, communication with others is of great importance in graduate study. In this semester we have met many guest reviewers from various backgrounds and give us advices of different perspectives, which is helpful and impressive. The frst semester in Singapore makes me enrich myself and I am looking forward to the next stage of learning.

The second semester has been inspiring for me. Nowadays, SLR is a global problem that we must face. As landscape architect, we should think from ecological and structural perspectives and put forward practical and feasible solutions. And this studio is undoubtedly focused on the SLR and push me to think scientifcally. From the SLR related assignments to the group site survey, I have learned more about the context of Singapore. When I came to the stage of personal design, I had a new understanding of design thinking. All in all, this is a great studio.

The most important things I learned from this studio are how to design based on the landform and hydrology condition, and how to generate bold ideas but act practically. Besides, I practiced my storytelling skill a lot, which helps me improve my logical thinking ability. It’s been a hard but very productive semester. I am so grateful that the professors helped me to form and challenge my idea, and I enjoyed consulting with them very much.

Hong Mengyi

Li Xi

Li Wanying

In this studio, I have learned that it is crucial to design with the natural fow and utilize on-site context in our design. Hence, we can build with nature and see nature as a partner but not a threat, especially on the topic of sea-level rise. Lastly, I sincerely appreciate the guidance from YunHye and Evi. I had challenged myself in this project, and thank you so much for your patience and support.

This is our frst semester of face-to-face classes and there are more gains and feelings. It brings me a more realistic and in-depth learning experience. The research visits on the ground gave me a better sense of the characteristics of the site, which laid the foundation for the further design. Also, it is my frst time got in touch with golf course. A new sport and landscape gave me enough freshness and excitement to explore the components. This studio has taught me that there are many aspects to consider in a design. When we start a project, we need to analyse it thoroughly before we can come up with meaningful and practical solutions and ideas. It is really a worthwhile semester for me and I really appreciate the help from tutors and my classmates

Zhang Liao

Lam Ching Hang

The overall attitude towards life has changed a lot this semester. When I frst arrived, I was really stressed and tired every day. But after I got used to it, I learned to live a more optimistic life, and I really liked my projects later, which made me feel very happy. It is difcult to explore what will happen in the future, especially 100 years from now. But I think this is important to us, because we need to plan ahead, and we need a general direction for district planning. This semester, we experienced this future design project and it was very fun. The tutors also allowed us to think about designing boldly and creative. I feel this experience be a more unique period in my life. I also found a lot of problems, the biggest of which is confusion and thinking too much, leading to frequent deviations. This bad way of thinking really needs to be changed.

Through this semester, I pay more attention to the topic of sea level rise and how will landscape help to reduce the impact of damage. One thing that I fnd the most important is how people can interact with this kind of landscape and try to learn about the climate change. Thus, it may help to provide the frst-hand information to remind the importance of protecting our planet.

I recognize the importance for landscape architects to create a new urban typology via this studio. When we are facing natural disturbance or human-induced disaster, it is worth to think about the function of the landscape typology we generated with human activities. It is not in a simple way to introduce human into the site, but a combination that could be widely used in the country scale. Also, I realize the importance of focusing point of a project. Don’t include too much in a project, which may disperse the highlight.

Wang Xiaomeng

Zhang Kairui

Ou Yeyao

In this studio, the topic of sea-level rise is a brand-new topic for me. At the frst of the semester, sea-level-rise-related semesters were given by professional individuals from PUB and perspectives of view in engineering and ecology. Compared with traditional hard solutions in engineer construction, as landscape architects①our solutions to this question are greener and softer. I learned how to quickly learn knowledge in a certain feld and apply the elements in the later design. In the fnal presentation, everyone was very creative about the landscape design of different land uses, and I learned how to keep it open-minded.

This studio was an unforgettable time in my MLA program. First of all, it is because the topic of sea level rise, which is a planning and forward-looking topic, is also more challenging.This design pays great attention to logic and reasonable feasibility.It requires us not only to consider the current environmental problems, but also to break away from the imprisonment of the present time. It requires us to consider the longterm problems brought about by the changes of landscape in the time dimension.Through a detailed analysis of the site and problems, I hope to put forward a persuasive response strategy, and fnally decide to include the government’s future land reclamation plan on the east coast into the logical evolution of the design. Finally, I am very grateful to Tutors and my classmates for their inspiration and help.

Xiang Wenqin

Rui Xue

Sea Level Rise is a complicated topic, and it is hard to come out with good ideas, but I am sincerely happy to be with Yunhye and Evi. I have received useful feedback from my professors and my classmates. Although my project can not be perfect, I learned a lot about marine animals, mangroves, and urban problems. More importantly, I started to think about the development of Singapore. Singapore has done a much better job in urban development compared to most of the cities in this world, but when we are standing on the shoulder of this country, we are thinking ahead of most people. This studio is forward-looking and inspiring to a great extent.

I benefted a lot from this studio as I learned a lot about the design discipline of shaping landform to achieve the design vision which I never thought of in my previous study life. This profound theory unveiled one of the charming aspects of landscape architecture to me and I think when I face new projects in the future, I could come up with another way to look at and solve problems. I feel very grateful to my tutors as they kindly, patiently helped me a lot through the whole semester especially in my struggle moment. However, I have to think more independently and participate in my design process more actively. I will try to fnd the thing I am fascinated with in my future academic and career life and frmly delve deeper into it.

This topic of our studio this semester is sea level rise. When we begin our design, we do a lot of preliminary research which I think is very helpful for our design. And my professor always encouraged us to be creative, which inspired me a lot to push myself to open my mind. And this is the frst time I do the concept about infrastructure, which is also a new feld for me. Overall, I really learned a lot this semester and also very grateful for my efforts this semester.

Liu Kaiyan

Tan Shuyue

The studio is about the sea level rise issue, asking the student to think about how to intervene in the extreme climate and create a better living environment in landscape methods. During the design process, the most important part is about the future plan in large scale and this is also the most difcult step, because my site is the shipping land which is totally covered by concrete, and there is no trace of previous human development or activity. I have to establish a considerate schematic plan in large scale for residential and commercial development and under the plan to start to design my site. In this way, most of the design decision seems to make scene, and this also indicates the close relationship between planning and design: the planning instructs the design process and the design details make plan practical.

This time, the studio involved areas I had never known before, because my hometown was inland, and sea level rise was a problem I had never thought about carefully. Through the process of the course learning and design, I gained a lot of skills and ideas with a way of thinking. During the course, I am very happy to hear guests from different felds bring views and opinions which are new and exciting. I have benefted a lot.

Zheng Qiaoyu

Yin YI

We met lots of difculties in the beginning of this semester, lack of data, limitation of activity area, and vague direction of research. However, with the help of Yun Hye and Evi, I found an interesting direction to make use of the resource of site. And it’s a new thing for me to think about how to regenerate the waste to respond sea level rise. In conclusion, tough process and nice ending!

The studio project of this semester is very unforgettable to me. I learned a lot during the semester that I had not focused on before. What impressed me the most was the understanding and analysis of the basic information about the site. The collection and in-depth analysis of this information is the foundation of a project, not a judgment through one’s own common sense. In addition, since the topic of this project is sea level rise, which is a very long-term issue, it also made me look more into the long term and make some predictions about the future. I am very grateful for the help I received from my teachers and classmates and I hope to get better and further in the next steps.

This semester passed much faster than I thought, and it challenged many felds that I had never touched before. For example, outdoor expansion venues and wild adventures. I used to think that this was only satisfed by various devices and fat grassland. But it was later discovered that interaction with the wild environment can make such activities more interesting and diverse. Not only that, but the once-unfamiliar vocabulary of mangroves has made my design more professional and authentic because of the opportunity of on-site visits.

Feng Kangtai

He Xiaowei

Zhang Liping

This semester in Singapore is very fruitful and rewarding. Sea level rise is a topic I’ve touched on before. Exploring similar issues in a new country and with a different mentor has given me a deeper understanding of it. The feld trips every week allowed me to interact with my site and helped me understand Singapore’s local conditions and customs to explore its unique potential for future improvement. Moreover, through the tight study schedule, I am able to promote the project more efciently than before and found my shortcomings during the weekly consultation. Hopes I can make up my shortboard in the next semester, fnd more fexible design approaches and develop a more convincing and exciting project.

I have learned a lot in the studio this semester. First of all, I have a deeper understanding of the topic of sea level rise and a systematic study of strategies to deal with it. At the same time, with the help of two profs, my design logic has been improved. Although It is difcult to make a creative project that is in line with the current situation, profs continue to encourage me to diverge my thinking and give me new opinions, so that I can gradually understand and develop my design. At the same time, I also gained a lot in the process of group cooperation in the research of Singapore. How to analyze and how to use analysis to make our design strong and convincing are important parts i learnt from group work. Finally, I appreciate the help from two profs. It was the encouragement and guidance of the two profs that made me progress.

Huang Xi

Zhu Wen

Student Editorial Team:

Leader: Long Di

Text-proofng: Ou Yeyao

Layout & Format: Lam Ching Hang

Chapter 1: Huang Xi, Li Xi, Xie Wanying

Chapter 2: Zhu Wen

Chapter 3: Zhang Liping, Zheng Qiaoyu

Chapter 4: Hong Mengyi