NUS DoA M.ARCH1+2 OPTIONS+INTEGRATED STUDIO - FUTURE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOODS [F.U.N.] by NUS Department of Architecture

YEAR 4+5 INTEGRATED STUDIO COMPILATION OF SAMPLES

M.ARCH 1+2, INTEGRATED STUDIO FUNG JOHN CHYE

FUTURE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOODS [F.U.N.]

IMAGE CREDIT: JEREMY JOHN KUM

MASTERS DESIGN PROJECTS

INTERESTS

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES

Masters Design Projects include those explored in two Options Design Research Studios (M.Arch 1), the Advanced Architecture Studio and the Thesis project in M.Arch 2. All studios may explore issues relevant to the interests of the Research Clusters, adjunct teachers and professors in practice. Students are encouraged to capitalise on faculty expertise in widening the scope of investigations which collectively strengthen the Thesis Project in M.Arch 2.

A good Masters project is one where:

Essential and Elective modules are useful in underpinning your Masters studio investigations. Although Options Design Research studios may be varied in content and method, students are advised to be selective and to use them as ‘learning runways’ to identify a Thesis topic and to apply accumulated knowledge there. The Advanced Architecture Studio preceding the Thesis may be used to explore thesis drivers in greater detail and focus. It is expected that the Thesis project will be the most comprehensive and extensive study of all the Masters Design Projects. _______________________________________________________________________________________

• the research process informs design strategy which can be followed through a coherent sequential process of explorations or iterations • the research generates an underlying order giving rise to a number of architectural or urban propositions • the research or issues engaged with, give rise to new solutions through design, some of which are singular, permutable or recombinant • it addresses the contextual specificities of site, material, spatial, culture and program and all of the above are communicated through architectural drawings, well-crafted models and annotations which curate a design process and outcome(s) that can be understood without a verbal presentation by the author Beyond a commitment to individual academic portfolios, Masters projects play an important role in characterising the discursive ethos of a design school. It is important that you do your best.

DESIGN AS INQUIRY Masters projects can be research investigations where design forms a principal mode of inquiry. Methods can be heuristic or empirical or in mixed modes of inquiry. There are a number of research methods in design investigations leading to different outcomes but they are by no means exhaustive: • textual/graphic analysis of theoretical concepts with investigations drawn from critical discourse using text references, works of art/representation • quantitative analysis to verify qualitative hypotheses with simulation, physical experiment, prototype testing and mixed methods • scenario-driven speculative design to suggest solutions to emergent need. The process in itself is a new way of seeing/thinking which generates many solutions. One version of a solution may be articulated spatially and in full materiality • new research knowledge is interpreted in architecture as a new way of thinking/making/experiencing • existing practices, processes or existing technologies are applied to design and which produce ‘unprecedented’ outcomes

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MASTERS DESIGN PROJECTS

INTERESTS

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES

A good Masters project is one where:

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RESEARCH CLUSTERS

ASIA RESEARCH FOCUS

III. TECHNOLOGIES

The Department positions itself as a design and research think-tank for architectural and urban development issues emerging in South Asia and SE Asia contexts. Graduate coursework in design engages with key challenges in population growth, industry, infrastructure, housing and environment, climate change and rapid economic change with disruptive technologies. In engaging with trans-boundary economies and technological change, the Department addresses concerns with the environmental impact of new settlements and cities on the natural environment in the light of climate change and on the threat to heritage and cultural presentation. MArch studios anticipate planning solutions through design explorations at various scales of intervention. The Master’s coursework are thus aligned to a core of five teaching groups viz. History Theory Criticism, Research by Design, Design Technologies, Urbanism and Landscape Studies. _______________________________________________________________________________________

The Technologies cluster investigates environmentally performative/sustainable building forms and systems,and generative-evaluative processes for designing liveable environments. Its research employs traditional and emerging technologies contributing to a new understanding of the human ecosystem, and emerging computational methods and techniques for discovering the relationships between form and performance. It researches on the relationship between human and natural landscapes, at every scale, from the building component scale to the urban scale. Special emphasis is placed on the context of high density Asian cities and the context of the Tropics.

I. HISTORY THEORY CRITICISM The History Theory Criticism cluster develops critical capacities to examine questions of architectural production, representation and agency within historical and contemporary milieu. Taking architecture and urbanism in Asia as its primary focus, members work in interdisciplinary and transnational modes. We explore a range of topics relating to colonial/postcolonial and modern/ postmodern Asian cities; aesthetics and technopolitics of tropical climate and the built environment; affective media including film, contemporary art and exhibitionary modes; heritage politics and emergent conservation practices. We develop discursive fronts through a variety of media and scales. The cluster research encompasses scholarly, creative and advocacy activities. Output includes monographs, edited volumes, research papers, architectural reviews in professional journals, curatorial practice, conservation work, film and photography, object-making, and policy-influencing advocacy work.

II. RESEARCH BY DESIGN The Research by Design cluster performs translational research through the practices of making as research rather than through traditional forms academic research. It links the importance of creating, drawing, and building with rigor, originality, and significance to produce innovative and creative designs that shape the built environment. Located strategically between the NorthSouth axis of rapidly urbanizing Asia and the East -West line of the tropical equator, the Research by Design cluster performs research through practice in three main themes: • Novel aesthetics of climatic calibration and performance; • Contemporary architectonics of fabrication, material, and resources contingent on South East Asia; and • Emergent spaces of inhabitation and production surrounding the equator.

IV. URBANISM With a comprehensive understanding of the complexity and distinctive characters of emerging urbanism in Asia, the vision is to develop sustainable models and innovative urban strategies to cope with various environmental, social, economic and technological challenges that Asian cities face today and in the future. Emergent urban issues related to community & participation, conservation & regeneration, ageing & healthcare, built form, modelling & big data, and resilience & informality are investigated from multiple perspectives and inter- and transdisciplinary collaborations to question conventional norms and conceptions and establish new visions for a sustainable urban future.

V. LANDSCAPE STUDIES The Landscape Studies cluster undertakes research to generate new knowledge of landscapes as socio-ecological systems and promotes the use of knowledge in governance systems and landscape design that improve the well-being of humans and the ecological integrity of the environment. The geographic focus is primarily high-density urban regions in Asia, but members of cluster also work in the transitional zones within the rural-urban continuum, where urban regions are expanding at a rapid rate into rural landscapes. The overall research approach is both interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary — we are concerned with not just advancing theoretical concepts and knowledge, but also applying the knowledge in practice and public policy to shape the environment. Our research areas cover a wide spectrum of socio-ecological dimensions of landscape, from landscape science, landscape management, to design research and socio-behavioural studies.

RESEARCH CLUSTERS

ASIA RESEARCH FOCUS

III. TECHNOLOGIES

Foreword FUTURE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOODS [F.U.N.] | UTOPIA OR OBLIVION by Fung John Chye Associate Professor in Practice

PREAMBLE | Over the past years, many studies investigated Singapore’s HDB neighbourhoods from various perspectives by framing different research questions and hypotheses. However, there was little attempt to integrate the studies in a comprehensive manner and a lack of continuity or sharing of the knowledge gained. Given that the high-density neighbourhood is a contested notion entailing a complex system of interconnected functions, it is crucial to reveal its multifarious guises to inform a homeostatic milieu that is optimal vis-à-vis the diverse needs of its users. This integrated studio for M.Arch 1 and 2 aims to re-imagine in a holistic way our future urban neighbourhoods by envisioning innovative urban design and architectural ideas that engender for all ages, a resilient community ageing-with-place. IMPETUS | Buckminster Fuller (1969) has argued for a “comprehensive anticipatory design science revolution” in order “to make the world work for 100% of humanity in the shortest possible time through spontaneous cooperation without ecological offense or the disadvantage of anyone.” His primary thesis was that humanity now has the opportunity to sustain itself by doing “more with less”. Elsewhere, he suggests: “The specialist in comprehensive design is an emerging synthesis of artist, inventor, mechanic, objective economist and evolutionary strategist.”3 The notion of utopia posited by Fuller is opposite of the common preconception —often unfavourably— of the term as associated with flights of idealised fantasies.Instead, utopia was staged as an aspiration to attain the most favourable human conditions by resolving realworld challenges. Against our contemporary interconnected global challenges of climate change,economic contestation, population ageing, rise of civil activism, disruptive technologies, changing work culture, etc., the overarching question is: how do these influences impact our future urban neighbourhoods? Equally, is there a future for the concept of ‘neighbourhood’ or will the rise of smart technologies breaches the threshold where geophysical boundaries are no longer relevant or meaningful? What does sustaining our commons entail? What are the deep values forming the axis around which we pivot to realise multiple futures? 2 Buckminster Fuller (1969). Utopia or Oblivion: The Prospects for Humanity. New York. 3 Buckminster Fuller (1963). Ideas and Integrity: A Spontaneous Autobiographical Disclosure. New York.

Design Brief

by Fung John Chye Associate Professor in Practice

In approaching this immense and complex task, we seek to unpack— albeit, limited as it is—how the environment and design might contribute to fostering resilient communities to mitigate the shocks and stresses of the global challenges. THEMATIC FOCI | The following topics are investigated at the neighbourhood level: 1. Resilience | commons, place-making, collective memories, co-creation, participatory design… 2. Living Arrangement | housing types, typologies, vertical community, activities of daily living… 3. Mobility | walkability, car-lite/car-free planning, active mobility… 4. Integrated Care | health district, community-based care, dementia-friendly, mindfulness… 5. Biophilic Design | climate change, urban heat island, urban greening… 6. Future of Work | co-working, sharing/circular economy, micro-economics... 7. Lifelong Learning | collaborative practices, immersive experience, intergenerational skills… 8. Technology | smart technologies, assistive eldercare, robotics, AI, VR/MR, IOT, … Students of this integrated studio will each research and develop deep insights on a focal topic for the individual research and concurrently act as ‘mini-experts’ to inform the masterplans to be developed through group work—each group comprising M.Arch 1 and 2 students. Thereafter, students will individually explore architectural ideas for a component of the masterplan. M.Arch 2 students are expected to translate their research for the thesis project in Semester 2.

SCENARIO

S I N G A P O R E 20 9 9 ENVISIONING A SOUTHERN COASTAL DISTRICT

The future is just one scenario away Associate Professor Fung John Chye Global climate change is an existential threat that affects the survival of island city states and coastal areas. It is well established that much of Singapore’s coastal areas will be inundated by the anticipated sea levels rise induced by global warming. Particularly, its southern coast faces the most critical challenges of flooding due to a projected sea level rise of 1 metre by the end of the century. Some argued that the exact extent of such devasting climate-induced impact could possibly be even more severe due to Singapore’s location along the equator, where stronger currents often generate greater sea swells. Conversely, the challenge offers immense opportunities to explore a planning approach that generates new urban typologies, whilst ensuring a solid defence that mitigates rising sea levels. The proposition of this Master of Architecture’s Integrated Studio is to imagine new possibilities beyond simply erecting engineering structures as the default response. Here, the studio explores the distant time scale of year 2099, anticipating how Singapore could create an imaginative line of defence along its southern coast. The scenario postulates the emergence of a 35 km linear Southern Coastal District for a resident population of approximately 2 millions, served by its own Coastal Line MRT and control-optimised autonomous transport systems. The study area is the Tangjong Pagar-Pulau Brani port terminals, which are in the process of relocating to Tuas mega-port as part of Singapore’s planning vision to free up the coastal areas for development of the Greater Southern Waterfront. Students were formed into groups to envision masterplans for integrated developments that include waterfront housing as a key component together with functions that support the fostering of urban and social resilience, health, work, mobility, ecology, leisure, and deployment of smart technologies.

HIVE RESIDENTIAL AND COMMUNITY JEREMY JOHN KUM SHENG JIE

CITY AS AS ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEM, CITY ARCHITECTURE AS AS SCAFFOLD SCAFFOLD ARCHITECTURE

GROUP REPORT REPORT GROUP By By Chen Candice Candice A0138725Y A0138725Y Chen Jeremy John John Kum Kum Sheng Sheng Jie Jie A0154576W A0154576W Jeremy Yoeng Shu Shu Hwee Hwee A0157499H A0157499H Yoeng Thesis Supervisor Supervisor Thesis Associate Professor Professor Mr Mr Fung Fung John John Chye Chye Associate

Content

Proposals Hive Housing by Jeremy John Kum Sheng Jie

Mobillity Hydroponics Station by Yoeng Shu Hwee

Coastal Community by Chen Candice

Agriculture Eco Tower by Chen Candice

City as Ecosystem, Architecture as Scaffold Introduction

Climate change is a series of threats that affect all aspects of human life, ranging from health issues to disruption of the natural ecosystems. Detrimental impacts are particularly severe from dense urban settlements, where most cities classified as a higher income group (FP101) are a major contributor to climate change due to human-induced activities that generate carbon emissions from industries, buildings, households, transportation and more. Urban cities are especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change as they are geographically immobile and will become a liability if the local ecosystem fails to adapt to climate-induced changes (Hoornweg, Freire, Lee, Tata & Yuen, 2011). When a city is unable to mitigate the projected impacts, it will be subjected to alarming threats that directly disrupt the livelihood of its people (FP102 to FP105), such as living conditions, economic hardship, social-behaviour, security of resources and more. Urbanisation plays a distinctive role in transforming the natural ecological systems, ranging from adverse climate conditions to the loss of biodiversity and increasing salinity of the ocean (Sassen, 2010). It has modified our natural ecosystems by imposing new environmental conditions such as urban heat island effect, air and water pollution, ozone layer damage, desertification and disruption to marine habitat especially in the context of Singapore due to land reclamations (FP201). These are caused by human activities due to urbanisation that led mankind to enter a new phase of environmental conditions, whereby humans are the dominant consumer of crucial ecosystems with urbanisation as the key instrument of consumption. A city is altogether a series of complex system that collectively causes environmental damage. Through these climate-induced changes, urbanisation had engineered the rise of different urban systems being developed to handle transportation, waste classification and disposal, built and environmental design, heating and cooling systems, food and water security, and industrial processes. However, these evolved systems of urbanisation are less sensitive towards the biological ecosystems and cause environmental degradation, such as the seawall implemented around the coasts of Singapore’s islands damaging 70% of the natural tidal habitats where coral reefs take root at and the implementation of Cross Island Line that may potentially damage Singapore’s Largest Reserve (FP202).

Studies of Homeostasis in Singapore Overview

Apart from theoretical studies of homeostasis in architecture and ecosystems, research and projects in Singapore has also shown the possibility of coexistence of natural habitats and species and people with a common urban space. For instance, the most adaptable immigrant wildlife species of smooth-coated otter and small-clawed otters (FP310) have been spotted and recorded in three localities: Sungei Buloh Wetlands, Pulau Ubin and Serangoon Reservoir (Theng and Sivasothi, 2016). These wildlife species are mostly sighted at places that are not the typical otter habitats, adapting to the urban infrastructure in Singapore where they were observed to climb out of drains and travel through large open grounds to get to another waterway (Xu, 2016). The spotting of otters, long-tailed macaques and hornbills in Singapore proves the possibility of wildlife animals coexisting with humans in an urban space if the right conditions are available to reduce conflicts. Mitigations can be made through awareness by educating Singaporeans on appreciating wildlife habitats without encroaching into their territories. As awareness is insufficient, programmes such as otter-watching may be introduced to allow communities with interests to become stewards of these wildlife species.

Biophilic Framework and the Built Environment Overview

The current built environment and urban neighbourhoods in Singapore will be analysed through case studies together using the HDB Biophilic Town Framework (FP313) to determine if they are successful in three aspects: a) homeostasis systems to combat climate change, b) place-making, and c) human-nature relationships and community cohesion. The HDB’s Biophilic Town Framework was proposed to design greener and more liveable housing environments that will enhance the natural assets of an ecosystem, promote a greater sense of place, improve health and mental wellness, and also elevate the quality of living for its residents (Yabuka, 2018). The research of this thesis unpacked the Biophilic Town Framework using four factors (FP314): a) the built-environment systems, b) control and communication approach, c) community and social cohesion and d) individual wellness and security. The first case study analysed is the HDB project of Punggol Northshore Residence (FP315), which is mostly considered as successful in implementation of passive built environment solutions using the Biophilic Town Framework. It introduced technology-driven smart homes equipped with features such as smart power sockets and high-tech distribution boards where users can control and monitor their appliances and power consumption through an app on their smartphone. These smart homes also provide elderly supervision through monitoring technology and the smart-neighbourhood collects human-traffic data through motion sensors placed along common corridors to strategically build community networking spaces and amenities with higher footfall (Tham, 2019). This planning strategy lacks community cohesion due to its top-down imposed framework and scientific data approach. The current design of Singapore’s urban neighbourhoods overlooked the significance for a homeostatic balance between places, people and nature as most neighbourhoods are becoming more smart-driven passive systems to achieve Green Mark Accreditation. However, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital designed (FP317), with principles similar to the Biophilic Town Framework, as a healing hospital within a garden was deemed to be more successful in terms of achieving sustainability, community empowerment and individual wellness. Analysis has shown that the integration of a tranquil nature-driven environment in the hospital has helped to regulate blood pressure and heart rates of patients, its spaces are inviting for different communities and often self-appropriated as study spaces by students and achieved an optimum building efficiency and wellness for both the environment and its communities (Tan, 2012). Thus, this case study validates the hypothesis for homeostatic relationships between the built environment, communities and natural ecosystem can be integrated through architectural planning and design.

Coastal Habitats Overview

Despite 70% of Singapore’s coastal habitats having damaged due to the seawalls built, the incorporation of new “habitat tiles” (FP312) in experiments on these seawalls has proved that it is possible to improve the conditions of coastal habitats to allow for marine organisms to grow and seek shelter in (Loke, Chisholm and Todd, 2019). Concrete habitat tiles designed to mimic the nooks and crannies found in natural rocky shores that are attached onto the existing seawalls. Green algae and hermit crabs were observed to have seek shelter in these habitat tiles after a month of attaching the tiles onto the seawalls. Although these outer islands would have been a better ecological habitat if they were kept in their original state without disruptions from urbanisation, the scarcity of land in Singapore had that resulted in land reclamation for economic gains. However, studies like the above proved that it is possible to make meaningful mitigation to support our environment while lessening human impacts through designs that bridge development with sustainability for future urban neighbourhoods to combat the impending threats of climate change.

all images except bottom right FP311. ‘Structure of nature-based solutions’ Reference Source: Moore Econcrete. “ECOncrete Concrete Ecological Solutions.” Moore Concrete, 2017. https://www.moore-concrete.com/civil/ econcrete/#! Reconstructed Illustration: Candice Chen, 2019 bottom right FP312. ‘Ecologically-engineered seawall’’ Reference Source: Loke, L., Thurstan, R., Heery, E., & Todd, P. (2019, September). Towards an urban marine ecology. Retrieved November 18, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/scientificcontributions/2051915227_Lynette_HL_ Loke. Reconstructed Illustration: Candice Chen, 2019

Homeostasis in Ecosystems Overview

The natural ecosystems are a rich information network that encompasses physical and chemical communication flows which connect all parts and regulate the global system as one entity (Sharma, 2008/2009). With the rise of mankind’s disruption of natural systems and attempts to substitute artificial mechanism over natural ones, cybernetics is proposed as the new application in ecology in order to achieve homeostasis in ecosystem control (Dutta, 2017).

following page left FP305. ‘Coastal Ecosystem’ Reference Source: Thomas, Nathan. “Interconnectivity between Coastal Systems,” May 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ Interconnectivity-between-coastal-ecosystems_fig3_316993511. Reconstructed Illustration: Candice Chen, 2019 middle FP306. ‘Freshwater Ecosystem’ Reference Source: Dunlop, Jason E, Glenn B McGregor, and Nelli Horigan. “Potential Impacts of Salinity and Turbidity in Riverine Ecosystems.” https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ Conceptual-model-of-salinity-impacts-on-a-freshwater-ecosystem_ fig1_242291973, November 2016. Reconstructed Illustration: Candice Chen, 2019 bottom FP307. ‘Symbiotic Relationship: Gardens by the Bay’ Reference Source: Furtado, Leida, and Jorge Jular. “Homeostasis in Architecture – Conception of a Homeostatic Building Prepared for Climate Change,” November 2011. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/269633044_Homeostasis_in_Architecture_-_ Conception_of_a_homeostatic_building_prepared_for_climate_ change. Reconstructed Illustration: Candice Chen, 2019

Place-making and community empowerment through stewardship Overview

Although biophilic design strives to become a medium that connects people, architecture and nature as one entity, individuals and communities may not often be adequately motivated to assume the role as responsible stewards of the environment unless they have an evident connection to the ecology and culture of a place. As argued by Wendell Berry, “Without a complex knowledge of one’s place, and without the faithfulness to one’s place on which such knowledge depends, it is inevitable that the place will simply be manipulated carelessly and eventually be destroyed over time” (Berry, 2001). The innate affinity of human to affiliate with a place also demonstrates the territorial tendency of mankind that was developed over time, which serves as a form of ownership and security and identifying a place to call home. The lack of affection of people towards places has unfortunately developed into a common issue of modern societies. If places are perceived as the core of existence in this world, which ensures security and identity for people inhabiting a shared environment, then it is crucial that the experience in creation and maintenance of significance of places should not be lost (Relph, Seamon and Sowers, 1976). The lack of a sense of ownership of places was further escalated by the top-down approach of climate policy that failed to engage community initiatives. Placemaking in the future urban neighbourhood should be reinforced with the formation of stewardship to foster a sense of ownership and community, where people and place will be prioritized and empowered to contribute through a collaborative process.

following page top left FP211. ‘Stewardship Framework’ Reference Source: Bennett, Nathan J., Tara S. Whitty, Elena Finkbeiner, Jeremy Pittman, Hannah Bassett, Stefan Gelcich, and Edward H. Allison. “Environmental Stewardship: A Conceptual Review and Analytical Framework.” SpringerLink. Springer US, January 31, 2018. https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s00267-017-0993-2. Reconstructed Illustration: Candice Chen, 2019 top right FP212. ‘Appropriation of Commons’ Reference Source: Keng Hua, Chong, and Kang Fong Ing. “Second Beginnings: Senior Living Redefined,” May 2018. http://www.lienfoundation. org/sites/default/files/Second Beginnings.pdf. Reconstructed Illustration: Candice Chen, 2019 bottom right FP213. ‘Prototype Studies: Redefining Architectural Typologies’ Reference Source: Keng Hua, Chong, and Kang Fong Ing. “Second Beginnings: Senior Living Redefined,” May 2018. http://www.lienfoundation. org/sites/default/files/Second Beginnings.pdf. Reconstructed Illustration: Candice Chen, 2019

Overview of Masterplan Interim

01 Context Our project is titled ‘City as Ecosystem’, by which it is a master plan that envisions how future urban neighbourhood and its community can achieve self-sustainability and attain resilience towards the impact of climate change as projected in phasing of year of 2030, 2050 and 2100. The impacts of climate change like rising sea levels and urban heat island is detrimental in every aspect of human life - from wellness, food security, ecological system and more. Urban cities are one of the major contributors towards climate change and are also considered particularly vulnerable due to their immobility and will become liabilities if the local ecosystems fail to adapt to the climate induced changes. Collective individuals and communities does not feel empowered or engaged to take initiative to combat climate change as the current national policies to address climate change is not a holistic method from a passive top-down approach. 02 Vision Therefore, our group strives to reverse how cities are conventionally perceived as a major contributor to climate induced changes.By proposing for a new paradigm of homeostatic living in the future urban neighbourhood, where the architecture becomes a scaffolding that regenerates the ecosystem through biophilic design and also to serve as an empowerment to drive stewardship within the community to attain resilience towards climate change. The given site is located at Greater Southern Waterfront by which we see the potential for a waterfront coastal living yet at the same time, a master plan that could serve as a coastal line of defence towards rising sea level to protect the other parts of Singapore. The key methodology proposed in our master plan are: 01 Concave and Convex Coastal Defence: Rising sea level 02 The Hive Residential & Community: For community empowerment and stewardship within through different scale of intimate spaces of the residential building 03 Water Settlement: Living on water and a scaffold to regenerate corals and marine life that allows biodiversity to flourish and at the same time purifies the water. While the middle opening of each floating pontoon allows for stewardship for aquaculture for food security. 04 Mobility Tower: Serving as a central node for each neighbourhood that connects monorail and urban farming trail. Also as a central node of system for solar energy, rainwater collection and biodigester system that drives stewardship for community and commercial to sort their waste to contribute to the generation of energy that serves each neighbourhood.

Residential Spaces

Site and Topography

3540 3894

4956 3186

3894

2478

3894 3540

1770 48 m

5310

2832

4602

3540 3540 3894

31 m

5000 water units

Keppel Terminal - 105 ha Plot Ratio 2.8

Brani Terminal - 84 ha

Total GFA 8,680,000 sqm

Brani Hill

60,000 dwelling units Average unit size 100 sqm

Land Dwelling Water Dwelling

Communal Spaces

Mobility System

Mobility Node Vehicular Dropoff / Access Circle Line

Residential Skydecks

Coastal Line

Knowledge Hubs

Local Monorail

Community Hubs / Market

Autonomous Vehicle Way

Recreation/Nightlife

Average Walking Distance

Commercial Spaces

Biowaste Processing Farm to Table Makerspace/Incubators SME Offices Waterfront Shops/Eateries Reverse Aquarium

1 min - 80 m 5 mins - 400 m

Cruise / Pier

12 mins - 1000 m

Masterplan Systems

MASTERPLAN SYSTEMS

Masterplan Systems Interim

2019 Sea Level

Water Systems

Seabins Aquaculture Rainwater Harvesting Cleansing Biotopes Underground Reservoir

Green Systems

2050 Sea Level

+0.5m

Existing Green Green Corridor Farm Communal Farm Marshland Steps Marsh Boardwalk Communal Lawn/Garden

Energy Systems

2100 Sea Level

Anaerobic Digestor Tower Recycling Hub Photovoltaic Cell Roof

Masterplan Systems

MASTERPLAN SYSTEMS

Masterplan Systems Interim

+1.0m

Residential Spaces

Site and Topography

3540 3894

4956 3186

3894

2478

3894 3540

1770 48 m

5310

2832

4602

3540 3540 3894

31 m

5000 water units

Keppel Terminal - 105 ha Plot Ratio 2.8

Brani Terminal - 84 ha

Total GFA 8,680,000 sqm

Brani Hill

60,000 dwelling units Average unit size 100 sqm

Mobility Network

Land Dwelling Water Dwelling

Communal Spaces

Mobility Node Vehicular Dropoff / Access Circle Line

Residential Skydecks

Coastal Line

Knowledge Hubs

Local Monorail

Community Hubs / Market

Autonomous Vehicle Way

Recreation/Nightlife

Average Walking Distance

Commercial Spaces

Biowaste Processing Farm to Table Makerspace/Incubators SME Offices

1 min - 80 m 5 mins - 400 m

Waterfront Shops/Eateries Reverse Aquarium

12 mins - 1000 m

MASTERPLAN SYSTEMS

Masterplan Systems Final

Water Systems

2019 Sea Level

Seabins Cleansing Marshland Local Filtration System Cleansing Biotopes Underground Reservoir

Green Systems

2050 Projected Sea Level

+0.5m

Existing Green Green Corridor Farm Communal Farm Marshland Steps Marsh Boardwalk Communal Lawn/Garden

Energy Systems

2099 Projected Sea Level

Anaerobic Digestor Tower Recycling Hub Photovoltaic Cell Roof

Building Integrated PV

MASTERPLAN SYSTEMS

Masterplan Systems Final

+1.0m

Hive Residential & Community by Jeremy John Kum Sheng Jie

The hive is the core of the design and serve as the architectural scaffolding for the raw interactions between you and I. These everyday interactions are the foundations of a resilient community. Context: Singapore’s housing typologies have evolved immensely through the last few decades. Communal elements such as the common corridor have been progressively replaced by larger scale czommunal spaces on the ground, and on sky parks in recent years. Although these spaces have been planned for communal use, most are at too large a scale to facilitate organic interactions. Opportunities: Unconstricted by the existing gridded road networks, our housing are hives that move away from a predominantly rectangular geometry to embrace a housing in a series of rings that evokes a sense of connectedness to the larger community while retaining a human scale. Hive Tectonic: Firstly, varying configurations of communal spaces are provided on most floors for residents to appropriate. These flexible spaces can range from the intimate balconies to triple-height skydecks that can potentially support planned and unplanned activities. These include wellness centres providing interpersonal support, to homegrown gardens for codependency. Most importantly as natural extensions of their homes, residents are empowered to take stewardship over these spaces at a comfortable scale. Inter-hive integration: Secondly, community amenities are located along an open street emanating from the neighbourhoods. Beyond the conventional provisions, these spaces provide opportunities for lifelong learning (research hubs/makerspace) that support intergenerational ties and a robust infrastructure for sustainable living (communal farms, recycling facilities and biodigestors). The hives provide the platform that facilitate the integration of larger scale community networks and its underlying systems. They enhance the inclusivity and resourcefulness of local communities, which collectively make for a resilient city.

Legend Legend Legend Legend 11 Residential Residential Skydecks Skydecks Residential Skydecks Skydecks 1 Residential 22 Elevated Elevated Pedestrian Pedestrian Walk Walk Elevated Pedestrian Walk Walk Pedestrian 2 Elevated 33 Recreation Recreation // Wellness Wellness // Research Research Hub Hub

Recreation/ Wellness / Research Hub Recreation / Wellness / Research Hub 3 Makerspace // Hawker 44 Makerspace Hawker // Market Market

Makerspace Farm /Farm Hawker / Market Makerspace / Hawker /to Market // Farm Table 55 4 Communal Communal Farm to Table

CommunalHub Farm Farm to Tableto 66 5 Recycling /// Anaerobic Digestor Recycling Hub Anaerobic Digestor Communal Farm / Farm Table

Yale-NUS Yale-NUSResidential ResidentialSkygarden Skygarden Singapore Singapore

Dream Dreamof ofMizuumi MizuumiCentre Centre Tokyo, Tokyo,Japan Japan

Recycling Hub / Anaerobic DigesterDigestor 6 Recycling Hub / Anaerobic

55 Ring Ring11 6/8/10 6/8/10unit unittype type

5 3 Ring 1 6/8/10 unit type

Ring Ring22 6/7/8/10 6/7/8/10unit unittype type

4 55

Ring 2 6/7/8/10 Ring Ring33 unit type 4/6/8 4/6/8unit unittype type

5 Ring 3 4/6/8 unit type

Ring Ring44 6/8/10 6/8/10unit unittype type Activity Activityspaces spacesappropriated appropriatedby byresidents residents

Co-Dependency Co-Dependency

Lifelong Lifelong Learning Learning

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Ring 4 6/8/10 unit type

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Co-Dependency

Lifelong Learning

1 Ah boy ah, uncle picked some carrots outside my house today, do you want some?

5 Wellness Wellness and and Support Support

Sounds Soundsinteresting! interesting!I Ihave haveto toattend attendaa checkup checkupdownstairs downstairsfirst. first.We Wecan cango goafter! after!

Oh! Since she stays just at the next block, help me pass her some papayas too!

Lim, yesterday someone at research class told me we can try a faster

Sustainable Sustainable Resources Resourcesmethod for growing papaya!

Thank you Mr Lim. We are going to have dinner at the communal kitchen before visiting grandma I Iheard heardHalimah Halimahisisorganising organisingaakueh kuehclass class at atmakerspace makerspacetoday! today!Shall Shallwe wego golater? later?

1 44

Alice, yesterday’s Alice,could couldyou youhelp helpme me transfer yesterday’s Nice, wetransfer can head down to the food to foodwaste waste tothe theanaerobic anaerobic digestor? research hub later digestor? to understand more.

Alright, Alright,I’ll I’llfollow followyou youto tothe theexercise exercise corner cornerso soI Idon’t don’tfeel feelso soguilty guilty eating eatingkueh! kueh!

Wellness and Support

4 We Sure! Sure! Wecan canalso alsoharvest harvestthe thebananas bananas downstairs for night I heard bananas aremarket! in season, we downstairs fortoday’s today’s night market! can learn to make some goreng pisang at the hawker after that! 44

I Iheard heardbananas bananasare areininseason, season,we we can canlearn learnto tomake makesome somegoreng gorengpisang pisang at atthe thehawker hawkerafter afterthat! that!

Thanks Thanksfor foryour yourhelp. help.I Iwill willbe be making makingsome somekueh kuehlater laterat at makerspace. makerspace.See Seeyou youthere! there!

I heard Halimah is organising a kueh class at makerspace today! Shall we go later?

Sustainable Resources 6

Hive Hive Housing Housing

Alice, could you help me transfer yesterday’s food waste to the anaerobic digestor?

Sounds interesting! I have to attend a checkup downstairs first. We can go after!

3 Alright, I’ll follow you to the exercise corner so I don’t feel so guilty eating kueh!

Sure! We can also harvest the bananas downstairs for today’s night market!

Thanks for your help. I will be making some kueh later at makerspace. See you there!

3 6

Hive Housing

Water Housing & Coral Ecosystems by Yoeng Shu Hwee

Floating water housing creates “land” that moves with the waves and thus is resilient in the face of flooding. Secondly, it allows cities to expand their pressurised coastal urban spaces, giving cities more room to grow. There are many engineering advances that will enable Singapore buildings to “float”. These floating structures can be kept stable by mooring systems, which are already used for homes in Ijburg, Amsterdam. Floating neighborhoods are not a new idea, Vietnam and Peru, among other countries, have had floating communities for centuries.Floating architecture could allow cities around the world to grow and evolve in new ways. The overarching goal behind proposing floating neighbourhoods is to keep people safe while allowing the natural cycles of rising sea levels to continue. Besides, floating buildings can create artificial reefs, providing food and shelter for marine life. As such, our water housing propose the transformation of bare seabed into a thriving marine ecosystem by giving corals a place to take root, which will in turn attract fish and other sea life. The structure beneath the water housing will double up as coral housing and coral aquarium. The reef structure beneath our water housing will provide new substrate for corals to attach to and grow, mimicking the natural coral reef habitats observed around Singapore. The restoration of reef substrate will help to recover damaged reefs that have become unsuitable for coral populations to settle. They will be monitored through research initiatives which will largely involve the residents and external marine interest groups and individuals. This is an opportunity for citizen stewardship to take root as marine biodiversity could become a new form of common natural heritage within the community, creating a stronger neighbourhood identity. Each water housing neighbourhood also consist of a central fishing farm for seafood production. This production will be distributed to the other neighbourhoods., allowing self-sufficiency in food consumption.

Legend

Residential Skydecks

Pontoon Platform

Pontoon Floating Structure

Underwater Coral Housing

Communal Fishing

Reef structure in Sisters’ Islands

James Davidson’s floating device for Queenslander

Pontoon module bolted to joists

3 Joists

Column

Pontoon structure for water housing

10 m Approximate height of tiered structure

Self weight with steel anchor pins

Use of shelvings to ensure each level of corals receive equal amounts of sunlight.

Construction Details

Water Housing

Mobility Eco Tower by Chen Candice

There are two main transportation lines in our masterplan, the outer transportation line will be connected to the other existing MRT stations along the coast to allow external users to visit. Our neighbourhood will have its own light rail loop line connecting the different clusters of hive housing. Water housing will be connected to the land via an autonomous vehicle route spanning across the waters. We created more spaces for citizen appropriation within the mobility infrastructure itself. Gardening pods can be found along the transportation pathways where residents are encouraged to partake in the gardening activities. In addition, the mobility structure collects rainwater and excess water will be channelled for mist sprays used for cooling the nearby areas in hot weather. Mobility infrastructure here is not limited to sole transportation use, it can be incorporated with other green and communal spaces which add greater value to its conventional function. Serving as a central node for each neighbourhood that connects monorail and urban farming trail. The mobility eco tower act as a central node of system for solar energy, rainwater collection and biodigester system that drives stewardship for community and commercial to sort their waste to contribute to the generation of energy that serves each neighbourhood.

Legend

Monorail

Rainwater Collection

Solar Panels

Green Space

Biogas Storage

Link Bridges

5 4 6 Access hole

Mixer

High-pressure valve Effluent gas

Biogas Substrate inflow

Effluent substrate

Tank wall

Fluid zone

(steel)

Insulation

(Mineral wool)

Covering

(Sheet steel)

Sludge zone

Mixing zone Ground Sludge Pipe

Ground Injection Pipe

Biodigester System

Organic Waste Food waste, plant or animal products collected from neighbourhood

Biodigester Anaerobic system for speeding up the decomposition of organic material that captures methane created in the process

Internal membrane Bottom membrane External membrane including window for visual inspection Anchorage ring Concrete foundations

By Products Solid organic waste can be used directly as a fertilizer or sent into a compost bin

Level meter Air hose Gas supply, discharge and condensation drainage Supporting air blower Safety valve

Biogas A mixture of methane, CO2 and other gases created during anaerobic digestion. Concentrating the methane by removing its moisture produce valuable fuel for the neighbourhood. Biogas Storage System

Mobility

Eco Tower

Architectural Intervention: Hive Housing by Jeremy John Kum Sheng Jie

The impetus for the exploration of resilience arises as a result of rapid changes in the contemporary urban landscape today. The inevitability of change raises questions about ecological sustainability, economic development and political stability of society as a whole. Consequently, the concept of resilience has been a key discourse in the realm of urban planning, especially in the light of climate change, economic isolationism and lack of political transparency. While a resilient urban neighbourhood can be interpreted as a constantly evolving built landscape with a fluid movement of people over time, one needs to consider if a resilient neighbourhood should also be predicated upon a certain rigidity and permanence of its built form and community, which will serve as a scaffold for the maintenance, adaptation and progression of urban forms and interactions. The notion of resilience is broadly linked to the environment, economic and social aspects concerning Singapore’s context. As such, a local case for resilient neighbourhoods necessitates a grounded approach to address these varied aspects of resilience and to acknowledge the multidimensional nature of resilience through the interactions between these aspects. As such, the development of the hive housing as the raw architectural scaffolding of the masterplan places into consideration aspects of environmental-social resilience, environmental-economic resilience and social-economic resilience. Singapore’s housing typologies have evolved immensely over the last few decades. Communal elements such as the common corridor have been progressively replaced by larger-scale communal spaces on the ground, and on sky parks in recent years. Although these spaces have been planned for communal use, most are at too large a scale to facilitate organic interactions. Therein lie the opportunity to embrace housing in a series of rings that evokes a sense of connectedness to the larger community while retaining a human scale. Varying configurations of communal spaces promote interaction between residents through connected corridors and activity decks. Most importantly as natural extensions of their homes, residents are empowered to take stewardship over these spaces at a comfortable scale. Community amenities are located in residential centres and inter-neighbourhood spaces. These spaces provide opportunities for lifelong learning through research hubs/maker space that support intergenerational ties and robust infrastructure for sustainable living through communal farms, recycling facilities and biodigesters. The hives provide the platform that facilitates the integration of larger-scale community networks and their underlying systems. They enhance the inclusivity and resourcefulness of local communities, which collectively make for a resilient city.

Precedent Studies

Existing Resilience Frameworks

Architectural and Social Resilience related to Housing

International Related Frameworks

Yale-NUS Residential Skygarden Singapore

Humanitas Deventer Deventer, The Netherlands

Shatin Community Green Station Shatin, Hong Kong

Community Based Resilience Analysis (CoBRA) - Conceptual Framework and Methodology United Nations Development Programme Key Characteristics of Resilience

Threats to Resilience 1

Bystander Effect

The belief that someone else will deal with a crisis - therefore an assumption that the leaders or experts must be doing something about the issue

Hyperbolic Discounting The perception that the present is more important than the future impedes one’s ability to take action to address more distant, slower and complex challenges

Reflectiveness

Lack of Concern

Resourcefulness

Evolutionary theory which makes it hard to see the worth of sacrifices required for generations existing beyond ours

Robustness

Redundancy

Flexibility

Sunk-Cost Fallacy A bias towards a less optimal/negative outcome due to the amount of time, energy and resources invested

Climate Change towards a Sustainable Environment

Changing Demographics towards a high quality of life

Economic Restructuring and Trade Tensions towards a Competitive Economy

Inclusiveness

Integration

City Resilience Framework The Rockefeller Foundation / ARUP, 2014

Local Challenges to Resilience 1

Local Related Frameworks

Areas of Focus

Biophilic Town Framework, 2018 Housing & Development Board, Singapore

Proposed Resilience Framework

An active and gracious community

Towards a zero-waste nation

“Eco Smart” endearing towns

A leading green economy

A “car-lite” Singapore

Singapore Sustainability Blueprint, 2015 Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources

Resilient Masterplan Development

Responding to key local challenges Strengthening existing frameworks

Exploring resilience in programming of spaces in relation to site context Developing a multidisciplinary resilience that responds to psychological, economic, social, infrastructural and ecological needs of individuals and the collective.

Incorporating themes of Biophilic Design and Technology with a focus on integration of environment, economy and the community

Precedent Studies

MOBILITY: TRANSPORTATION CENTRE ZHONG YUQIN

6 MOBILITY

46 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6 MOBILITY

46 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6.1 CONCEPT

To promote an active lifestyle in lieu of increased mobility from future technologies, Incorporation of all pathways and tram systems will increase connectivity on a vertical stratiﬁcation.

The future of mobility will aim to:

Promote a car-lite society;

Encourage walking as a start of a health-generating town;

Integrate new forms of transport systems into everyday life.

The mobility system is formed by 4 layers:

Undulating path which encourage outdoor activities around the site;

Pedestrian walkway at the podium level which allow them to reach any part of the site with navigation software help, acting as a last-mile option;

A. Traditional tram system to allow residents to get around the area easily, with predeﬁned locations. B. Single-carriage tram system which has more ﬂexible stops and timing that can be controlled according to people’s needs.

Drone system which is mainly used for delivery of goods and healthcare services.

47 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6.1 CONCEPT

To promote an active lifestyle in lieu of increased mobility from future technologies, Incorporation of all pathways and tram systems will increase connectivity on a vertical stratiﬁcation.

The future of mobility will aim to:

Promote a car-lite society;

Encourage walking as a start of a health-generating town;

Integrate new forms of transport systems into everyday life.

The mobility system is formed by 4 layers:

Undulating path which encourage outdoor activities around the site;

Pedestrian walkway at the podium level which allow them to reach any part of the site with navigation software help, acting as a last-mile option;

Drone system which is mainly used for delivery of goods and healthcare services.

47 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6.2 PROCESS

Site network integration mapping using depthmap

48 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6.2 PROCESS

Site network integration mapping using depthmap

48 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6.2 PROCESS

Site network integration mapping using depthmap space syntax analysis. Given that there is an intention for our tram system route to follow the terrain/podium curves, and also to avoid the possibility of letting the tram routes to pass through residential blocks, the base network is drawn at the periphery of the podium and residential blocks. All possible routes are drawn and their relationship and their importance in relationship to the whole site is analysed. The integration mapping analyses the level of importance of certain street segment when people are going towards their target location. The brighter colors on the plan represent higher level of importance in the street network. It is noticed that the inner brighter segments perfectly divides the site in response to our site region division and the intersection of the high-importance routes happens at the technology-focused region/CBD extension area. A central roundabout will be formed together with a transportation center and drone dispatch system.

CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6.2 PROCESS

CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6.2 PROCESS

The generation of the CBD (technology-focused region) blocks are as following:

The block plan is drawn according to the terrain generated to ensure that the basic form of the building follows the ﬂow of the site. Given it is an area serving as an extension of the CBD at Tanjong Pagar, function of the blocks are a combination of recreational, residential and most importantly, oﬃce towers.

The blocks are designed to be semi-open so that it has both the characteristics of communities to enable interactions, and also ensure that tall blocks are not obstructing the views of each other.

Through a controlled randomizing logic in Grasshopper, undulating towers are created and ﬂoor plates are rotated by a certain degree to create an intersecting interesting shape, providing structural support to each other, which allows levels to be removed. This will then enable ventilation and view.

50 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6.2 PROCESS

The generation of the CBD (technology-focused region) blocks are as following:

The blocks are designed to be semi-open so that it has both the characteristics of communities to enable interactions, and also ensure that tall blocks are not obstructing the views of each other.

50 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6.3 ELEMENTS IN MOBILITY

51 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

6.3 ELEMENTS IN MOBILITY

51 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.1 MOBILITY RESEARCH Spatial Layout and Health

Model describing how spatial organization can inﬂuence obesity rates. The present study is concerned only with the direct association between spatial organization and inhabitant activity (bold arrow).

Each apartment is considered as a graph—a network of rooms connected by doors or thresholds. Depth between any two rooms is the number of links connecting the shortest path between the two nodes that correspond to the rooms in the graph. The proportion of female residents screening positive for depressive symptomology in circulation-centered apartments (50%) was higher than that of female residents in living-centered apartments (35%).”

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4824321/

https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5862701

104 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.1 MOBILITY RESEARCH Spatial Layout and Health

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4824321/

https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5862701

104 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.1 MOBILITY RESEARCH Spatial Layout and Health

Spatial Parameters which may aﬀect cognitive abilities (MoCA score) More rings for circulation = more connectedness Entrance and connection to public space Centrally located corridors that are longer and have larger openings to public Sense of openness and connectedness Choices Multipurpose Fluidity

105 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.1 MOBILITY RESEARCH Spatial Layout and Health

105 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability

Walkability has a direct impact on urban residents' mobility, as the term is often used to communicate how likely the average person is to choose walking over other modes of transport in a given area. 1.Poplee's foot access to recreation, commerce, and entertainment—areas like parks, shops, restaurants, museums, and more. 2.Conditions of the routes walkers must take to reach these destinations. 3.Street type 4.Intersection complexity 5.Wayﬁnding

CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281506228X

106

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability

CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281506228X

106

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS WALKABILITY FACTOR: ENCLOSURE AND SAFETY / BLOCK LENGTH & PERCEIVED DISTANCE

The streets having buildings too close to each other and very less sunlight entering the street, tend to make people uncomfortable and claustrophobic while walking on these streets. Enclosure and Safety are directly proportional to each other until a point where if the enclosure increases any further, the feeling of safety starts to drop. We see that the traditional and old streets oﬀer a very comfortable and walkable enclosure due to the building morphology (Street 2).

Block length and perceived walking distance are directly proportional to each other. Shorter block lengths make the streets more walkable as people perceive the distances to be shorter and prefer taking such routes, thus increasing the street activity.

107 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281506228X

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS WALKABILITY FACTOR: ENCLOSURE AND SAFETY / BLOCK LENGTH & PERCEIVED DISTANCE

107 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281506228X

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS

WALKABILITY FACTOR: ENCLOSURE AND SAFETY / BLOCK LENGTH & PERCEIVED DISTANCE

It was concluded that the subjective elements that make a street environment feel safe and welcoming were important factors in enhancing walkability. The Transparency and Transitional space present on both Streets 1 and 2 helped in contributing to the pedestrian activity on the streets.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281506228X

CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

108

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS

WALKABILITY FACTOR: ENCLOSURE AND SAFETY / BLOCK LENGTH & PERCEIVED DISTANCE

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281506228X

CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

108

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability

Given that creating a walkable district is crucial to people’s health: The Pedestrian Accessibility Tool allows planners to assess how walkable Singapore is today and to evaluate various plans and strategies to improve walkability in the city centre and beyond.

https://fcl.ethz.ch/research/responsive-cities/engaging-mobility/PastProjects/measuring-walkability.html

109 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability

https://fcl.ethz.ch/research/responsive-cities/engaging-mobility/PastProjects/measuring-walkability.html

109 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability Strategies - Sidewalk -LinkNYC

It is new sidewalk kiosks oﬀer pedestrians free device charging and tablets for web browsing, along with a 911 call button and the ability to make phone calls. Depending on what sensors kiosk have, they can aid cities with monitoring traﬃc situations by recording car and bike movements and track wireless devices in close proximity. They can discover gas leaks and test air quality as well.

110 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability Strategies - Sidewalk -LinkNYC

110 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability Strategies - Street -Dynamic Curbs and Mobility Management System

Raised concrete curbs could be removed to change in the number of lanes, the width of the “sidewalk,” or even the direction of the street. High person-throughput modes at rush hour and more public space at oﬀ-peak hours, serving multiple purposes. Low-cost sensors and machine-learning simulation models can together inform a mobility management system to understand congestion pattern.

https://medium.com/sidewalk-talk/street-design-principles -fe35106e0f92

111 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability Strategies - Street -Dynamic Curbs and Mobility Management System

https://medium.com/sidewalk-talk/street-design-principles -fe35106e0f92

111 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability Strategies - CAV & Navigation Technology

CAVs — including e-bikes and e-scooters — can be programmed to follow speed limits, to stay out of areas that are restricted, to interact safely with cyclists and pedestrians, and to operate in narrow streets. Speed limits and navigation technology should lead CAVs to naturally select the faster, wider streets for the most eﬃcient trip. Pedestrians and cyclists would similarly select the streets designed for them, where they could comfortably get where they needed to go without worrying about interacting with dangerous modes.

https://sidewalklabs.com/streetdesign/

112 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability Strategies - CAV & Navigation Technology

https://sidewalklabs.com/streetdesign/

112 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability Strategies - Street -CAV & Navigation Technology

Sensors are positioned at the corners of an intersection. They detect every road user in the area and deliver a list of relevant objects to a sensor fusion unit, which generates a comprehensive 360° environmental model. Relevant objects are then broadcasted to every vehicle approaching the intersection. Then an onboard system checks it for relevance and triggers and appropriate action if a critical situation is recognised.

113 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability Strategies - Street -CAV & Navigation Technology

113 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability Strategies - Infrastructure - Pedestrian Zones and Villages

A pedestrian village is a compact, pedestrian-oriented neighborhood or town, with a mixed-use village center. Shared-use lanes for pedestrians and those using bicycles, Segways, wheelchairs, and other small rolling conveyances. Generally, these lanes are in front of the houses and businesses, and streets for motor vehicles are always at the rear. Some pedestrian villages might be nearly car-free with cars either hidden below the buildings or on the periphery of the village. Venice, Italy is essentially a pedestrian village with canals.

114 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Walkability Strategies - Infrastructure - Pedestrian Zones and Villages

114 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Mobility-As-A-Service and ICT

Commuters increasingly favour access to services over ownership. Maas: brings together public transport with private sector offerings such as ride-sharing a and bike sharing together on one platform Benefits: Convenience, individual freedom and system benefits Challenge: To get all players on board for data sharing and streamlined regulation Execution examples: Jalan. LTA redesigns road spaces. Information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) enable individuals to interact through additional mediums, which may lead to more interactions, but also to changes over how these interactions are conducted. It allows people to perform tasks while in transit for better manage their mobility. The intensity and the scheduling of mobility can become highly

The ICT potential impacts on mobility either involves a modification (different origin, destination, mode or route), a substitution (from a physical flow to an information flow) or a generation of a movement.

interactive since users are able to coordinate their mobility considering

Navigation assistance and real time information about traﬃc conditions provide

real time changes, such as congestion, or changes in time and cost

accurate estimates about travel times and oﬀer the possibility of alternate routes in

preferences.

case of disruptive events. At the aggregate level, this has enabled notable time and fuel savings by road users, both for passengers and freight transport.

https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Resources/Ideas-and-Trends/Mobility-as-a-Service

115 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Mobility-As-A-Service and ICT

interactive since users are able to coordinate their mobility considering

Navigation assistance and real time information about traﬃc conditions provide

real time changes, such as congestion, or changes in time and cost

accurate estimates about travel times and oﬀer the possibility of alternate routes in

preferences.

case of disruptive events. At the aggregate level, this has enabled notable time and fuel savings by road users, both for passengers and freight transport.

https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Resources/Ideas-and-Trends/Mobility-as-a-Service

115 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Public Transport Ridership

Increased transit patronage is provided by higher population densities within walkable rings around stations. Population densities of station catchment areas have less impact on ridership than street connectivity at the 0.5 mile radius. Moreover, consistent with theory, the service potential of stations and the supply of park-and-ride proved to be the most significant correlates of ridership. Thus, it seems imperative that conclusions regarding the effects of density should be considered in conjunction with the degree to which stations are differentiated according to their service features.

116 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Public Transport Ridership

116 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Space Syntax

Given the various spatial qualities that encourage walking and improve people’s cognitive health, we can make use of softwares to generate visibility analysis and connectivity analysis for better design decisions. Space Syntax is a method for describing and analyzing the relationships between spaces of urban areas and buildings.The idea assumes that most people, most of the time, will take the simplest route to their destination. That route tends to involve the fewest changes of direction.

117 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.2 MOBILITY CONCEPTS Space Syntax

117 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.3 PRECEDENT STUDIES (WALKABILITY)

Helsinki: A dense, walkable and interconnected network to make travel by car unnecessary because work, home, leisure, commerce and school are close enough. Copenhagen: Famous for its bicycle network and it believes that improving mobility if initiated by enhancing pedestrian paths for walking Zurich: Ground-level spaces are used for public spaces and pedestrian-exclusive areas. Parking lots have been built mostly underground.

118 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.3 PRECEDENT STUDIES (WALKABILITY)

118 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.3 PRECEDENT STUDIES (TECHNOLOGY & MOBILITY) Sensors

119 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.3 PRECEDENT STUDIES (TECHNOLOGY & MOBILITY) Sensors

119 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.4 MASTERPLAN DIRECTIONS (MOBILITY)

What if… There is a separate network of routes on a higher level that is exclusively for pedestrians, cyclists and PMD users? A route network that is complex, full of choices, fluid and passes through a variety of landmarks, buildings, and sceneries. Routes that have various spatial qualities to create different experience to promoting mental health and encourage communication. A route that is connected by different nodes on the upper level to encourage walking and biking.

120 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.4 MASTERPLAN DIRECTIONS (MOBILITY)

120 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.4 MASTERPLAN DIRECTIONS (MOBILITY)

-500m diameter walkable circles are drawn to cover

-1000m diameter walkable circles =

the site

10min

-5min walking distance

-Less walkable

121 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.4 MASTERPLAN DIRECTIONS (MOBILITY)

-500m diameter walkable circles are drawn to cover

-1000m diameter walkable circles =

the site

10min

-5min walking distance

-Less walkable

121 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.4 MASTERPLAN DIRECTIONS (MOBILITY)

-Vehicular access across the neighborhoods from center point to center point. -Center points act as transportation nodes with stations, parking services, etc. -Rest of the area covered by foot/cycling/PMD.

Area With the Need of Incentives

122 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.4 MASTERPLAN DIRECTIONS (MOBILITY)

Area With the Need of Incentives

122 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.5 MOBILITY ITERATIONS

Generation of randomized street intersections using Grasshopper. The angle of intersection, length and width of each street can be adjusted manually or automatically in the script. At the same time, certain restrictions on the parameter can be set including the maximum width, length and angle. Either 3/4/5 streets intersection can be generated and exported into Rhino to help with our research and trials.

123 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.5 MOBILITY ITERATIONS

123 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.5 MOBILITY ITERATIONS

Generation of randomized street intersections using Grasshopper.

CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

124

10.5 MOBILITY ITERATIONS

Generation of randomized street intersections using Grasshopper.

CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

124

10.5 MOBILITY ITERATIONS

125 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.5 MOBILITY ITERATIONS

125 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.6 DESIGN INTERVENTION- TRANSPORTATION CENTRE

126 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.6 DESIGN INTERVENTION- TRANSPORTATION CENTRE

126 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.6 DESIGN INTERVENTION- TRANSPORTATION CENTRE

My main idea of creating this transportation center is to let people rethink their daily mobility routine. Serving as an interchange station, the building hosts people coming from different regions of the site with different interests, including health, technology, learning and resources. It also direct people to the 5 different locations. My aim is to provide people more choices of routes, by letting people to go one level down to the shopping area with fluid design, and make them be aware of the various transportation options around the area.

127 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.6 DESIGN INTERVENTION- TRANSPORTATION CENTRE

127 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.6 DESIGN INTERVENTION- TRANSPORTATION CENTRE The transportation center of our site will contain the following functions: 1.

Tram station: As the center of the tram network system of the whole site, the transportation center act as a central tram station at the upper level. There will be 5 tram routes passing through the roundabout at the center of the building. The 5 wings of the building serve as the tram platform for passengers. At the same time, convenient stores will also be placed on the upper level.

Drone dispatch tower: The four towers on top of the building serve as drone dispatch towers, allowing delivery drones to park on the structures. Given the suitable height and key location, drones are able to travel to all parts of the site with the least obstruction and the fastest speed. At the same time, they transport the goods, necessities and healthcare facilities for the community down through the tower to the lower storage area. The tower also serves as the lift cores and structure support for the lower part of the building, it is able to ﬁt 1 lift for passengers and 2 other lifts for the transportation of cartons.

Storage: Base level of the building serves as temporary storage area for cartons delivered by drones before distribution around the communities.

Shopping center: In between the platform level and storage level, I make use of the space in between for shopping area. Having the convenience of a distribution center, goods delivered from other parts of Singapore can be put on sale directly without an extra transportation cost. Also, people will tend to stay longer at this interchange station and more interaction will occur.

128 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.6 DESIGN INTERVENTION- TRANSPORTATION CENTRE The transportation center of our site will contain the following functions: 1.

Storage: Base level of the building serves as temporary storage area for cartons delivered by drones before distribution around the communities.

128 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.6 DESIGN INTERVENTION- TRANSPORTATION CENTRE

129 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.6 DESIGN INTERVENTION- TRANSPORTATION CENTRE

129 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.6 DESIGN INTERVENTION- TRANSPORTATION CENTRE

130 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

10.6 DESIGN INTERVENTION- TRANSPORTATION CENTRE

130 CONTRIBUTOR: YU QIN

YEAR 4+5 INTEGRATED STUDIO COMPILATION OF SAMPLES

M.ARCH 1+2, INTEGRATED STUDIO FUNG JOHN CHYE

IMAGE CREDIT: ZHONG YUQIN