NUS LANDSCAPE : Landscape of Necessity - Envisioning a Water Resilient Herbal Kempapura

LANDSCAPES OF NECESSITY

ENVISIONING A WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL KEMPAPURA

NUS SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENT | DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

LA4702 MLA STUDIO: CITY, 14 JAN - 29 APR 2019

| Mitali Kumar | Elsa Sim Rui Jia | Dai Yuke | Yang Xiaowen | Tang Mengjiao Zhang Qinqin | Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin | Isabel Villegas Molina | Chen Nan Manasi Venkatesh Prabhudesai | Chan Wing Fai | Liu Ye | Hou Yanru

Tutor: Hwang Yun Hye

As a studio product, which is not censored, this publication may contain mistakes or deficiencies. Editor and contributors do not warrant or assume any legal responsibility for the publication’s contents. All opinions expressed in the book are of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National University of Singapore.

Published by

CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture

Department of Architecture

School of Design and Environment

National University of Singapore

4 Architecture Drive

Singapore 117566

Tel: +65 65163452

Fax: +65 67793078

Copyright © 2019 Hwang Yun Hye (ed.)

ISBN:

LANDSCAPES OF NECESSITY

ENVISIONING A WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL KEMPAPURA

NUS SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENT | DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

LA4702 MLA STUDIO: CITY, 14 JAN - 29 APR 2019

| Mitali Kumar | Elsa Sim Rui Jia | Dai Yuke | Yang Xiaowen | Tang Mengjiao Zhang Qinqin | Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin | Isabel Villegas Molina | Chen Nan Manasi Venkatesh Prabhudesai | Chan Wing Fai | Liu Ye | Hou Yanru

Tutor: Hwang Yun Hye

Fax: +65 67793078

Copyright © 2019 Hwang Yun Hye (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-11-6460-6

Student editors: Mitali Kumar I Elsa Sim Rui Jia I Chen Nan Manasi Prabhudesai I Zhang Qinqin

FOREWORD I

Harini Nagendra Ecologiest and Professor of Sustainability at Azim Premji University

We live in challenging times. With global warming on the rise, and widespread biodiversity loss, the world is truly in the era of the Anthropocene. Cities are ground zero for the global change crisis. Environmental disasters such as floods, cyclones and heat waves, as well as everyday challenges of drought, pollution and disease, are becoming increasingly widespread. While it is well known that coastal cities will face severe challenges of sea level rise and flooding, we less recognize that interior cities such like Bangalore, embedded in semi-arid environments, will face equally severe challenges of heat, drought and pollution.

Solutions to these crises must be systemic, understanding that sustainable cities demand reconfigurations that keep society, culture, economics and equity in mind while they work on incorporating new technologies, landscape designs, and retrofits of existing spaces. A common challenge with many design interventions in cities of the global South is the fact that they draw on “universal” approaches that have largely been developed in the urban North, and attempt to fit such blueprints into contexts which are ill suited. Thus, for instance, many green landscaping and eco-restoration projects lead to gentrification and exclusion of the poor as a consequence.

In this background, it is encouraging and refreshing to see the work from the studio project, Landscapes of Neccessity, focused on water in Hebbal Kempapura, a peri-urban region at the periphery of the rapidly expanding global mega-city of Bangalore, which exemplifies many of the possibilities and challenges of cities of the global South. Through a series of four proposed designs – Thrive Hebbal, which seeks to integrate wastewater treatment with livelihood opportunities for residents through floriculture; Drop by Drop, which integrates household, community and neighbourhood water flows for resilience; Save the Stream, which aims to revitalize a lost local rainwater-fed stream to increase physical and cultural connections, and Better Lake than Never, which re-visions a lake captured by private interests for recreation, back into a thriving commons – the 13 students of the Landscape Architecture Program at the National University of Singapore have attempted to integrate cultural and physical contexts into alternative visions for a thriving city. In doing so they provide approaches that can be used to stimulate much-needed local conversations around urban revitalization.

FOREWORD II

Sriganesh Rajendran Principal Landscape Architect, FICUS, Bengaluru

Contemporary Bangalore can be regarded as an instant city. Triggered by economics, the once slowpaced city has been rapidly shaped by a consumptive development streak within a very short period of time, at the cost of significant erasure and irretrievable loss of its landscape layers. Bengaluru city sits on one of the oldest landforms on earth-a rolling terrain of granitic gneiss of semi-arid disposition that benefitted immensely from factors like altitude, soil fertility, rainfall patterns and resultant microclimate. Since prehistoric time, settlements here have met their primary necessities like food in the naturally fertile shallow valleys while the low ridges afforded territorial organization, defensibility and prospect.Rivers, as a determinant of settlement patterns, are conspicuously absent even in the immediate fringe of present day Bengaluru city. This created the second ‘landscape of necessity’: a skillfully articulated system of holding ponds and tanks in shallow, inconspicuous valleys, whose interconnections and management ensured year-round flows in a semiarid, drought-prone landscape. These water systems sustained domestic water needs and irrigation requirements well upto the end of the nineteenth century. A favorable altitude and climate made Bangalore a landscape of necessity for the third time, as an acclimatizing station for introduced crops and plants, especially during British occupancy. Since then, the city has reveled in its fame as a ‘garden city’- a sobriquet which is highly contestable now given the rapid depletion of its green cover. Today, as the city rides on elevated roads into the twenty-first century, it faces existential dilemmas regarding holistic approaches towards revival of its green cover and groundwater. Its remnant tank systems have either become backyard cesspools or stand the danger of becoming exclusive places where they have been revived, often as scenic spots. The edges along these erstwhile landscape commons have conceded important riparian edges to transport infrastructure in the recent past. Now, they often absorb incoming waves of migrant populace that the city is otherwise unwilling to take in, but needs them to meet its daily functioning.

The theme ‘Landscape of necessity” is therefore an important optic for re-reading Bengaluru. The study area of Hebbal Kempapura is a good representative of the interaction and interface between nature, economics, people and the city. The studio illustrates that landscape architecture can very capably address the interstitial ground between urbanism, economics and ecology. Given the short window of direct engagement, the preparation and follow-through is very commendable. The strategies outlined by the students emerge from a deep reading of these places and may be regarded as possibilities in other locales in the city, and by extension, other cities. The solutions proposed are tightly woven around the people for whom they are proposed, with an eye on achieving some greater common good. It is hoped that such studies help the city authorities, professionals and citizens in seeing the tight link between the landscape we occupy and the factors that shape it.

On behalf of the landscape architects’ group (Rahul Paul, Maithily Velangi and myself) I thank the students for their effort to understand a different cultural milieu and commend them for the professional and articulate work and fine ideas. Thank you Professor Yun Hye Hwang for bringing your studio to Bengaluru, and for the engaging conversations. Hope to see more NUS Landscape Architecture studios in Bengaluru and India soon.

THE FIFTH SERIES OF LANDSCAPE OF NECESSITY

Hwang Yun Hye

LANDSCAPE OF NECESSITY studios pay attention to the radical role of landscape architects in issues of everyday landscapes in rapidly growing cities, where everyday landscapes are defined as ecological and socio-cultural spaces in which urban dwellers live and which they experience on daily basis. The series of studios began with an understanding of the need to make everyday landscapes more resilient to environmental change and healthier and more inclusive places to live. In the context of the compact tropical city where land is overpopulated because of massive urban developments, disrupted and disconnected urban ecosystems are major issues. Through a community-engaged process, the studios develop new design strategies integrating blue-green infrastructure into the built, ecological and social urban systems with the aim of envisioning better work, live, and play environments.

IN THE STUDIO described in this book, 13 students in the Landscape Architecture program, part of the National University of Singapore, worked to develop a water resilient blue-green infrastructure for the Hebbal kempapura district in Bangalore over a 14-week period (January – May 2019). Work included preliminary research to understand the site context, in-depth field trips to identify problems and challenges within the assigned community, and design activities producing relevant solutions and techniques.

MANY THANKS to the following collaborators: Jessica A. Diehl who framed the structure of the studio together; Harini Nagendra (Azim Premji University) who provided fundamental understanding of the nature of Bangalore; Dr. Annapurna (Jala phoshan) who guided us in the community movement saving lakes of the city; local landscape architects Sriganesh Rajendran (FICUS), Rahul Paul, and Maithily Velangi who gave insightful talks on the blue-green infrastructure of the city; local volunteers Niranjan, Satish, Sandhya Adi, and Sangeetha, who made it possible for us to engage the residents of Hebbal community; and Tan Puay Yok, Herbert Dreiseitl (NUS), Amit Prothi (100 Resilient Cities), Ryan Shubin (RSD), Helen Smith-Yao (STX) who gave guest criticism and offered valuable advice.

THIS BOOK is a compilation of work from the studio. The first half of the book documents the sequential studio process with the studio chronology and the group’s site analysis to explain the context and motivate subsequent design topics. It goes on to describe field trips and ends with design suggestions. Four distinct design outcomes appear in the second half of the book under the following headings: thrive Hebbal; drop by drop; save the stream; better lake than never. The book concludes with reflections on the process. We hope the book will launch new discussions of alternative blue-green infrastructures for resilient cities.

LANDSCAPES OF NECESSITY ENVISIONING A WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL KEMPAPURA

Hwang Yun Hye

PREAMBLE/ISSUE

Bangalore is water stressed. The water source in Bangalore, apart from the Kavari River, is a hole in the ground. Increase water demand is emptying the city’s lakes and drying up aquifers. At the same time, the central part of the city is struggling with frequent flooding because of the loss of natural flood storage areas and leaks in hydrologic engineering systems. Students design blue-green infrastructure for the district of Hebbal Kempapura where the area contains various urban landscape typologies within a dense urban village context. These typologies have potentials to be successfully transformed from mono functional spaces into water- resilient landscape infrastructure for integrated water management that could address water-related environmental issues in the city scale. The key issues will be: draught and flooding on a nested scale; associated environmental issues (e.g. wetland degeneration, waste disposal, environmental pollution); water consumption and everyday landscapes; participatory community development against the projected water crisis.

SITE

This studio project used the context of Bangalore, one of the most rapidly urbanizing cities in India [1]. Greater Bangalore is the administrative, cultural, commercial, industrial, and knowledge capital of the state of Karnataka with an area of 741sq. km. The city administrative jurisdiction was redefined in 2006 by merging the existing area of Bangalore city with 8 neighbouring Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and 111 Villages of Bangalore Urban District. It is currently the fifth largest metropolis in India with a population of about 7 million. Population density has increased from 10,732 (2001) to 13,392 (2011) persons per sq. km. The per capita GDP of Bangalore is approximately $2,066 USD. Hebbal Kempapura, in north Bangalore is selected for this studio, representing an unplanned formal settlement with a culturally diverse and vibrant population experiencing environmental degradation and loss of vital ecosystem services.

PROJECT

Disrupted and disconnected urban ecosystems (water, agriculture, flora and fauna) resulting from rapid urbanization have detrimental impacts on the health and wellbeing of urban citizens; particularly disadvantaged social groups. Through a community-engaged process, new design strategies were developed to integrate bluegreen infrastructure and/or productive landscapes into the built, ecological and social urban systems with the aim of envisioning better work, live, and play environments.

This studio-based module develops an appreciation for design skills in landscape architecture within a city-scale context. Interdisciplinary requirements from planning guidelines, architecture design, engineering limitations; as well as understanding existing natural land and urban systems is introduced into the design process. This studio aimed to address design and planning practices towards the establishment of a liveable city and propose ways to integrate them into Bangalore's urban environment. We capitalized on the academic nature of the studio to develop ideas and schemes free of restrictions commonly faced in practice, and beyond any constraints of political correctness. Multiple issues, such as environmental sustainability, water scarcity, water pollution, biodiversity health and community economic sustainability was examined.

Students were expected to develop their ability to read existing landscapes, to assess the environmental impact of design and planning decisions, and to convert their vision into a feasible landscape architectural form.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND APPROACHES

This course aimed to enable students to:

- Develop and apply advanced skills in design research and strategic design thinking with a focus on investigating, documenting, and interpreting the landscape across multiple scales.

- Demonstrate effective teamwork strategies throughout the design process.

- Differentiate and apply different methods for community engagement and integrate findings in the design development.

- Learn and apply skills to design landscapes that provide critical resources for urban citizens, meet community needs, and improve/repair/restore urban ecological systems.

- Communicate new knowledge that bridges the social and ecological landscape through creation of technically competent, aesthetically pleasing, economically sustainable, culturally and environmentally sensitive, and innovative design solutions at multiple scales.

To facilitate the studio objectives, several learning outcomes will be emphasized throughout the semester. A high degree of invention, pragmatism, and practicality is expected in the planning and design proposals. Students will:

- Be able to define different types and functions of green-blue infrastructure

- Gain an appreciation for integrating complex social and ecological systems into landscape design

- Be able to work effectively as part of a team and individually.

- Develop skills to engage communities in the design process.

- Apply interdisciplinary thinking to real world problems.

ACTIVITIES OVERVIEW

This was the second studio in Master Programme of Landscape Architecture, with participants from NUS architecture and graduates from other universities with a Bachelor of Landscape Architecture or a degree in an associated field. The 14-week period included three weeks of preliminary research to understand site context, with in-depth input sessions from professionals and field trips to identify problems and challenges. The next three weeks was devoted to applied research activities (including site observation & measurements, surveys and detailed mappings) to acquire knowledge relevant to creating design strategies. The last eight weeks focused on design application, culminating in a convincing design solution for the issues identified as a team member on each of the four subgroups. A group of experts, including landscape architects from Bangalore, founding members of lake revitalization programmes, and researchers in Bangalore's water issues helped students avoid the pitfalls of shallow and superficial interventions in this academic exercise. They offered immediate and accurate perspectives on the challenges of and the opportunities inherent in increasing mobility in high dense cities, propose scientific methods to measure water supply and demand, and explain how collected data can be applied to address these issues. Students were tasked to work in subgroups according to the requirements of each stage of the studio. They ended up with four sub group projects after discussing it with the tutor.

The studio started off with an introduction to the semester’s project brief by studio tutor, Hwang Yun Hye. The students organized themselves into 6 teams to collect related research materials and resources, concerning mainly land use & planning, structure & infrastructure, green space & biodiversity, water & geology, economics & social demography, and culture & community of Bangalore.

14 Jan | Studio Orientation

17 Jan |

Site Research and Group Discussion

To prepare for the field trip to Bangalore, the students started research for background information and discussed things to do when in Bangalore. Students also discussed key questions to ask the communities, firming up the survey questionnaire.

After a week of research, the students presented their preliminary findings of Bangalore according to their assigned topics. They also started to compile their findings into a field trip booklet for reference during the trip.

24

Jan |

Field Trip Management and Tool Management

Apart from the field trip booklet, various types of equipment are assigned to students to conduct site investigations during the field trip. Students also discussed about field trip management before their departure.

The field trip started off with a guided tour to the Jakkur Lake given by Dr. Annapurna, founding member, Satya Foundation. The students have learned about how she built the local community through Jalan Poshan Trust to protect the lake from various urban disturbance.

27 Jan | Jakkur Lake Guided Tour

27 Jan | Seminars about Blue-Green Infrastructure in Bangalore

A group of local landscape architects, including Aparna, Sriganesh, Rahul, and Maithily conducted seminars on different landscape architecture related topics. The students learned a lot and gained inspiration from their works.

To better understand Bangalore, the studio joined a walking tour to Malleshwaram, a neighborhood in Bangalore Urban orgainzed by the Unhurried, a local NGO.

27 Jan | Walking Tour of Malleshwaram

The studio visited Hebbal, the designated project site, with the local translators to have a general overview of the neighbourhood.

28 Jan | Group Site Visit

Four groups of three to four students conducted their site survey in various locations, namely an informal settlement, a middle-income village, along the stream, and the Nagawara Lake. Observations, measurements, and interviews were conducted to fully understand the area and to gather feedback from people living in the area.

28-31 Jan | Site Survey

30 Jan | Seminar about Urban Farming

Dr. Rajendra Hegde, a member of the Garden City Farmers gave us an inspiring lecture about urban farming in Bangalore. This lecture also prepared the students to anticipate the different possibilities and approaches for their upcoming studio projects.

After a few days of detailed site surveys and investigations, the studio presented a short presentation of their findings to our guests. Various landscape architects and practitioners were invited to attend the sharing session, where the studio received feedback to spur their projects.

1 Feb | Sharing Session

2 Feb | Terrace Garden Visits

The studio visited two terrace gardens guided by Dr. Rajendra Hegde from the Garden City Farmers and Vani Murthy, a composting crusader. Vani Murthy introduced different composting methods that are suitable for terrace gardens, which equipped the studio with more knowledge on composting, demonstrating sustainable strategies for making urban farming possible in an urban context.

The studio joined a biking tour to explore Bangalore. Various places were visited including KR Flower Market and Cubbon Park, to understand the city’s rich cultural heritage and history.

After returning from Bangalore, the four subgroups constructed physical models to better understand their individual site conditions, while presenting their findings during the trip.

The studio continues to work on site analysis and collating information collected in Bangalore. Students from different subgroups exchanged ideas with one another to exchange findings and ideas.

4 Mar | Subgroup Presentation

Every group went through and discussed key issues and project statements with Prof Hwang. Project narratives were refined and made clearer with each consultation.

We were very honored to have invited 3 reviewers from different backgrounds who listened critically to our mid-review presentation and gave students opinions and suggestions to counter our respective site issues.

Reviewers：

Amit Prothi, Associate Director, 100 Resilient Cities

Ryan Subin, Associate Director, Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl

Mayura Patil, Research Assistant, National University of Singapore

After the mid-review, Prof Hwang gave further constructive comments on the presentations and advice for further design development.

The studio attended a seminar on research and presentation skills given by Mayura Patil, Research Assistant, National University of Singapore. She shared the importance of presentation skills and gave some tips on how to work on the studio projects given the feedback gained from mid-review.

14 Mar | Seminars on Research and Presentation Skills

21 Mar | Design Development Disscussion

Each subgroup begun brainstorming for design ideas and strategies. Some subgroups decided to generate a collective masterplan for their site and work on individual interventions afterwards. Others decided to work on collectively on a single masterplan.

Each group has generated detailed design strategies, according to their respective site issue and problem statements. Prof Hwang provided guidance and proposed alternative suggestions, challenging the studio to further develop the ideas.

1-22 Apr | Design Development

1-22 Apr | Design Development

After more than three months of hard work, it was time for the final review. We invited mostly tutors and professionals to join our presentation. Students presented their projects and proposed designs in a professional manner. After each group presentation, reviewers commented on the projects. All reviewers affirmed our design achievements and expressed their own visions towards the respective topics.

Reviewers：

Helen Smith-Yeo, Principal, STX Landscape Architecture

Bronwyn Tan Yung Siang, Landscape Architect, Camphora

Herbert Dreiseitl, Partner and Founder of Atelier Dreiseitl Gmbh

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

LAND USE & PLANNING HISTORY

STRUCTURE & INFRASTRUCTURE

Transportation Network

Urban Grain Distribution

Housing Typology

Water Supply and Demand

Water Sewage Treatment

Drainage System

History of Water Infrastructure

Existing Water Infrastructure

Open Space

Solid Waste Management

GREEN SPACE & BIODIVERSITY

Impact of Urbanization on Green Space

Flora Distribution

Vegetation Density

Flora and Fauna Matrix

Habitat and Green Space

WATER & GEOLOGY

Soil, Topography, Landform Water Source

Climate, Rainfall Trends and Flood Risk Case Studies and Techniques

Watershed Regional

Water Pollution Source

Ground Water Qaulity

ECONOMICS & SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY

Poverty

Economic Development Timeline

Population Density

Population Growth and Distribution

Working Population and Labour Force

CULTURE & COMMUNITY

Religious History

Historical Place Distribution

Religious Festivals

This chapter includes the work of the students in Prof. Jessica’s studio, whom we teamed up with during the first two weeks of site analysis: Vinamra Agarwal, Bao Lixia, Chen Beifei, Dong Yitong, Jiang Jiahang, Eingeel Jafar Khan, Li Ziheng, Toh Zi Gui, Shanika Tuinder, Yu Xi, Radha Waykool

10,000m

Source: Bangalore Development Authority

Hebbal (Existing)

Source: Bangalore Development Authority

5,000m

Source: Bangalore Development Authority

5,000m

PLANNING HISTORY

Founding, Colonisation, Urban Encroachment, Future Trends

TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

Bangalore Scale

LEGEND

15,000m

BMR is intercepted by 2 National Expressways and 3 National Highways and 12 state highways connecting major towns and cities within BMR and beyond. The radial road network in the BMR converges into the core and contains centre-periphery traffic, as well as the transit traffic which asphyxiates the city center. The city is plagued by decreasing travel speeds and increasing travel distances.

Source: http://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/Documents/Revised%20Structure%20Plan%20Report-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf

Source: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor

URBAN GRAIN DISTRIBUTION

Bangalore Scale

LEGEND

Fine Grain Urbanism

Implies:

Diverse Ownership

Low Cost

More destinations within walking distance

5,000m

Coarse Grain Urbanism

Implies:

Single ownership

High Cost

Less destinations within walking distance

Fine Grain Urbanism

Coarse Grain Urbanism

Source: http://opencity.in/documents/bda-revised-master-plan-2031-existing-proposed-land-use-maps-planning-district-20-yelahanka/ district-7-rt-nagar-hebbal-gkvk

Categories of housing and settlement development and provision

HOUSING TYPOLOGY

Urban House Typology In Bangalore

Initiators and actors of housing development and provision

Government and Private developers (develop housing for a large group of people sharing resources and amenities together)

Formal

Informal

Source: https://fineartamerica.com/featured/slum-sumit-jain.html

Bungalows, Private Dwellings (Private houses built by a single land owner)

Individual, Community groups (Houses built on legal land but having insufficient infrastructure)

Houses or settlements on an illegal Piece of land.

Background of Sewage Treatment in Bangalore

WATER SEWAGE TREATMENT

Background of Sewage Treatment in Bangalore

Sewage treatment plant (STP)

Sewage pumping station

Hulimavu tank

Hulimavu

Muttanalli Kere

drains and smelly, frothy lakes are a reality in Bengaluru.Two and badly-functioning STP. Bengaluru produces to treat only of them treat the wastewater according to the norms preboard. Two reasons: Not all of Bengaluru’s homes have sewage the STP.

Source: https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-bengalurus-sewage-treatment-plants-may-never-be-enough-city-93663

project (phase 3) Final Report && https://www.thenews minute.com/article/why-bengalurus-sewage-treatment-plants-may-never-be-enough-city-93663

Summary: Sewage-riddled storm-water drains and smelly, frothy lakes are a reality in Bengaluru.Two reasons causes it: illegal sewage dumping and badly-functioning STP. Bengaluru produces 1,440 MLD of sewage but the BWSSB has the capacity to treat only 1,057 MLD of sewage. While the BWSSB has 24 sewage treatment plants in the city, none of them treat the wastewater according to the norms prescribed by the Central Pollution Control board. Two reasons: Not all of Bengaluru’s homes have sewage connection; Lack experts to tell how to use the STP.

Source: Bengaluru water supply and sewerage project (phase 3) Final Report && https://www.thenews minute.com/article/why-bengalurus-sewage-treatment-plants-may-never-be-enough-city-93663

1000m

LEGEND

Source: https://gubbilabs.in/bengaluruscape/water & Bengaluru water supply and sewerage project (phase3) Final Report

Water Infrastructure

EXISTING WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

Outlet: Yalahanka

Inlet: Sahakara Nagar Sump

Outlet: Yalahanka GLR

Inlet: RT NAGAR OHT

Sahakar Nagar Water Tank

-Type: OHT

-Volume: 10,000 ml

Water Infrastructure in Hebbal LEGEND

-Type: OHT -Not in working condition

Inlet: Sahakara nahgar

Coffee Board Layout Water Tank

-Type: GLR

Nagavara

Lake

Hebbal Sewage Treatment Plant

-Capacity: 60 MLD

-Level of Treatment: Secondary

-Process for treating sewage: Activated Sludge Process

1000m

Sahakar Nagar Water Tank

Hebbal STP

Anand Nagar Water Tank

Hebbal Lake

Amrutahalli Lake

Anand Nagar Water Tank

Rachenahalli Lake

Source: BWSSB website & Bengaluru water supply and sewage project (phase3) Final Report

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Bangalore Decentralized Processing & Disposal

LEGEND

Generation Waste Composition (Approximate)

Source: City Statistics New Microsoft Office Word Document, BBMPDepartmentsSolid Waste Management

Domestic Waste Mangement

Biomedical Waste Mangement

10 % is Bio-medical Waste

50% is brought back into circulation after treatment

60 % of sharp waste are melted and reused as part of stainless steel products all glass waste are recycled after treatment

Source: Biomedical waste management manual

VEGETATION MAP AND REDUCTION OF BANGALORE

IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON GREEN SPACE

Land Classification of Bangalore in 2000 and 2018

FLORA DISTRIBUTION

Bangalore Scale

FOREST RATIO: URBAN BANGALORE

FOREST RATIO: BANGALORE RURAL AND RAMANAGAR DISTRICT

NOTIFIED URBAN FOREST AREAS

Anekal (1%)

(16%) Yelahanka (12%)

Kaggalipura (59%)

The geographical area of Bangalore Urban district is 217,410 ha, out of which the forest area is 4,198 ha

The Geographical area of Bangalore Rural and Ramanagar districts is 5,85,431 ha, out of which the forest constitutes 1,01,117 ha

Forest area comprises mainly scrub and grasslands with miscellaneous species. Eucalyptus and Acacia auriculiformes are found over most of the area

VEGETATION DENSITY

Bangalore's Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

Hebbal's Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

FLORA AND FAUNA MATRIX

Bangalore Scale

Fauna Habitat Area

High Flying Birds

Eagle

Kite

Falcon

Low lying Birds

Sparrow

Owl

Duck

Pigeon

Pollinator

Bat Bee

Butterfly

Ground Animals

Turtle

Ants

Frog

Snake

Rat

Lizard

Squirrel

Pangoin

Monkey

Boar

Flora

Canal

Reservior

Macrophytes

Water hyacinth

Common duckweed

Common water meal

Water Primrose

Coontail

Shrub

Mudflat

Parks/Gardens

Golden Dewgrop

Peacock Flower

Lantana

Ixora

Hibiscus

Trees

Urban

Coconut palm

Australian wattle

Indian elm

Village

Cuban royal palm

Mango

Indian laburnum

River

Forest

Source:https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10153799215096675.pdf

Guava

Lythraceae

Nile Tulip tree

Caribbean trumpet tree

LEGEND

Public parks

Residential Industrial

Recreational

Institutional

Brownfield

Agriculture

Barrenland

Scrubland

Grassland

Wooded Grassland

Forest

Lake River and riverine

Source: Satelittle data from Open Street Map, Google Earth

Source: Satellite Images from Google Earth

HABITAT AND GREEN SPACE

Barren Land

Wooded Grassland

Fragmented Forest Patch

Source: Satellite Images from Google Earth

SOIL, TOPOGRAPHY, LANDFORM Bangalore Scale

Bangalore is located at heart of the Mysore Plateau at an average elevation of 920 m (3,020 ft). It is positioned at 12.97°N 77.56°E and covers an area of 1741 km² (673 mi²).

Highest point in Hebbal Kempapura is 925m and lowest at 890m.

Source: Elevation data from Google Earth

SOIL, TOPOGRAPHY, LANDFORM

Hebbal Kempapura contours at 5m interval

Source: Elevation data from Google Earth

The following soil types are found in Bangalore:

1. Medium deep, Red clayey soil - Very Poor Groundwater Potential

2. Deep alluvial clayey soil - Very Poor to Poor Groundwater Potential

3. Deep lateritic clayey soil - Poor Groundwater Potential

4. Deep, Red clayey soil - Poor to Moderate Groundwater Potential

5. Medium deep, Red gravelly clay soil - Moderate Groundwater Potential

6. Deep lateritic gravelly clayey soil - Moderate to Good Groundwater Potential

9. Rocky land associated with shallow red gravelly clay soil - Good Groundwater Potential

Hebbal Kempapura- has Deep Lateritic clay soil which has poor groundwater potential.

Yelahanka - has Deep Lateritic clay soil and which has groundwater potential.

LEGEND

Deep red clay soil

Deep Lateretic clay soil

Deep Gravelly clay

Medium deep red clay

Medium deep gravelly red clay

Deep alluvial clay

Rocky land associated with shallow red gravely clay

Hebbal coming under Zone 1 of the study has silty sand with clay as top soil till a depth of 3m

Source: Muilti-criteria seismic hazard evaluation for Bangalore city, India by P.Anbazhagan, K.K.S.

Soil Types

20,000m

Thingbaijam, S.K. Nath, J.N. Narendra Kumar, T.G. Sitharam

WATER SOURCE

Cauvery River Basin

BANGALORE

Actual water system in bangalore is inefficient. 100km to an overhead of 540 meters to the water distribution system located at Bangalore after treatment consumes more energy and involves high operational and maintenance costs. BWSSB incurs electricity costs to about 65% of its revenue for pumping the water to the city.

Todays ystem depends mainly on the cauvery river.

lakes are so polluted they are only ornametal or to worship.

Sewage Dugwells

Source: Making water flow in Bengaluru: planning for the resilience of water supply in a semi-arid city. Hita Unnikrishnan

LEGEND

Water Flow

Water treatment plants

Transmissions Pipelines

Roads

Water bodies

Gramadakere Allalasandra

Kodigehali Lake

LEGEND

Batkondanahalli Lake

Which joins South Pinakini River Amanikere, Singanayakanahili

Yelahanka Doddakere

Kattigenahall Lake

Kogilu Lake

Jakkur Lake

Rachenahali Lake

Kalkere Lake

Watershed Regional

Chikkamaranahali Lake

Water Flow

No longer existent

water body

Water bodies

Kacharakanahali Lake

Previous and existing Hebbal Lake series

Yellamallappa SettraKere

Ramapura Lake

Seegehall Lake

Basavanapura Lake

Source: Muilti-criteria seismic hazard evaluation for Bangalore city, India by P.Anbazhagan, K.K.S. Thingbaijam, S.K. Nath, J.N. Narendra Kumar, T.G. Sitharam

400m

Arkavathi Source

Tataguni Puming Station

TK. Halli WTP

Kabini Resevoir

KRS Resevoir on Cauvery

WATER SOURCE

Hebbal Valley

LEGEND

Drainage directed to lakes

Aquifers

Dugwells

Lakes Series/Canals

Borewells: 7,000 BWSSB 80,000 Private Borewells

20,000m

Dugwells

Aquifers

Borewells Valleys Lake series Canals Sewage

Source: Groundwater informaion Booklet, Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka by GOI, Ministry of Water Resources, Central Ground Water Board.

Vrishabavathi Valley Koramangala challaghatta Valley

Water Pollution Source

LEGEND

Pollution source

Lanfill

Landfill

Industrial areas

Industrial areas

Future industry

Future Industry

Water resource

Water resource

Main Pollution Sources

•Sewage Entry from Human Settlement in Catchment Area

•Effluents entry from industries in up stream of the lakes

•Erosion of soil carrying nutrients from upstram

•Ingress of Sewage and Industrial effluents which contain nutrients

•Run-off from surrounding which carries silt and nutrients

•Disposal garbage on banks of Lake

•Dumping of Debris

•Draw off of water from Lake

•Immersion of Idols during Festivals

LEGEND

Polluted Lakes

Highly polluted-34 lakes

Highly Polluted-34 Lakes

Moderately polluted-22 lakes

Moderately Polluted-22 Lakes

Less polluted-24 lakes

Less Polluted-24 Lakes

Polluted lakes

Source: K.V. Shivakumar, "Water quality monitoring of lakes in Bangalore-central laboratory KSPCB", Proceedings of Taal, 2007: The 12th world lake conference, pp 1908-1915.2008.

Ramachandra, T V & K. S., Asulabha & Varghese, Sincy & Bhat, Sudarshan & Aithal, Dr. Bharath. (2015). Wetlands: Treasure of Bangalore.

WATER SOURCE

Hebbal Valley

LEGEND

Tanks

Water body

STP Zone

Streams/Canals Borewells Lakes

Pollution source of Hebbal

Allalasandra Lake

Jakkur Lake

Doddabommasandra Lake

Amrutahalli Lake

Rachenahalli Lake

Pollution Source : Hebbal

Industrial area

Stp zone Lakes Possible source areas

Hebbal Lake

Lumbini Garden

LEGEND Industrial area Stp zone Lakes Possible source areas 1000m

Ground water quality

LEGEND

Ground Water Quality Map

Alternate

Ground Water Quality Map

Alternate

Water Resource Roads Non-potable Water Potable Water

Non-potable Water Potable Water Map

Alternate

Potable Water

Non-potable water

Water Resource Roads Non-potable Water Potable Water

Potable water

Water Resource Roads

Water Resource Roads

Water resource

Road

Water Resource Roads

LEGEND

Metal Concentration in Ground water

Nitrate >45Mg/L

Nitrate >45Mg/L

Chloride 250-1000Mg/L

Chloride 250-1000Mg/L

Fluoride > 1.5Mg/L

Fluoride >1.5Mg/L

Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka - March 2013

Source:https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/hydrology-and-quality-groundwater-and-around-bangalore-city-review-and-excerptsreport

CLIMATE, RAINFALL TRENDS AND FLOOD RISK

CASE STUDIES AND TECHNIQUES

Case Study 1: Jakkur Lake, Bangalore, India

Jakkur lake ecosystem constitutes of a lake filled with water, a sewage treatment plant (STP) near the lake site which disposes the treated water into the lake helping in maintaining the water balance, a constructed wetland, numerous open wells, fishermen and farming community using the lake for fishing, irrigation, and other domestic uses.

LEGEND

Water flows through wetland to be cleaned

Stormwater

The Process

Plants used

Sources: http://biometrust.blogspot.com/2018/05/wetland-maintenance-jakkur-lake.html

Sewage Treatment Plant

Constructed Wetland

Stormwater

Jakkur Lake

Jakkur Lake

Fish Breeding

Recharge openwells

Separate ceremonial pond

A 10 MLD STP uses an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), a secondary level of treatment. An average of 7-8.5 MLD of treated water is discharged

1. Drain 1 Overflow inlet

2. STP Treated water

3. Drain 2 Inflow inlet

4. Drain 3 Inflow inlet

5. Wetland

6. Outlet

The wetland in the urban lake uses up nutrients in the treated water for plant growth enhancing water quality

Constructed Wetland schematic section

Water Hyacinth Alligator Weed Typha Duck Weed

Inlet Outlet

Inlet

CASE STUDIES AND TECHNIQUES

Case Study 2: Osho Teerth Park, Pune, India

Turning a narrow strip of wasteland 850m long and 75m wide into a zen inspired japanese garden was undertaken in phases. It has been designed to handle a normal flow of 21000- 24000 gallons per hour. At the source of entry the water is an unclean stream with oil- waste. With help of natural filter process the water is 80% purified and is thus now naturally inhabited by biodiversity.

The drain is first systematically guided through a metal gate provided with a screen/ mesh to separate the floating garbage

Water cascades

Water cascades of level drops of just 200300mm at various points induce oxygen into the current, and eliminate odour.

Filtration, biodegradation and Biosorption:

The cellulosic /fibrous materials like coconut coir or dried water hyacinth or aquatic grasses are compacted and woven to form a bridge/ porous wall like structure strengthened by stones and sand with various consortia of microorganisms

All the floatable and suspended solids are trapped in this biological bridge and the turbidity of flowing water is reduced substantially. The green plants growing there help in absorption of soluble substances including heavy metals.

It is a natural root zone filtration system, which activates by means of plants such as water hyacinths, bulrushes and alocacias

It uses filtration power of biologically originated cellulosic /fibrous material in combination with sand and gravels and root systems of green plants.

Fish known as 'gambusia' have been specially bred in the ponds to clean water of mosquito larvae

It is then guided through a series of 4 ponds, created on natural bedrock which serve as settling tanks and filteration tanks for sludge

Plants

Top layer of soil about 1530 cm

Sand layer

Rubble & gravel layer

Stones in the stream course

Source: http://www.ecoideaz.com/innovative-green-ideas/nullah-parks-of-pune; http://www.thealternative.in/society/garden-developedacross-a-nullah/

Metal screens

Green Bridge

Series of ponds

Fish Breeding

The Process

Green Bridge Technology

Coconut coir mat

ECONOMIC

Bangalore’s ecomomc development timeline

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bangalore

Sources: http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/242-bangalore-.html

SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHICS

Source: Revised

Distribution of Workers by Age and Gender in Bangalore (2011)

Working Population and Labour Force

Distribution of Workers by Age and Gender in Bangalore (2011)

Distribution of Workers by Age and Gender in Bangalore (2011)

Gender Employment Ratio of Bangalore

Gender Employment Ratio of Bangalore

Gender Employment Ratio of Bangalore

Labor force participation rate (LFPR) among females in India states in 2015 (%)

Labor force participation rate (LFPR) among females in India states in 2015 (%) Females LFPR

Labor force participation rate (LFPR) among females in India states in 2015 (%)

Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/654242/female-labor-force-participation-rate-india-by-state/ Unemployment rate in India states in 2015-16 (%)

Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/654242/female-labor-force-participation-rate-india-by-state/ Unemployment rate in India states in 2015-16 (%)

Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/654242/female-labor-force-participation-rate-india-by-state/ Unemployment rate in India states in 2015-16 (%)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_unemployment_rate

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_unemployment_rate

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_unemployment_rate

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_unemployment_rate

RELIGION AND CULTURE

Religious History

1.Indian pre-history including Indus Valley Civilisation (until c. 1750 BCE);

2.Iron Age including Vedic period (c. 1750 BCE–600);

i.Indian religions begins with the historic Vedic religion.

According to Sundararajan, Hinduism is also known as the Vedic religion.

ii.700-500BCE, the rose of Jainism and Buddhism.

(a)Jainism peak time in 9th century BCE -6th century BCE

(b)Buddhism establish 558 BCE-491 BCE

3.“Second Urbanisation” (c. 600–200 BCE);

i.Silk road transmission of Buddhism (start from 1th or 2th century BCE)

Indigenous Religion

Foreign Religion

Left: Symbol in the Bon and Buddhist traditions

Right: Appears commonly in Hinduism and Jainism

4.Classical period (c. 200 BCE-1200 CE); (Conflict and destruction period)

i.The disintegration of central power also lead to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry.

ii.Buddhism lost its position, and began to disappear in India.

iii. Innitially introduced by Thomas the Apostle,Christianity was rooted in India by the 3rd century AD.

5.Pre-Classical period (c. 200 BCE-320 CE);

6.“Golden Age” (Gupta Empire) (c. 320–650 CE);

i.Between 400 and 1000 CE Hinduism expanded as the decline of Buddhism in India continued.

7.Late-Classical period (c. 650–1200 CE);

i.Early Islamic rule (c. 1100–1500 CE)

Turks and Afghans invaded parts of northern India and established the Delhi Sultanate. Lead to “Indo-Muslim” fusion of cultures

8.Medieval period (c. 1200–1500 CE);

i.Sikhism originated in 15th-century Punjab, Delhi Sultanate.

9.Early Modern (c. 1500–1850);

i.Christianity in India was expanded in the 16th century by Catholic Portuguese expeditions and by Protestant British and US missionaries in the 18th century.

10.Modern period (British Raj and independence) (from c. 1850).

i.Ghettoisation among Indian Muslims began in the mid-1970s when first communal riots occurred.

ii.19th century-20th century renaissance of Buddhism. Calling for Dalits converse from caste-based society to Buddhism.

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions

Fig. 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism

Hindu Swastika

Symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions.

1750 BCE

BCE Begans 558-491BCE

PEAK TIME ---Silk road transmission

400-1000 CE Expanded

Begain to disappear Renaissance of Buddhism

Conflicts among Indian Muslims

Rooted in India by the 3rd century

1100-1500 CE Early Islamic rule

Expand in 16th century and 18th century

A.Government

1. Vidhana Soudha----1956---The largest legislative building in India

2. Attara Kacheri---1868---the Karnataka High Court. Attara Kacheri reflects the Greco-Roman style of architecture, because it was built at the zenith of British colonialism in India.

3. Bangalore Palace---1878

4. Seshadri Iyer Memorial Hall---1901

B.Civic

1.Lalbagh Botanical Garden---1889

C.Historical 1.Tipu Sultan’s Summer Palace---1791

D.Religious (popular one)

1. Kote Venkataramana Temple--1689---Hinduism

2. St. Marks Cathedral---1812

3. Infant Jesus Church---1971

4. St. Patrick’s Church---1899

5. C.S.I East Parade Church---1863

6. Bethel AG Church---1995

7. St. Mary’s Basilica---1882

8. St. Francis Xavier’s Cathedral---1932

9. Saint Anthony’s Friary Church---1952

10.Rice Memorial Church---1917

Sources:

A.1.https://evac.com/cn/reference/suvarna-vidhana-soudha-assembly-india/

2.Reference:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_High_Court

3.Reference:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Palace

4.https://www.nativeplanet.com/bangalore/seshadri-iyer-memorial-hall/photos/ B.1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bagh

C.1.https://www.beerandcroissants.com/tipu-sultans-summer-palace/

Reference:

D.1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kote_Venkataramana_Temple,_Bangalore

2.https://bangaloretourism.in/st-marks-cathedral-bangalore

3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_Jesus_Church,_Bangalore#/media/File:InfantJesus_Church_Blr1.jpg

4.https://www.mangalorean.com/launch-st-patricks-coffee-table-book-mark-175-years-milestone-church/

5.https://www.facebook.com/EPMCBLR/

6.https://www.justdial.com/photos/bethel-ag-church-international-worship-centre-hebbal-bangalore-churches-2m9acdw-pc-62392223sco-15idbr2u

7.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary's_Basilica,_Bangalore

8.https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral,_Bangalore_oblique.jpg

9.http://www.trip2blr.com/st-anthonys-friary-church-bangalore/st-anthonys-friary-church/

10.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru_Pete

A4

B1

D1

D2

D3

D4

D6

D7

D10

D8

D9

D5

C1

Bangalore historical places distribution

RELIGION AND CULTURE

Religious Festivals

Hinduism festivals

Makar Sankranti (Jan)

Customs: Bath, fly kites, feast, burnfire, dance

Landscape space: rivers and lakes, open space

Customs: Water, Dance, Music Landscape space: waterfronts

Customs: worship clay status in water, feast Landscape space: rivers and lakes

Customs: ceremony Landscape space: indoor space

Islam festivals

Customs: carry clay statues into water, burn Landscape space: river or ocean front

Groundnut Festival (Nov-Dec)

Customs: celebrates the first groundnut crop Landscape space: open space

Customs: ceremony Landscape space: open space

Eid al-Fitr (Sep-Oct)

Customs: fasting Landscape space: open space

Eid al-Adha (Dec)

Customs: ceremony Landscape space: open space

Vara Mahalakshmi (Agu)

Mawlid an-Nab (Mar)

Karaga festival (Mar-Apr)

Vijayadashami (Sep-Oct)

Ganesh Chaturthi (Agu-Sep)

Good

Customs: fasting, carry the cross Landscape space: open space

Easter

Customs: light candles, pray beside the graves Landscape space: restricted space

Religious Festivals

Christianity festivals

All Souls Day (Nov)

Customs: prayer for the dead Landscape space: restricted space

Christmas (Dec)

Customs: light candles, pray, distribute sweets Landscape space: open space

Harvest

Customs: feature feasting Landscape space: open space

Religious distribution map of Hebbal

Site boundry

Hinduism

Islam

Christianity

Green space

3,000m

In Hebbal, there are about 22 religious buildings, 10 Hindu buildings, 3 Islamic buildings, and 9 Christian buildings. Religious buildings are basically distributed in densely populated communities or in waterfront areas.

Source: http://www.indyatour.com/india/festivals/major-christian-festivals-in-india

Friday (Mar-Apr)

(Mar-Apr)

festivals (Apr/ Jun/Oct-Nov)

Where do you buy produce/food? What percentage of vegetables are bought (in comparison to grown)? How much is spent on buying vegetables?

Do you grow vegetables by yourself? Where do you grow vegetables?(Noted on Map)

What are your major community festivals and activities and where it happens?(Noted on Map)

How has the landscape changed over time? What do you feel about these changes? Can you describe the landscape in the old days?

What is your daily routine? How do you travel around? How long time spend specific place for what?(Noted on Map) How often do you visit this place (depending on your sitea waterbody/park/greenspace) and why? Why do you like it? How do you think this space can be improved?

What do you think is the biggest and most pressing issue in this neighbourhood?

Where is your favourite place to hang out in this neighbourhood?(Note on Map)

Where do you get water from?

Do you buy drinking water and how much does it cost?

Do you mind showing me your household water bill?

How much water do you use daily by function of use? (shower, drinking, cooking, laundry...)

Can you tell us more about key water related activities? (For example, washing dishes, laundary, swimming, fishing, festivals?) How often and where?(Noted on Map)

Do you reuse water?How do you reuse water?

Do you think the water is polluted in your neighbourhood? Have you experienced any water related pollution in your everyday life? If yes, how has it affected your overall wellbeing?

Religion: Hinduism / Buddhism / Jainism / Islam / Sikhism / Christianity

year(s)

block.

Occupation: Years Stayed in Bangalore:

street,

Income: Your Information (This questionnaire is for student research only. Your information will not be used for other purposes.)

Address:

(wastes on the street...cleaning lake...)? How did you clean up the water pollution?

Are you involved in cleaning up any pollution

Where are the commonly flooded areas? How often does flooding occur?(Noted on Map)

Can you tell us about a memorable experience where it flooded in the neighbourhood? How did you deal with the flooding? What did you do during the floods? How did you feel? When was the biggest flood that you remember? Has flooding occured more frequently nowadays compared to the past?

The village group collected over 30 questionnaire in the surveyed area. From these the group concluded that water insecurity is the biggest problem within the community.

The group also found types of main water cources and indentified challanges on usage of multiple water sources.

The Lake group found that the major issue in the lake area is the water scarcity. The people who live in the area are deeply influenced by the issue.

MAJOR ISSUES ON THE LAKE AREA

PROPOSALS

PROJECT 1. THRIVE HEBBAL

Chan Wing Fai

Hou Yanru

Liu Ye

PROJECT 2. DROP BY DROP. EVERY DROP COUNTS

Chen Nan

Isabel Villegas Molina

Manasi Venkatesh Prabhudesai

PROJECT 3. WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL

3.1. Connected Water-Resilient Park I Tang Mengjiao and Zhang Qinqin

3.2. Ecological Revival of Stream I Yang Xiaowen

3.3. Matrix Sanctuaries I Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin

PROJECT 4. BETTER LAKE THAN NEVER

4.1 Existing Industrial and Residential | Mitali Kumar

4.2 Lake Nagwara | Dai Yuke

4.3 Prospective Residential District | Elsa Sim Rui Jia

PROJECT 1: THRIVE HEBBAL

TRANSFORMING AN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT FROM A NEGLECTED LAND INTO AN ECONOMICALLY RESILIENT COMMUNITY

Nearly 25 percent of the total population in Bangalore is living in more than 2000 informal settlements. The Hebbal informal settlement is one of the most vibrant communities which contribute to the development of the city for manpower and garbage collection. However, there are livelihood problems due to a lack of economic activity and insufficient basic infrastructure. This project aims to create an alternative model of informal settlement that improves the living environment of the low-income community. As the Hebbal informal settlement is situated in the buffer zone near the stream according to the future planning, the informal settlement is transformed with various blue-green infrastructures and value-added economic activities to enhance people’s quality of life, empowering the community.

To begin with, several integrated water systems are designed to collect, purify and reuse the water (including rainwater, grey water, and black water) in an around the informal settlement. Rainwater and grey water are collected from the catchment of upper streams, and the black water generated in the informal settlement will be treated locally before discharge. After purification through different bioswales and biotopes, treated water can be used for toilet flushing, irrigation, and washing clothes and dishes, which improves the quality of nonportable water to reduce the risk of illness and other diseases.

Besides, the open space in the informal settlement will be utilised with various functions. A house yard is made for every 3-5 households, each house yard consists of a community farm, bathroom and other basic infrastructures, to encourage residents to exchange resources and knowledge. The rainwater harvesting system at every household helps to provide more clean water for showering and irrigation. Besides, the open space also provides opportunities for more economic activities but also act as an open space for people living in the informal settlement and surrounding neighbourhood to enjoy as to facilitate social interaction.

Furthermore, various value-added economic activities will be introduced to equip low-income communities with additional skills to generate more income. A tree nursery, marigold farm, coconut plantation, and compost techniques will be proposed and plant species that suitable for the local climate are suggested to the residents to achieve sustainable growth of the informal settlement. The proposed value-added economic activities also benefit the city as the tree nursery and marigold farm generates supply for the city, while protecting the buffer zone from urbanization threats.

This project is meant as a model for other informal settlements to demonstrate that informal settlements can contribute more to the society in environmental, social, and economic aspects.

Chan Wing Fai, Hou Yanru, Liu Ye

INTRODUCTION

Distribution of Informal Settlements in Bangalore

LEGEND

Population

1-620

621-1400

1401-2700

2701-6600

6601-20000

Population Growth

Number of Informal Settlement

• More than 25% of Bangalore’s population living in informal settlement

• Rapid increase of informal settlement and its population

• New migrants settlement is in poor living condition and usally lack of resources and basic facilities

LANDSCAPE CHANGE

Landscape Change of Hebbal Informal Settlement

• More agricultural land transformed into residential area

• Informal settlements scattered across the city and a lot of them near the stream and other water bodies

Buffer Zone

• New zoning introduced in the 2031 zoning plan

• Creates a 30m-75m from water bodies

• National Green Tribunal’s (NGT) orders to protect the waterbodies from urban development

Hebbal

Total Area: 5.21ha (include roads, stream and grove)

Density: 96 families (157 households)

Population: >380 (96 families * 4 members)

Interview:

20m

LEGEND

Person Interviewed

Water from Borewell A & B

Water from Well C & F

Water from Well D & F

Non-Residental

Potable Water Source

Non-potable Water Source

ISSUE 1

Greywater Catchment

Forest and wooden area: 10116m2

Meadow area: 1784m2

Compacted soil: 27649m2

Water-tight roof area: 13192m2

Asphalt pavements area: 3609m2 68.5m3 / day or

Rainwater can be harvested: 25000m3 / year

Rainwater Catchment

LEGEND

Industrial area

Residential area (collect)

Residential area (uncollect)

Rainwater collect point

Drainage

Underground pipe

Total population: 2240

Per capita water consumption: 147L / day

Excess grey water: 28% (=62%-26%-2%-6%)

Per capita excess grey water: 41.16L / day

Total excess grey water: 92,198L / day 92m3 / day or

ISSUE 2

Pollution Activities in Open Space

Landscape Experience

LEGEND

Comfortable

Dense Forest

Public Park

Less Comfortable

Agriculture

Truf with Vegetation

Uncomfortable

Mass Forest

Car Park

Maintain Landscape

Institution Landscape

Street Landscape

Sports

Public Plaza

Sparse Landscape

Mass Bare Land

Bare Land

Construction Land

Private Park 100m

Inaccessible Land

Vegetation Density

LEGEND

Vegetation Density

Very Dense Forest

Dense Vegetation

Turf with Little Vegetation

Bare Land

Hardscape without Vegetation

ISSUE 2

Pollution Activities in Open Space

Connection with Other External Services

LEGEND

• The community is isloated from the community because a lot of public services are far from the neighborhood

• Low mobility of affect the residents cannot access to public infrastructure easily

Open Space Analysis

• Various activities happening in open spaces generate a lot of pollution that brings negative impact to the living condition of the residents

50m

LEGEND

Playing Space

Trashing Collection

Water Storage

Bath

Wood Storage

Wood Cutting

Gathering Space

Cooking

Laundry

Construction Waste

Trash

ISSUE 2

Pollution Activities in Open Space

Activities Create Pollution and Activities in Polluted Area

LEGEND

Bath Tent

Toilet

Washing Dishes/Clothes

Copper Burning

• Many open spaces are occupied by activities that creates a lot of pollution

• Leads to the negative effect of the environment and residents living in the informal settlement

Potential to Utilize the Empty Dwellings and Open Spaces

ISSUE 3

Low-skill Economic Activity with Insufficient Income

Recycling Work - Work Flow

Collection & Distribution

Location:

Open Spaces in front of the house

Stakeholders:

• Low Income Community

Mini storage space waiting for sell

Distribute different types of recyclables

Storage

Location:

Recycle Store

Stakeholders:

• Store Owner

• Workers

Sell to Recycle Store

Size: 10m * 7m

Plastic Bottles

Glass Bottles

Other Recyclables

Coconut Shells

Size (Recycle Partition): 6m * 5m

(Open Space): 7m * 5m

Resell to Vendors or Recycle Factory

Package and Resell

Location:

Recycle Store

Stakeholders:

• Store Owner

• Workers

• Vendors

Export to other parts of India or China

Plastic Paper Copper Coconut Rubber Glass

Existing/Potential Economic Activities

Purification of Different Types of Water

STRATEGY 2

Maximize the Potential of Public Space within the Neighborhood

LEGEND

Public Activity Space

House Yard

Working Space

Dispersed Planting Area

Centralized Planting Area

Grey Water System

Rainwater Purification

Stream Water

Black Water Purification

New Built Houses

STRATEGY 2

Maximize the Potential of Public Space within the Neighborhood

Type A Backyard Style

Rainwater Volume: 1975m3 Catchment Area: 2304m2 = Rainfall Height: 857mm * * 0.001

Number of Household: 96 Daily Household Water Collection from Roof: 56L

STRATEGY 3

Introduction of the Value-added Economic Activities

A. Marigold Farm

Marigold Habitats

Growth Period 90 Days (from seed)

Sun Exposure Full Sun

Soil pH Neutral

Soil Condition Moderately fertile, well-drained soil

Plant Spacing 40cm with 20cm row gap

Cultural Value

Marigold in Hinduism

• The flower symbolizes auspiciousness

• The orange colour signifies renunciation and hence is offered to God as a symbol of surrender

Pests/Diseases Few (Mites and Aphids)

Toran

• Means gateway in Sanskrit

• Made of Marigold or other flowers

40cm*40cm (20cm gap) 5 plants/m2

Types of Marigold

African Marigold

Mexican Marigold

Size: 0.64ha Water for irrigation: 128,000L (every 10 days)

(20L/1m2)

Workflow

• Commonly found at the main door of Hindu homes

• Need to be changed on every festive occasion

Market Price: ₹ 70-80/kg (6000-10000kg/ha)

Earnings:

Yield Rate: 3800-6300kg ₹ 266,000-504,000

• A very hardy flower that symbolizes a trust in the divine and a will to overcome obstacles. (per 3-4 months)

Flowering Seasons

• Three times a year (Rainy, winter and summer seasons)

• Maximum flower yield can be obtained from September

B. Tree Nursery

• Tree nursery is a growing industry in India and the demand of seedling is increasing, therefore it is a good opportunity to introduce this industry to the residents

Workflow

SEED PROCUREMENT

Seed Collection

Seed Selection & Handling

Temporary Seed Storage

Seed Sowing

MIX MEDIA PREPARATION

Procurement of Soil

Preparation of Manure

PREPARE NURSERY BEDS

Preparing Nursery Beds Shading

Soil Filtering

Drying and Filtering of Manure

Mixing Media

Fill in Media into Polybag / Air-Pot

Sapling & Polybag / Air-Pot Placement

MAINTENANCE

Transplanting, Shading Control, Irrigation, Fertilization, Pest & Disease Control

SELL TO BUYERS

Source: Fransiskus Harum & Søren Moestrup (2010)

STRATEGY 3

Introduction of the Value-added Economic Activities

B. Tree Nursery

Size: 0.52ha

0.23ha (75L) 0.28ha (200L)

15,600L Market Price:

Water for irrigation:

₹ 10000-20000 (30kL/ha/day)

Tree Species

Bauhinia x blackeana

Rainfall: 500-2550mm

Light: Full Sun/Half Shade

Growth Form: 6-8m

Growth Rate: Fast

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Rainfall: Moderate

Light: Full Sun

Growth Form: 6-15m

Growth Rate: Moderate

Grevillea robusta Cunn. Ex R. Br.

Rainfall: 700-1700mm

Light: Full Sun

Growth Form: 15m

Growth Rate: Fast

Callistemon viminalis (Soland. Ex Gaertn.) G. Don

Rainfall: >700mm

Light: Full Sun

Growth Form: 8m

Growth Rate: Moderate

Michelia champaca L.

Rainfall: Moderate

Light: Full Sun

Growth Form: 16-30m

Growth Rate: Fast

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

Rainfall: 800-2000mm

Light: Full Sun

Growth Form: 10-15m

Growth Rate: Fast

Open Area for Plants (with Tree Pot)

Cassia fistula

Rainfall: 500-2700mm

Light: Full Sun

Growth Form: 10-18m

Growth Rate: Moderate

Pongamia pinnata

Rainfall: 500-2500mm

Light: Full Sun

Growth Form: 16-30m

Growth Rate: Moderate

Compost Area (with cow dung and dead leaves)

• 200L Tree Pot

C. Coconut Plantation

• Not yet utilized the existing coconut tree

• Easy to manage

• A lot of benefit and possible to produce other by-product (97 trees)

Coconut 7.5m*7.5m

177 plants/ha

Size: 0.55ha

Yield Rate: 4850-7275 nuts

Coconut:

Water for irrigation: 4365L (45L/tree/day) (50-75 nuts/tree/year)

Coconut Oil Production: 439-659L

Market Price:

Coconut Flour Production: 336-504kg

Coconut: ₹260/L

₹30/nut

Life Span: 60-80 year

Coconut Oil: ₹200/kg

Coconut Flour:

First Fruiting: 6-10 year

PROPAGATION

GERMINATION

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

6-10 years

COCONUT FRUITING

1 years

COCONUT HARVESTING

COCONUT COCONUT OIL

COCONUT FLOUR

STRATEGY 3

Introduction of the Value-added Economic Activities

D. Aerobic Composting

• Decomposition of organic matter via microorganisms that require oxygen

• Simplest way of contributing positively to waste management

• Provide compost for other economic activities (Tree Nursery, Marigold Farm, and Coconut Plantation)

• Easy to do in informal settlement

• Requires sunlight and natural moisture to perform well

• Requires little management

Cow Dung: 29.5L/day/cow

Market Price: ₹25-30/kg

Workflow

Leaves

Water, Heat, CO2

Composting Container

Organic Compost

Oxygen

1-3 Month(s)

Economic Flow - Regional Scale

• Hebbal is well connected by two major highways

• Landscape tree can be exported to the surrounding neighbourhoods

• Marigold can be sold in the biggest flower market in Bangalore - KR Flower Market

MALLESHWARAM

SUNKADAKATTE

YELAHANKA

SITE KR FLOWER MARKET

HEBBAL

STRATEGY 3

• Different kinds of economic activities are interrelated

• Marigold farm and tree nursery provides marigold and landscape trees to the surrounding neighbourhood

• Possible to extend the existing coconut plantation to add value to the coconut industry

• Composting could provide resources for the plantation activities

• Existing recycle activity is kept because it could also benefit the community

INFORMAL SETTLEMENT AS A SYSTEM

CONNECTION WITH EXTERNAL COMMUNITIES

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

HEBBAL LAKE

NAGAVARA LAKE

MARKET

HEBBAL

MARKET

SITE

WATER CATCHMENT AREA

PHASED DEVELOPMENT

Phase 1

Water:

• Introduction of stream water

• Create household rainwater collection system

Open Space:

• Houseyard for greywater treatment

Economy:

• Produce coconut oil using the existing coconut tree in site

• Fruit tree, chicken and rabbit in houseyard

• Keep two existing recycling point

Phase 2

Water:

• Introduction of grey water collection and treatment system

Open Space:

• Use the empty space to develop new value-added economic activities

Economy:

• Develop Planting Nursery

Water: Phase 3

• Increase the scale of rainwater collection system

Open Space:

• New community activities and new settlements

Economy:

• Develop Marigold Farm

THRIVE HEBBAL

Together we thrive for a better Informal Settlement.

PROJECT 2: DROP BY DROP. EVERY DROP COUNTS

DIVERSIFYING THE WATER SOURCE TO GENERATE A WHOLE SELF-RELIANT NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Situated in Hebbal Kempapapura, a typical middle-income neighborhood faces a severe problem of water insecurity due to the dispute for Cauvery water and the fact that borewells are drying up. Water distribution from the different authorities did not evolve with the development, resulting in a complex substandard water network. The lack of infrastructure related to water supply, drainage, and sewage systems lead the community to exploit the resources inappropriately. In addition, the housing centered development left the unconstructed spaces as a residue. Through reconnecting the age-old relationship with water resources and eco-friendly practices, this project intends to minimize the dependency on the urban water supply and foresees a whole self-reliant neighbourhood.

The overall goal is to understand the whole cycle of water, addressing the problem in 3 scales. Private home yards and rooftops, vacant lots and streets, and the canal are the main components of the cycle in the neighbourhood. By diversifying usage and mitigating pollution of the black, gray, rain, and canal water, we will design an integrated recycling process for re-use, addressing each as a different independent system. Rainwater will be collected in rooftops to reduce external water consumption. In open areas, rainwater will be drained in a Jhalara (a traditional rainwater harvesting structure) and will be used to recharge underground water in order to provide sufficient water in the dry season through open wells. Grey water will be purified and reused for agricultural irrigation and toilet use, reducing 30% of the overall demand. Blackwater will be used for creating biogas to cook at households. Consequently, the interventions will restore the river's natural selfpurification capacity. At a larger scale, we aim to rejoin the canal with the lake system, forming a connected river corridor and restoring the lake ecosystem network.

This project aims to reunify the ecological flows with social activities. The different cycles of water will be linked together by a series of landscape spaces, like productive rooftops, green streets, community gardens, holy plazas, stepwells, and wetland parks. Jhalaras redesigned will evoke functions of cleaning, storing and act as a place for worship. Productive landscapes will reunite people with the land through sustainable activities. The Jhalaras, together with the agriculture lands, will be tied up with an organized open space system for the exchange of goods and gathering space. Therefore, reconnecting people with water will encourage the community to respect and be aware of the importance of water.

In the aim to conserve the proposed system and the natural growth of the city, we extract out of the project a coefficient that is directly related to the amount of m2 that represent the consumption of a person water footprint in our system. This is part of the plan to create a policy for the new development of a neighborhood. By creating this formula, we plan to replicate and secure the approach of the project with the inevitable growth of the city.

Chen Nan , Manasi Prabhudesai, Isabel Villegas

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

2018 HEBBAL 2031

The current developent process has ignored the traditional water systems and as the rapid urbanization happens, demand-supply gap between households and BBMP water resources increased the dependency on other sources of water.

CHANGE IN THE USE OF RESOURCE

Over explotation of ground water resources.

Bangalore’s WATER TABLE is SHRINKING from 76-91m to 10-12m in the past two decades.

http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/bangalore-population/

Cauvery

CMC

Private Borewell

Sewage

Drainage

Do people have to rely on multiple water sources?

WATER SYSTEMS

We collect 30+ questionnaire in the area. From these we conclude that water insecurity is the biggest problem in our area.

As BBMP water recources is not enough, each neihborhood has a side system in relation to potable water and undergournd water that makes the neihborhood a system of systems.

RAPID URBANISIM WITHIN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD

Insufficient water sources

Decontextualized to immediate surroundings

Underutilized Open space

Insufficient water sources

Decontextualized to immediate surroundings

Underutilized Open Space

INSUFFICIENCY WATER SOURCE

TYPES OF HOUSES AND THEIR WATER SOURCE

Water source within the neihbourghood

Roof Tank Connection

Cauvery

Ilegal CMC

Underground water tank

Openwell

Sewage system

Borewell

Type A

Type C

Type B

Type D

INSUFFICIENCY

WATER ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO THE PEOPLE IN THE AREA

80L/person/day 50L/person/day

967 people (204 units)

Water demand in neighbourhood: 89397 L/day

People will fulfill their underground tank & rooftop tank for a whole week

Location: Main street

Ownership: Landlord+Tenent

Job: Landlord & office worker

Settlements: 2017

Number of people:

Per Capita water usage: 147L/day

Drinking: 2L/day

Cooking:2.5L/day

Washing&Bathing:132.5L/day

Others(washing cars&plants):10L/day

Cost on water: 641rs/month (drinking + Cauveri)

WATER CONSUMPTION OF EACH TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD

Location: near the cannel

Ownership: Landlord

Job: IT analyist (30,000-40,000*2rs/month)

Settlements: 1999

Number of people: Per Capita water usage: 138.4L/day

Drinking: 1.4L/day

Cooking: 2L/day

Washing&Bathing:125L/day

Others(washing cars&plants):10L/day

Cost on water: 1241rs/month (drinking + Cauveri+tanker)

Location: near the cannel

Ownership: Landlord

Job: Bank Manager

Settlements: 1993

Number of people: Per Capita water usage: 147L/day

Drinking: 2L/day

Cooking:2.5L/day

Washing&Bathing:132.5L/day

Others(washing cars&plants):10L/day

Cost on water: 641rs/month (drinking + Cauveri)

Location: next to main street

Ownership: Tenent

Job: Security guard (10,000-15,000*2rs/month)

Settlements: 2005

Number of people: Per Capita water usage: 50L/day

Drinking: 1.4L/day

Cooking: 2L/day

Washing&Bathing:46.6L/day

Cost on water: 200rs/month (drinking)

TYPE A:

TYPE C:

DECONTEXTUALIZATION

ANCIENT METHODS RELATED TO WATER

Upstream reservoir or a lake

Jhalaras Direct collection + Indirect collection Direct collection

Kund

Bawadi

Surface runoff

Rain water

Built aroun open welll

Rain water

Surface runoff

Water from hills

Rooftop Water & Courtyards

Taanka

Panam Keni

Surface runoff

Ground water springs

From feilds & forest

Direct collection + Indirect collection

Indirect collection

Direct Collection

Used For

Religious ritesCommunity use

Harveest water for drinking

Recharge deep aquifer

WashingBathing

Harveest water for drinking Agriculture

DEVELOPMENT OF KEMPAPURA

Mud Ground with construction

Paved Area

Slums

Mud ground with wild grass

Mud ground

Construction Land

Polluted water

Ground covered with grass

Cultivation land

Wetland

Open well

Trees

Coconut

Plantation

Lake/Canal

Water

Building

Ground G+1

G+2

National Highway

Primary Roads

Secondary Roads

Tertiary Road

G+2 Mud Road 200m

DECONTEXTUALIZATION DEVELOPMENT OF KEMPAPURA

SECTION AA’

Farm land Farm land Wetland Wetland Coconut Plantation

Coconut Plantation Nagavara Lake Site Connected wetland

Year: Before 2000

Farm land Settlements Wetland Coconut Plantation Lake In summer

Year: 2000

Disappearing Wetland Polluted Lake Wetland covered with soil to increase settlement area

No coconut plantations and farm land

Increase in dwellings, sewage discharged in canal

Year: 2007

Construction land High rise Construction Disconnected restored lake used for tourism Constructed canal

Dense settlement

Year: 2019

SECTION BB’

Year: Before 2000

Garbage Dumping

Settlement

Year: Before 2000

URBANIZATION PROCESS

Year: 2000

Canal As Source

Change in relationship

Year: 2007

Canal As Sewage

Wetland

Year: 2019

Year: 2019

Covering the wetland with construction soil

Dumping soil

Flood line

Current space hasn’t been fully used by people since land has been divided by plots and started different levels of construction.

Much of the land in possession was left idle because the landlord did not have enough money for construction which make it become negative now. Open space has been regarded as a negative place hence no activities happen there.

UNDERUTILIZATION INSUFFICIENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN THE AREA

Insufficient drainage system make houses have more potential to get flooded.

Coefficient:

STREETS: Street(concrete): 0.8

Informal road(compacted soil): 0.75

LAWNS:

Open space & home yard(compacted sandy loam): 0.3

Green space(unimpacted sandy loam,2%): 0.2

Green space with tree: 0.1

AGRICULTURAL LAND:

Farmland(Sandy soil with vegetation):0.2

RESIDENTIAL:

Roofs: 0.9

Drainage(Filled with soil): 0.3

Parks: 0.25

Paved surfaces in the city have increased up to 78% due to years of unplanned urbanisation.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-floods-because-it-is-78concrete-iisc-study/articleshow/60300957.cms

WRONG VEGETATION CHOICE AND UNDERUTILIZED ROOFTOP

15\ 19: Edible or Medicinal plants

Herb Garden*

Herb Garden*

I never use my rooftop to harvest rainwater because the cost of maintaining infiltration facilities is high.

TERRACE CONDITION

Fenced rooftop Sloping roof

TERRACE USE

Rainwater harvest

Dry the clothes

Solar panel

Disposal

Construction material

Target area

6157sq meter potential rooftop area 990mm(average) amount of annual precipitation 6095.43 cubic meter(6095430L) water can be catch for the area every year= 16699L/day

This will take up 18.67% water demand in the neighbourhood.

STRATEGIES

ISSUE OBJECTIVE DIVERSIFY

ACTION

COLLECT

INSUFFICIENT

The lack of water infrastructure related to water supply, drainage, and sewage systems.

DECONTEXTUALIZED

The lack of water infrastructure relate to water supply, drainage, and sewage systems.

Collect water in the household and unutilized open spaces for community use.

REUSE

Reusing the grey and rain water for household and vegetation land.

PURIFY REVITALIZE UNDERUTILIZED REUNIFY

The lack of water infrastructure relate to water supply, drainage, and sewage systems.

Create the decentralized water purification system in the neighbourhood by using vegetation and natural resources.

Recreating the Genius Loci through ancient and local wisdom.

WATER CALCULATION FOR THE OVERALL SYSTEM

TOTAL WATER USED IN ONE DAY =

59,002 L/DAY

3,575 L/DAY

GREY WATER: BLACK WATER:

55,426 L/DAY

55% 39%

GREY RAIN

DRINKING WATER: 6% 94% 94% 100%

30,394 L/DAY

25,031L/DAY

60,543 L/DAY

Cauvery

HOUSEHOLD

Watering Drink Bath

TYPES OF WATER WITH THEIR TYPE OF USE

STREET VACANT LAND BUFFTER CANEL

gardens

HOUSEHOLD & HOMEYARD STREET VACANT LAND & BUFFER STREAM

Coarse filter

Anoxic limestone drain

Agriculture land Reuse system

Water tank

Productive landscape

Bioretention swale Vegetated swale Vegetated swale Jhalara open well

Strategies

Bamboo drip

Productive landscape: Community, market, rituals

Watering the agriculture land Sediment battel

Floating island

Stung wall

Built island

Naturalized river

Varying river bank

Comes from rain water

After use it becomes grey water.

From household (coarse filtration) to street (ALD), sedimentation pond, shallow mash, polishing pond, agriculture land.

Reuse:

55% for toilet

39% for grey water cleaning system.

North street:

10% in household garden and homeyard

10% in street irrigation and absorbtion

20% cleaning process and to irrigate agriculutre land

43% banana circle

13% outermost circle cleaning water system ends

Buffer: (with relocation)

10% in household garden and homeyard

10% in street irrigation and absorbtion

20% cleaning process and to irrigate

60% banana circle

South

10% in household garden and

20% in street irrigation and absorbtion

70% cleaning process and to

Use: Productive

land

DIVERSIFICATION BLACK WATER SYSTEM

Calculations

Use: 30,394L/day

Reduce 30,394/day of the water demand by reusing grey.

Reuse 55% of gray water for toilet.

Reuse:

- Biogas for cooking and boil cauvery water.

-Residue solid: ferlitizer for productive landscape.

20.8% 79.2%

Household & Homeyard

-Residue gas: cooking.

-Residue water: grey system.

Can be fertilizer for the productive landscape. (After proper treatment)

- Last option and backup plan STP

Stream Vacant Land Buffer

Grey water purification system

Calculations

Agriculture land

Grey circle

Jhalara open well

Productive landscape: Community, market, rituals.

Vegetated swale

Watering the plants

Sediment battelStung wall

Naturalized river Floating islands

Recharge undergorung water

Reconnect with the lake systems

Use: 0% Black water inlet

0% Grey water inlet

100% Rain water inlet

Built island

Varying river bank

PLANTING PLAN

Rooftop and Homeyard

Rooftop and Homeyard

Rooftop and Homeyard

Grey circuit

Grey Circuit

Grey circuit

STREET SYSTEM

Street System

Street System

ALD

ALD

ALD

Swales

Swales

Swales

Grey water system

Grey water system

GREY WATER SYSTEM

Sedimentation Pond

Sedimentation Pond

Sedimentation Pond

Shallow Marsh

Shallow Marsh

Shallow Marsh

Jhalara

Jhalara

Jhalara

Agriculture Land

Agriculture Land

Agriculture Land

Floating Islands

Floating Islands

Floating Islands

Built Island

Built Island

Built Island

River Bank

River Band STREAM

River Bank

AGRICULTURE LAND

GREY CIRCUIT

GREY WATER SYSTEM

JHALARA

STREET SYSTEM

Grey water Rain water Agriculture

REUNIFICATION WATER SHED

Rain Harvesting

Rain Harvesting

Purification system

Productive landscape

Grey water

Grey water Rain water Agriculture land

Pedestrian circulationSocial gathering Stream system

Water Purification

Purification system

Productive Landscape

Productive landscape

Connected system

Grey water Rain water Agriculture

Grey water Rain water Agriculture land

Rain water

Pedestrian circulationSocial gathering Stream system

Grey water Rain water Agriculture land

Productive landscape

Pedestrian circulationSocial gathering Stream system

Pedestrian circulationSocial gathering Stream system

Productive landscape Connected system

Grey water Rain water Agriculture land

Pedestrian circulation

Pedestrian circulationSocial gathering Stream system

Connected system

Connected system

Pedestrian circulationSocial gathering Stream system

Social gathering

Stream system

Buffer

COEFFICIENT FOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS

Interconnected Renew relationship of water with future developments.

Development Buffer Agriculture/Wetland Buffer Canal Buffer

Jhalara =20% Agriculture Land = 61% Grey Circuit = 11% Grey system = 8% Units of 60m² \6px 24 person per building of 4 floors. = 648 new persons.

Contextualized Evoking ancient structures to clean, store and worship water.

1person = 3.8m² for our system

Fully-utilized Creating connected porous network of system in city scale.

RECHARGE UNDERGROUND WATER

Conversion from groundwater to rainwater.

WATER SEPARATION AND REUSE SYSTEM

Reducing the water demand by 30%.

Separate grey black and rain water.

Harvest Benefits

Prohibit borewells, protect undergorund water

1.

1.

2.

2.

PHYTOREMEDIATION

Rebuild social relationship through farming activites.

Street policy for the new types of drains and circulation

Canal Protection

REUNIFY

Social gathering space during water related festivals.

Policy coefficent for new developments

3.

3.

4.

4.

PHASES AND PROJECTION

Purification and collection system.

Reconnecting people with water and productive landscapes.

Restore and recharge water system to convert the community into self reliant neighbourhood.

PERSPECTIVE HOMEYARD AND STREET

Proposed self-sufficient water system enable the area to grow productive landscape. Specifically, the phytoremediation plants purify the water for irrigating economic plants, and the economic benefits can be used to maintain the entire system.

PERSPECTIVE PUBLIC SPACE

The redistribution of space enable all segments of the community to access. Rewiring people with land and tradition daily activities such as worship in the Jhalara, collect water and sale of agriculture produce.

PROJECT 3: WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL A REVITALIZED BGI* TOWARDS WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL

Reshaping Urban Infrastructure Towards Water Resilient Hebbal District

Situated in the northern core of Bangalore, Hebbal is currently facing rapid urban expansion. At the same time, Hebbal faces many issues such as improper land use, disconnected urban infrastructure and natural matrix, causing a series of social and environmental problems. Located at the most significant transportation node and water system connector of Hebbal district, our site's interventions focus on three vitall blue-green infrastructure issues from a different point of views.

Project 3.1 —— Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

To resolve issues of disconnected infrastructure and underutilized resources, a connected water-resilient Hebbal urban forest park with the utilization of on-site unmanaged resources is proposed. Located in the transport hub surrounded by the major road infrastructure, the site suffers urban issues like water pollution, air pollution, urban flooding, etc. Learning from forest typologies of Bangalore Science Institution, the proposed forest park with local vegetation selection carefully can provide different types of habitats to alleviate urban issues mentioned above, while establishing itself as a key landscape landmark.

Project 3.2 —— Economic Revitalization of Highway Roadside by the Ecological Revival of the Stream

The current land use and unmanaged wastewater discharges have negative impacts on the local water system and economic development. With rapid population growth and high-polluted industries, poorly performing infrastructure and unmanaged waste discharge end up along the stream.This project is focused on mitigating the water pollution, while promoting eco-friendly economic revitalization of the Bellary Highway area. By redefining land use and applying phytotechnology, the design purifies the highly polluted water through vegetation remediation.

Project 3.3 —— Matrix sanctuaries through the stream

"Matrix sanctuaries" is an adaptive habitat and civic space in response to the rapid urbanization in Hebbal, Bangalore. It focuses on revitalizing the degrading and imbalanced habitat along the stream through rehabilitation of habitats, improving accessibility and visual connectivity for both fauna and people. Rehabilitation involves conserving specific current habitat, regenerating the landscape within the stream and improving wildlife flow for seamless transition along the stream, through interventions such as the introduction of mudflat banks to replace existing walls. This aims to reconfigure the existing matrix along the stream, promoting the landscape as a connector to the segregated communities through creation of accessible pedestrian networks as corridors linking parts of community amenities and social nodes.

Tang Mengjiao, Zhang Qinqin, Yang Xiaowen, Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin

*BGI -Blue Green Infrastructure

SITE INTRODUCTION

Natural of bangalore: shrinking and fragmented during urbanization

Problems &challenges

Hebbal site: rapidly developed hebbal district

ISSUE STATEMENTS AND PROJECTS

FOUR ISSUE STATEMENTS AND THREE PROJECTS

ISSUE 1- Disconnected Infrastructure

ISSUE 2- Underutilized Natural &Human Resources

Reorganize and make use of unutilized resources in Hebbal site with connection of blue-green infrastructure, making it an water-resilient urban forest park with tight community connection.

ISSUE 3- Increased Water Demands and Contamination

Improving polluted water system and landscape productivity by reshaping land use form and inserting phytotechnology towards an eco-friendly economic hub.

PROJECT 1

Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

ISSUE 4- Decontextualized Open Space Usage

Utilizing the stream as an agent for connectivity links the segmentation between communities, nature and fauna.

PROJECT 2

Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

PROJECT 3 Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream

Boundary of three projects

LEGEND

Project 1 boundary

Project 2 boundary

Project 3 boundary

PROJECT 3: Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream

PROJECT 1: Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

PROJECT 2: Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

WATER RESILIENT HEBBAL URBAN FOREST PARK

Issue 1-1: improper drinage and road infrustructure

Road infrustructure: rapid development but placed inconsiderately

Improper drainage system causes flooding and mixed sewage

Issue 1-2: stream canalization causes invisibility and disconnection

Development of Stream Canalization

Stream Typologies and Problems

Total Population:6465

Total canopy cover:610535.796m³

Total vegetation:2659 Grey water/d:732083.7L(82.16%)

Total discharge wastewater:891006.3L

Total area:905904.32 ㎡

High runoff area:426603.14 ㎡ (47.1%)

Total volume :610535.796m³=

Canopy cover Very dense Vegetation desity Dense Less dense Water area: 0.00 Forest & wooden area: 0.05 Meadow area: 0.18 Uncompacted soil: 0.30 Compacted soil: 0.50 Brick pavements area:0.80 Water-tight roof area: 0.85 Asphalt pavements area: 0.90 Concrete pavements area:0.95 External uncompacted soil External compacted soil *42540

5.soil

4.stormwater

3.discharged water

1. manpower

Church School Residential Commercial building Factory

Three strategies in response to the two highlighted issues

VISION

Reorganize and make use of unutilized resources in Hebbal site with connection of blue-green infrastructure, making it an water-resilient urban forest park with tight community connection.

ISSUE

ISSUE 1- Disconnected Infrastructure

STRATEGY 1

Reshape the landform and water flow with unutilized resource

STRATEGY 2

Employ blue-green infrastructure for connenction

ISSUE 2- Underutilized Natural & Human Resources

STRATEGY 3

Retrofit functions into blue-green infrastructure

500m

Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

Existing land use

Proposed 2031 land use

Design Sustainable Water Flow

Before After

RUNOFF COLLECTION INTO LARGER WATER SYSTEM

WATER CATCHMEN UNDER FLYOVER

WATER CATCHMEN UNDER FLYOVER

1A 1B 1C

Basin runoff Concrete drainage/ pipe The stream

Unmanaged Area Near The Transportation Stream

2A 2B 2C

Captured runoff Discharged water Concrete stream The lake

STREAM ROAD DRAINAGE

RUNOFF COLLECTION/ BIO-PURIFICATION REUSE INTO LARGER WATER SYSTEM

Unmanaged Area Near The Transportation Stream

Carbon forest Bio-swale Dry creek/ Bus station The stream

2A 2B 2C

1A 1B 1C 1D 2D

Captured Runoff Discharged water Hydroponic filtration wetland Orchard/ Aquaculture/ Residential area

STREAM ROAD DRAINAGE

The lake

Detail design: water treatment of natural catchment near the transportation

A. RUNOFF

C. REUSE

1.Orchard

1.Mound runoff

2.Settling basin

2.Residential area 3.Refiltration

INTO LARGER WATER SYSTEM 2C 2C

2B 2B 2B

2D

B. COLLECTION/ BIO-PURIFICATION

300m N 300m N

1.Hydroponic filtrration wetland

185

STRATEGY 1: RESHAPE THE LANDFORM

A Water-Resilient Urban Forest Park

Users- Land Use- Demand- Functions

Benefits of urban forest

Refiltration

Water point

Botanical wetland

Simple bridge

Planning residential area

192

1 Roadside bio-swale Children playground Campground Edibal forest Farm market Neighborhood forest Sport field Open forest Research forest Hydroponic filtrration wetland Industrial forest buffer

7 Vegetation screen

Rest area

path

5

Dry creek

Culture exhibition

Bio-swale

PROJECT 3.1

Connected Water-Resilient Hebbal Urban Forest Park

STRATEGY 3: RETROFIT FUNCTIONS INTO BGI

Different vegetation strategies for different habitats

LEGEND

Ecological forest habitat

Educational forest habitat

Tourism forest habitat

Bio-swale habitat

Purification wetland habitat

Stream habitat

500m

REMEDIATION OF POLLUTED STREAM

Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

SEVERLY POLLUTED STREAM

Water pollution macro and micro site analysis

Located in high-dense urban area, the water system of Hebbal has been highly polluted. In site, current improper land use layout and unmanaged waste discharge severely pollute the local system. Polluted industries, poorly infrastructure and direct wastewater discharge are found along the stream.

Pollution Source

Site Context: issues

Polluted stream water/ Unmanaged waste disposal/ Unbalanced vegetation/ Poor performed infrastructure

Waterflow velocity Solid waste distribution Tree with big canopy Drainage discharge flow Water edge hardening

WATER CONTAMINATION ISSUE RESEARCH

Pollutant components and migration of site programs

Road and car debris

Nutrients; Metals; Petroleum

Lawn and landscape care

Pesticides; POPs; Metals; Nutrients

Grey water discharge and air conditioning units

Nutrients; Metals; Petroleum; Suspended solids; Bacteria; CFCs

Electrical cemetery

Nutrients; Metals; Salt; Embalming fluids

Graveyard

Nutrients; Metals, Petroleum; POPs

Public toilet

Nutrients; Metals; Petroleum; Suspended solids; Bacteria

Laundry

Nutrients; Metals; Suspended solids; Salts; Chlorinated solvents

Illegal dumping

All contaminants possible

Outfall

Nutrients; Metals; Suspended solids; Petroleum

Flower market

Pesticides; Nutrients; Metals; POPs

Vacant lots

Petroleum; Metals; Chlorinated solvents; POPs

Debris and wastes

Nutrients; Petroleum; Metals; Chlorinated solvents

Open spaces and lawns

Pesticides; POPs; Metals; Nutrients

Gas station

Petroleum; Metals; Nutrients; Salts

Bus washing

Petroleum; Metals; Salts; Chlorinated solvents

Bus repairing

Petroleum; Metals; Salts; Lead

Bus sevice house

Nutrients; Petroleum; Metals; Chlorinated solvents

STRATEGY 1 IMPROVE CURRENT WATER POLLUTION

PROJECT 3.2

Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

STRATEGY 1 IMPROVE CURRENT WATER POLLUTION

Vision: Migrate current water pollution by introducing phytotechnology to the site Before intervention

After intervention

POTENTIAL OF THE STREAM 1: WATER CONSUMPTION AND WATER SHORTAGE

Site water consumption and water use efficiency

POTENTIAL OF THE STREAM 2: HIGHWAY AS THE ECONOMIC BACKBONE

Case study of land use in developed commercial hub of Koramangala

National Highways form the economic backbone of the country and have often facilitated development along their routes. Many new towns have sprung up along major highways.

Koramangala highway roadside area land use

Development of Koramangala

Koramangala is the second posh locality in Bangalore, India. Roads near Airport Road and the residential areas in Koramangala were dug up for renovation for over two years. Situated in the south-eastern of the city, it is one of the largest neighborhoods and is a highly sought residential locality with wide, tree-lined boulevards and a mix of luxury apartments, commercial structures, and posh bungalows as a commercial hub.

Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

STRATEGY 2: INSERT AND DEVELOP ECO-FRIENDLY LOCAL ECONOMIES

Masterplan of environmentally friendly economy re-establishment

Water-related productive economic programs

As water gets purified along the secondary stream, it will be reused during flowing area. A series of eco-friendly economic industries and water-related productive landscape will generate in the potential area with different water quality requirements.

Water redistribution and reuse

Water sources equally quantitative distribution

Laundry

Proposed programs water reuse scenario

Car wash/ repair/ trade shop

STRATEGY 3: UTILIZE AND RECONNECT EXISTING PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS

Vision for site design: Use blue-green infrastructure to remediate site landscape from pollution to value

Dhobi Ghat Laundry Area

Plant Nursery Bus depot

Remediated Stream Landscape From Pollution To Value

STRATEGY 3: UTILIZE AND RECONNECT EXISTING PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS

Vision for site design: Use blue-green infrastructure to remediate site landscape from pollution to value

Before reconnection

After reconnection

Vision for big scale: Integrated ecosystem service and economic transformation for Hebbal district

Accessibility between community and stream

EXISTING VIEW ANALYSIS

Section analysis

Matrix Sanctuaries through stream

: Accessibility between communities and stream

ACCESSIBIITY RECONFIGURATION

LEGEND

Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream

New Connector

Existing Urban Matrix

The landscape will also be a connector to the segregated communities by introducing accessible pedestrian networks as nodes linking another part of community amenities.

Matrix sanctuaries is an adaptive habitat and civic spaces in response to the rapid urbanization in Hebbal, Bangalore. It focuses on revitalizing the degrading and imbalance habitat along the stream through rehabilitation of habitats, accessibility and visual connectivity (views) for both fauna and people. Through this approach, the project will buffer the changing urban landscape by empowering the existing blue and green corridor. Utilizing the stream as an agent for connectivity links the segmentation between communities, nature, and fauna.

Rehabilitation involves conserving specific current habitat, regenerating the landscape within the stream and improving wildlife flow between habitat for seamless transition along the stream such as the introduction of mudflat banks to replace the existing walls. This will reconfigure the existing matrix along the stream that will layer over the different habitat zones.

Views and visibility study will improve and allow the exploration of potential views for both people and wildlife. Designed walkways and open spaces will replace the existing walls from school, residential and commercial areas which will encourage people and nature to be close with a clear sense of place.

INTERVENTION 01: VIEW PEAK

INTERVENTION 02: VIEWING ORB

INTERVENTION 03: GRASSLAND VALLEY

Matrix Sanctuaries Through Stream

INTERVENTIONS (SETIONS + PERSPECTIVES)

INTERVENTION 04: SCHOOL WATERSTAGE

PROJECT 4: BETTER LAKE THAN NEVER

RE-WEAVING BANGALORE’S NATURAL-BUILT ENVIRONMENT NEXUS

Bangalore used to be the “City of Lakes”. However, due to rapid urbanization, development and growth now take precedence while man lose their symbiotic relationship with these water bodies. Our project looks at Lake Nagawara, which lost ecological significance in 2005, when it was transformed to a gated recreational facility, where urbanization and privatization resulted in disconnection of Lake Nagawara from its lake series and its people. As a water stressed city, the precinct continues to face water supply issues, struggling with inefficient water management. Mono-functional and underutilized spaces serve little function while the ecological health of the area deteriorates with increased pollution and destruction of natural habitats for wildlife.

This project then envisions an alternative possibility for the lake and its surroundings - a precinct where citizens are exposed to and interconnected with nature in everyday landscapes, capable of being self-sustainable in terms of water supply and having access to a wide range of public open spaces for recreation and social activities. With these aims as an overarching goal, three areas of interest for intervention were identified:

Project 4.1 —— Existing Industrial and Residential

The existing developments adjacent to the wetland are retrofitted and improved with an approach towards cleansing and maximising resource potential of water through water sensitive urban design. The project aims to use water as a catalyst to reintegrate the community to the lake- reinstating lost values while re-creating Bangalore’s traditional habitats.

Project 4.2 —— Lake Nagawara

Lake Nagawara is transformed from a private recreational facility into a shared urban common with enhanced habitats for biodiversity. Through reintroduction of water flow, the lake has been injected with new vitality and the urban lake ecosystem has been set up. Also, with redistribution of habitat and human flow, the accessibility of the lake banks are increased as biodiversity and connectivity are improved. The boundary of the lake will be softened to integrate it as an ecological zone in the city.

Project 4.3 —— Prospective Residential District

A prospective residential development situated right beside the lake is designed to interweave nature into residents’ daily landscapes, with utmost importance on open space planning, integrated water management to capture stormwater for on-site re-use and alternative streetscape and construction phased hierarchy for sustainability. Strategies explore how land, a highly sought after resource in Bangalore, can be effectively utilized as multi-functional landscapes.

In conclusion, this project aims demonstrate alternative city infrastructure that is focused on reintegrating people back to the lakes and showing how water and land can be efficiently managed through blue-green infrastructural design.

Dai Yuke, Elsa Sim Rui Jia, Mitali Kumar

SITE CONTEXT

ISSUE 1 LOSS OF SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE

Loss of Traditional Dependence and Daily Interactions with Nature

The lake ecosystems before had significant impact on the livelihoods of people and communities living in its vicinity - be it cultural, ecological, economical, etc. This significance saw a drastic change in the 20th century - when the lakes were viewed just as sources of recreation - with no connection with its precinits.

Unplanned rapid urbanisation during late nineties - led to encroachment of lakes and storm water drains. During the last four decades there has been 79% reduction in water bodies and the number of lakes in Bangalore.

Our study site- Lake Nagawara is a part of Yellamallapa Shetty Kere lake series in the Hebbal Valley of Bangalore. Comprising of a total of 51 major lakes , the series has lost over 35 major water bodies over the last 20yrs.

Source: 1)Vanishing

Yellamallapa

Disconnection of Lake nagawara from the Lake series

Bangalore Lake Series

Shetty Kere Watershed

Lakes: A study of Bangalore City; P Thippaiah

2) Status of Water bodies, Drainage Network and Water Management in and around Bangalore by Dr.T.J. Renuka Prasad

ISSUE 1 LOSS OF SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE

Loss of an Urban Common - Privatization of Lake Nagawara

Original Lake Catchment Area: 300 Ha

Current Catchment Area: 23 Ha

Originally connected as a single lake with Lake Hebbal, a change was brought upon due to urban outgrowth and requirement of connectivity to the outskirts of the city.

A transport corridor was built across, dividing the lake into 2 separate entities, with Lake Nagawara becoming an isolated water body.

Dwindling Lake Area and Green Cover

Vegetation Density: 1 Tree for Every 7 People

Ecology and Lack of Diversified Habitat

The area has a relatively high vegetation density in comparision to Bangalore city due to the presence of a 22Ha associated wetland and several private lands. These vegetation patches are under a risk of harm due unplanned future developments by real estate authorities.

Though the area has a relatively high tree density, vegetation here is struggling to grow due to lack of availability of water, and lack of care, degrading soil quality - which leads to several diseases, termite infested vegetation, etc.

Decline in health and prevalance of flora and fauna is a clear indication of the deteriorating environmental conditions and health of the urban ecosystem.

1. Existing Industrial and Residential

2. Lake Nagawara

3. Prospective Residential District

fLora anD fauna

ISSUE 2 WATER STRESSED CITY

Unbalanced Water Supply and Demand

Survey Results - Major Concerns in Hebbal

Water Supply and Demand Gap

Water Demand Per Day: 4.08MLD 1600

LEGEND

Extreme Demand

High Demand

Moderate Demand

200m

It is estimated that there's a loss of 45% of supplied water to the canal due to leakages and mismanagement I.e for 4.08MLD demand a supply of 5.9MLD is required.

The natural resources are depletingwith depth to ground water being around 30m on avg. in the region.

Due to irregular supply of water from the Municipality, resident communities have to buy water from water sharks providing water tankers of 7000 litres capacity at Rs 650 almost every alternate day.

Pollution and Underutilized Resources

Water Contamination

Best value of TDS for drinking is 150-250. The lake has TDS value ranging from 516528.8ppm which is poor quality for drinking. The sewage canal has TDS value ranging from 912.8 -1015.2ppm which is least acceptable for drinking.

Surface Water Quality

Distribution of Waste and Soil Contamination

ISSUE 3 UNPLANNED OPEN SPACE SYSTEM

Lack of Open Spaces for Recreation

Underutilized open spaces are often used by people as dumping grounds for garbage- leading to issues such as upleasant sight, smell, lack of sense of belonging and reduced quality of life

DESIGN VISION

Improved Accessibility to Nature

LIQUID WASTE SOLID WASTE ORGANIC WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE

Existing Industrial and Residential Development

Site Conditions and Issues

Nagawara region has a complex urban fabric. The settlement comprises of several landuses and associated activities; with the prime being: Industrial Zone: Car Service Spaces, Paint Production Factory, Woodwork ;Commercial: Small shops, food restaurants and stalls; Residential: High Rise residential and Low rise residential and Unallocated Landuse: Currently an unutilized wetland, used by cows as grazing field.

With the 2030 landuse plan suggesting a complete removal of the insustries to change the landuse to residential, efficient management of this new residential development alongside maximising potential of the existing conditions for efficient water management is the need of the hour.

High water demand - aprox.

0.35MLD

Intensively managed landscape Area comes in 50m buffer from storm water drain

Uderutilized as blocked green space - under risk of exploitation by developers

Major connections via a high traffic motor road and lack in pedestrian linkages

SEWAGE CANAL

Polluted sewage water - with EC levels as high as 1400 μS

Independant water managementlack of efficient water management

20,250 litre/day water requirement

Genereation of aprox. 40,000lts polluted water daily Posses threat to adjacent wetlands

suggesteD strategies:

RECTIFY 1

Proposing policies for sustainable neighbourhood development

STRATEGIES

2 3 4

ENHANCE ACTIVATE NURTURE

Creating a resiliant community by developing storm water and grey water treatment landscapes

Integrating community with landscapes by creating active edges and introducing urban nodes

Conserving natural woodlands and introducing habitats to foster health flora and fauna

PROPOSED MASTERPLAN

60m

LEGEND

A - RETAINED PLAY FIELD

B- RAIN GARDEN

C- BIO RETENTION POND

D- BIO-POOL

E- RESIDENTIAL SQUARE

F- OLD RESIDENTIAL DEV.

G- FRUIT ORCHARD

H- URBAN AGRICULTURE

I - URBAN PLAZA

J- RELIGIOUS TANK

K- FLOWER FIELD

L- LINK BRIDGE

M- NATURE TRAIL

N- GRAZING PASTURE

O- COW ACCESS ROUTE

P- WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Q- NEW RESIDENTIAL

R- COMMUNITY GREEN

S- COMMUNITY WELL

T- NEW COMMERCIAL

U - WASTE MANAGEMENT

V - DETENTION POND

1. RECTIFY

Rectifying Landuse and Setting Targets to enhance capacacity

Sensitive space allocation for efficient resource management:

The intervention aims to reallocate the space based on the Propesed 2030 masterplan. Removal of the industrial zone to shift it to the new industrial zone will reduce the water demand and pollution. Another major issue noticed on site is the waste generated. To handle this a waste handling centre for the region is proposed to collect and transport the waste from households and sewage canal to the Integreated waste management facility proposec adjacent to the Sewage Treatment Plant.

New Development - On site

Rainwater harvesting

UN Habitat Guidelines: More than or equals 15,000 people per km2 for Sustainable Urban

Living

++ Capture 100% Rainwater

+++ 100% Greywater reuse

++++ 40% site area green

Retained Existing Residential interlinked with proposed water management system

++ Capture 75% Rainwater

+++ 100% Greywater reuse

New water System through naturalizing the canal

Upgrading Existing Landscapes to encourage spontaneous vegetation

++ Capture 75% Rainwater

+++ 100% Greywater reuse

Nature Park

To attract fauna associated with lake to the utban setting and create urban habitats

Waste Management System

Collected waste to Proposed Integrated waste management facility

Surplus Energy

Regenerated material

Waste Collection Unit

Waste from Households and bridge filter

Waste Management Facility Source: https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/waste-management/waste-management-infrastructure/integrated-wastemanagement-facility

2. ENHANCE

Designing an efficient natural water infratructure for efficient resouce management

Greywater and Canal Water

Treatment:

As the existing site consisted of a 22.3 Ha wetland currently utilised solely as a grazing field for catte the idea of the design is to utilize the wetland as an integrated system for treatment of water from the storm water canal as well as the grey water from adjacent communities.

The Wetland was designed using design standards of a treatment wetland proposed for Bellandur Lake in Bangalore.

On Site Stormwater and Roof colledted Rainwater Treatment:

At present the storm water on site is lost as run-off through the drains, ending up as a lost resource - combined with sewage water in the canal and terminating in the STP, increasing its load. The idea is to fully utilize the storm water through multi-functional blue green infrastrucuture, to instigate the community and make them aware of its value.

Several water management strategies are incorporated to reduce the 65% stormwater lost as surface run-off on site for 75% catchment in existing and 100% in new developments.

a) Rain- gardens b) Bio-Pools c) Bio- Retention Ponds d) Detention Fields e) Stepped Terrace Treatment Belts d) Tank g) Bioswales

3. ACTIVATE

Selective opening of the residences towards the wetlands and lake:

Currently the locality is completely segregated from the lake ecosystem by means of fences - which kills the character of the space. While fences are important for measures of security and privacy, the design aims to naturalize the fences to create natural diversions - to safegaurd along with instigate the community to be a be aware of their surroundings.

Several Activity nodes are created alongside to pique the participants interests and serve as access points for the people to explore the Nature Park and Lake.

Activity Nodes:

Recreating Traditional Kalyanis -stepped wells for cultural festivities

Recreating Traditional gundathopes - associated woodlands with the lake ecosystem

Instigating Genius Loci

PROJECT 4.1

Existing Industrial and Residential Development

4. NURTURE

Creating enhanced ecosystems for encouraging fauna

After studying the major 47 bird species visiting Nagawara lake and the 150 bird species visiting lake Hebbal; the site coming in between both is an important link in between the two patches of flora.

For the 15 selected fauna -appropriate habitats are created site wide to enhance urban fauna.

Grassland

Decidous Forest

Fruit Orchard

Shallow Water Habitat

Deep Water Habitat

Phreatophyte Trees

Urban Green

Grassland

Decidous Forest

Fruit Orchard

Phreatophyte Trees

Urban Green

Deep Water Habitat

Shallow Water Habitat

LAKE NAGAWARA

Vision

Strategies

Open

1. Removing fences and increasing accessibilities to the lake

2. Reshape six common landscape types of waterfront space to create a variety of biological habitats and spatial feelings.

3. Build a well-organized transportation system- A 15-kilometer multi-purpose pedestrian road will stretch along the lake's shore and circle the lake, while the vehicle lanes on the street level will provide more rapid and convenient traffic space.

Naturalize

1. Rearrange lakeside habitats.

2. Wetlands and meadows along the lake's shore will create a biofiltration system that also provides natural habitats for wildlife.

3. Remodeling and expanding bird sanctuaries and setting up a central island.

Connect

1. Redefine lake banks of human and nature.

2. Crosswalks and specific paths are used to connect the lake district with all the residential communities along the lake.

3. Increase the water affinity space, including the north side of the public houseboat, wooden walkway, overlook and fishing area.

NortherN bANk- eAsterN bANk- southerN bANk- WetlANds- lAke

STRATEGY 1 OPEN LAKE TO THE PUBLIC

Issue 1: Underutilized lake banks

issue 2: insufficient Lake banks area

Issue 3: Obstructions of the lake banks

STRATEGY 1 OPEN LAKE TO THE PUBLIC

Step 1: Rearranging human activities

Step 2: Extanding lake banks

Step 3: Removing fences Adding more accessibilities

STRATEGY 2 NATURALIZING THE LAKE

Existing lake habitats

Connection between targeted birds and habitats

Great Cormorant

Eurasian Coot

Indian Cormorant

Deep

Shallow

Oriental Darter

Little Cormorant

Pale-billed Flowerpecker

Spot-billed Pelican

Indian Spot-billed Duck

Gray Heron

Little Egret

Cattle Egret

Indian Pond-Heron

Eurasian Coot

Jungle Myna

Indian Silverbill

White-browed Wagtail

Gray-headed Swamphen

Common Sandpiper

Eurasian Marsh-Harrier

Paddyfield Pipit

Rose-ringed Parakeet

White-cheeked Barbet

Shikra

Large-billed Crow

Eurasian Kestrel

Black Kite

Brahminy Kite

Spotted Dove

PROJECT

Habitat Typologies

deep WAter hAbitAt

deep WAter hAbitAt

bArreN lANd hAbitAt shrublANd hAbitAt

shrublANd hAbitAt

WoodlANd hAbitAt

Wetland

Hydrophilic Platform Lakeside Trail Upland Garden Floating Islands

STRATEGY 2 NATURALIZING THE LAKE

Deep

Deep

STRATEGY 3 CONNECTING HUMAN AND NATURE

Relationship between human activities and habitats

Relationship between human and flora

DeepWaterHabitat

FloatingWetland

Forest Area:

Low-DenseForest

ShallowWaterHabitat

Marshland/Wetland

DeepWaterHabitat

DeepWaterHabitat

Habitats: High-dense woodlands/ Aquiculture ponds/ Deep water habitats/ Wetlands

Human activities: Jogging/ Bird watching/ Photography

Constructed Wetland Area:

Habitats: Low-dense woodlands/ Shrublands/ Deep water habitats/ Shallow water habitats/ Wetlands

Human activities: Walking dogs/ Jogging/ Walking

Fishing Area:

Habitats: Urban green belts/ Shrublands/ Lawn/ Deep water habitats

Human activities: Walking dogs/ Jogging/ Walking/ Fishing

Constructed Wetland Area

High-DenseForest

RainGarden

/Multi-useTrail LakesideMeadow

Overview: Over 90% of revetments are open. The area of greenery and habitat has tripled. More access to the lake. Including fast pathway and slow-visiting walking ways.

ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN

1. Natural Connection

2. Fishing Market

3. Fishing Platform

4. Rain Garden

5. Wooden Bridge

6. Swimming Pool

7. Leisure Square

8. Fittness Square

9. Multi-use Loop Trail

10. Lakeside Lawn

11. Community Garden

12. Outdoor education

13. Wetland

14. Secondary Forest

15. Birds Sanctaury

16. Waterway

Shallow

water habitat

Deep water habitat

Wetlands /Marshlands

Rain Water

Garden

Urban Green

Community Garden

High-dense Forest

Surface Runoff

Water Flow

Lake Watershed

Biofiltration

Human Activities

Stepping

Predestrain Roads

Elevated Walkways

Natural Trails

Hardsurface Roads

Vehicular Roads

Lake Nagawara

ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN

Habitat

Water flow

Water flow

PROSPECTIVE RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT

Strategies

Thoughtful Open Space Planning

1. Restoring and enhancing green infrastructure

2. Open space planning as part of stormwater management plan

3. Encouraging productive landscapes in the neighbourhood

Stormwater Management

1. On-site capture and reuse of rain and stormwater for non-potable use

2. Restoring natural hydrology of the site

3. Creating public spaces around water bodies

Activating the Public Realm

1. Variating streetscapes by incorporating different activities

2. Designing for suitable scale of street network

3. Encouraging activites to spill out onto the public realm

Phased Construction

1. Shifting the focus from built environment to completing blue green infrastructural elements first

2. Efficient use of land and space for construction materials and administration

3. Staggered construction process with natural growth of site greenery

PROJECT 3 PROSPECTIVE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

ENVISIONING OPEN SPACE AND WATER FLOW

STRATEGY 1 THOUGHTFUL OPEN SPACE PLANNING

GREEN SPACE HIERARCHY

Conservation

Park and Greenways

Stormwater Strategies

Productive Landscape

Recreational

INJECTING NATURE AS EVERYDAY LANDSCAPES

ACCOMODATING OPEN SPACE WITH HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

Placement of Houses In Relation for Opportunities for Semi-Private Spaces

BACKYARD

Opened up to stream, with intercropping between existing coconut plantation. Restored traditional sense of space for cattle raising and water management techniques.

COURTYARD AND ALLEYWAYS

Green strip with small fruit trees and green setbacks from apartments. Shade tolerant plants might be more suitable. Natural hedge used for edible fence.

SIDE YARD, FRONT YARD, ALLOTMENTS

Household private productive landscapes become semi-private spaces. Provides streetscape character and forms boundary.

Long Section of Nestled Houses Through the Coconut Plantation, Linear Park and Park Connector

STRATEGY 2 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Integrated On-site Harvesting and Re-use Approach Based on Sub-Water Catchment Analysis

MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS

Collect & Infiltrate

Detain & Reduce

Treat Storage

Convey Use

Subwatershed Basin

Stormwater Management Flow

LAKESIDE AND FOREST TRAIL Perspective of Integrating Lake Side as a Community Space

INTERLINKED AND NESTED-SCALE STRATEGIES Integrating Household Water Management with the Streets

STRATEGY 3 ACTIVATING THE PUBLIC REALM

Creating Multi-functional Streetscapes and Social Nodes

CONNECTIVITY NETWORK

Jogging Loop

Nature Trail

Secondary Greenways

Shared Living Street

Residential Woonerf

Main Vehicular Street

variating street tyPoLogies

Innovative Street Hierarchy Focusing on Walkability and Spill Out of Activities

ARTERIAL STREET

One-way through road with one sided on-street parking.

12 meters

LINEAR PARK

Pedestrian only street with spill out of activities.

11 meters

VEHICULAR ROAD

One-way through road with one sided on-street parking.

7 meters

SHARED LIVING STREET

Reduced demarcations between vehicular and pedestrian for greater activation of streetscape.

6.5 meters

RESIDENTIAL WOONERF

To encourage playing and gathering on the streets as semi-private realm.

5 meters

Prospective Residential District

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL STREETSCAPE

Perspective of Shared Living Street, Residential Woonerf and Main

Road

STRATEGY 4 PHASED CONSTRUCTION

Site Sensitive Development Proess

Forest regeneration

- Legumes treat contaminated soil

- Function as

Supplementary plantings.

STAGE 0

Existing site.

STAGE 1

District nature parks enhanced with park connector.

STAGE 2

Pocket park and civic amenities built first, providing open spaces.

STAGE 3

Linear park is built together with housing development in sub-watershed B and C.

STAGE 4

Remaining parcels developed with low impact design around existing blue-green infrastructure.

Road infrastructure constructed accordingly.

Construction buffered from established BGI.

Topsoil removed for compost. Treated on-site for future plants. Canal naturalized. Tree nursery located on lake bund.

by burning activities.

forage.

Arterial

NAGAWARA NOW

The Lake as an isolated lake ecosystem; disconnected from the adjoining communities

by Fence and Barriers

Illplaced Industrial Zone and Underutilized Wetland

Mismanaged vegetation and stormwater canal

Roads acting as a barrier for pedestrian connectivity

Isolated

OUR VISION

Nagawara Lake as a part of the community

Integrated water management (Storm water and Grey water) interlinked with opportunities for community spaces

Instigating a community green corridor to enhance the ecological value of the urban fabric

The Broader Perspective: creating a system to be reciprocated across the city, to make Bangalore water resilient

To enhance resource utilization and reestablish lost connections

Joint public-private usage of the lake banks and promoting habitat restoration

' This studio taught me a lot, especially in learning about what constitutes a well-thought design. A sensitive design requires detailed and rigorous analysis. Now I began to understand how to make my design more practical and real, rather than just exploring beautiful forms.'

- Hou Yanru

'... Bangalore is the most complex city that I have never worked on before! I used to pay close attention to generating “pretty shapes” in design, but this studio made me realize the importance of understanding and analyzing the site, with the form serving the function'

-Liu Ye

' By traveling to a completely different setting to study and quantify site conditions, I experienced the severity of the problem and how challenging and relevant it is. ... It made me understand the importance of the landscape in the daily needs of human beings by widening its range of action and complexity.'

' This studio broadened my horizon to explore the complexity of the urban environment and how it can connect by landscape interventions and how we, as landscape architects, can contribute to the low-income communities.'

-Chan Wing Fai

-Isabel Villegas

'This semester was challenging and offered an approach to design that required detailed analysis and awareness of many aspects of the site, with quantification of data to be mindful of what we were trying to achieve with our design interventions. We as a group tackled both, city scale and a smaller scale sites, which gave exposure to how good landscape projects are nested in multi-scales.'

'The most exciting learning point was, how to build a strong design statement from critical analysis and indepth research about the region of Bangalore. This studio allowed me to improve graphical representations of my ideas, especially to concisely represent detailed analysis into simple, understandable graphics. '

-Elsa Sim Rui Jia

-Manasi Prabhudesai

'This studio gave us an insight as to how our profession as landscape architects can have a significant impact in making a city resilient. Though challenging and intimidating, this semester allowed me to learn a lot from the engaging faculty and insightful peers.'

This ‘blue-green infrastructure’ focused studio offered me a great opportunity to understand how to manage extremely complex site elements with landscape architecture interventions. The studio enabled me not only to have full preparation for future blue-green infrastructure related projects, but also taught me to make full use of our site.

This studio provided me with a completely unknown overseas experience and an even more complex ecological and human context. It has also trained my design logical thinking, from large scale to small scale and efficient data analysis representation.

'In this studio, I uncovered a matrix of undesirable habitat for both wildlife and people. This allowed me to analyze and design in a way I have not done so before. Through the continuous process, as the design got clearer and deadline got nearer, I got more motivated to see the create a project worthy of the site in Hebbal.'

-Tang Mengjiao

-Yang Xiaowen

-Rahmat Khairudin

-Mitali Kumar

We analyzed different aspects of our site to understand it further, which made me understand the complexity of landscapes. The most important thing I learnt is the significance of calculation and quantification to design for the shape and size of our design, so that we are able to give a strong justification.

'I learnt a lot of the need to collect and analyze information collaboratively; not only for site conditions or during the design process, but also to support design strategies with research. Landscape architecture is interdisciplinary.'

-Zhang Qinqin

-Chen Nan

I am very proud that I could complete this research, and it was necessary to do this before proceeding with the design. By working in groups, I was exposed to a completely different way of thought process and design thinking, which helped me understand a more comprehensive approach of landscape design. I gained insights on the many considerations required when working on a diverse and complicated scale.

-Dai Yuke

Published by

Department of Architecture

School of Design and Environment

National University of Singapore

4 Architecture Drive

Singapore 117566

Tel: +65 65163452

Fax: +65 67793078

Copyright © 2019 Hwang Yun Hye (ed.)

ISBN: