NUS LANDSCAPE: RE-IMAGING SUNGEI PANDAN LANDSCAPE by NUS Department of Architecture

RE-IMAGING SUNGEI PANDAN LANDSCAPE Landscape architectural approaches to revitalize coastal habitats in a high-dense tropical city

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RE-IMAGING SUNGEI PANDAN LANDSCAPE Landscape architectural approaches to revitalize coastal habitats in a high-dense tropical city

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Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 Tel: +65 65163452 Fax: +65 67793078 Copyright © 2016 Hwang Yun Hye (ed.) ISBN: 978-981-11-6460-6 Student editors: Kong Lingchang | Fan Lei Helen

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STUDIO INTRODUCTION P13 - 15

CHRONOLOGY P17 - 29

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

P31 - 97

PROPOSALS P94 - 257

REFLECTIONS P259 - 263

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RE-IMAGING SUNGEI PANDAN LANDSCAPE Landscape architectural approaches to revitalize coastal habitats in a high-dense tropical city

Hwang Yun Hye

LOSS OF COASTAL HABITAT OF SINGAPORE Situated in the tropics, one-and-a-half degrees north of the equator, Singapore is an island nation located in one of the most species-rich regions in the world. The land was originally covered by primary rainforests, mangroves and freshwater forests, harbouring thousands of floral and faunal species in a complex tropical ecosystem (H. T. Tan, Chou, Yeo, & Ng, 2007). In the mangrove forest alone, 56 of 70 of the world’s mangrove species could be found in Singapore, the most numerous in Southeast Asia (Yang, Lim, Sheue, & Yong, 2011). However, the clearing of land for settlements, starting from the late 1800s and continuing into post-war urbanization in the 1960s, have resulted in widespread deforestation, leaving less than 5% of the original habitats intact (Ng, Corlett, & Tan, 2011). Over the years, these local habitats are projected to further decreased and deteriorated as they become increasingly fragmented due to urban growth (Brook, Sodhi, & Ng, 2003; Corlett, 1992). Almost all of Singapore’s shorelines have been drastically modified to meet industrial, residential, water resource and recreational demands. Most of the natural sandy shores and river mouths on intertidal shores have been reclaimed, losing 65% of original coral reefs and decreasing mangrove forests coverage from 13% of the total land area in the 1820’s to 0.5% in 2011 (Yee, Ang, Teo, Liew, & Tan, 2010). These massive changes and fragmentation of the coastal ecosystem disrupts aquatic ecosystem processes, and decreases water quality (Friess, 2016a). According to the 2008 Master Plan and 2011 Concept Plan, however land development in Singapore continues unabated and planned land reclamation will result in additional losses of 33% of the existing mangrove area. It is apparent that many of eth natural coastal habitat face to shrinking area, increasing fragmentation, and encroaching by urban expansions (Lai, Loke, Hilton, Bouma, & Todd, 2015). This occurs in the context of climate change, which brings about mounting environmental pressures such as sea level rise, altered hydrological regimes and sediment supply (Burkett, 2012). However, this does not mean that all coastal habitats are dead or we should stop the land development. As calls for conservation are often seen as impractical in the economically-driven state, alternative landscape architectural approaches are needed to address the social and ecological consequences of rapid development. It is unhelpful to see economic development and environmental conservation in a zero-sum game, where a clear winner or loser emerges in any contestation over a land lot slated for development. Instead, we look to find means of reconciling these objectives that are currently framed in opposition to each other and develop design strategies that could address both economic and environmental concerns.

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SUNGEI PANDAN While existing mangrove forests are mainly located along the northern coast, originally the southwest shore had the largest mangrove forested areas in the main land of Singapore. Sungei Pandan is a remnant mangrove forest located along the stretch of Pandan river. It lies between the Pandan Tidal Gates and the Sungei Pandan Bridge. Of the original 219 hectare mangrove forest, only 9ha remain, in the form of an isolated strip within the industrial business zone in the Jurong district. The river has been dammed to form the Pandan reservoir with conventional engineering treatments that disrupts flow and separates the stream into two parts with distinct characteristics. The upper reaches of the river has been canalised with cemented banks and beds – it runs to the PIE and branches out to Sungei Ulu pandan at AYE. Across the PIE, with a continuation of Ulu Pandan Park Connector to Bukit Batok Nature Park, Sungei Pandan provides opportunities for nature walks and birdwatching. The lower part of the river still opens out to the sea, remains relatively natural ecosystem with stands of various mangroves including rare Apiapi Jambu, and became a home of avian residents of the watery forest and other mangrove fauna species. Besides a rich diversity of flora and fauna, the Sungei Pandan provided livelihood opportunities for a village of 135 human inhabitants many of whom was fishermen or prawn farmers before the area has been cleared in 1960’s. Sporadic informal fishing and bird watchers can still be spotted along the riverside, offering a vestige of the old kampong life that once thrived in the area. Although this remnant of mangrove forest has been designated as a ‘protected’ park space by URA plan 2014, the coastal habitats in Sungei Pandan has a high risk of extinction due to the relatively small size of the mangrove forest and development pressures by highly urbanized neighboring contexts. The forest lined much of the canalized banks of the Pandan and Jurong rivers being surrounded by factories (Jurong industrial zone), heavily used ports (Jurong port), and managed park land styled urban greenery (West Coast park). Like recent port development cases of Singapore, it has also a strong possibility to transform the port land into mixed urban development in the nearer future as similar as other cases of coastal redevelopment (Wong, 2006). The Sungei Pandan was selected as a ‘landing’ site and serves as a point of reference for all design activities – sites selected were inspired by findings from the coastal landscape and its surrounding context. Students chose his/her own design boundary along Sungei Pandan or in its immediate periphery, based on problem statements and topics arising during the research period, aided by the various design exercises and input sessions. RE-IMAGING SUNGEI PANDAN LANDSCAPE How can we effectively conserve the existing coastal habitats while meeting the increasing human development demands? Given the future development requirement and sea level rise, how could initial infrastructure planning be guided towards a sustainable coastal ecosystem and the diversity of wildlife? Beyond simply preserving the site, can landscape

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landscape architects propose design prototypes that can infuse greater ecological functions and diversity into the urban coastal context? How can design promote a healthier lifestyle that closer to nature for city dwellers? The studio aimed to answer these questions by devising new strategies and design applications of ecological principles, predicated on deep awareness of the multi-faceted nature of our city landscape and the intricate feedbacks between social and ecological factors in the city. The studio highlighted the value of natural resources and ecological services, and propose ways to integrate them into our urban environments. We capitalized on the academic nature of the studio to develop ideas and schemes free of restrictions commonly faced in the practice, and beyond any constraints of political correctness. Multiple issues such as identity, multi-functionality, and livability have been examined. THIS BOOK is a compilation of works from the studio. The first half of the book documents the sequential studio process from the beginning of preliminary research, site analysis and prototyping. The fourteen-week logbook is a useful demonstration of how initial activities and resources can be transformed into viable design proposals. The studio started off with site analysis as group work, giving rise to backgrounds of and motivation for subsequent design topics. Four approaches are emphasized from the studio: 1) developing a strong awareness of site specificity; 2) deepening our understanding of urban ecology; 3) producing a wide ranging spectrum across scales; and 4) encompassing various functional layers. Lastly, the reflections address all that we have come away with from every single experience we had during the entire studio process. Reference Brook, B. W., Sodhi, N. S., & Ng, P. K. (2003). Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Nature, 424(6947), 420-426. Burkett, V. (2012). Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities: Springer. Corlett, R. T. (1992). The ecological transformation of Singapore, 1819-1990. Journal of biogeography, 411-420. **Friess, D. A. (2016a). Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Mangrove Forests: Insights from Historical Colonial Observations. Forests, 7(9), 183. Friess, D. A. (2016b). Mangrove forests. Current Biology, 26(16), R746-R748. Mark, J. M., & Dave, K. (2015). The Ecology of Urban Forests Routledge Handbook of Forest Ecology: Routledge. Ng, P. K., Corlett, R., & Tan, H. T. (2011). Singapore biodiversity: an encyclopedia of the natural environment and sustainable development: Editions Didier Millet. Tan, H. T., Chou, L., Yeo, D., & Ng, P. (2007). The natural heritage of Singapore. Pearson Prentice Hall. Wong, T.-C. (2006). Revitalising Singapore’s Central City through Gentrification: The Role of Waterfront Housing. Urban Policy and Research, 24(2), 181-199. Yang, S., Lim, R. L., Sheue, C.-R., & Yong, J. W. (2011). The current status of mangrove forests in Singapore. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Nature Society, Singapore’s Conference on ‘Nature Conservation for a Sustainable Singapore. Yee, A., Ang, W., Teo, S., Liew, S., & Tan, H. (2010). The present extent of mangrove forests in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 3, 139-145.

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CHRONOLOGY 14 August - 20 November 2017

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Our studio begun with a studio orientation by studio tutors, Ms. Hwang Yun Hye & Ms Melissa Yap. The students were assigned a couple of exercises to be completed throughout the course of the semester. The first seminar was conducted by Dr Tan Puay Yok, Associate Professor of NUS Department of Architecture on Urban Greenery in Singapore. He explained the landscape planning policies and legal framework drafted out by the dedicated institutions in Singapore. He left the students a little brainstorming question, whether do they think Singapore is really Ecologically Green?

15 Aug Visit to URA The studio visited URA and they were given a talk conducted by Ms Celine Tan, Executive Planner (East) & Ms Kitty Khoo, Executive Planner (Central West) has has kindly agreed to give a talk on the broad strategies for the Great Southern Waterfront, Singapore. The students understood the Coastal Development strategies for the Great Southern Waterfront in Singapore. In addition to the 5 main ideas URA had proposed. Idea 1, Housing, Mixed-Use, Entertainment & Leisure _ Idea 2, Expanding Network of Public Space _ Idea 3, Capitalising the Blue Assests _ Idea 4 _ Continous Waterfront _ Idea 5 _ Connect Green & Open Space

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The session was followed by Ms Chih Min Boo, an Ecologist, whom conducted a field trip to Pasir Ris Mangrove Park where she discusses about The Past & Present Coastal Landscape in Singapore. They venture dthrough broadwalks to understand the different habitats of Mangroves & using the knowledge they had with Mr Dan Friess earlier of the day and tried to applied on site

21 Aug Seminar 3 with Mr Dan Friess & Field Trip 1 to Pasir Ris Mangrove Park with Ms Chih Min Boo

14 Aug Studio Orientation & Seminar 1

It was a well- planned and orientated focused seminar and field trip as it focuses on a specific topic which is, Singapore Mangroves. First half of the day, a seminar on "Singapore Mangroves" was conducted by Mr Dan Friess, Assistant Professor of NUS Department of Geography. He shares with Singapore Mangroves conditions & habitats. He also emphasized the importance of Mangroves.

23 Aug Field Trip 2 to Sungei Pandan (Site) to Kayak with Kayakasia Singapore 2 guests was invited to join them on their site visit, namely, Dr Tan Puay Yok, Associate Professor of NUS Department of Architecture Dr Shawn Lam, Tropical Rainforest Ecologist, President of the Nature Society Singapore They were taught basic kayaking tips and instructions in order to stay focused and vigilant while kayaking down Pandan River to explore Sungei Pandan. This activity gave them a larger persepctive on how to view its' site surrounding conditions and keeping in mind what are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and constraints. The second half of day was led by Dr Shawn Lam. He conducted a short walk through the Mangroves in West Coast Park to better share with them the current Coastal Landscape within the site boundary.

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The session begun with Ms Lynette Loke, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Biological Sciences, NUS, who gave us an overview of Ecologically Engineering Singapore's Seawalls. The session was followed by Mr Ryan Micheal Shubin, Landscape Architect from Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl, who provided the students with a seminar on designing with Bio-Engineering, as well as the design developments of Bishan Park.

2 guest reviewers were invited for Exercise 2 Presentation & individual Issues & Site Analysis Pin up, namely, Dr Jessica Cook, Associate Professor of NUS Department of Architecture Mr Andrew Toland, Lecturer, School of Architecture, University of Technology Sydney Students shared updated and improved verson of Exercise 2, where 2 guest reviewers also gave them constructive feedbacks where they could work on, to improve their research and site studies skills.

The seminar was followed by Exercise 1 and pin-ups of Exercise 2 whereby students share their site studies and research in their respective groups

28 Aug Seminar 5 & 6 by Ms Lynette Loke, NUS Biology and Mr Ryan Michael Shubin, RSD & Exercise 1 Presentation & Exercise 2 Pin-ups

31 Aug Field Trip 3 to Labrador Park with Dr Shawn K.Y. Lum The studio needed an extra field trip to learn and understand more about the habitats and species of coastal forest in Singapore which would be beneficial for their individual design ideas. Dr Shawn Lum,Tropical Rainforest Ecologist, President of the Nature Society, took time off his busy schedule to conduct a field trip to Labrador Park where he patiently explained and discussed the different species of flora which could be found along the Coastal Forest

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4 Sep Exercise 2 Presentation & Individual Issues & Site Analysis Pin up with Mr Andrew Toland & Dr Jessica Cook

11 Sep Site Analysis & Issues Presentation

Students were required to propose their issue statement and also look for suitable approaches to reslove them Students presented their detailed Site Analysis & Issue statement across the studio, where they gave feedbacks and suggestion to each other

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The session begun with Ms Melissa Yap, where she discusses about case studies in Singapore's future residential estate developments. Where it dealth with waterfronts, park connectors and broadwalks. Bringing people closer to the waterfront / river. The seminar was followed by a briefing, regarding what students should work on and what they should present for their Mid Review.

Students returned back to their site in order to retrieve detailed findings and observations to back up their studies and research They did models to showcase the site's surrounding context for better understanding and visualization during consultation. Sketches of different schemes were important to showcase design development

2 Oct Studio Consult 1

18 Sep Seminar 7 by Ms Melissa Yap & Synthesis & Preparation for Mid Review

25 Sep Mid Review

9 Oct Studio Consult 2

3 guest reviewers were invited for the mid review session, namely, Dr Tan Puay Yok, Associate Professor of NUS Department of Architecture Dr Mark McDonnell, Associate Professor of NUS Department of Architecture Mr Kenya Endo, Landscape Architect of Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl

During this period, the students focused on the development of their design strategies, making them more realistic and specific to their sites.

The reviewers gave the students a myriad of advice and offered design suggestions regarding their individual research and site issues and how the students could possibly progress towards design in their final review.

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Students might have returned to their targeted site to confirm feasibility of their design proposal with studio tutor. More intensive studio sessions were needed to further refine individual works.

3 guest reviewers were invited for the final review session, namely, Dr Tan Puay Yok, Associate Professor of NUS Department of Architecture, Dr Jessica Cook, Associate Professor of NUS Department of Architecture, and Ms Liu Huei Lyn, Senior Landscape Architect Public Utilities Board (PUB), Singapore, The reviewers gave the students a myriad of advice and offered design suggestions regarding their individual research and site issues and how the students could possibly progress towards design in their next semester.

16 Oct Internal Review with Ms Liu Huei Lyn & Mr Shawn Lum

20 Nov Final Review & Reflections

23 Oct - 13 Nov Studio Consultation towards Final Design 2 guests was invited to join them on their studio consultation, namely, Dr Shawn Lam, Tropical Rainforest Ecologist, President of the Nature Society Singapore Ms Liu Huei Lyn, Senior Landscape Architect, Public Utilities Board (PUB), Singapore The students presented their design development and the session concluded on a favourable note whereby they gave advice crucial to the progress of their projects for their final review.

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PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

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HISTORY OF JURONG DISTRICT 1930s-1980s

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HISTORY OF JURONG DISTRICT The Sungei Pandan mangroves, found along the stretch of river that lies between the Pandan Tidal Gates and the Sungei Pandan Bridge, is perhaps the last remnants of the lush mangrove forest that had once lined much of the banks of the Pandan and Jurong Rivers that had been offered protection as the Pandan Forest Reserve.

Before 1961, Jurong was a tangle of mangrove swamps, jungle, farms and small kampongs. Like many other parts of Singapore at that time, it was still a vast wilderness of jungle and wasteland with no metalled roads.

Source: National Archives of Singapore (http://www.nas.gov.sg/)

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HISTORY OF JURONG DISTRICT 2010s

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HISTORICAL TIMELINE Research and study would primarily focus how on Human Intervention and Nature in regards to the past and present users activities, lifestyle, culture, stories, memories. A study on how Sungei Pandan and it’s neighbouring districts such as Jurong and Pasir Panjang has evolved and shifted over time Human Interventions The act of constructing infrastructures, roads, buildings where it allow people to live, meet, work & play.

Nature

The natural environment, such as waterbodies, vegetation, forest and mangroves which plays a part in provisioning ecosystem services.

Location of Villages in Jurong District

A) Kampong Pulau Damar Darat / 1945 – 1963 / 50 People B) Kampong Tanjong Balai / 1945 – 196340 People, which today sits Jurong Port C) Kampong Java / 1945 - 1945 D) Kampong Java Tebar / 1945 - 1974 E) Kampong Tanjong Penjuru / 1863 – 1987This kampong was located between the coast at Tanjong Penjuru and the Jurong forest reserve and its multitude of tributaries and streams / 200 People, a mixture of Chinese (Prawn Farmers) & Malay (Fishermans) F) Kampong Sungei Pandan / 1911 - 1974 G) Pasir Panjang Village / 1913 - 1914 H) Kampong Terbing Terjun / 1945 – 1974The name of this kampong hints at a fascinating origin story. In Malay, the phrase tebing terjun refers to a dive off a cliff. To add to the intrigue, the kampong was sited right by a tributary of the Sungei Jurongwith the macabre name of Sungei China Mati (Dead Chinese River) I) Kampong Sungei Jurong / 1969 – 1974Sandwiched in between the Chithamparam Chettiar Estate and the Arunachalam Chettiar Estate, this kampong was on the 11th milestone of Jurong Road. J) Kampong Ulu Jurong / 1944 - 1974 40

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HISTORICAL TIMELINE

Changes of Landscape and Landuse

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HISTORICAL TIMELINE

1800s 1819 Orang Lauts settle into Kampongs (K.S.Pandan / K. Penjurur / Tanjong Kling / K.Damar.Duat) Kampongs were pirate hideouts Mangroves, maze of islands and rivers used as escape routes for pirates 1820 Population grew exponentially 1826 Republic of Singapore Yacht Club – recreational & social club in Singapore 1830 Gambier Plantation was Booming 1840 600 Gambier plantations across the island – 6000 Chinese labourers 1841 Pasir Panjang Road was built 1848 Sungei Jurong was described as “a large creek divided at the top 2 branches, East (Chinese Jurong) & West (Peng Kang) Sungei Pandan was described as “a large creek with Chinese & Malays at the head) Could see, large open boats, “pukats” (35pax per boat), transport goods such as, gambier/ pepper/agricultural products along the coastal & riverine towns to markets or port towns 1850 Pasir Panjang Road reached as far till Jurong River 1855 Plantations in Jurong was listed for clearing (600,000 Gambier/67,000 Pepper Vines/1700 Nutmeg) Number of workers working in these 4 plantations were less than 300 5 plantations in Sungei Pandan 3 plantations in Sungei Jurong 20 plantations in Peng Kang 14 plantations in Pulau Damar Duat 44

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1856 Lithograph of Jurong 1877 Introduction of Rubber 1880 Tuas Village was found 1884 Forestry Registration was set up to safeguard remaining forest

1900s 1900 Jurong was a successful crop in Singapore Carp & prawn farmers carried out aquaculture A worldwide demand for rubber due to automobile industry 1904 A raid broke out, currency counterfeiting operation deep in the jungles of Jurong 1908 Pasir Panjang was regarded as a rural area 1920 Singapore was rubber capital of the world Fresh pork was available at markets Pasir Panjang wealth Chinese business man build seaside homes & bungalows along the coastline 1930 No roads, lack of roads & bus services Pasir Panjang was known as “millionaire rows” 1936 Remaining Forest Reserve in Jurong was Pandan Reserve Tanjong Balai was one of the most beautiful isolated seaside bungalows in Singapore

1950 There was 1000 acres of Prawn Ponds in Singapore, half of it was in Jurong 1956 190 hectares of Industrial Town was proposed 1959 Lack of jobs for growing population, a problem of economic & social dimensions /20,000 people were jobless 1960 Jurong known as a “no mans’ island / Redevelopment of Jurong New Town 1961 Clearance of swampland, forested hills, prawn ponds and farmers plantation in Jurong 1964 National Iron & Steel Mills (Natseteel) started, 90 workers Taman Jurong was developed 1965 Jurong Port began operations 1966 Mouth of the Sungei Pandan having hosted the Republic of Singapore Yacht Club (RYSC) 1967 Industrial Sector was set up, 5000 new jobs annually, however not sufficient to solve nation employment issues 1968 Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) was established 1969 270 factories were set up in Jurong, 20,000 workers

1940 2000 Chinese & Malay fisherman in Jurong

1970 Agriculture character of Jurong was gone

1942 Crop plantation in Jurong was destroy during Japanese Occupation

1974 Padan Reservoir was built by enclosing swamp of Sungei Pandan with 6.2km earthen dyke

1979 Accomplished West Coast Park, 50 hectares 1992 Singapore 1st Business Park, International Business Park 1998 National Parks Board called for redevelopment of West Coast Park 1999 Republic of Singapore Yacht Club (RYSC) shifted to West Coast Ferry Road

2000s 2000 Public Housing started Started of Phase 1 West Coast Park revitalized & improvement infrastructure 2006 5-years Masterplan, to upgrade Jurong was revealed. Expanding playgrounds, improving fitness corners, ramps, covered walkways, rewiring & communal gardens 2008 URA unveiled extensive plans to improve quality life in Jurong 2010 Jurong Island Version 2.0 was launched The Sungei Pandan project was officially launched in terms of the planting activity, Southwest Community Development Council (SWCDC) One Million Tree Planting Programme 2014 JTC unveiled 1st underground storage facility liquid hydrocarbons in Southeast Asia on Jurong Island 2030 Great Southern Waterfront, 1000 hectares

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TABULATIONS OF COMMUNITY SURVEY RESULTS

Nationality

Duration Spend in Green Spaces

Visit Frequencies to Green Spaces

Age

Plants at Home/Work

Perceptions of Mangroves

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LANDUSE

Legend Building Height

500m

0~5m 6~10m 11~15m 16~20m

200m

Legend Commerce Scientific Research Food Processing Industry Industry Equipment Supplier Manufacturing & Engineering Petrochemical Industry Transport Industry Shipyard

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LANDFORM

Topography

7km

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500m

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CIRCULATION & BARRIER

LIFESTYLE & CULTURE

Studying the circulation in the industrial district in terms of vehicular and pedestrian. Analysing the proximity to green spaces. There are no access for users to transit across the plot of factory due to security reasons. Barriers suchs as fences, parapet wall, steel gates, wall are implemented to avoid trespassing.

Creating spaces of migrant workers to relax, slow down, pause, catch a breathe to re-energise themselves in order to work efficiently and effectively. The barriers varies in terms of visual and physical permeability.

Typical Barrier within two buildings

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Opaque

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WATER CATCHMENTS ANALYSIS

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CANAL DISCHARGING CAPACITY

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CONDUCTIVITY

WATERFLOW Saltwater average salinity: 0~35 parts per thousand(ppt) Saltwater average conductivity: 0~40 millisiemens(ms) Freshwater average salinity: <1-2 parts per thousand(ppt) Freshwater average conductivity: <1-2 millisiemens(ms)

100

300

Measure time: 4-5pm

700M

LEGEND salt/fresh flow drainage flow surface flow main canal flow

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RAINFALL & FLOODING Annual rainfall distribution

Land Use distribution

Runoff coefficient in different land use

Legend

Rainfall/mm 2950 2700 2450 2200 1950 1700

Flooding zone map

200m

Legend Vulnerable area

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SEA LEVEL RISE

AFFECTED AREA MAP

SECTION OF AFFECTED AREA 500m

Submerged area Sea level rise 1m

Sea level rise 2m

Sea level rise 3m

Sea level rise 7m

Sea level rise 13m

Sea level rise 20m

Sea level rise reduces the capacity of the soil to absorb rainfall by raising the watertable. This results in increased runoff, which increases and the amount of surface flooding that occur during a rainfall event.

7M N 62

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50m 63

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INDUSTRIAL TYPOLOGY

FUNCTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL SPACES

Studying 6 types of basic industrial typology in the industrial distritct, in terms of guard houses, building plot, orientation, vehicular and pedestrian circulation, storage spaces, green spaces and parking lots 1

Commerce Food Processing

Industrial

Manufacturing & Engineering

Transportation

Shipyard

Commerce

Food Processing

Industrial

Manufacturing & Engineering

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Transportation

Shipyard

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POLLUTION Water pollution

pollution DEGREE 200m

200m

LeGend LeGend

Noise pollution

Water

200m

Noise

Air

Pollution Degree

Commerce Scientific Research Food Processing Industry Industry Equipment Supplier Transport Industry Manufacturing Engineering Petrochemical Industry Shipyard

LeGend

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FAUNA MAP

Johor

Sungei Buloh Nature Reserve

Pulau Ubin

130 ha 93 bird species recorded 80 other species recorded

147 ha 50 bird species recorded 102 other species recorded

Pulau Tekong

144 ha 50 bird species recorded 39 other species recorded

Pasir Ris Park

8 ha 74 bird species recorded 50 other species recorded

Johor straits Sungei Pandan

9 ha 35 bird species recorded 10 other species recorded

Berlayer Creek

6 ha 23 bird species recorded 14 other species recorded

Mangrove Fringing reef Patch reef Smooth-coated otter Dolphins Long tailed Macaque Estuarine Crocodile Wild Boar Seabirds Shorebird Forest Birds Raptor Birds Mangrove Birds Water Birds

Singapore Straits Pulau Semakau

32.7 ha 41 bird species recorded 214 other species recorded

N 50 m

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MANGROVE HABITAT Common statistics of a typical mangrove

Matching fauna to habitat

Brahminy kite

Found at the coasts and harbours and eats its food on the wing. Does not prefer fish but it is able to lunge into the waters and takes up heavier fish. Feeds on rubbish from the sea,frogs, rats, shellfish and fish

Collared kingfisher

Commonly found throughout Singapore, they feed on fishes, crustaceans, insect, mollusc and small snakes. They nests in holes excavated in large termite on the ground or in tree.

Sunda woodpecker

Common in the gardens, parks, scrubland & urban areas, it uses its sharp bill and tongue to probe into the bark looking for insects grubs

Purple heron

Plantain squirrel

Uncommon resident that can be found in well-vegetated freshwater wetlands, marshes and lakes,ocassionally in coastal wetlands and mangroves

Pied fantail

Common resident breeder can be found in mangroves, parks and gardens. Feeds on insects mainly under leaf covers and is known as a small active bird.

Commonly spotted in trees near the shores, forests,parks & urban areas. Feeds on fruits, seeds, leaves, barks and insects, they lives like a bird, leaping from branches effortlessly

Long-tailed macaque

Copper-throated sunbird

Native to Singapore, their original habitat is the mangroves, now widely spotted on the wild shores. Omnivorous, and also feeds on natural fruits and foods,which helps to regenerate and ensure a balance in it

Common in the mangrove forests around Singapore, the sunbird loved leaf-bathing, it is an uncommon resident breeder

Ashy tailorbird

Lesser dog-faced fruit bat

Common resident breeder that can be found in the mangroves or coastal shrub.& hunts for insects in the undergrowth of the mangrove

Can be found on mangrove trees like Sonneratia & elsewhere. Feed on nectar & pollen from flowers. They can hide their small body & stands motionless hanging to avoid from any predators.

Pacific swallow

Common resident breeder, feeds on offlying ants, flies, beetles & termites. They appear in flocks and often perched on exposed branches while preying

Asian small-clawed otter

The smallest of the otters that can be found commonly in the mangroves, feeding on fish, shellfish and crustaceans

Striated heron

Feeds on insects, crabs, molluscs, fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and small mammals. its nests are in trees near water. They usually can be found standing still by the edge of water waiting for its prey

Black-crowned night heron

Uncommon resident, the stocky birds live in fresh, salt and brackish wetlands and can be mostly seen at dawn or dusk

Smooth-coated otter

Usually in pairs or in groups, commonly found in the mangroves, mudflats and coastal areas and feeds on mainly fish, turtles, crustaceans, clams & snails

Longed tongue nectar bat Little terns

Common resident breeder or a winter visitor tha hovers over its prey and plunge-dive to catch it

Found in large no.in open waters, under jetties and bay

Paddler crab

Found near the mangroves & freshwater streams, usually floating on flotsam or seaweed

Smaller than Giant mudskipper it can be commonly found near mangroves, seawalls & rocky shores

Little egret

Common Very common ard Sg & redshank

occurs in small flocks. Dashed over the water spreading its wings to lure fishes with the Common sandpiper Tends to be solitary, migratoryshadow bird that can be seen on the ground or in shallow water, feeding in insects and invertebrates

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 70-71

Tilapia

Locally introduced species, widespread in rural

Priapus fish Stripe-nosed halfbeak

Dusky-grilled mudskipper

Silver moony

Can be found on mangrove trees like Sonneratia & elsewhere, they feed on nectar & pollen from flowers. They can hide their small body and stands motionless hanging to avoid from any predators.

Dog-faced water snake Commonly found in mangroves but stays well hidden during the day, does not tolerate freshwater. Feeds on mainly fishes and hunts at night

Floats on water surface and swims in groups, feeds on insects

Mangrove cardinalfish

Found on the surface of urban streams, canals, drains,& reservoirs,in freshwater and brackish water water that feeds on zooplankton

Feeds on small fishes, crabs,prawns and others, and mostly active at night

Spotted scat

Found in muddy & seagrass area near mangroves. It tolerates freshwater.

Green chromide

Indigenuos fish found in mangrove lined estuaries

Tamban

A type of herring travels in large school and feeds in zooplankton

Purple climber crab Common on rocky shore, usually well

hidden in crevices. Found at mudflats, Feeds on mainly algae prawn pods and and other scave mangroves. Feeds on polychaetes, geuos edible they find crabs & molluscs

Malayan water monitor

Found in forests,mangrovesand beaches. Feeds on small animal and fishes, crabs, frogs eggs, nestling birds & other reptiles

Estuarine catfish

Foung in coastal area Soldier crab usually among debris, Found in groups under ledges or down hiding under their own vertical burrow where holes an “igloo” of sand seals bubbles of air to allow continuing burrows downwards

Mud lobster

Always hides in Tropical silverside burrow located at the undisturbed back Lives near the reef, mangroves and feeds usually leaps near the & digs mud providing surface to escape underwater prey a recycle nutrients from deep underground

Mullet

Can survive in very Sea bass low salt content. Feeds on fish, Feeds on inverebrates, crustaceans, mollusks, & seaweed and algae invertebrates found in shallower regions of warm seas 71

2018/2/28 14:27:55

FAUNA HABITATS

Fauna Species

High Flying Birds Brahimy kite Little egret Grey Heron House swift Oriental Hornbill Straited heron

Living range

Habitat Area

Plant Species 20m Foliage suitable favourable for nesting. Commonly found by the road

Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm)

Canal

20m Insect polinated. Usually planted along roadside and parks.

Cocus nucifera (Coconut tree)

30m Food source for pollinators. Commonly found by the roadside and coastal area

Casuarina equisetifolia

Low Flying BIrds Common kingfisher Black-naped oriole Pacific swallow Asian glossy starling Ashy tailorbird Small minivet Greater rackettailed drongo Common emerald dove Yellow-vented bulbul White-breasted waterhen Long tail parakeet Yellow-breasted sunbird Oriental magpie-robin Land Animals Smooth-coated otter Plantain squirrel Long-tailed macaque Sea Animals Malayan water monitor Crab eating frog Orange fiddle Mangrove tree-dwelling crab Singapore vinegar crab Mudskippers Mangrove flathead gudgeon Mangrove cardinal Seabass Shore pit viper 72

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 72-73

Diet/Nesting

Fauna Species

Areca catechu

30-40m Fruits are eaten by some but mostly a nesting tree for soaring birds. Found coastal and land

Coastal Mangrove

Rhizophora sp (Bakau)

15m Exposed roots are used for perching for numerous animals.

Bruguiera cylindrica

20m Flowers are insect-pollinated. Food source for butterflies and moths. Nesting for fauna.

Ficus microcarpa

Tidal Mangrove

30m Insect pollinated. Bird attracting. Its fruit is eaten by birds, monkey, squirrel.

Fragrea fragrans (Tembusu)

30-55m Bird attracting. Fruits & seeds are dispersed by bats and birds.Heritage tree.

Alstonia angustiloba (Pulai tree)

Mudflats

40m Pagola shaped crown is favorable for roosting and nesting. Heritage tree.

Mangifera indica (Mango tree)

30-35m Bird attracting plant. Food source for caterpillars.

Musa cultivar (Banana tree)

20m Ornamental foliage. Fruit attracts animals. Commonly planted in private gardens.

Parks & Gardens

Dillenia suffruticosa (Simpoh ayer)

2-10m Native tree commonly found by the roadside. Bird attracting.

Macarang bancana

23m Ants inhabits its hollow twigs. Fruit attracts animals. Nesting for some.

Terminalia catapa (Sea almond)

Reservoirs

35m Ornamental foliage. Attracts birds, monkey and bats.

Pithcellobium dulce

25-30m Ornamental foliage. Foliage offers refuge for animals.Heritage tree.

Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit)

Urban

16-30m Fruit attracts birds and mammals.

High Flying Birds Brahimy kite Little egret Grey Heron House swift Oriental Hornbill Straited heron Low Flying BIrds Common kingfisher Black-naped oriole Pacific swallow Asian glossy starling Ashy tailorbird Small minivet Greater rackettailed drongo Common emerald dove Yellow-vented bulbul White-breasted waterhen Long tail parakeet Yellow-breasted sunbird Oriental magpie-robin Land Animals Smooth-coated otter Plantain squirrel Long-tailed macaque Sea Animals Malayan water monitor Crab eating frog Orange fiddle Mangrove tree-dwelling crab Singapore vinegar crab Mudskippers Mangrove flathead gudgeon Mangrove cardinal Seabass Shore pit viper 73

2018/2/28 14:27:58

FAUNA MOVEMENT

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 74-75

2018/2/28 14:28:00

GREEN SPACE

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 76-77

2018/2/28 14:28:03

EDGE CONDITION

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 78-79

2018/2/28 14:28:07

FLORAL SPECIES AND HABITAT

SPECIES MAP

MANGROVE HABITAT CONDITION IN SINGAPORE

A VEGETATION DENSITY IN SUNGEI PANDAN

A A Sungei Pandan Mangrove Habitat (Unmamaged man grove & coastal habitat)

B Urban Habitat (managed vegetation)

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 80-81

C West Coast Park (mixed managed and unmanaged habitat) 81

2018/2/28 14:28:09

SPECIES MAP - ZOOM IN 1: PANDAN MANGROVE Area A

SPECIES MAP - ZOOM IN 2: URBAN HABITAT Area B1

Area B2

Area B3

Seawall Vegetation Barringtonia racemosa

Pouteria obovata

Barringtonia racemosa, Pouteria obovata which coastal forest species are commonly identified on Pandan Road.

Rhizophora and back mangroves are establishing on seawall and canal mouth.Alstonia angustiloba on roadside.

Coastal forest species (Calophyllum inophyllum, Alstonia angustiloba, Talipariti tiliaceum, Terminalia catappa) are used for urban plantation in this area.

SPECIES MAP - ZOOM IN 3: MARSH GARDEN, WEST COAST PARK Area C

LEGEND

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 82-83

2018/2/28 14:28:11

HABITAT MAP OF SUNGEI PANDAN

Freshwater Mangrove Featuring mid-high tide mangroves and back mangrove species, less impacted by salt water intrusion [Pandan habitat A, C]

Coastal Forest Seaside terrestrial habitat, with species tolerant of harsh coastal condition: salt spray, strong, seawater intrusion, and full sun. [Pandan habitat A, C]

Brackish Swamp Water pond with static water level, has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. [Pandan habitat C]

River River habitats are freshwater or tidal streams that undergoes a state of continuous physical changes of flowing water. [Sungei Pandan river habitat]

Riverine Riverine is the habitat along-side the river. Riverline in forest area are well-shaded by the canopy, and with waterway providing colling environment [habitat A]

Seawall Seawall are engineering structures for protection from wave-erosion. However, they are also supportive for spontaneous growth intertidal marine organisms. [habitat A, C]

Rocky Shore A rocky shore is an intertidal area that consists of solid rocks. It is often a biologically rich environment and can include many different microhabitats type.

Roadside Trees are foundamental to roadside habitat. Epiphytes establishing on the tree truncks and shrubs and climbers further diversify this urban ecosystem. [habitat B]

Canaland Drainage Canals and drainages are concrete or gravel structures for rapid conveyance of urban surface runoff. Waterbody isolated from its surroundings. [habitat B]

Park & Garden Tamed landscape under management. Not only the vegetations are under human intervention, but there are also facilities and manmade structures integrated into this habitat. [habitat A, C]

Plantation Plantation are usually monocultured vegetation that serves as alternative food source for fauna. [habitat A, B]

Tidal Mangrove Often identified at tidal waterfront, impacted by salty seawater flow and inundations [Pandan habitat A]

LEGEND Tidal Mangrove Brackish [Add in legend forPond habitat] Tidal River Park & Garden

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 84-85

Freshwater Mangrove Coastal Forest Riverine Plantation

Brackish Swamp Seawall Drainage Canal Roadside

2018/2/28 14:28:14

SPECIES ADAPTABILITY AND FAUNA ASSOCIATION Floral Species

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 86-87

Fauna Species

2018/2/28 14:28:24

SOIL POLLUTION

sOIL POLLUTION ANALYSIS BASED ON POLLUTION DEGREE MAP

SOIL QUALITY

LEGEND salt/fresh flow drainage flow surface flow main canal flow

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 88-89

2018/2/28 14:28:26

HARDSCAPE AND SOFTSCAPE ANALYSIS

hARDSCAPE AND SOFTSCAPE MAP

PERCENTAGE OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES

Roads

10.4%

Roof

25.6%

Industrial areas densely built up

15.9%

Industrial areas not densely built up

26.4%

Brick-planting brick

0.10%

Grass on steep slope

1.80%

Bare packed soil

0.40%

Grass on mild slope

4.30%

Mixed grasses and trees

9.20%

Relatively natural vegetation

6.40%

Roads

13%

Grass on steep slope

Roof

32%

Bare packed soil

Industrial areas densely built up Industrial areas not densely built up Brick-planting brick

20% 34% 1%

240m

8% 2%

Grass on mild slope

20%

Mixed grasses and trees Relatively natural vegetation

41% 29%

200m 90

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 90-91

2018/2/28 14:28:28

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 92-93

2018/2/28 14:28:30

PROPOSALS THE SYMBIOSIS OF COASTAL LANDSCAPE SUCCESSION IN A HIGH DENSE NEIGHBOURHOOD

Kuan Wai Tuck Victor P96

GROWING TOGETHERSEEDING COASTAL HABITAT INTO HIGH DENSE DEVELOPMENT AREA Wang Zhe P108

COASTAL LANDSCAPE AS STORMWATER MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE

Kong Lingchang P120

THOUGHTFUL PLACEMENT OF GREEN SPACE FOR RESILIENT LANDSCAPE

Xu Yuexin P132

RECONNECTING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE WILDLIFE AND HUMAN ALONG THE COASTAL LANDSCAPE

Lam Si Yun Swan P144

IMROVING AQUATIC HABITAT

Liu Xiaolei P154

MORPHING FAUNA BARIER IN COASTAL AND URBAN LANDSCAPE

Nur Azilla Nazli P164

RETROFITTING INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE INTO EVERYDAY LIVES

Yong Keng - Whye, Raymond P174

M ITIGATING MICROCLIMATE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AREA Gao Chenchen P190

NEW INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE AS A LIVING MACHINE

Wang Hanfeng P200

NATURING URBAN: RESOLVE THE TENSION BETWEEN URBAN AND NATURE HABITATS, LEVERAGING ON NATIVE HABITAT STRUCTURES IN SUNGEI PANDAN

Fan Lei Helen P216

GENERATE AN INTEGRATED WATERFRONT BASED ON BROWN EARTHWORK

Xu Linxin P232

RESHAPING COASTAL EDGE LANDSCAPE IN A HIGH-DENSE TROPICAL CITY

Yao Haomu P244

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 94-95

2018/2/28 14:28:31

THE SYMBIOSIS OF COASTAL LANDSCAPE SUCCESSION IN A HIGH DENSE NEIGHBOURHOOD Kuan Wai Tuck Victor Sungei Pandan, a 2.8km river with fragments of mangrove fringes – one of the highest mangrove richness in Singapore – is surrounded by industrial factories that pose high environmental disturbance, limiting ecological linkage between Sungei Pandan Mangroves and West Coast Park. Demarcated as a future private high-dense residential waterfront development placing the current industrial site, the phases of construction, new land-use implementation and proposed programs are three significant factors that will greatly affect the conditions of the major green cores. Unconventional development with highly manicured urban greenery often swiftly constructed results in fragmentation of habitats and biodiversity loss due to poor development strategy to integrate existing habitats and drastic timescale difference which disallowing nature to “grow” with human intervention. Ecociety Living, located at the waterfront and West Coast Park’s Marsh Garden serves as an alternative prototype for coastal ecological development to achieve a symbiotic relationship of coastal succession within a high-dense residential neighbourhood. The design construction for both human intervention and provided ecological zones with planting strategies that multiplies social and ecological values are developed in phases to allow adaptation of existing ecology and accelerates ecological succession within the urban environment. Learning from the existing natural habitat in Sungei Pandan, constructing of new waterways and naturalising existing canals are strategies to tackle flooding concerns while introducing riparian conditions inland which integrates aquatic stratification to existing landscape densifying its ecological functionality. The project incorporates necessary environmental parameters which blend untamed vegetation with the naturalised urban landscape to strengthen biodiversity connectivity and provide ecological patches within every precinct. To create a biophilic experience for residents, communal programs, facilities and building design are oriented to maximise human and nature interaction, increasing residents to knowledge and appreciation in living within proximity with wildlife. Ecociety Living aims to redefine future approaches in coastal development to rehabilitate coastal habitats within the urban environment and eradicate bio-phobic misconceptions while ensuring continual development growth.

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 96-97

2018/2/28 14:28:32

SINGAPORE VEGETATION EVALUATION MAP

Vegetation Size and Mangrove Richness

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF SUNGEI PANDAN Environmental Circumstances of Sungei Pandan

Habitat Types in Modern Singapore, 2011 Source : The vegetation of Singapore - An updated map Yee Alex Thiam Koon (2011) National Parks Singapore Coral reefs of Southern Island, Singapore Loh et al. (2006). Tropical Marine Science Institute

Source: Gao Chen Chen National University of Singapore

Annual Rainfall of Singapore

Source: National Environmental Agency, 2011

0.5 km

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF SUNGEI PANDAN

6 km

Vegetation Density and Zone Evaulation

Untamed and Tamed Vegetation

Source: Estuarine Mangrove Squeeze in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam (2017) Son H.T., Ye Q. and Stive M.J.F.

ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF SUNGEI PANDAN

Ecological Network of Sungei Pandan

Source: URA Masterplan

Source: Dr Abdul Rahim HAMID National University of Singapore

2 km

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 98-99

2 km

N 99

2018/2/28 14:28:43

CONSTRUCTION PHASES ANALYSIS

Naturalising of Canal in Bishan Park

Source: PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency, National Parks Board, President Design Award, Ramboll Dreiseitl, Housing Development Board Time-lapse: Transformation of Bishan Park to River Plains by Brice Li

MASTERPLAN OF ECOCIETY LIVING NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE

Ecociety Living Residential Estate

Conventional HDB Construction Process

PROPOSED PRECINCT MASTERPLAN

Ecociety Living Residential Estate

0.5 km

Construction Phases of Design

50 m

100

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 100-101

N 101

2018/2/28 14:28:58

MASTERPLAN OF ECOCIETY LIVING NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE

WATER FLOW AND PROCESS SYSTEM

Water Management Strategies

Proposed Strategies Ecociety Living Residential Estate Land Use Planning

50 m

Water Canal Alteration

Source : Investigation of Elevation - Vegetation Processes through High Precision Mapping of Nandai Mangrove Leong Chin Rick (2011)

10 m

Drainage Alteration

250 m

102

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 102-103

5m 103

2018/2/28 14:29:11

HABITAT AND FUNCTION MAP

PLANTING STRATEGIES

Ecological Parameters

Phases of Planting Implementation

50 m

NATURE AND HUMAN SYMBIOTIC RELATION PLANNING

Planning Tactics

50 m

104

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 104-105

N 105

2018/2/28 14:29:26

WATER AS SYMBIOTIC TOOL

Stormwater Wetland Perspective

CONSTRUCTION PHASES OF ECOCIETY LIVING NEIGHBOURHOOD Water System

0.5 km

Ecological Parameters

Urban Development

VISION OF SUNGEI PANDAN IN 2032 (CAUSE AND EFFECT) Conventional Masterplan

Ecociety Living Masterplan

Source: Ecological Buffer Information, https://www.nature.org/media/centralapps/recommended-shale-practices-ecological-buffers.pdf 106

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 106-107

107

2018/2/28 14:29:43

GROWING TOGETHER:

SEEDING COASTAL HABITAT INTO HIGH DENSE DEVELOPMENT AREA Wang Zhe Mangroves, the forgotten fortune, are disappearing rapidly as the urban jungle encroaches on its existence and threatens its survival. The narrow slice of Pandan mangroves lies at the edge of Jalan Buroh Bridge, which has insufficient space to develop strong biodiversity and resilience due to the coexisting pressure from urban sprawl. Growing together tries to find a new relationship between coastal habitat and urban area under the new development. This project selects the highly critical area, which is near the bridge and located in the Southern bank of Panda River, as the first area for intervention. On one hand, this project attempts to expand Sungei Pandan mangrove to strengthen it, enabling it to become a key refuge for the ecosystem. The first step is to create a suitable environment for new coastal habitat by preparing the soil, topology, and hydrology. Through creating unique landform, topology and flexible growing space, the new habitat will get a safe and stable environment to flourish. At the same time, with the strategic planting scheme, the site provides a unique habitat for back mangrove conservation while utilising urban infrastructure as a new habitat to connect current mangrove habitat and the seeding habitat. On the other hand, this project tries to integrate ‘seed habitats’ - ecological succession patches - with high dense residential to ease the adaptation with urban intervention. Unique terrain is created as a transition zone to reduce the impact of urban for coastal habitat by using the 2.5 meters height difference from inland to tidal zone. Meanwhile, physical and intangible connections are created between seeding habitat and residential area by integrating human activities and coastal habitat with mixed land use, connecting inland drainage system, sea and designing plants for fauna flow. In 25-30 years, the first ‘seed’ will grow up with a stable system where following coastal habitat successions will grow similarly like the first succession along with the urban developing. Finally, the strong ecosystem of Sungei Pandan will be established.

108

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 108-109

109

2018/2/28 14:29:47

discription: inside width ++

EXISTING CONDITION

width +

width -

width --

Sungei pandan scale

width --

section between coastal habitat and urban area Unit-meter

HISTORICAL CHANGE OF HABITAT

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.0

1937

4.5°

3m 6 6.7°-2.2° Road=R

7.6°-4.7°

35 16° Hard surface

44 90° Buildings

Grass 4m 15 1966

Transition Zone

Rare species

3.0 1.0

Transition Zone

90°

section 1-1

Transition Zone

SF 54

TM 48 Transition Zone

R pi o

Common species

1985

mild

slop

ep ste

e slop

Grass 15

R R SF 11

FM 8

R R

Hard surface

FM SF Grass RS RS RS 9 10 5 1.5 2

section 2-2

Buildings

section 3-3

Site scale N

Salt mash>3.0m 3 2017

Tital Mangrove>1.0m-3.0m

50m

EHW MHWS-3.0m MSL-1.0m MLWN

Ebbing flow

Dispersal-Water

Soil-from Jurong hill

Opportunities

Ground above 0m

The soil, hydrology, topography and tidal change condition is all processed. 1

2 2

0.0m 3.0m

-3.0m

-2.0m -1.0m 0.0m

Legend 5.5m

Tital Mangrove = TM

3.0m

Freshwater Mangrove = FM Sencond Forest = SF Planation=P Seawall=SW Roadside=RS N

Incidence of coastal habitat Potential area to 'seed' coastal habitat

Soil-Land reclamation

0m 50m 150m 110

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 110-111

111

2018/2/28 14:30:46

STRATEGY 1 - Create suitable environment for costal habitat by preparing the soil, topology, and hydrology.

TACTIC03- UTILIZING URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AS A NEW HABITAT

TACTIC01- CREATING SPECIAL LANDFORM Waterflow-Ebbing

Drainage system of Sungei Pandan Bridge

Waterflow-Rising

N 50 m

WATERFLOW-EBBING

WATERFLOW-RISING

POTENTIAL EXPANDING Initial width:15-20m

Potential area of Sungei Pandan Bridge

Final width(inlet):80-90m

DEATIL PLAN OF BRIDGE

discription: TACTIC02CREATING SPECIAL TOPOLOGY inside width + width Distributionwidth ++

width --

widthShoreline --

Inland

Width:

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.0

3.0 1.0

---

MHWS-3m MHWN-2m MSL-1m

4.5°

7.6°-4.7°

High tide condition 112

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 112-113

6.7°-2.2°

16°

90°

Low tide condition

90°

Multi-layer plant design on the bridge

Bio-engineering landscape under the bridge

Utilizing the drainage system well 113

2018/2/28 14:31:05

discription: STRATEGY 1 inside

tactic04 - plant strategy

width +

width ++

width -

width --

PioneerRAspecies

width --

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.0

LR RA

7.6°-4.7°

6.7°-2.2°

16°

90°

Coastal forest

90°

NYPA SA

TC TC

AA LR

NYPA

Planation Trees

ep ste

e slop

Shrub

FHFH

MM ne

AM AM

RM RM

AO AO

AR AR

FM FM

LL BG

species

Rare species

pi o

HL AA

Mangrove species

3.0 1.0

SLOPE 4.5°

PLANT LEGEND

Fauna-attracting AM RM species

Shoreline

TOPOGRAPHY

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

Rare

Common species

mild

slop

Roaside trees

Samanea samansaman yellow Samanea yellow FH DS

Pterocarpus indicus indicus Pterocarpus

Mangrove speciesPlanation speciesRhizophora apiculata=RA Samanea saman yellow Adinandra dumosa=AD Sonneratia alba =SA Cinnamomum iners=CI Pterocarpus indicus Avicennia alba=AA Fagraea fragrans=FF Avicennia marina=AM Macaranga heynei=MH Rhizophora mucronata=RM Vitex pinnata=VP Avicennia officinalis=AO Avicennia rumphiana=AR Melastoma=MM Coastal forest speciesFicus heteropleura=FH Talipariti tiliaceum=TT Dillenia suffruticosa=DS Terminalia catappa=TC Rhodomyrtus=RT Ficus microcarpa=FM Leucaena leucocephala=LL RA

RA RA

SA SA

AA AA RA LR

Back mangrove species LR LR

RAAA

SAAM

RM AA

AM AM SA

RM RM AA

AO AO AM

AR AR RM

Nypa frutican Rare NYPA NYPA

AA AA

TC TC

AD AD5.5

HL HL LR AA

BG BG NYPA TC

CI CI

FM FM AA AD

LL LL TC CI

FF MM FF AD

3.5 31m

RMAR

MH MH CI

BC BC HL AA FM

BG TCLL

BC FM

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Rare

FFFM AD

Heritiera littoralis Rare

VP MM VP FF

LL CIMH

Bruguiera cylindrica Rare VP FF

RT VP

4m-5m Pond FH

MM FH 1m-3m Tidal mangrove

DS RT 3m-3.5m FH DS RT 3.5m-4m Samanea saman yellow Samanea saman yellow Back mangrove More tolerent back mangrove

Pterocarpus indicus

114

Pterocarpus indicus

115 Samanea saman yellow Samanea saman yellow Pterocarpus indicus Pterocarpus indicus

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 114-115

AO AM

TACTIC05-PLANT STRATEGY FOR NYPA BG LR HL NYPA HL BC BG BACKMANGROVE BC

Lumnitzera racemos Critical

Samanea saman yellow Pterocarpus indicus

2018/2/28 14:31:19

MASTERPLAN 15 9. Rubble mound 10.Platform 11.Stepped seawall 12.Mudflat 13.Island 14.Floating island 15.Bio-engineering Landscape

1. Atrium 2. Skyrise garden 3. Main playground 4. Platform on second floor 5. Bird watching tower 6.Pond 7.Platform 8.Basketball court

tactic06-Creating unique terrain to reduce the impact of urban and 14 create mixed use space

STRATEGY02Intertidal Zone

1 2

3 3m 5.5 m 3

Main road

Transition Zone

section 1-1 Basketball court

Transition zone

13 9 Building

Platform on second floor Back mangrove Creek

10 8

5.5 m

11 7

Tidal mangrove

2 1

Atrium

Pond

5.5 m

section 3-3

Pond

Platform

Atrium act as foothhold for birds Landscape factor- waterscape+bird feeder

Transition zone

Pond

section 2-2

5.5 m 3m

1 2

Cross section

1 116

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 116-117

117

2018/2/28 14:31:37

BIRD-ATTRACTING PLANTS

tactic 07 - Creating physical and intangible connection between seeding habitat and residential area

STRATEGY 2 HABITAT MAPPING

WATER FLOW CONNECTION Urban infrastructure Park Coastal forest Tidal mangrove

PEOPLE FLOW

Back mangrove Planation Seawall Mudflat Pond

FA U N A F L O W A N D MIXED USE SPACES

CONNECTION BETWEEN HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND HABITAT

Sensitivity High

Mudflat

Creek

Plants with big canopy Fauna flow

Tital mangrove Mash land Coastal forest

Bird-watching tower

Creek

Island

Pond Planation Seawall Living building

Low High 118

MLA publication_Helen edit.indd 118-119

Sports area

Recreation area

Educational area

Boardwalk

Platform Low

Human intervention degree 119

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COASTAL LANDSCAPE AS STORMWATER MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE Kong Lingchang Over flooding of stormwater runoff is a common issue in highly developed urban areas where impervious surface treatment and hard engineering infrastructure for stormwater management often conflict with natural water flow. The project serves as a green-blue plan for the future residential area along the Pandan River to reorganize the problems regarding the water flow in high-dense urban context and mimicking the natural capacity of flood conveyance and storage of the land with three proposed strategies. First, the design attempts to decentralizing stormwater management by diversifying water catchment areas based on natural water flows. Traditionally, as rainwater is unable to be absorbed by previous mediums, it will then become surface runoff which will be received by conventional drainage system on site, canalized to the main canal and finally get discharged into the sea. However, by discharging the surface runoff directly limits its potential for ecosystem services. A more ecological way is to retain the water on site and follow the natural water process which reduces the volume of surface runoff and its discharge rate, facilitating its infiltration. In this case, the design fully respects the natural landform and decentralized the catchments by following the nature catchment boundary. Additionally, optimizing in the capacity of stormwater management by using strategic designs of the green-blue network directs water to water-centric zones. Different from conventional treatments which hide water channels, this project inserts green spaces combined with ABC water features to receive the surface run-off from buildings and pathways to form a greenblue network which is visible where people can appreciate. Lastly, the project provides more habitat areas for coastal biodiversity through thoughtful plant selection. For a unique coastal land, the existing pump station of Pandan river separates the merged water conditions into freshwater and seawater which generates both constraints and opportunities for my design. With the unique mangroves growing on the tidal mudflat, these factors can potentially provide various species habitat which the project identifies to create additional buffer zones to mitigate the extreme flooding and provide more coastal habitat. The project envisions Sungei Pandan to be an ecological and multifunctional urban community where the water feature could be integrated into the coastal infrastructure to effectively manage stormwater runoff. 120

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WATER MANAGEMENT

Singapore managed catchment map

Upper Peirce reservoir

Existing drainage map

Future land use map

Lower Peirce reservoir

Jurong Lake MacRitchie reservoir

Marina reservoir

Legend

Annual maximum hourly rainfall intensities in Singapore

Pandan Reservoir Site

Area: 50ha

Pandan Reservoir catchment Tidal flow

Pandan Drainage catchment

Drainage flow Surface flow

Singapore terrain map

Singapore rainfall intensity map(2011)

Main canal Site boundary Drainage boundary N 50 m

70-85% 50-70% 35-50% 15-35% 0-15% 0-15%

198m 0m N

N 5km

Singapore peak run-off coefficient map

0 0.01-0.55 0.56-1.65 0.66-0.75 0.76-0.85 0.86-0.95 0.96-1

N 5km

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Existing water flow map

5km

Singapore master plan

residential commercial education community open space park industry

N 5km

Drainage flow Surface flow Main canal

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SITE ANALYSIS

WATER MANAGEMENT SCINARIOS

Vegetation map

Valuable vegetation along the coastline: Coastal Mangrove Diverse water salinity environment

Existing drainage system

50 m

Character

Opportunity

Challenge

Capacity

grey drainage

quick discharge

poor utilization

centralized water body

efficient water management

high risk of internal flooding

50%

long conveyance route

continuous green space

high risk of internal flooding

75%

separated catchments

good balance between retaintion and discharge

set proper green-blue infrastructure

100%

LEGEND

Vegetation (mangrove) Road side tree

scheme1

Pump station

scheme2

Topo map

scheme3(Selected)

N 50 m

Maximal elevation difference:7m(exclude the depth of canal)

VISION: 100% retain the rainwater on site Surface runoff calculation

S=8.29ha Q=1.14m³/s V(/h)=4103m³

S=6.32ha Q=0.87m³/s V(/h)=3128m³

S=4.65ha Q=0.63m³/s V(/h)=2268m³

green space

water body

S=8.58ha Q=1.16m³/s V(/h)=4176m³

6 6

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Legend

S=7.29ha Q=1.03m³/s V(/h)=3708m³

124

GREE-BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE ARRANGEMENT

S=5.05ha Q=0.69m³/s V(/h)=2484m³

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STRATEGY 1

Decentralizing stormwater management by diversifying water catchment areas based on natural water flows Water Flow Map

A-A section

wetland

open stream half-shady stream

pond

Maximum water levelQ=1200m³/h

riverine gravel stream grassed biorentation road mangrove swale basin

rain garden

Maximum water levelQ=1200m³/h

Highest water level Normal water level Low water level

B-B section

Highest water level Normal water level Low water level

reservoir

stone road grassed revetment bank

pandan river

marshland waterfront grassland pond platform plaza

pond

swale

B B

Legend over flow discharge(extreme event) mainflow direction subflow direction 0m

50m

150m

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350m

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STRATEGY 2

STRATEGY 3

Optimizing capacity of stromwater management by strategic designs of green-blue network

Providing habitat for coastal biodiversity through thoughtful flora selection. HABITAT Map

node A

N 10 m

10 Years Return Period: 90mm/h Catchment area=2.81ha Q(surface runoff)=0.32m³/s V(water capacity/h)=1138m³ greening rate:45% Internal Retantion capacity: over 52%

node B

MANAGEMENT TOOLKIT

node C Rain gardens Parking lot filter strip

Green roofs

Pwevious pavement

Underground storage

Grassed swales

Rain barrels Bioretention basins 128

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Roof water flow Swale water flow Surface water flow 129

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Merope angulata Bruguiera gymnorhiza Aegiceras corriculatum Seagrass: Merope angulata Aegiceras corriculatum

STRATEGY 3

Providing habitat for coastal biodiversity through thoughtful flora selection. Back Mangrove:

Back Mangrove: Sonneratia caselaris Sonneratia caselaris Bruiguiera Bruiguiera Nypa fruticans NypaHeritiera fruticans sp. Heritiera sp. Acrosticchum aureum Acrosticchum Cynometraaureum ramiflora Heritieraramiflora littoralis Cynometra Instialittoralis bijuga Heritiera Instia bijuga

Node A

Freshwater Mangrove Tree: Freshwater Mangrove Lumnitzera Tree: littorea Ardisia ellipticalittorea Lumnitzera Xylocarpus moluccensis Ardisia elliptica Calophyllum inophyllum Xylocarpus moluccensis Calophyllum inophyllum Mangrove: Mangrove: Avicennia officinals Avicennia officinals Avicennia rumphiana Avicennia rumphiana Rizophora apiculata Rizophora apiculata Rizophora Stylosa(BC) Rizophora Stylosa(BC) Bruguiera cylindrica Bruguiera cylindrica Ceriops tagal Ceriops tagal

Tree:

Cerbera odollam Back Mangrove: Tree: Excoecaria agallocha Sonneratia caselaris Cerbera odollam Lumnitzera recemosa Bruiguiera Excoecaria agallocha Lumnitzera littorea recemosa Nypa fruticansLumnitzera Calophyllum inophyllum Heritiera sp. Lumnitzera littorea inophyllum Acrosticchum Calophyllum aureum Cynometra ramiflora Heritiera littoralis Tidal Brackish Swamp Tree: Instia bijuga

Pump

Marshlands Marshlands Submerged aquatics: Submerged aquatics: Elodea canadensis Elodea canadensis Myriophyllum Myriophyllum sppspp Najas Najas sppspp Potamogeton epihydrous Potamogeton epihydrous Potamogeton crispus Potamogeton crispus

Planchonella chartacea Horsfieldia irya

Tidal Brackish Swamp

Tree: Tree: Sindora wallichii Planchonella chartacea Cerbera odollam Shurb: irya Horsfieldia Excoecaria agallocha Pluchea indica Sindora wallichii Lumnitzera recemosa Shurb: Lumnitzera littorea Tidal Mangrove Pluchea indica Mangrove: Calophyllum inophyllum Sonneratia alba

alba TidalAvicennia Mangrove Rizophora apiculata Mangrove: Rizophora Stylosa(BC) Sonneratia alba Bruguiera gymnorhiza Avicennia Tidal Brackish Swampalba Rizophora apiculata Tree: Seagrass: Rizophora Planchonella chartacea MeropeStylosa(BC) angulata gymnorhiza Aegiceras corriculatum Horsfieldia iryaBruguiera

Sindora wallichii

Node C Coastal Forest Tree: Coastal Forest Tree: Acacia auriculiformis Aganope heptaphylla Acacia auriculiformis Ardisia elliptica Aganope heptaphylla Barringtonia reticulata Ardisia elliptica Barringtonia conoideareticulata Barringtonia Barringtonia racemosa Barringtonia conoidea Calophyllum inophyllum Barringtonia racemosa Cerbera manghas Calophyllum Casuarina equisetifoliainophyllum Cebera Cerbera odollam manghas Casuarina equisetifolia Coccoloba uvigera Coastal Forest Cebera odollam Cocos nucifera Tree: Coccoloba uvigera Knema globularia Acacia auriculiformis

Cocos nucifera Aganope heptaphylla

Shurb: Knema globularia Ardisia elliptica Pandanus tectorius Barringtonia reticulata Pluchea indica Shurb: Rhodomyrtus tometosa Barringtonia conoidea

Pandanus tectorius

Barringtonia racemosa Pluchea indica Calophyllum inophyllum Rhodomyrtus tometosa Cerbera manghas Casuarina equisetifolia Cebera odollam Coccoloba uvigera Cocos nucifera Knema globularia

Shurb: Pandanus tectorius Pluchea indica Rhodomyrtus tometosa

Seagrass:

Shurb: Merope angulata Pluchea indicaAegiceras corriculatum

Node B

Transitional tidal edge Tree: Leea guineensis Burgundy

Transitional edge Syzygiumtidal cumini Tree:Ficus fistulosa Leea Cinnamomum guineensis Burgundy iners Syzygium cumini Back Mangrove: FicusMangrove fistulosa edge: Sonneratia caselaris Cinnamomum iners Talipaniti tiliaceum

Bruiguiera Pandanus tectorius Parkinson

Nypa fruticans Back Mangrove: Transitional tidal edge Mangrove edge: Tree: Heritiera sp. Sonneratia caselaris Species: Talipaniti tiliaceum Leea guineensis Acrosticchum aureum Burgundy Bruiguiera Birds: Pandanus tectorius Parkinson Syzygium cumini Cynometra ramiflora Nypa fruticans Chestnul-bellied malkoha Ficus fistulosa Heritiera littoralis Heritiera sp.Sunbird Crimson Cinnamomum iners Species: Instia bijuga Acrosticchum aureum Birds:Fishes: Cynometra ramifloraedge: Tree: Mangrove Chestnul-bellied malkoha Cyctocheilichfhys apogonn Heritiera littoralis Talipaniti tiliaceum Cerbera odollam Crimson Sunbird Dermogenys collettei Instia bijuga Pandanus tectorius Parkinson Excoecaria agallocha Nandus nebulosus

Lumnitzera recemosa Fishes: Mystus woliffi Tree: Species: Lumnitzera littorea Cyctocheilichfhys apogonn Birds: inophyllum Calophyllum Cerbera odollam Dermogenys colletteiSwampmalkoha Tidal Brackish Chestnul-bellied Excoecaria agallocha Tree: Nandus nebulosus Crimson Sunbird Lumnitzera recemosa Planchonella chartacea Mystus woliffi Lumnitzera littorea Horsfieldia irya Fishes: Calophyllum inophyllum Sindora wallichii Tidal Brackish Swamp apogonn Cyctocheilichfhys Tidal Tree: Brackish Swamp Dermogenys collettei Tree:Shurb: Planchonella chartacea Pluchea indica Nandus nebulosus Planchonella chartacea Horsfieldia irya Mystus woliffi Horsfieldia irya Sindora wallichii Tidal Mangrove Sindora wallichii Swamp Tidal Brackish Mangrove: Shurb: Tidal Brackish Swamp Tree: Sonneratia alba Pluchea indica Shurb: Tree: Planchonella chartacea Avicennia alba Pluchea indica Planchonella chartacea Horsfieldia irya Rizophora apiculata Horsfieldia irya Tidal Mangrove Sindora wallichii Stylosa(BC) Sindora wallichii Mangrove: TidalRizophora Mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza Sonneratia alba Shurb: Mangrove: Shurb: Avicennia Pluchea indica Sonneratia albaalba indica Pluchea Seagrass: Rizophora apiculata Avicennia alba Merope angulata Rizophora Stylosa(BC) Rizophora apiculata Tidal Mangrove Aegiceras corriculatum Tidal Mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza Mangrove: Rizophora Stylosa(BC) Mangrove: Sonneratia alba Bruguiera gymnorhiza Sonneratia alba

Open Stream Tree: Leea guineensis Burgundy Open Stream Syzygium cumini Tree: Ficus fistulosa Leea guineensis Burgundy Cinnamomum iners Syzygium cumini Bamboo

Ficus fistulosa

Aquatic: Cinnamomum iners Coastal Forest Shoreline-Araceae Bamboo Stream Tree:Open Arundina graminifolia Hochr Tree: Acacia auriculiformis ArundoAquatic: donax L. Leeaheptaphylla guineensis Burgundy Aganope Coastal Forest Shoreline-Araceae Syzygium Ardisia elliptica cumini Species: Tree: Ficus fistulosa Arundina graminifolia Hochr Barringtonia reticulata Birds: Acacia auriculiformis Cinnamomum iners Barringtonia conoidea Arundo donax L. Chestnul-bellied malkoha Aganope heptaphylla Bamboo Barringtonia racemosa Crimson Sunbird Ardisia elliptica Species: Calophyllum inophyllum Barringtonia reticulata Aquatic: Cerbera manghas Birds: Fishes: Shoreline-Araceae Barringtonia conoidea Casuarina equisetifolia Chestnul-bellied malkoha Cyctocheilichfhys apogonn Arundina graminifolia Hochr Barringtonia Cebera odollam Dermogenys collettei Crimson Sunbirdracemosa Arundo donax L. inophyllum Coccoloba uvigera Calophyllum Nandus nebulosus Cocoswoliffi nucifera Cerbera manghas Mystus Fishes: Species: Knema globularia Casuarina equisetifolia Cyctocheilichfhys apogonn Birds: Cebera odollam Dermogenys collettei Chestnul-bellied malkoha Shurb: Coccoloba uvigera Crimson nebulosus Sunbird Nandus Pandanus tectorius Cocos nucifera Mystus woliffi Pluchea indica Knema globularia Fishes: Rhodomyrtus tometosa Cyctocheilichfhys apogonn Dermogenys Shurb: collettei Nandus nebulosus Pandanus tectorius Mystus woliffi

Tidal Mangrove Mangrove: Sonneratia alba Avicennia alba Rizophora apiculata Rizophora Stylosa(BC) Bruguiera gymnorhiza Seagrass: Merope angulata Aegiceras corriculatum

Pluchea indica Rhodomyrtus tometosa

Seagrass: Avicennia alba

Avicennia alba MeropeRizophora angulata apiculata Seagrass: Rizophora apiculata Aegiceras corriculatum Rizophora Stylosa(BC) Merope angulata Rizophora Stylosa(BC) Bruguiera gymnorhiza 130Aegiceras Bruguieracorriculatum gymnorhiza

131

Seagrass: Seagrass:Merope angulata Aegiceras corriculatum Merope angulata

Aegiceras corriculatum

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THOUGHTFUL PLACEMENT OF GREEN SPACE FOR RESILIENT LANDSCAPE Xu Yuexin Under the influence of global warming, sea level rise and abnormal climate threaten the coastal areas all over the world. Sea level rise causes a series of impacts on coastal habitats, species, and ecosystems. Heavy rainfall caused by abnormal climate has triggered intensive floods storm that affects the life of coastal residents. Our site is located on the southern coast, and the previous industrial zone has 68.5% impervious surface the existing green space which covers only 18.3% of the site. According to the planning scenarios, our site will become a new residential area in the future. The rapid-growing population brings opportunities and challenges of the site development. My design starts from the green space, through reserving significant space for natural habitat and transforming the grey spaces to create additional functional green spaces. The design establishes a variety of ecological resilient, water resilient and social resilient landscape to cope with the changing climate and hydrology conditions with the rapidly growing population. According to different site conditions and users’ needs, I use different design control to thoughtful place five kinds of green spaces. Firstly, biotic research, conservation areas, wildlife preservation and observation area are integrated to provide eco-resilient green space to supply sufficient riparian zones for existing species and potential species which increases the mangrove habitats from 9ha to 12ha. Secondly, roadside green areas and buffer zone areas are mainly used for creating water-resilient green space to defence against the effects of sea level rise and intensive flood storm. Thirdly, recreation areas & urban development areas are used to establish activity spaces for people. By thoughtfully placing the green spaces, the site will become more resilient to cope with issues regarding rising of sea level and abnormality of climate conditions. Also, under the impact of high population density, the site can provide more open spaces for people to have an intimate connection with nature.

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ISSUES & PLANNING SCENARIO

SITE CONDITION

Sea level rise after 100 years

15% Existing water-sensitive areas when sea level rise 3m

10% Legend Vulnerable area 400 m

Existing species compared with the whole singapore’s. (Core species 1500)

Heavy rain causes intensive flash storm

18.3% Existing green space

Legend

6.2%

Possibility

Legend

Rainfall/mm

Underutilized parcels

2950 2700 2450 2200 1950 1700

600 m

According to the future planning scenario, most of the factories will become residential areas, and 35,000 people will live in the venue. On the basis of government forecast, furture population composition is under the following two pie charts.

68.5% Existing impervious surface

Reference: Source: http://www.citypopulation.de

52.4%

47.6%

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Male Female

68.3%

0-14years 15-64 years 65+ years

Existing parks

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BIRD MIGRATION MAP

SITEANALYSIS

-10~0 0~5 5~10 10~15 15~20

0.012 ~ 0.31 0.32 ~ 0.62 0.63 ~ 0.93 0.94 ~ 1.2 1.3 ~ 1.6 1.7 ~ 1.9 2 ~ 2.2 2.3 ~ 2.5 2.6 ~ 2.8

Excellent General Bad

200 m

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conservation areas Biotic research Wildlife preserve observation areas Roadside areas buffer zone areas Semi-open space

200 m

Recreation areas & Urban development areas selection

open space Selective urban development areas 1.0-2.8

OPEN SPACE PLANNING

Mangrove Irregular flash marsh Regular flash marsh Tidal flat 100 meters biological protection zone Seawater erosion sensitive area Mangrove seed trajectory Conservation line

BUILDING DENSITY

Roadside green area & buffer zone area selection

Vulnerable area Important ecological corridor Buffer zone Conservation line

Recreation areas & Urban development areas selection

Recreation area Residential area 100 m 138

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N 139

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STRATEGY 1. ECO RESILIENCE

STRATEGY 2. WATER RESILIENCE

retreatment of mangrove

Different level of water management

Most mangrove species flower and fruit regularly and the pmpagules are dispered by tide. The new mangrove habitats can improve the existing pollonation process and increase the mangrove succession rate.

Sedimentation Basins

Normal

Bioretention Swales

EXISTING Mangrove area: 9ha

The planning stratagy is to use different level of water management to face the intensive floods storm

Constructure Wetlands

50 Years Flood

Sedimentation basins and swales can provide temporary retention and a reduction of stormwater flow velocity to promote the settling of particles by gravity.

Bioretention Basins

100 Years Flood 50 YEARS AGO tide level: 3m

Mangrove area: 10ha

Constructure Wetlands can purify the stormwater 100 Years Flood

50 Years Flood

Normal

100 YEARS AGO tide level: 3m

Mangrove area: 12ha

10 m 140

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STRATEGY 3. MOTIVE FUNCTION FOR PEOPLE Biotic research & conservation areas Protect mangroves and carry out related scientific research

·Mangrove conservation area ·Ecological Conservation Wetlands ·plant and floriculture area ·soil and water conservation and production research areas ·Beach conservation area Wildlife preserve & observation areas Areas for flora and fauna to migration and live

·Seasonal waterfowl sanctuary ·Bird life area ·Observation stations ·Fishing grounds ·Ocean fish nursery Roadside and buffer zone areas Separate urban use areas and natural areas and protect natural areas from urban development

·Roadway ·Bicycle Trails ·Hiking Trails ·Natural education area ·Country parks Recreation areas Recreation areas are mainly located in residential areas, buffer zone areas and observation areas which provide various places for human activities

·tent camping ·fishing area ·outdoor sports area ·rest area ·lawn Selective urban development areas High-density urban development land includes commercial, entertainment and residential areas

·residential area greenery ·commercial area greenery

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RECONNECTING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE WILDLIFE AND HUMAN ALONG THE COASTAL LANDSCAPE Lam Si Yun Swan In a high-dense development, the strive for a balance between the living space for human and wildlife is always a challenge. Sungei Pandan has lost a large area of vegetation throughout the years due to industrialisation. The development of industrialisation has progressively destroyed the vegetation at a rate where the natural habitats could no longer replenish itself and be self-sufficient. As there are already a substantial number of species had already been recorded to have shifted from their usual breeding grounds along the coastal landscape as well as migratory birds who have the potential to perch in Singapore in their migratory route. The design adopts two main strategies to create habitats ideal for the avifauna which encourages migratory birds to perch in Singapore and prospers the local birds’ population. Furthermore, by increasing mangrove swamps as the primary habitat, it also attracts aquafauna to inhabit and serve as the main food source for the migratory birds. The first strategy is to restore nature element in the urban condition, such as naturalising of river canal to create riparian buffer zones which improve biodiversity and encourage avifauna to reside. The planting edge provides a green buffer for the aquatic habitat and aids in the removal of contaminants from canal water and stormwater runoff which also serves as a living filter for urban space. Furthermore, the project redirects migratory birds that pass Singapore when traveling to neighbouring countries to stopover at our coastal landscape. An opportunity of increasing species richness to the mangrove region by imprinting ideal living conditions which they can strive such as mimicking vegetation of their homeland. The secondary strategy is to redefine boundary between human and nature. This method includes promoting nature appreciation by bringing people to be involved and interact with the avifauna through ecological activities. This creates ecologically friendly habitats in the managed built environment such as rooftop garden on residential building for avifauna to stay. In conclusion, the project constructs ideal living conditions for the migratory birds at Sungei Pandan which creates new sightings for the locals and tourists that increases its economic value and improves the ecosystem of both wildlife and human to established in an urban environment. 144

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DESIGN INSPIRATION

MIGRATORY BIRDS IN SINGAPORE

Migratory Birds Flyway

The 18 species of birds migrants visiting Singapore during migratory season

Associationbetweencold&hotclimateandbirds’population

Source: Singapore Bird Group Migratory Bird Collisions in Singapore https:// singaporebirdgroup. wordpress.com/2015/05/15/ migratory-bird-collisions-insingapore/ 146

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SITE CONDITION

Evolution of green spaces at Sungei Pandan

DISTRIBUTION OF WILDLIFE ACROSS SUNGEI PANDAN

The coastline evolved through Human intrusion is not involved, surroundedwithrichmangrovehabitat landreclamation&industrialisation

Human development occupies open Mainly oil refinery, logistics , businesses spaces & wildlife lost their habitats thatdepend on coastline for development

Site condition - Industrial zone & Neighbourhood Landscape

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DESIGN PHASE 1

DESIGN PHASE 2

Analyse avifauna’s behaviour and habitat requirements

land functions through soil quality analysis Soil condition is one of the contributing factors of zonation among animals and plants

Geological Formation of the Coastal Landscape in Singapore

Daybehaviour

Nightbehaviour The effect of sea level rise on site High tide

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Soil quality analysis on site

Low tide

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STRATEGY 1

STRATEGY 2

Naturalize manmade canal to Riparian buffer zone to increase biodiversity

Inclusion of natural habitats in human development to enhance coexistence of wildlife & human

2 3

17 4

5 9

16 13

10 12

50 m

Legend: 1 - Private Residential + Roof Gardens 2 - Riparian Buffer Zone + Grassland Trail 3 - Palm Green Link 4 - Migratory Birds Research Lab + Edu Hubs 5 - Obstacles Playground 6 - Public Residential + Rooftop Farms 7 - Busstop 8 - Open Carpark 9 - Alfresco Dining Area 10 - Sports + Activities Zones 11 - Mangrove + Consevation Zone 12 - Kayaking + Canoe Stop Points 13 - Park Maze Playground + Discovery Bay 14 - Research Staffs Monitoring Campsites 15 - Stonewalk Pathway 16 - Nightzone Walkway 17 - Reservoir Viewing Towers

50 m

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IMROVING AQUATIC HABITAT Liu Xiaolei As a result of urban development, the coastal habitat is fragmented and isolated which disrupts aquatic ecosystem process and decrease water quality. This project aims to create a new aquatic habitat to improve existing conditions. I choose the certain species – seabass as the project’s starting point As there is an abundance of them living here in marsh lagoon behind mangrove areas, serving as a protection for mangrove roots. But now the number of seabass is decreasing drastically. This project is located in a part of the industrial zone in Sungei Pandan area next to drains where fishes inhabit. This area has potential to be connected to the remaining mangrove zone that allows fauna to move through. The first strategy of this project is to imitate aquatic habitat working process by providing different habitats for different growth stages of seabass that serves as food and shelter for aquatic animals. By creating a spawning area which satisfies the condition for seabass to grow with shallow water with low flowing speed and fine-grained substrate, this will allow related plant species to flourish. The second strategy is to create fish nursery area, by planting new mangrove as shelter and food source for the juvenile fish. The design slows down the water speed by changing the water topography, planting of new mangroves and removing a part of the industrial area to let water in. The last strategy of this project is to improve the connection between nature and urban environment by adding educational area and building a long path that extends into the mangrove for people to see the whole aquatic ecosystem process. With the creation of new aquatic habitat, not only strengthen the ecological function, but also enhance the connection of the existing habitat, this provides a new habitat for seabass to regenerate that positively improves the conditions of all related coastal species.

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MARINE HABITAT AND SPEICES Tidal mangrove

WATER POLLUTION

Freshwater mangrove Riverine

Coatsal forest Brackish water pond

Road side

Cannal&driange

Seawall

0 0m

10m

100

300

700M

20m

Tilapia

Oyster

Catfish

Stone crab

Tilapia

Oyster

Tilapia

Guppy

Mussel

Mangrove jack

Signaller crab

Guppy

Mussel

Guppy

Molly

Porcelain crab

Tilapia

Stone crab

Molly

Orange signaller crab

Molly

Catfish

Mangrove jack

Molly

Mangrove jack

Catfish

Fiddler crab

AQUATIC HABITAT POTENTIALS

HABITAT ISOLATION MAP 2017

Molly

Mangrove Costaline 156

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Costaline

Indstrial zone

Mangrove Costaline 157

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PLAN

PROGRAMME

FUANA MOVEMENT Spawning area Fish nursery

Buffer Spawning Fish nursery

Education& Recreation Buffer Buffer

Back to sea

Drain

3 4

5 50m

Education & recreation area

1 8

STRATEGY 1 CREATE SPAWNING AREA 1 Fish nursery area

2 Observatory

3 Buffer

4 Board walk

5 Spawning area

6 Educational area

7 Entrance

8 Drain

Avicennia alba Sonneratia alba. j. Smith Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ( L. ) Lam .

Planchonella chartacea Horsfieldia irya ( Gaertn. ) Warb. Sindora Wallichii Benth.

9 Mudflat

Satisfy the condition for seabass to spawn，shadow water with low speed, finegrained substrate, related plant and species

Barringtonia Inophy lum Samanea saman Calopyllum inophyllum Aartocaipus

Rhizophora apiculata Blume

Coccoloba uvifera ( L. ) L.

Mallotus paniculatus

Road

Terminal la catappa L.

Manihot carthaginensis

Broad walk

Barringtonia racemosa (L . ) Spreng Pandanus tectorius

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Acaranga gigantea

Viewing platform Educational area

salt grass(Distichlis)

cord grass(Spartina.sp.)

Eel grass(Zostera)

Marsh grass(Spartina.sp)

Detritus

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STRATEGY 2: CREATE FISH NURSERY AREA

STRATEGY4:CHANGE THE WATER SPEED AND DIRECTION

plant new mangrove as shelter and food source of juvenile fish

slow down the water speed: change the water topo, plant mangrove, cut down a part of the industrial area to let water in

Before

quick current slow current stable current

high tide low tide

0.5m 1m

high tide low tide fine - grained substrate tidal mangrove Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora mucronata

Costal forest Coconut tree

After

After high tide

Taliparti tiliaceum

quick current slow current stable current

low tide

Mangrove cannon

Detritus :mangrove leaves and dead organism food resource for junvenile seabass like prawn , tiny fishs and some plankton

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF DESIGNATED HABITATS year 0

STRATEGY3: IMPROVE THE DRAIN

improve the existing drain condition by using water purification plant year 20

salt water

fresh water

concrete

freshwater water fresh

bioretention soilbioretention

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tidal swamp speices buffer speices coastal forest speices

urban speices

salt water salt water

aggregate base(stone) aggregate base(stone)

160

mangrove speices

soil

water purification

Avicennia alba Sonneratia alba J. Smith Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. Rhizophora apiculata Blume

Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Terminalia catappa L. Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. Casuarina equisetifolia Pandanus tectorius

Planchonella chartacea (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb. Sindora wallichii Benth.

Mallotus paniculatus Manihot carthaginensis Solanum melongena Macaranga gigantea

Barringtonia inophyllum Samanea saman Calopyllum inophyllum Artocarpus

Cerbera manghas 161

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MORPHING FAUNA BARIER IN COASTAL AND URBAN LANDSCAPE Nur Azilla Nazli With the rapid growth of urban environment, spaces pose a challenge in this dense metropolis. Urbanization had undeniably caused landscape fragmentation, which in turn causes habitat isolation. This impedes movement of local fauna, as the harsh dense environment provides no room for them to live in. Further habitat isolation will cause great negative impact for our urban wildlife over time such as decreasing species population. So how does the City in a Garden resonate in an industrial landscape? This project focuses on morphing the barrier in the urban and coastal landscape, using the existing local habitat, as well as infrastructures, as part of its formula. Landscape connectivity is the key factor for maintaining species diversity in a fragmented landscape. The limited variety of habitats for animals isolated from one another due to developments and insufficient existing landscape where these animals rely on for movements are identified key issues this project strives to tackle. The first strategy is to provide habitats in the dense urban areas. To achieve this, firstly, a continuous tree canopy will be maintained throughout the site to serve as stepping- stones for these fauna. Secondly, by mimicking the forest structure in suitable spaces to provide a more diversified habitat. Thirdly, strategic planting designs to accommodate the needs of different species. The second strategy is to integrate habitats in the built environment. This includes retrofitting of building structure and enhancing streetscapes to connect with nearby habitat. “Morphing fauna barriers” is meant to provide a vision for initiating a solution to the imperative tension between biodiversity and urbanization. Through the implemented strategies and tactics, the overall site will have optimum ecologically viable spaces whilst achieving heterogeneity of species in the Southern part of Singapore. With an increase in habitat, heterogeneity leads to increase in species diversity, expanding Singapore’s biodiversity in our shared landscape.

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FAUNA MAP

GREEN TYPOLOGIES

site condition and its associated habitat

relating site to context Sungei Buloh Nature Reserve 130 ha 93 bird species recorded 80 other species recorded

Johor Pulau Ubin 147 ha 50 bird species recorded 102 other species recorded

Pulau Tekong 144 ha 50 bird species recorded 39 other species recorded

Johor straits

Pasir Ris Park 8 ha 74 bird species recorded 50 other species recorded

Mangrove Fringing reef Patch reef Smooth-coated otter Dolphins Long tailed Macaque Estuarine Crocodile Wild Boar Seabirds Shorebird Forest Birds Raptor Birds Mangrove Birds Water Birds

Sungei Pandan 9 ha 35 bird species recorded 10 other species recorded

Berlayer Creek 6 ha 23 bird species recorded 14 other species recorded

Key Species Coastal forest Freshwater mangrove Tidal mangrove Park Mudflats Buildings Roads

Singapore Straits Pulau Semakau 32.7 ha 41 bird species recorded 214 other species recorded

50 m

EXISTING GREEN SPACES

FRAGMENTED HABITAT

further isolation of habitat

surrounding green typologies

Potential Biodiversity Map(Based on terrestrial fauna)

C G

F B

Source: Dr. Abdul Rahman

Green spaces

% of green spaces lost Parks = 1.86% - 0% Mangrove = 0.4% - 0% Dense greenery = 4.54% - 3.27% Open spaces = 3.91% - 0% Golf course = 1.13% - 0% ____________________________ Total % = 11.84%-3.27% = 8.57%

Reference: URA space. (2014). ura. gov.sg. Retrieved 19 september 2017, from https://www.ura.gov. sg/?service=MP

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Golf course Mangrove Parks Open Green Spaces Dense Green Spaces Areas lost Areas left 500 m

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BARRIERS EVALUATION

urban barriers for birds

urban barriers for land animal

Softscape

6 Softscape

Street buffer with sparse planting

Visually

Hardscape

Groundcovers

Walkway with plantings

Hardscape

Sidewalk with layered vegetation Sidewalk without layered vegetation 8

Sheltered walkway

Fences

Bulky items along sidewalk

Plaza & open spaces Infrastructure

Overhead bridge

Physically

Weak

Strong

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Physically

This map generated from ArcMap indicates areas where there are high or weak barrier imposed for the land animals that impedes their movement and visibility.

Weak

168

Short wall with large gaps

Wide road with high traffic

High rise buildings

This map generated from ArcMap indicates areas where there are high or weak barrier imposed for the birds that impedes their movement.

Metal wired fences with small gaps

Infrastructure

High rise buildings

Tall wall with little openings plus wired fences

Tall wall with metal spike

Deep canal with railing

Low rise buildings

Softscape with layered planting

Undefined spaces

Street without layered vegetation

Private mini garden

Visually

Medium slope with plantings

Open grass area

Shrubs

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EXISTING HABITAT QUALITY

EXISTING FAUNA

Understanding existing habitat

understanding its habitat and habit

Fauna

Pacific swallow

Grey Heron Striated heron

Little Egret

Black naped oriole

Oriental Olive-backed magpie robin sunbird

High flyers

Asian brown flycatcher Low flyers

Plantain squirrel

Smooth coated otter

Terrestrial

Habitat Urban

Canal

Open grass

Parks & gardens

Forests

Mangroves

Marshes

Coast

Mudflats

Continuos tree canopy

Layered vegetation

Open clear space

Canal

Food source vegetation Low rise building

Diet

Tall dense crowned tree

Plants Avicennia sp.

Mangifera indica (mango)

Madras thorn

Musa sp. Alstonia Cocos nucifera Caliandra (banana tree) angustiloba (coconut tree) emarginata

Fish

Pterocarpus indicus (Angsana)

Terminalia molinetti

Syzygium grande

Eaves of building

Spots to perch on

Open clear space with groundcover

Layered vegetation

Insects

overall section Foraging 10 -15 cm marsh shallow water vegetation

Roots for perching

10 -15 cm shallow water

Dense foliage Small shrubs

Groundcover

Open area

Shurbs abt 2-4m

understanding optimal habitat Existing trees

Optimal foraging area Food source trees

Pithcellobium dulce

Mangifera indica

Alstonia angustiloba

Syzygium grande

Canopy richness

Wide road

Exposed trees to perch

CURRENT STREETSCAPE

Shallow water Open space to forage

Heliconia rubra

Ixora sp.

Pandanus amarylifolius

Optimal roosting/ nesting area

Key Map High verticle density

Melastoma malabathricum

Multi layered vegetation

Ficus grossulariodes

Roosting / Nesting trees

Small cluster of trees

Pterocarpus indicus

Rhizophora spp.

Kopsia singapurensis

Garcinia xanthochymus

Cocos nucifera

Plumeria rubra

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Terminalia molinetti

Averrhoa carambola

Sparse street plantings

Tall buildings can act as a stepping stone for high flyers

12m

Xanthostemon Schefflera Carica papaya chrysanthus actinophylla

One sided continuous tree canopy

Lack of planting at back alley

Some low edge confition

Optimal vegetated layers

Food source trees

Long distance without stepping stone

Tall building 21m

Caesalpinia pulcherima

Lush planting on one side

Musa sp.

Shurbs

Costus speciosus

Sparse vegetation

Existing plantings are not attracting birds

Multi layered vegetation

Canal is too deep for any movement

No surrounding green patch for roosting

Tight areas between buildings potentially be a threshold to move inland to shore for some faunas Area has little vegetation making it unfavourable

Proposed fauna movement Existing fauna movement

50 m

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STRATEGY 1 - PROVIDE HABITAT IN URBAN DENSE AREA Mimicking forest structure to provide habitat

Creating roof garden for high flying birds to roost and hunt

Extends existing habitat to create a habitat -Introduce trees for roosting/ nesting and hunt

Creating a vertical greenering on existing buildings -For birds to forage

Wild growth area - multiple layers to allow different foraging need - food source patch - diverse habitat Fences - Low wall with alternate big gaps - Flowering plants to cover any gaps

Creating a low wall with thick planting as fence -Introduce food source

Green Roofs - food source trees - verticle greenery to allow foraging for some birds

i 5m

Continuity of tree canopy as stepping stones Green rooftop

Food patch at private garden - multiple layers to allow different foraging need - food source patch

c f d

Private gardens for food patch -Creating vegetated layers

Roosting area - Continuos canopy at 12m - Thick dense foliage to allow refuge

Vegetated buffer - to slow down traffic - minimize noise barrier - maintain 2-4m shrub layer with food source

strategic design planting pallete

Existing Streetscape Trees are sparsely spread creating a less favorable steeping stone

h A. Exising mangrove B. Proposed green roofs C. Core area D. Private garden E. Naturalized canal F. Proposed alley G. Porposed street H. Vegetated buffers I . Sungei Pandan J. Pandan Reservoir

Road buffer with layered vegetation -introduce food source -Maintain continuos canopy at 12m -Food souce for both at 2-4m Food patch is accompanied with roosting tree nearby - Alstonia angustiloba -Pterocarpus indicus

Private gardens (715.6m2) Food source trees attracts faunas

Existing Canal Coatal landscape meets the urban where it allows fauna to travel easily Open Public Space (4503.4m2) The canal is accompanied by lush greenery that attracts fauna for refuge or hunting

Layered vegetation Multiple layers of vegetation ensures a diverse habitat for fauna

Green Roof Growing crops for food production Unmanaged Areas (1250.9m2) Unclaimed spaces where vegetation grows wildly

Redefining Streetscape Vegetated buffers to slow down traffic as well as to create continuous canopy

Breathing space Maintain some open space with low groundcover Mimicking Forest Structure Core areas to have multiple layers of forest to accomodate the different needs of different fauna Exposed Trees Some independent trees for perching

Food Source Trees & Shrubs Vegetation are chosen based on the needs of different fauna for food and shelter Retrofitting Built Structures Existing Streetscape Identifying buildings suitable for Tree canopy is connected for green roofs and vertical greenery some but absence of shrubs that acts like a stepping stones makes it less favorable

Enhancing Existing Habitat Creating diverse habitat to attract more species into site

STRATEGY 2 - INTEGRATING HABIATAT INTO BUILT ENVIRONMENT

retrofittingbuildingstructuresandredefiningstreetscaoeto connect with nearby habitat Area to roost near food patch - Alstonia angustiloba - Pterocarpus indicus Naturalising canal - to cater for different types of foraging - introduce food source (fishes) Green rooftop

a 50 m

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Outdoor timber walk - spillover for foodcourt - resting area for workers Creating continuos connection - vegetated buffer as a stepping stone in between the road

5m 173

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RETROFITTING INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE INTO EVERYDAY LIVES Yong Keng - Whye, Raymond The perception of mangroves disservices was dominant in research reports. The way people perceive mangroves were mainly negative, treating them as a reservoir of disease, areas of danger and harbour of pests. The public only sees the alluring conditions of the coastal landscape but have not understood the important aspects of mangroves ecosystem services which are beneficial to our biodiversity and environment. Migrant workers being dominant in the industrial district allows the project to focus on their culture, stories, lifestyle to reform spaces which serves to educate and raise awareness of the importance of what coastal landscape while allowing them to enjoy implemented recreational activities. No.7 Pandan Road, currently an abandoned site is specifically selected for a variety of reasons, in terms of Nature & Human considerations through precise studies, observations & research of biodiversity, habitats especially mudflats and proximity of green spaces. By adopting the Biophilia methodology, bridging social groups with green spaces and injecting activities helps to cultivate stronger and closer affiliations between humans and nature. Thus, elevating migrant workers working attitude, efficiency and efficacy which could be beneficial in their working prospect and the economy of the country. Redefining the coastal landscape where it allows a larger volume of sediments to be deposited, creating a larger area of mudflat, boosting feeding grounds and habitat for fauna and infauna species. Introducing patches of green spaces in the site and enhancing the existing slipway with recycled materials on site draw users closer to the coast physically and visually. Retrofitting the longitudinal streetscape of Pandan Road, by mimicking the structure of the coastal forest, creates a green canopy framework that elevates fauna and flora habitats and their movement which will be beneficial for the biodiversity and ecology. With this implementation it helps to increase vegetation volume and create larger shaded area for workers commuting along Pandan Road. These strategy aims to foster a greater appreciation of nature within a particular target audience and cultivate a stronger sense of ownership to the created landscape and at the same time boosting ecological and biodiversity value of the area which could leave a positive impact in the industrial environment and hopefully to the future generations.

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CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

HISTORICAL STUDY

Singapore, Region

Understanding on a macro scale of the main stakeholders and studying the industrial land area in a regional map

Reviving Connection with Nature , Fragmentation of Mangroves & Mudflats Employee Value Proptosition Work - Life - Harmony “We take care of your health & wellness by providing flexible work arrangments, comprehensive benefits & other practical enablers”.

Historical Timeline

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Diagrams illustrating themorphingofinfrastructure, landscape,activities & lifestyle

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SOCIAL ISSUES OF SITE

Migrant Workers

Migrant Workers Lifestyle Schedule

SELECTED SITE

Existing Site Conditions

PROSPOSED STRATEGIES

3 Main Strategic Layers

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MASTERPLANNING

PLANTING STRATEGIES

Masterplanning & Planting Strategies

ECOLOGICAL STUDY / ANALYSIS

Mudflats Study & Fauna Movement Ecological Strategy Showcasing potential avifauna flow from the coast into the site into the land (streetscape)

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ECOLOGICAL STUDY / ANALYSIS

AVIFAUNA

Mudflats Study & Fauna Movement

WADERS

Mudflats contribute significantly to the ecology of an area. Mudflats support a high abundance of infauna, or animals that are found within the mud.

INFAUNA

The abundance of these animals then support the many species of birds and other fauna in the area.

Many of the birds are migratory, and they feed on the animals in the mudflats to refuel.

HERONS

Apart from their ecological value, mudflats are also able to prevent or reduce coastal erosion.

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CIRCULATION, NODES, ACCESS POINTS

MACRO GREEN SPACE STUDY

Proximity of Green Spaces & Activities

Site is accessible by public transportation,however,proximity to entrances of green spaces are notwithinthe400mradiuswalking distance

West Coast Cricket Ground

Access points to Green Spaces & Activities Barriers Circulation Path Public Transport (Bus) Points

Singapore Rowing Centre

PROGRAMMATIC CONFIGURATION

Programs

Carpark & Drop-off

West Coast Park

Indoor Cafeteria Multi-purpose Sports Hall Gathering & Gardening Space Coastal Forest

Pandan Reservior

Slipway & Mudflats ArrivalSquare

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CONGREGATION HOTSPOTS / NODES STUDY

STREETSCAPE STUDY & INTERVENTIONS

A series of informal spaces

Migrant workers are being pickup by trucks to be send back to their dorm, far from their workplace

Layers of streetscape along Pandan Road

Existing

These are spots which represents informal pickup points and congregation spaces

Linear Movement

Factory

Fragmented Green Canopy

Main Road

Parking

Proposed Aggregating available open space & emphasizing on ecological point Gatheringpoint for users

Create seamless industrial landscape

Improve fragmentation of Green Canopy Fruittreesattracting avifauna, bats

Breaking free from existing barriers Dense green buffer

50 m

Drawing plant species from site onto streetscape to create and enhance ecological connectivity 186

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Softbarriers,introducinggreenwallstoblur the boundary / barriers 187

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PHASE OF ECOLOGICAL CORRIRDOR

FUTURE PREDICTIONS

Diagarm illustrating ecological aspects of site

Growing & Evolving Landscape The design interventionof strategically planting vegetation manage to improve the green spaces intheindustrial landscape

Users working in the industrial area, could now enjoy green space within their convenience, they are within the 400m radius to agreen space

When the landscape (vegetation) starts to grow and mature, it would end up covering the siteandmerges out along the streetscape, creating a kind of green canopy / umbrella

Playing a crucial role in Singapore’s ecology & biodiversity

Vegetation would be dense enough to provide or createsuitable habitat for fauna, which then acts as stepping stones into the streetscape

Change could happen approximately 10 yearslaterwhenvegetationstartstomatured and create a dense vegetated canopy acting like agreen roof spreading across the entire industrial area

Rich in community activities, communal bonding, acting as a community hub bringing people from all walks of life to learn and understand everydayindustrialworking life

Develop good working ethics, good attitude, social values and physical and mental well - being

District View

Platformforthetransferofknowledge

and information beyond the site and inevitably, the region

Broaden the paradigm of coastal landscape/mangrovesfromtheporttoother parts of the world

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MITIGATING MICROCLIMATE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AREA Gao Chenchen With the increasing world population and urbanization, the need for reducing urban temperature and their related health consequences is becoming more critical. The design of pandan road aims to investigate the magnitude and the potential of street space cooling to mitigate the heat caused by urban heat island effect. It is an attempt to reduce the impact of industrialisation on the surrounding environment for the future climate change. The temperature in the site is relatively higher than its surroundings and the cause of the phenomenon is due to high hardscape percentage and reliance in drainage conventions to allow efficient discharge of surface runoff. The wall between the street and factory area creates a barrier that makes the streetscape fragmentized where there is inadequate space for tree planting to provide more shade to cool the area. In addition to the heat and barrier, the design of connecting public space is also required to be addressed. Three strategies are used in creating a design solution and a plan for the site, the project aims to mitigate specific development impacts and compensate lost ecological functions. Firstly, by integrating the fragmentized green space and removing of existing barrier between the street and factory. The design will implement movable landscapes, private planting spaces and private car parking spaces to create a more continuous green space within the urban environment. Secondly, based on the topography and the precipitation, the design of bioswale is applied to slow down the rainwater while providing evaporation from plants to cool the area. Lastly, the simplex structure of trees in the site is redesigned to provide more shade for the thermal comfort of people while enriching the biodiversity of the site, cooling the place for workers to commute and rest outdoors. With these interventions, the design fully utilises the potential space in the street and change the existing impermeable area into a more resilient green space.

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MICROCLIMATE CONDITION

SITE CONDITION

TEMPERATURE MAP

sOFTSCAPE AND HARDSCAPE MAP

The percentage of softscape is lower in industrial area

N N

50 m 60 m

CLIMATE DATA Peak surface runoff coefficient

Max and Min temperature

Precipitation

Relative humidity

Prevailing wind direction

Time: Nov 2016-Oct 2017

High runoff rate in industrial area 192

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Degrees of Heat produced by factorys 193

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SITE ANALYSIS

Shade map

TEMPERATURE MAP

The climate in the urban canopy layer, below the roofs in the spaces between building can vary significantly within a distance of even a few metres. This means that the starting point will be the small scale level of the street.

N Shadow study 9:00a.m. 40%

20 m

The temperature differences can get 3 degree at one time in a day

Shadow study 13:00a.m. 15% 194

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Shadow study 16:00a.m. 70% 195

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STRATEGY1

Evaporation of water and vegetation

Source: Lin Xin

Source: Ling Chang

Based on the existing topography and soil condition, the design strategy is to utilize stormwater management to cool the area and increase the habitat condition of the area. Through the design of bioretention swale, rain garden for infiltration, lawn for purification and activities through these areas. The design of storm water system based on the process of rain water stream can effectively cool the area because the evaporation of the water and vegetaion can cool down the temperature. Meanwhile, the areas are designed combined with urban trees planted in consideration of the breeze wind.

SECTION OF RAIN GARDEN

N 10 m

1.Shade street trees for thermal comfort 2.Cool esplanade 3. Rest area in rain garden 4. Bioretention swale 196

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5. Waterscape 6. Pond and seatings 7. Rain garden and wooden platform for activity 8. Permeable paver

9. Purification lawn for roof water(grey water) 10. Raised lawn for infiltration 11. Parking area to reduce impermeable surface

N Plants in the water

Water body

Platform

Seating

Urban forest

1.5 m 197

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STRATEGY2

plantING strategy

Canopy trees Acacia cincinnata Pellacalyx axillaris Peltophorum pterocarpun Nephelium lappaceum Calophy putcherrimum

Mid-canopy trees Planchonella obovata Acacia auriculiformis Sea hibiscuis Understorey trees Agerstroemia speciosa Hymenaea courbaril Syzygium zeylanicum Undergrowth trees Plumeria obtusa Leea indica Mimosa pudica

sunlight

Structure of urban forest

N 10 m

Trees are planted to provide more shade for the area, and in consideration of the wind corridor. The wind speed will up because of the open space and topography. The area will have more shade and cool breeze through.

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Simulation of wind direction and speed

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NEW INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE AS A LIVING MACHINE Wang Hanfeng In Singapore, the 42% of coastline, which is occupied by the industrial area, is covered with man-made vertical seawall. In Sungei Pandan’s industrial area, there are lots of factories, including many seriously polluted shipyards. The contaminants flows into the sea with rainwater, causing a negative impact on the natural environment. The pollution analysis indicates that the factories along the Pandan River, which are shipyards and manufacturing industry, have the most serious pollution level. The project aims to propose a new prototype of industrial landscape that is beneficial for improving the ecological and environmental quality through biological purification system while serving recreational activities for the public. Four strategies are used during the design process. Firstly, ensuring the space for water treatment plant by replacing the current factories in the site; secondly, establishing of water treatment process based on the principles of wetland ecology to purify the water sequentially from sedimentation pond to heavy metal treatment then pathogen treatment and nutrient treatment. The treated water will be used for plant nursery before flowing into the sea. Thirdly, increasing of public engagement by combining the water treatment process with education, enriching people’s space experience; fourthly, creating aquatic habitats by modifying the coastline and creating an inter-tidal zone for mangroves and other plants and animals. The project envisions this new kind of prototype of the industrial landscape will be duplicated along the entire coastal industrial zone in a long-term plan to create an ecological coastline for purification, restoration and education.

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SITE ANALYSIS

Pollution and Water Flow Analysis

OPEN SPACE ANALYSIS

RESIDENTIAL AREA Building: 107510m2 Area: 515064m2 Percentage: 20.9% The residential area is mainly occupied by HDBs. The precentage of openness is about 79% , just the same as that in industrial area. However, the buildings in this area are smaller and more seperated. So, compared to the industrial area, the open space here is more evenly distributed, which means that it is more fragmented and hard to be used.

INDUSTRIAL AREA Building: 137103m2 Area: 684350m2 Percentage: 20.1% This industrial area is mainly occupied by shipyards. The precentage of openness is about 80% and the buildings in this area are bigger but more concentrated. So it has a larger and more integrated open space for redeveloping.

INDUSTRIAL Analysis fresh water mix water sea water salt/fresh flow drainage flow

Phase I(1959-1965) import substitution period Singapore is regarded as a distribution center. Entrepot trade as a single economic form occupied the dominant position of the Singapore economy.

Phase III (1970-1980)

Phase V (1998-2017)

rapid growth period

economic transition period

Computer, computer accessories manufacturing and other electronics industry become the leading industry, developing high-tech, high-value precision industry.

The government introduced and developed life sciences and environmental protection industries, the water industry and educational industries.

surface flow main canal flow

1959

1965

1970

1980

1997

Phase II(1966-1970)

Phase IV(1980-1997)

Singapore government introduced a large number of foreign investment and the technology and promote the development of capital-intensive manufacturing.

Singapore established the manufacturing and the industrial structure that took capital and technology-intensive industry as the center of the structure.

export-oriented period

2017

FUTURE

Phase VI (2018——)

industrial upgrading period

The industries along the Pandan River, which almost are shipyards and manufacturing industry, have the most serious pollution level. And the contaminants from the factories finally flows into the sea with stormwater, causing a negative impact on the natural environment. 202

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SITE ANALYSIS

STRATEGY I Ensure the space for water treatment plant by replacing the current factories in the site.

WATER POLLUTION SOURCE 1.heavy metals(Zinc) 2.chemicals(Alkalies, cleaning and paints stripping solvents) 3.organics(oil, organic solvents) 3.Suspended particle(paint chips)

The site is in the industrial area that is beside a canal and opposite the west coast park. Also, the site is located at the river mouth,. It is like the gate at the center of the cross.

This area is surrounded by factories that have serious air pollution and noise pollution. These negative impacts can be found representively in the site.

A small patch of freshwater mangrove habitat in west coast park that near the canal.

Marine pollution caused by ships and the polluted water from canal flows into Pandan river with high tide.

The average rainfall(monsoon): 25.8mm/d The whole site area: 1777908m2 The whole rainfall : 46164m3/d The potential treated area: 173308m2 The potential treated rainfall: 4500m3/day

STRATEGY I

4500m3/day

The site area: 34407m2

The current building area: 7016m2 The current industrial type: shipyard

The new designed building area: 3000m2 The new designed industrial type: water industry 204

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MASTER PLAN

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STRATEGY II polluted

clean

water from drainage

Water treatment process

Sedimentation pond Area: 2000m2 The first stage to treat the water, letting the suspended solids settle down.

aerating

Pontederia cordata pumping up

Pathogen treatment Area: 4000m2 The third stage to treat the water by mostly using emergent plants to remove the pathogen when water flows through their roots.

Scirpus validus

Lythrum salicaria

Cat-tail

Juncus effusus

Heavy metal treatment Area: 2000m2 The second stage to treat the water by mostly using submergent plants to absorb the heavy metal in the water.

Plant nursery Area: 750m2 The fifth stage is to use the treated water and it is also a comprehensive treatment.

Salvia coccinea

Aloysia citrodora

Nutrient treatment Area: 1500m2 The forth stage to treat the water by using various types of plants to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from water.

Najas

Duckweed

Ottelia alismoides

Potamogeton octandrous

Myriophyllum spicatium

Establish a water treatment process based on the principles of wetland ecology to purify the water sequentially from sedimentation pond to heavy metal treatment then pathogen treatment and nutrient treatment.

SURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

Nutrient treatment process 208

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STRATEGY II VERTICAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

Pathogen treatment process

STRATEGY III

Increase public engagement by combining the water treatment process with education, enriching people’s space experience.

In this area, people can see the process of pathogen treatment and have a aerial view to see the coastline.

Here is the place for people to rest. People can lie on the grass and see the process of nutrient treatment and the flowing stream, even small animals.

In plant nursery, people will find some kinds of herbs that has beautiful flowers or comfortable smell. It is like an ornamental garden. The water used in here is comes from the polluted water after purification. Also, it has indicated the water quality. The area is a part of mangrove area. People in here can see different kinds of mangroves and they can learn the knowledge about how the mangrove grows, its growing habits and its functions. 210

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Main road Secondary road

This area is also a inter-tidal area but it is more for other aquatic plants and animals. People can observe and even touch the plants or the small animals in the water. It is a good place for people to experience.

Potential animal corridor Interaction area 211

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STRATEGY IV

STRATEGY III

Create aquatic habitats by modifying the coastline and creating a inter-tidal zone for mangroves and other plants and animals. PLANTATION STRATEGY

PLANT NURSERY

STRATEGY IV

Section A-A’ 212

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STRATEGY IV INTER-TIDAL AREA

Current channel is made of concrete.

Enigma

Change the bank into a terracing for bioengineering, slowing down the water.

Change the degree of bending and create more gentle slope for species to settle down.

Clams

Fiddler crabs Stone/Thunder crab

Malayan water monitor

Crab-eating frog Estuarine catfish

Current coastline is man-made vertical seawall.

Change the seawall into a gentle slope for the accumulation of mud.

Create revetments to retain water and species.

Whitespot

Sea bass

Spotted scat

Mullets

Enigma

Fiddler crabs Stone/Thunder crab

Striated heron Little egret 214

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Malayan water monitor Crab-eating frog 215

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NATURING URBAN:

RESOLVE THE TENSION BETWEEN URBAN AND NATURE HABITATS, LEVERAGING ON NATIVE HABITAT STRUCTURES IN SUNGEI PANDAN

Fan Lei Helen In the highly industrialized area of Sungei Pandan, there are two narrow patches of mangrove/ coastal forest habitat remnants, one at the upper stream of Sungei Pandan river is preserved from the original Pandan Forest Reserve, the other is the rejuvenated mangrove at West Coast Park. However, their conditions are compromised by the urbanized context, with constrained space for establishment and disconnected from external ecological connections. To tackle the increasingly intensive relationships between urban and nature, the existing ecosystem of Marsh Garden and the neighbouring concretized canal - Sungei Pandan Kechil - and adjoined urban park space of West Coast Park are chosen for intervention. The design intention is to dissolve and transform the edges between urban and nature, modify barriers and thresholds hindering human-nature interactions, ultimately creating new urban-nature relationships and reforming the interconnection between nature ecosystem and human social system. Existing urban attributes (landform, drain line, edges) would be utilized through feasible treatments to create conditions for nature to thrive. Leveraging on the established habitat structure of Marsh Garden, more diversified habitats are planned to be developed in phases. Toning between these different habitats is strategized for amplifying nature process and improving the resilience of the ecosystem, meanwhile enabling nature to be woven into urban fabrics. The thriving ecosystem also function as sustainable landscape infrastructure. Multi-layered and multi-functional spaces serving as transitions between urban and nature improve people’s access and spontaneous interaction with nature. Dynamic programmes are integrated to cater to the needs of surrounding community (particularly urban workers, residents, schools, research institutes, etc.) and further create opportunities for social practice of ecosystem service value articulation. The narratives of new human-nature relationship are conveyed through design, for reshaping regional human ecosystem and morphing new sense of place and sense of nature. Retrofitted into vibrant space for coastal habitat research, learning and recreation where a new identity for West Coast Park is to be derived. This project is envisioned to realize wider regional impacts through reviving of nature, both ecologically and socially. The co-existence and mutual benefit between urban and nature is to be addressed in a broader sense. 216

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SITE CONDITION & ISSUE

EXISTING HABITAT CONDITION

Land Use and Vegetation Density in Sungei Pandan The existing land use condition in Sungei Pandan resulted in isolatons of urban environment and nature habitats, with narrow patches of coastal habitat patches and sparse vegetation in urbanized context.

Investigation into the coastal habitat condition of the three key areas, A) Sungei Pandan Mangrove; B) Pandan Urban Habitat; C) Marsh Garden at West Coast Park Habitat Structure for A)

A Sungei Pandan Mangrove Habitat (Unmamaged man grove & coastal habitat) B Urban Habitat (managed vegetation)

Tidal Mangrove Freshwater Mangrove

C West Coast Park (mixed managed and unmanaged habitat) Land Use Map. The segregation of different land use areas Source: URA Masterplan 2014

Coastal Forest

Habitat Structure for B)

Sungei Pandan Vegetation Density Map

Freshwater Mangrove

Impacts from Current Forms of Land Use

Brackish Swamp

Park & Garden

Habitat Structure for C )

Roadside Plantation

Habitat Map of Sungei Pandan

Biodiversity Potential Map. Habitat suitability analysis based on 5 birds and 5 mammals. (Purple indicating lower potential for biodiversity). Source: Dr. Abdul Rahim Hamid

Temperature Map: High temperature in industry areas. Source: Chen Chen

Canal vegetation

Sungei Pandan Mangrove

Peak Surface Runoff Coefficient: High runoff rate in urban are. Source: PUB

Area 1: Rhizophora Mucronata Avicennia officinalis Rhizophora apiculata Acacia avriculaformis

Boundary Condition for the two Major Natural Habitats Area 1

Area 2: Bruguiera Cylindrica Sonneratia alba

Area 2

Rhizophora apiculata Avicennia Alba

Area 3

Leucaena leucocephala

Area 3: Rhizophora apiculata Avicennia rumphiana Avicennia officinalis Nypa fruticans

Area 4

Talipariti tiliaceum

Marsh Garden Mangrove Area 4: Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophora mucronata Nypa fruticans Rhizophora apiculata

Species Map of Sungei Pandan

Sonneratia caseolaris Avicennia officinalis

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HISTORICAL CONDITION

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION OF SITE CONDITION Open park space ourside Marsh Garden

Concretized Water Canal bordering dense vegetation

Park footpath bordering Marsh Garden

Map of Coastal Condition and water depth, 1989 / 2009 Elaborated based on historical map, National Archives

FAUNA HOSTING CAPACITY AT WEST COAST PARK

Sungai Pandan Kechil Canal mouth and Seawall

Inspite of the small area, West Coast Park is hosing 35 bird species, using mangrove, wetland, park or urban habitats. Some birds detected here are also using other coastal / mangrove habitats or nature reserves.

Brackish water pond of Marsh Garden

Park map elaborated based on URA Masterplan 2014

Rhizophora and magrove fern established at pond bank

Pond bank vegetation

Brackish / freshwater swamp at Marsh Garden pond bank 220

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MASTER PLAN

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PHASAL ESTABLISHMENT Design interventions are strategized for mitigating the disruption of existing habitats, meanwhile creating spaces and conditions favoring the emergence of new habitat and nature process to take place.

IN LONG TERM - POND BEING TRANFORMED TO TIDAL ESTUARINE

EXISTING CONDITION

Marsh Garden pond waterbody: consistent water height 3m The height of tidal gate would gradually decreae to create tidal conditions

Lower topo area 1: central turf, water ponding happen after the rain, utilize for the creation of riverine habitat

Lower topo area 2: area around carpark, where drainlines are intensively constructed, this site bordering marsh garden forest is chosen for Constucted Wetland

Freshwater Mangroves are identified towards the sea direction

Ultimately, the height of tidal gate is 1m, the brackish pond would be transformed to tidal estuarine

Riverline establishment towards the park sapce

Designated tidal zone 30-50m wide

With the established urban habitat in earlier stage, nature habitats development is to be improved

River line flowing into park space, creating transitioning habitat conditions

Establishment of back mangrove forest as transitioning habitat

HABITAT EMERGENCE

STAGE 1 - PREPARE FOR OPENING

Existing Habitats

First start with new habitats establishment in the urbanized context

Freshwater Mangrove

Brackish Swamgp

Coatal Forest

Park & Garden

Seawall Mangrove

Tidal Estuarine

Tidal Forest

Constructed Wetlanf

Back Mangrove

Riverine

Transitioning Habitat

Stage 1 Bio=swale

Mudflat

Completely established

Canal Mounth is widen for improving sedimentation formation Tidal Gate of 2.9m height is built to continue maintain the water level at Marsh Garden

Introducing seawall mangrove habitat and canal bank mangrove by transform the impermeable canal bank to condition feasible for mangrove and other coastal vegetation to thrive Tidal condition is also introduced into urban

Surface runoff collected in the extensive drainline would be collected in the nearby Constructed Wetland

In conjuction with Constructed Wetland, Bio-swale are designed, leveraging on existing topography, to prapare the furture establishment of Back Mangrove (which requires salinty gradient created by tidal and freshwater input)

Treatment Methodolgy of concretized canal bank to create habitats for mangrove:

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The habitat of Constructed Wetland is designed as a transition from Coastal Forest, which also could function as a buffer, protecting conserved habitat from urban context

DESIGNATED HABITAT CONDITION AFTER ESTABLISHEMENT Tidal Estuarine: Length 150m / width 6m Elevation range: 1.5-3m

Seawall / Canal Bank Mangrove: Length 530m / width 4-14m Elevation range: 0-4m

Tidal Mangrove: Mangrove zone width of 58m Elevation range: 1m – 3.5m Slope 2.8°

Tidal Swamp: Area: 1,127msq Elevation Range: 1.5-3m

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STRATEGY 1

COASTAL NATURE TO THRIVE IN CONTROLLED SETTINGS OF URBAN CONTEXT

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STRATEGY 1

COASTAL NATURE TO THRIVE IN CONTROLLED SETTINGS OF URBAN CONTEXT

B A

SECTION A-A’ - EXISTING & DESIGNATION

B’ A’ Proposed Habitat Map for Marsh Garden

Coastal Forest

Freshwater Mangrove

(Nature thrival is chonstrained)

Park & Canal Bank Garden Mangrove

Seawall Mangrove

Coastal Forest

(Mangrove establishement in compromised condition)

Back Mangrove

Tidal Mangrove

Brackish Swamp

Park & Garden

(Dense vegetation forms threshold between urban & nature)

Tidal Mangrove

Back Mangrove

Brackish Swamp

Mangrove Nursery

SECTION B-B’ - DESIGNATION

Tidal Mangrove

Back Mangrove Bioswale

Coastal Forest

(Bio-swale provides freshwater input for Back Mangrove) 228

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Constructed Wetland

(Transitioning into urban space, and provides buffer for Coastal Forest) 229

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STRATEGY 2

INTEGRATED NATURAL SPACE BETTER ENGAGE AND BENEFIT REGIONAL SOCIETY

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STRATEGY 3

COASTAL URBAN SPACE BE TRANSFORM WITH THE THRIVING NATURE

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GENERATE AN INTEGRATED WATERFRONT BASED ON BROWN EARTHWORK Xu Linxin Singapore is facing the impacts of high-density urban development. One of these impacts is the contamination of residues in urban brownfields. Being an important node of Sungei Pandan, Pandan river mouth’s waterfront is a nexus of river-based industry, transportation, commerce and maritime activity at the current stage. The site is located in Pandan waterfront industrial area, which is working as a shipyard with a high level of soil contamination, a mixture of organic and inorganic contaminants. Thus, this project seeks a comprehensive way to restore the waterfront area by pollution treatment process and reshape the relationship between ecology and urban system. The surface runoff in current situation brings contaminants from factories, urban traffic and residential areas to the waterfront area where there is no hardscape to prevent the bare ground from being polluted by these contaminants. The contaminants in the soil are hard to be filtered or degraded with a very low level of vegetation density in the site. While treating the polluted soil, we need to dig out the hot spot and cap the polluted soil. It is a chance to generate a new landform by fully utilizing the brown earthwork. There are three main strategies in this project, namely, mitigating soil pollution, utilizing nature succession, providing potential for habitats and social programs. The strategy of mitigating soil pollution happens on the whole site with the application of two tactics for this strategy: cutting and filling brown earthwork and using phyto-techniques. On the cut shoreline, the strategy utilizing nature succession is aiming to generate a new shoreline by sediment baffles, which will be set in the water edge and cutting out area for the tide to work for it. Additionaly, the project provides potential habitats and social programs that locate in different types of elevation, slopes of the new topography that is generated by the new brown earthwork. By introducing these strategies, the proposal integrate Pandan waterfront to a vibrant and active place by dealing with the brown earthwork, so that it can provide the potential for both habitats establishment and people’s need for safe and stable waterfront space, and additionally adapt to the extreme weather.

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LANDUSE ANALYSIS

Existing landuse

New development landuse

site location

DESIGN AREA

layers of surrounding

Landuse N Traffic Network

250m

Legend Residential

Vegetation & Waterbody

Industrial area Open space Park Sport Area Waterbody

Buildings

HOW TO DECIDE SIZE OF THE NEW PARK In new development, residential area: 1750793 m2 Residential FAR: 2.8; Ratio of green space: 26% Total green space area: 1750793 * 26% = 45.52 ha Existing green space area: 31.4 ha; So the new park need to be 14 ha

Topo & Waterflow

SOIL CONDITION ANALYSIS

HOW TO DECIDE LO OF THE NEW PARK Soil contamination evaluation

Basemap

Soil contamination evaluation

timeline of shoreline change N 250m

1937 Legend

1961

1989

Legend

Coral reef Sand with some coral reef Mudflat From the historic map, we can know that this area has the potential to become habitat.

Contaminants typology and runoff

Site biodiversity evaluation

Soil Comprehensive comprehensive evaluation

Legend

Now

The area with worst soil condition and lowet biodiversity level is chosen to be the design area, which is working as a shipyard in current stage Legend

Wharf with mudflat

The storm runoff brought the mixture of contaminants to the shoreline area, we need to modify the landform thoughtfully by cutting and filling brown-earthwork.

Legend Contamination types Inorganic Organic Runoff

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FRAMEWORK

Framework of constructing landscape based on brown-earthwork

STRATEGY 1: MITIGATE SOIL CONTAMINATION

Modify landform TYpology of topo to manage runoff

PHYTO-TECHNIQUES typology

STRATEGY 1: MITIGATE SOIL CONTAMINATION

REMEDIATE SOIL POLLUTION BY MANAGING STORM RUNOFF

The annual rainfall: 2700mm Potential treated area: 30ha Depth of wetland: 2~3m Goal: Control 80% of annual rainfall The dimension of wetland need to be: 2.1 ha.

Rainfall: mm 500 400 300 200 100 0 2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Data.gov.sg 236

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2012 2013 MONTH

2014

2015

2016

2017

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N 50m

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STRATEGY 2: UTILIZE NATURE SUCCESSION

STRATEGY 3: PROVIDE HABITATS& PROGRAMS

gENERATE SHORELINE BY TIDE 2017

Commercial & Residential Area

Industrial Area

2025

Green Space

Commercial & Residential Area

Industrial Area

2035

pROVIDE DIFFERENT HABITATS

Green Space

Commercial & Residential Area

Industrial Area

Green Space

Soil remediation mound forests succession

pROVIDE potential for programs to create a multi-fucntional water edge

0 Year

2 Years

5 Years

15 Years

30 Years

0 Year

2 Years

5 Years

15 Years

30 Years

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Key map C A

C. Nursery transformed from industrial building to show soil remediation process

A. Wandering in coastal habitats, and playing with nature

The park will work as an eco-connector between the two patches, and provide ecological services for the surrounding areas.

B. Observing and being educated from purification process

Mangrove

Eco-Connector

Eco-Connector Site West Coast Park

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RESHAPING COASTAL EDGE LANDSCAPE IN A HIGH-DENSE TROPICAL CITY Yao Haomu Due to urbanization and land reclamation, Sungei Pandan, once the largest mangrove habitat in Singapore, has witnessed a dramatic change of shoreline condition, which caused intertidal habitat loss and fragmentation. With current land use function and edge condition, the lifestyle around Sungei Pandan is detached from the original coastal characteristics, which leads to lack of public awareness for coastal habitats conservation. The project aims to revive coastal habitats under high-density urban context, by shaping a more diverse coastal edge along the Pandan River at the most representative and critical site of the whole area, the middle part between two canals, as a coastal park to benefit the whole community. The project applies three strategies to reshaping the coastal edge landscape. Firstly, to diversify landform and shoreline, a shallow branch of water is introduced into the site where both shoreline and waterfront are redefined into natural forms. This creates a heterogeneous hydro condition such as brackish pond and riverine estuaries which expands the intertidal zones. Secondly, by accommodating various habitats, the whole site is divided into active/passive recreation and restoration zone. Coastal, freshwater and urban habitats are then placed to accommodate the hydrological conditions which engage urban with natural area. Lastly, the project integrates development into coastal habitats with both education and recreation activities that are arranged closely with nature based on habitats distribution. Community activities happen mostly in the northern part of the site, while housing and passive recreations are placed in the southern part. Mangrove restoration project is mainly placed on the new island. Jogging and biking tracks connect the whole site and implementation of boardwalks, treetop walk and aerie tower allow people to go through these coastal habitats. The project provides a showcase of coastal habitat for public, in which human activities and coastal landscape are integrated together. A biophilic lifestyle would become widespread while people are unconsciously influenced here.

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BACKGROUND

SITE

Current habitat _ Fragmented habitat

CHANGE OF COASTLINE _ Losing of Coastal identity

200 m

N 200 m

Intervention for naturalising the two canals

Connecting the core and the newly colonized mangrove patch

Bridging the physical barrier caused by the bridge

Legend Legend Mangrove in 1937 Mudflat in 1937 Coral reef in 1937 Site boundary

Legend

Current coastal habitats

Site boundary Current coastal habitats Concrete Current coastal habitats Rocky Site boundary Mud Site boundary Concrete Straight Concrete Steep Rocky Rocky Slope Mud Mud Long slope Straight Straight Steep Steep Slope Slope Long slope Long slope

Proposed redevelopment planning

Coastal Identity

Ecological Heterogeneity

High Efficiency

Strategy 1 : Diversifying land form and shoreline

Coastal Identity

Strategy 2 : Accommodating various habitats

Ecological Heterogeneity

Strategy 3 : Integrating development into coastal habitats

High Density