NUS LANDSCAPE : Rewilding Singapore

REWILDING SINGAPORE

NUS School of Design and Environment | Department of Architecture

LA4701 MLA Studio Quarter, 9 Aug - 22 Nov 2019

Bargotra Poornima | Cheng Jing | Chin Carissa | Dhuri Ruiee | Feng Zihan

Han Cong | Lim Wenfa | Lyu Jiawei | Rakholiya Ekta | Shao Zhongran

Tanaka Mamiko | Wang Haobo | Xiao Xinyan | Zhang Bingqian | Zhang Bingyi

Zhang Yifei | Zhong Yixin | Zhou Xianfeng |Zhou Zuyuan

Tutors: Hwang Yun Hye | Endo Kenya

As a studio product which is not censored, it may contain mistakes or deficiencies, and proposed ideas may not represent the positions of NUS.

Published by

CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture

Department of Architecture

School of Design and Environment

National University of Singapore

4 Architecture Drive

Singapore 117566

Tel: +65 65163452

Fax: +65 67793078

Copyright © 2019 Hwang Yun Hye and Endo Kenya (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-14-4217-9

THE THIRD SERIES OF REWILDING SINGAPORE

REWILDING SINGAPORE studios pay attention to the ecological role of landscape architects in greening of Singapore beyond tidy appearance and maintainability The series of studios began with an understanding of spatial and temporal characteristics of the primary tropical rain forest – one of the most complex and exuberant ecosystems in the world – made up 99% of our island just a century ago. In the context of the compact tropical city, massive urban developments, disrupted and disconnected urban ecosystems are not avoidable but the urban environment alternative design strategies integrating forest ecology into the built environment.

IN THE STUDIO described in this book, 19 graduate students in the Landscape Architecture program, part of the National University of Singapore, worked to develop rewilding strategies for 12 landscape typologies within 1km radius of Central Catchment Nature Reserves (CCNR) over a 14-week period (Aug – Nov 2019). Work included preliminary research to understand theory eld trips to identify opportunities and challenges within the assigned typology, and design activities visualizing relevant concepts and operational systems.

MANY THANKS to the following collaborators: Dr. Shawn Lum (Nature Society (Singapore)) who framed the studio at the initial stage and guided us in CCNR through multiple eld trips; Dr Tan Puay Yok (NUS), Ms. Boo Chih Min (Camphora), Dr. Anuj Jain (BirdLife International) who provided fundamental understanding of the forest ecosystem of Singapore; Landscape architect, Ms. Evi Syariffudin, Ms. Liu Huei Lyn (PUB), Mr. Alfred Lee (STX), Mr. Ryan Shubin (RSD), and Mr. Tan Yit Chuan (NParks) for technical and practical advice to the projects; D r. Jessica Diehl (NUS) and Dr. Ervine Lin (NUS) who gave guest criticism and offered valuable advice.

THIS BOOK is a compilation of work from the studio. The first half of the book documents the sequential studio process with the studio chronology and the group’s site analysis to explain the context and motivate subsequent design topics. It goes on to describe eld trips and ends with design suggestions. 12 design outcomes appear in the second half of the book under the following headings: WILDLIFE MATRIX, COMMON GROUND, WILDING STREETSCAPE, CONNECTED LANDSCAPES, CLIMATE SENSITIVE TAGORE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, SHOPPING IN THE FOREST, MIMIC A FOREST EXPERIENCE, TEMPORAL CONNECTIONS, FRAMING TIMELINE, RECONCILED LANDSCAPE IN HDB, WILDLIFE IN THE YARDS, and REFLOWING NATURE.

ections on the process. We hope the book will launch new discussions of alternative design approach of urban greening to address long-term ecological sustainability.

Hwang Yun Hye

STUDIO INTRODUCTION CHRONOLOGY

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

PROPOSALS REFLECTIONS

STUDIO INTRODUCTION

Hwang Yun Hye and Endo Kenya

The tropical ecosystem is both highly diverse and structurally complex; 90 per cent of the world’s known species are found in the equatorial zone The vibrant and exuberant landscape results from a combination of geological conditions, historical geography, complex interactions between abundant flora and fauna, and a humid climate [i] In theory, a rich tropical rainforest can be grown from bare fertile soil within a century [ii]. From early Victorian naturalists to modern-day ecologists, investigators have highlighted the optimal tropical conditions of the Southeast Asian region for seed propagation and plant growth, and its complex interactions that result in an abundance and diversity of species Yet this aspect of the landscape has been de-emphasized and underappreciated in the contemporary landscape architectural industry and practice of the region

St Situated 1° north of the equator, Singapore is a biodiversity hotspot despite its small size of 719 1 km2 In his documentation of Singapore’s history, Moore talks about the vivid, full-of-life landscape of the early twentieth century, when the vegetation growth seemed almost perceivable ‘in every single moment’ [iii] However, the intended and unintended consequences of drastic land transformation during the periods of colonization and rapid economic development heavily eroded the coverage and diversity of greenery across the city-state [iv]. As a consequence, primary rainforest remains on only 0 16 per cent of the total land cover [v] The ever-shrinking remaining secondary forest is also being usurped by swathes of manmade nature, which is highly engineered and heavily managed Open lawns and single-tiered vegetation with biotic homogenization constitute the majority of urban greenery in Singapore. These tidy forms of greenery are the by-product of the deliberate greening policy established by the nation in the 1960s the Garden City vision which emphasized giving visitors and investors a clean and favourable impression of the country [vi] Regrettably, with the loss of the biodiversity of the rainforests, ecological services have been heavily diminished, to the detriment of the city. Urban greenery has been noted, however, to have the capacity to be an important determinant of the ecology of a city [vii], and the utilization of urban greenery in this manner is essential in space-scarce, compact cities

m, is a means of restoring both the physical and ecological landscape. ven now, the cityscape is not as homogeneous as it may appear. Ingo high biological richness occurs across a wide variety of novel ecosystems in cities ecological, environmental, and social values of urban wilds have been detailed in some studies and others note that wild greenery plays multiple roles in urban landscapes and is temporally and spatially dynamic e that as it may, the process of its creation is less documented and less accepted by the general public, given the current predisposition for manicured urban greenery ban space

Sites I Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) is selected as a "L anding" site and serves as a point of reference for all design activities sites selected should be inspired by findings from the forest/wetlands and its surrounding context Students should choose his/her own site in one of green spaces typologies in Singapore, based on problem statements and topics arising during the research period, aided by the various design exercises and input sessions.

How can we accumulate ecological value for existing urban green space aside

Design questions | from simply pledging areas for green? Can we be more actively involved in selecting more ecologically valuable landscapes through multiple scale analysis? Given the city’s development requirements, how could initial landscape planning be guided towards a more ecologically sustainable direction? Can landscape architects propose design prototypes that can infuse greater ecological functions and diversity into the urban context? How can design promote a healthier lifestyle that is closer to nature for city dwellers? The studio seeks to answer these questions by devising new strategies and design applications of ecological principles, predicated on deep awareness of the multi-faceted nature of our city landscape and the intricate feedbacks between social and ecological factors in the city.

The studio aims to highlight the value of natural resources and

Design principles and approach | ecological services, and propose ways to integrate them into our urban environments. We capitalize on the academic nature of the studio to develop ideas and schemes free of restrictions commonly faced in the practice, and beyond any constraints of political correctness. Multiple issues such as identity, multifunctionality, and livability will be examined. Students are also expected to develop their ability to read existing landscapes, to assess the environmental impact of design and planning decisions, and to convert their vision into a feasible landscape architectural form. In this studio, we also emphasize the importance of designing with reference to principles. Specifically, we look to the field of urban ecology to provide guidelines and tenets for formulating design strategies and proposals. As a starting point, we present a set ecological urbanism concepts and their design implications proposed by Spirn [xii]; Cities are habitats; Cities are ecosystems; Urban ecosystems are connected and dynamic; Every city has a deep structure or enduring context. However, these are not meant to serve as design restrictions and limitations, and students are encouraged to also read and reference other materials to guide their project

Studio structure I This is the first studio in Master programme of Landscape Architecture with participants from fourth year in NUS architecture and graduates from other universities in bachelor of Landscape architecture or associated fields. The 14-week period consists of 3 weeks of preliminary research to understand site context, with in-depth input sessions from professionals and field trips to identify problems and challenges. The next 3 weeks are devoted to applied research activities (including site observation & measurements, interviews with residents and other relevant persons, and detailed mappings) to acquire relevant knowledge while building design strategies. The last 8 weeks focus on design application, which will culminate in a convincing design solution for the issues identified by the individual designers. A group of experts including ecologists from the Nature Society Singapore and National Parks Board, housing planners from URA, and NUS MLA lecturers will assist students in avoiding the pitfalls of shallow and superficial interventions in this academic exercise. Students will be tasked to work as individuals and in groups according to the requirements of each stage of the studio. Designers may end up with an individual project or small group projects after discussing with tutors.

There are two exercises; 1) Exercise 01_ Infographics of tropical forests: based on the given theory of urban ecology, translating your understanding of the scientific knowledge into artistic drawings of tropical forests (Refer to what a Prussian geographer, Alexander von Humboldt did [xiii]). The knowledge must be based on published data and information. B/W, 1 A0 posters; 2) Exercise 02_Landscape typologies as potential design sites: collective understanding of various landscape typologies in terms of contexts, functions, and systems.

There are two important reviews; 1) Interim review to assign typology and to finalize issues; 2) Final review to assess design tactics and development. Submission format and requirement will be announced prior to one week in advance of each submission

[i] Peter Shaw Ashton, On the Forests of Tropical Asia: Lest the Memory Fade (Richmond: Kew, 2014).

[ii] M. Poffenberger and B. McGean (eds.), Communities and Forest Management in East Kalimantan: Pathway to Environmental Stability, Centre for Southeast Asia Studies, Research Network Report no. 3 (Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1993).

[iii] Donald Moore and Joanna Moore, The First 150 Years of Singapore (Detroit: Donald Moore Press, 1969).

[iv] Yeow Chin Wee and Richard Corlett, The City and the Forest: Plant Life in Urban Singapore (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1986).

[v] Alex Thiam Koon Yee et al., ‘The Vegetation of Singapore—an Updated Map’, Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 63/2 (2011), 205–212.

[vi] Neo Boon Siong, June Gwee, and Candy Mak, ‘Growing a City in a Garden’, in: June Gwee (ed.), Case Studies in Public Governance: Building Institutions in Singapore (London: Routledge, 2012), 11– 64.

[vii] Marina Alberti, ‘The Effects of Urban Patterns on Ecosystem Function’, International Regional Science Review 28/2 (2005), 168–192; Mary L. Cadenasso and Steward T.A. Pickett, ‘Urban Principles for Ecological Landscape Design and Maintenance: Scientific Fundamentals’, Cities and the Environment (CATE) 1/2 (2008), 4–16.

[viii] Ingo Kowarik, ‘Urban Wilderness: Supply, Demand, and Access’, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 29 (2018), 336–347.

[ix] Norbert Kühn, ‘Intentions for the Unintentional: Spontaneous Vegetation as the Basis for Innovative Planting Design in Urban Areas’, Journal of Landscape Architecture 1/2 (2006), 46–53; Peter Del Tredici, Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010); Michael McKinney, Ingo Kowarik, and Dave Kendal, ‘The Contribution of Wild Urban Ecosystems to Liveable Cities’, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 29 (2018), 334–335.

[x] Caragh G. Threlfall and Dave Kendal, ‘The Distinct Ecological and Social Roles That Wild Spaces Play in Urban Ecosystems’, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 29 (2018), 348–356.

[xi] Joanne Yu Ting Khew, Makoto Yokohari, and Toshinori Tanaka, ‘Public Perceptions of Nature and Landscape Preference in Singapore’, Human Ecology 42/6 (2014), 979–988.

[xii] Spirn, Anne Whiston. ‘Ecological urbanism: A framework for the design of resilient cities (2014).’ The ecological design and planning reader. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2014. 557-571.

[xiii] Von Humboldt, A., & Bonpland, A. (2010). Essay on the Geography of Plants. University of Chicago Press.

The studio started off with the orientation of studio “Re-wilding Singapore” by tutor, Ms Hwang Yun Hye, associate professor and Mr. Endo Kenya followed by intorduction to the entire semester ’s schedule.

Introductory seminar was provided by Dr Tan Puay Yok throwing insights into vegetation cover and ecological networks in Singapore. This learning was further more enahnced by Ms. Boo Chih Min (Camphora) who provided us the in-depth understanding of Forest dynamics vs Manicured landscapes.

15 August Studio Orientation

19 August CCNR Orientation and Field Trip

Dr. Anuj Jain provided insights into Biomimicry and gave a presentation on the Human and wildlife interactions followed by introduction of Ecological Design Projects by studio tutor After the presentation, eld trip with Dr. Shawn Lum, President of the Nature Society Singapore, to learn more about forest ecology

The students had a pin-up of their group works for the Exercise 01, presenting work-in-progress drawing of four major topics covering Topography & Soil, Habitat, Water - Nutirent Cycle and Human Activity

26 August Exercise 01 pin ups & discussion

2 September Exercise 01 & 02 presentation

The students had a pin-up of Exercise 01 presentation and Exercise 02 group screen presentation for the typology study

The students spend time to have a longer discussion with studio tutors regarding project direction towards mid-review preparation.

9 September Issue & site selection presentation

16 September Mid-review preparation

In preparation for the upcoming mid-review,each studnet had a series of personal consultations with our tutor; which included typology studies, sites and design approach.

Four guest reviewers were invited for the Mid Review, namely, Dr Anuj Jain (BirdLife International); Dr Tan Puay Yok, Dr. Shawn Lum (Nature Society Singapore); Dr Ervine Lin (NUS) landscape architect Ms. Evi Syariffudin; The reviewers gave us advice in diverse aspects regarding our typology research, site selection and design approaches.

24 September Mid Review

We divided the design site of buffer area into two parts, and conducted site vist led by Ms. Hwang Yun Hye and Mr. Endo Kenya respectively

30 September Site visit with the tutor

The groups shared their problem statements, design approach and physical model. This was followed by more in-depth site analysis being presented during each studio session. Each person or group was to come up with their individual problem statements with regards to the site and data gathered.

1 October-3 November Design development

4 November Interm review

Each of students had a 5-mins presentation with site introduction (with models) and plans with overall plan (master plan), supportive materials and narrative. Some guest reviewers were invited to give technical and practical advice to the projects; Ms. Liu Huei Lyn (PUB), Mr. Ryan Shubin (RSD), and Mr. Alfred Lee (STX).

consultation.

5-21 November Individual consultation

22

November

Final Review

During the Final Review, 5 external reviewers were invited. They were Dr. Tan Puay Yok, Ms. Boo Chih Min (Camphora); Dr. Ervine Lin (NUS). Dr.

Jessica Diehl, Mr Tan Yit Chuan (Nparks);

INFOGRAPHIC OF TROPICAL FORESTS

Based on the given theory of ecology, translating understandings of the scientific knowledge into interpretative drawings of tropical forests.

Topics investigated into were:

Topography & Soil Habitats

Water & Nutrient cycle

Human activities

5.springleafpark(manmade)4.swampforest

2.mature secondary forest

Soil Analysis

MICRO-ORGANISMS AND BACTERIAL COMMUNITY

syncline

Bukit Timah fault scarp

igneous rock (Bukit Timah 4 km 2 km 1 km 1 km anticline

Weathering grades

GV (Completely Weathered) GIV (Highly Weathered)

GVI (Residual Soil)

GIII (Moderately Weathered)

GII (Slightly Weathered)

Bukit Timah Granite

Age: early to middle Triassic (250 – 235 my)

Rocks: predominantly granite; granodiorite, adamellite, and diorite

surface layer (O horizon) topsoil (A horizon) subsoil (B horizon) parental material (C horizon) bedrock (R horizon)

Mineralogy: quartz (30%), feldspar (60-65%), biotite & hornblende (<10%)

Texture: medium to coarse grained, light grey but sometimes pinkish

faultSeletarstructure

Surface Typology

primary forestsecondary forest wetland forest water

Residual soil Completely weathered Highly weathered Moderately weathered Slightly weathered Fresh rock 3 km

6 km 3 km

5 km 2 km

Seletar fault structure

4 km

faultNeeSoon structure

LANDFORM AND HYDROLOGY

NUTRIENTS AND ELEMENTS IN FOREST SOIL

Distance

Aquatic Species:

NNSF contains 48%of the primary freshwater fish, 71% of amphibians, 28% of the reptiles and 34% of the avian fauna of Singapore. Important species in terms of basal area were Pometia pinnata, Palaquiwn xanthochymum,Mangzfera griffithii, Gluta wallichii and Strombosia ceylanica. Corner

Soil Composition:

Coarse-grained sand；Organic matter; leaf; silty; rocks; peat; wood dust.

NEE SOON SWAMP FOREST

NNSF: 479 hectares approx.

Swampy area in NSSF：50 hectares approx

The NSSF is connected in the lower reaches two freshwater reservoirs (Upper Seletar Reservoir and Lower Seletar Reservoir) via spillways and canals, with the Upper Seletar Reservoir being the nearer reservoir.

A water pipeline linking the Upper Seletar Resevoir with the Lower Peirce Reservoir also runs through the NSSF. The vegetation in the NSSF consists of primary forest as well as mature secondary forest , with the plant community being adapted to the waterlogged and hypoxic substrate present. Canopy cover is generally high, except at the edges of the NSSF where there has been greater human influence.

Underground

Distance to Reservoir —

Periodical Flooding: rainfall

spill-over of floodwater from adjacent rivers and streams groundwater fluctuations

Ph mesurement and Nutrients:

Stream water and soil water lay in the range 4.6-5.5, mean 5.2. With soil PH at 5 cm depth to be lower, 4.04.5.

HABITAT

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FOREST

PRE-DEVELOPMENT SINGAPORE

Multiple layers, complex structure;

forest floor, understorey, canopy &

emergent layer

Usually trees with bigger fruits.

Artocarpus spp., Dipterocarpus spp., Gluta

Angiopteris evecta, Anisoptera megistocarpa,

WOODY CLIMBERS:SHRUBS & UNDERSTOREY: Tacca integrifolia, Selaginella willdenowii

Bauhinia semibifida

wallichii, Macaranga spp., Shorea spp., Freycinetia sumatrana var sumatrana

NATIVE SECONDARYDOMINATED FOREST

SECONDARY

HUMAN PLANTED FOREST

Late Successional

Structurally similar to primary forest,

PRIMARY FOREST PRIMEVAL SINGAPORE angustifolia, Campnosperma auriculatum, Litsea

less diversity of emergent & canopy

Adiantum latifolium, Artocarpus dadah, Artocarpus rigidus, Asplenium nidus, Baccaurea parviflora,

. Usually trees with smaller fruits.

da var. semibifida, Blechnum orientale, Calophyllum spp., Cyathea latebrosa,

Davallia denticulata, Dipteris conjugata, Macaranga spp., Molineria latifolia, Ophioglossum

Source: Garden’sBulletin, Singapore

pendulum, Platycerium coronarium, Pteridium aquilinum, Pteris ensiformis, Taenitis blechnoides

Percentage breakdown of totalSingapore’s land area Nature

Vegetation percentage breakdown of CCNR

Source: NatureSociety, Singapore

BTNR

1950

elliptica, Rhodamnia cinerea, Syzygium Agrostistachysgrande borneensis, Anisophyllea disticha

SHRUBS & UNDERSTOREY: Agrostistachys

Adinandra dumosa, grande

A

Abandoned Plantation

but and

ABANDONEDSECONDARYPLANTATION FOREST

ABANDONED LAND LEFT TO REGROW

ABANDONED

Look out for & rubber trees! A mix of

Kampung Plantation

MIX OF FRUIT, PLANTATION & NATIVE SPECIES

TIMELINE OF PRIMARY & SECONDARY

native and exotic species.

Durio zibethinus

rates campanulata, Aglaonema commutatum, Dieffenbachia seguine, Heliconia spp

: Durio zibethinus, Nephelium lappaceumORNAMENTAL PLANTS: Spathodea

WASTE SECONDARY ABANDONEDMAJORITY

Abundance moluccana) easily,

TREES: FalcatariaAcacia leucocephala, SHRUBS (mainlyPennisetum maximum

Shorea

Gluta wallichii

Durian fruit

disticha

Macaranga spp.

spp.

Alstonia angustifolia

Macaranga spp.

Angiopteris evecta

High density & variation of shrubs

Nephelium lappaceum

Piper sarmentosum

An abundance of Epiphytes such as Asplenium nidus in primary forests

Angiopteris evecta

Common species found in forestssecondary

30m

Historical use of a plantation, therefore the main canopy species are remnants from the

20m

10m

Understorey & Forest Floor

MANDAI PRECINCT & ZOO DEVELOPMENT: Construction could affect groundwater quality, disrupt habitats and species and raise noise and vibration levels.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

Although secondary forests generally contain less species compared to primary forests, they can still be important for the conservation of biodiversity, especially in Singapore. Rewilding is not just “greening”, it’s designing for the future by choosing the right species that can create a diversity & add value to the eco-system.

Fragmented Forest Patches

The vegetation of CCNR is not homogenuous, it is a mix of different types of forests due to human intervention, thus creating a fragmented forest. The fragmentation limits species distribution & is highly exposed to urban invasion. We cannot afford to fragment it further.

Waste Woodlands: First to go!

Future plans for housing/commercial/mixed recreational development in the area between Upper Thomson

MAJORITY OF EXOTIC SPECIES

LAND IN SMALL FRAGMENTS

&PRESENT FUTURE CCNR

Cross Island Line to cut through CCNR

Abundance of Albizia (Falcataria moluccana) Warning: They break

General location of Primary Forests

keep distance!

Acacia leucocephala,moluccana,auriculiformis,Leucaena

Mimosa pigra (mainly exotic species): purpureum, Panicum

WASTE SECONDARYWOODLANDFOREST FOREST TYPE ABOUT IDENTIFICATION

KEY SPECIES

FRAGMENTED FORESTS

Falcataria moluccana

Pennisetum purpureum

Acacia auriculiformis

FRESHWATER FISHES

Of the 8 000 or so freshwater species, over 1000 species are found in South East Asia, a very high density and richness by any standard. Of the many groups of fishes, only the bony fishes (as opposed to those with cartilaginous or “soft” bones like sharks and sting rays) are present in Singapore freshwaters. These fishes also have typical fins which have many spines and rays.

However, human activities have greatly affected the survival of aquatic animals. The introduction of alien species and the change of habitat environment brought by urban construction have led to the destruction of the numbers of the balance of species.

8000 1000 about 86

freshwater species in the whole world

freshwater species in South East Asia

most of them living in

freshwater fishes present in Singapore CCNR

About 10 kinds of animals

About 8 kinds of animals

About 86 kinds of animals

About 30 kinds of animals

About 30 kinds of animals

Dissolved oxygen levels in water depend, in part, on the chemical, physical and biochemical activities occurring in the water. Oxygen has a limited solubility in water directly related to atmospheric pressure and inversely related to water temperature and salinity.

theimpoundment

Human

Large amphibian, carnivorous fish

Therefore, humans should seek better ways to improve fish habitat to ensure the balance of species in the ecosystem, such as increasing the number of protected habitats, reshaping the wild and original habitat environment and finding scientific ways to reduce the impact of human activities on the ecosystem through scientific predation and planned human intervention

Shrimp, small fish

decomposer & detritus feeders & producers

Source: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/wildlife-in-singapore/species-list/freshwater-fish

Over the last 30 years, 152 species of birds have been recorded within the MacRitchie reservoir Forest. These make up 68% of the total species recorded within central catchment nature reserves.

Out of these 152 species, 36 species are known to be nationally threatened. Of these, the Brown-chested jungle Flycatcher is classified in The Singapore Red Data Book (2008) as “vulnerable” (VU), 11 as “endangered (EN)” and 25 as “critically endangered (CR)”. The Straw-headed Bulbul being one of the twenty- five CR species is in the last stage prior to extinction.

ParkMacRitchiesource.foodinRich-spaces.activitiesflyingMorepredators.natureLess-

-Lesserfoodsource.-Limitedflying/activitiesspaces. -Morenaturepredators. -Homeandrestpoint.

The Blue-eared Kingfisher and the Greater racket-tailed Drongo are two of the local rare resident species to be looked out for in CCNR. Common resident species such as the Crimson Sunbird is informally nominated by nature lovers as the national bird of Singapore since 2002, which can also be found in CCNR as well.

WATER AND NUTRIANT CYCLE

NUTRIANT CYCLE

Cycling nutrients include inorganic mineral salts from rocks and atmosphere. Inorganic salts will be absorbed turned back to inorganic salts by decomposers. From forest to urban vegetation, cycles are similar but the speed secondary forest are slower, leaving more leaf litter. In grassland and urban vegetation, leaves and nutrients

by roots, cycling through the food chain,from plant to animals,then to dead organic material, and finally speed decreases. Cyclings in primary forest are fast, leaving less leaf litter and nutrients in soil. Cycling in will be carried away by wind and drainage, leading to nutrient lost and thinner cycling than forest.

Cause Of Microclimate

The different openness of canopy in different part of the primary forest influence the passing rate of light, rainfall and wind, which influence the reflection of microclimate like tempeture, photon flux density, humidity, and wind speed.

The impact of soil type on microclimate is mainly reflected in the difference in soil moisture and water absorption, which leads to the impact on humidity

The influence of topography on the microclimate is mainly reflected in the change of wind direction and speed, which leads to the impact on humidity and tempeture.

The influence of water body on the microclimate is mainly reflected in absorbing the light and heat from canopy and evaporating water vapor, which leads to the impact on humidity and tempeture.

Effect On Forest

The microclimate formed by different regions affects the species, growth and density of trees.

Observation Data Of Microclimate

The data from primary forest are significantly different from the disturbed and the temperature rises extremely quickly within 5 minutes in the disturbed area, while the humidity drops rapidly. The edge is cooler and drier than the interior. The valley is hotter than the hill and has a high humidity. It is the wettest area in the lowland forest. As the distance from the water increases, the temperature rises and humidity decreases.

Moisture

Moisture

2.Topogrpphy

4.Water body

3.Soil Type

HUMAN ACTIVITIES

DISSERVICES OF TROPICAL FORESTS

HISTORY AND CULTURE OF FORESTS

The antiquity of human occupation of Singapore is unknown but there is considerable evidence for a significant settlement before the rise of Temasik at the mouth of the Singapore River. Temasik and its predecessors were probably largely coastal trading settlements with little impact on the forested interior of the island.

Stamford Raffles and his entourage landed on the island，the island was almost entirely covered in rain forest, with a flora similar to the adjacent Malay Peninsula but a relatively depauperate vertebrate fauna.

There were also populations of riverine boat-dwellers in the Kallang and Seletar estuaries, and perhaps elsewherearoundthecoast. These people grew no crops but must have had some impacton the forest products for subsistence and trade. Pre-European human occupation may have contributed to the extinction of large vertebrates inSingaporebut significant deforestation is unlikely.

At the end of the 13th century, the Palembang prince Sri Tri Buana was on an expedition in Bentan (Bintan) when he spotted the white sandy coastofTemasik from a distance.He decided to relocate here and rename the island Singapura.

After Temasik’s decline, some sort of settlement seems to have survived.

Many Malaccans followed William Farquhar when he moved here. The British East India Company brought prisoners to build local infrastructure. Therefore, diverse peoples from around the region and beyond came together.

Singapore signed the Convention on Biological Diversity along with 152 other countries to reaffirm its stand on the protection of animal and plant life.

The Garden City plan aimed to transform Singapore into a clean andgreencity. In subsequent years, thousands of trees and shrubs were planted throughout the island, not only including nature reserves, bot also in built-up areas and along roads.

The outlook of forest reserves in Singapore improved when control of the Bukit Timah reserve was given back to the Botanic Gardens to ensure its conservation. In the following year, mangrove forests at Kranji and Pandan were gazetted as forest reserves.

In 1972, the Ministry of Environment was formed for the express task of creating a clean environment for the people.Singapore wasone ofthe first few countries at the time with a ministry dedicated to environmental matters.

Bukit Timah reserve suffered severe damage during the Japanese invasion ofSingapore.The ensuing battle troops left its toll on the reserve:trenches and caves were excavated, trees were felled, and mortar shells were strewn all over.

Bukit Timah had become Singapore’s only forest reserve when the government decided to revoke all the other forest reserves, citing the afforestation efforts as “unjustifiable”.

Much of the primary forest was lost to indiscriminate deforestation. Once removed, primary vegetation is lost forever as it cannot regenerate on cleared land. Over time, much of the cleared land became overgrown with lalang, a weed that was very difficult to rid of. By 1859, it was reported that some 45,000 acres of land in Singapore had been abandoned.

Along with the boom in trade, cultivation of cash crops for export also took off.Gambier and pepper, proved to be the most economically viable crops in Singapore. Thus their cultivation flourished due to an increasing demand for gambier by the dyeing and tanning industries, which had a detrimental effect on the primary forest.

A forest report commissioned that put together by Nathaniel Cantley, reported the “extensive deforestation” and“no sufficient attempts have been made to conserve the forest lands”.

The government paid heed: based on Cantley’s recommendations, eight forest reserves, totalling about 8,000 acres, were carved up.

There was no attempt to control the rate of deforestation yet. John F.A. McNair conducted a survey on the state of the timber forests in the Str aits Settlements. McNair's 1879 report described the dismal scene in Singapore: diminishing timber trees, indiscriminate deforestation, and an absence of legislation for forest protection.

Most of Cantley’s recommendations had been implemented. A total of 12 reserves were demarcated: Blukang, Murai, Kranji, Selitar, Ang Mo Kio, Changi, Bukit Panjang, Military, Chan Chu Kang, Mandai, Sambawang, Bukit Timah, Pandan and Jurong.

Generations of human activity on the island have wreaked disastrous consequences on the native fauna.

The objectives of the forest reserves were not for commercial exploitation but for"absolute protection to provied areas for research, education, recrration and as samples of the country's biographic history and heritage." And this remained as the guiding policy of nature conservation to present times.

Land from the Seletar, Changi, Pandan and Bukit Timah reserves were used for the cultivation of vegetables. Part of the Changi reserve was also sacrificed for the construction of a naval base. Land was cleared from Sembawang and Mandai reserves for military purposes

Having lost their natural source of prey and the protection of thick forest cover, tigers ventured into the plantations and attacked workers. In response, the government offered rewards for the capture of tigers. The tiger population had shrunk drastically.

The last wild tiger was shot in Singapore in 1930.

The Wild Animals and Birds Protection Ordinance was founded.Apart from the protection of birds, the new legislation prohibited the killing and capture of wild animals.

The Forest Ordinance enacted which made it an offence to “trespass, pasture cattle and cut, collect or remove any forest produce” from a reserve.

Unfortunately, it was not effective in preventing further exploitation.

The control of the reserves was transferred from the Botanic Gardens to the Land Office, which neglected the reserves even further as they were deemed unprofitable.

Even with their protected status, the reserves suffered from further deforestation in the following decades.

CULTIVATED LANDSCAPES IN FORESTS

SCENIC VIEWS IN FORESTS

LEARNING FROM FOREST

What Can We Learn From Nature ?

REWILDING SINGAPORE

Singapore is a city garden which has a large amount of green designs. However, how many of them are actually useful for education? Education is not only about indoor class, meanwhile, it not only targets young people. The teaching materials could be any element in our forests, from leaves to different types of trees, animals to cultivation lands. All ages have the opportunities to take this lesson.

What Can We Learn From Nature ?

Singapore is a city garden which has a large amount of green designs. However, how many of them are actually useful for education? Education is not only about indoor class, meanwhile, it not only targets young people. The teaching materials could be any element in our forests, from leaves to different types of trees, animals to cultivation lands. All ages have the opportunities to take this lesson.

4 yrs old Visits the forest on a field trip and plays in tree pods

32 yrs old with 2 yrs old Attend the workshop about flora

primary forest

74 yrs old Volunteers in the docent walk about disturance history during weekends

secondary forest

LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGIES

Eight landscape typologies were studied by the following steps of investigation.

1.Dissecting the selected typologies by analyzing the Function, System and Context

2.Identifying the current and projected issues

3.Explore opportunities for “Re-wilding” by understanding the site & its precedents

URBAN PARKS

•Use

•Size

•Shape (vegetation density)

•Physical features with urban fabric

•Immediate context

•Proximity to nature

•Physical features with urban fabric

•Fragmentation

•Management practice

•Time analysis

•Soil permiability

•Issue statement

COMMERCIAL AREA

COMMERCIAL AREA

Vegatation

Fajar Shopping Center

Green Ridge Shopping Center

Biodiversity

Bukit Panjang Hawker

Thomson Plaza

Upper Thomson Road (South)

Upper Thomson Road (North)

N

CCNR Site Boundary

Legends

CCNR Site Boundary Building

Approx. 1km buffer away from CCNR, larger buffer patch for restoration

UNDERUTILIZED BUILT STRUCTURE

Urban & urban + simplicity + open

Greenland & urban + complexity + closed

Greenland & greenland + simplicity + open

UNUSED OPEN SPACES

103.840166

WATER AND DRAINAGE

A Natural | Soft | Natural Lakeside | Permeable | Full Cycle

B Manual | Soft and Hard | Urban Vegetation

A. Natural | Soft | Deep in Forest B. Natural | Soft | High Accessibility to Water | Low impermeability

D. Manual | Soft & hard | Midium accessibility to water | Midium impermeability

C. Manual | Soft | High accessibility to water | Low imperme-

E. Manual | Hard | Midium accessibility to water| Midium impermeability

F. Manual | Hard | Low accessibility to water | High imperme-

F. Manual | Hard | Low accessibility to water | High impermeability

Vegetation | Semi-Permeable | Impeded C Manual | Hard | Urban Vegetation | Impermeable | Severely Impeded

BUKIT PANJANG RD & BKE

Daity farm

PROPOSALS

WILDLIFE MATRIX

Chin Carissa, Dhuri Ruiee, P69- P93

CO_HANITABLE "COMMON GROUND"

Rakholiya Ekta, P94-P111

WILDING STREETSCAPE OF SINGAPORE

Cheng Jing, Lyu Jiawei, P112- P133

CONNECTED LANDSCAPES FROM NEGLECT TO VALUE

Feng Zihan, Zhou Zuyuan, P134-P173

CLIMATE SENSITIVE TAGORE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE

Han Cong, Zhou Xianfeng, P174-P209

SHOPPING IN THE FOREST

Zhang Yifei, P210- 221

MIMIC A FOREST EXPERIENCE

Xiao Xinyan, P222=P233

TEMPORAL CONNECTIONS

Bargotra Poornima, P234-P261

FRAMING TIMELINE

Lim Wenfa P262-P289

CLOSE TO NATURE: RECONCILED LANDSCAPE IN HDB

Shao Zhongran, P290-P303

WILDLIFE IN THE YARDS

Zhong Yixin, Zhang Bingqian, P304-P335

REFLOWING NATURE IN WINDSOR NEIGHBORHOOD

Wang Haobo, Zhang Bingyi, Tanaka Mamiko, P335

WILDLIFE MATRIX INJECTING BIODIVERSE HABITATS INTO DEGRADED LANDSCAPES

Carissa Chin, Ruiee Dhuri

While the existing Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) forms the largest nature reserve in the geographical centre of Singapore’s mainland, the forested areas along the periphery of it are fragmented, resulting in multiple disturbed habitats as remnants of abandoned cultivations. How can landscape architects reconfigure this forest structure into a resilient and biodiverse habitats?

The primary intent is to investigate and chalk out possible future scenarios at conserving and enhancing the ecological richness of these patches of degraded forests within an area of 130 Hectare, while creating interactive canvases for different user groups including fauna, to benefit from. For fauna specifically, it is done by injecting relevant plant species to mimic or create habitats for the targeted wildlife. For humans, it is done by creating experimental inserts that magnify the habitat experience of the animal. These sites of intervention are bound together by grounded and arboreal connections, for all user groups, by means of planting as well as built structures.

The sites exist within the upper Thomson nature park and along the Tagore drive, towards the upcoming MRT station. With the CCNR on one side of the site and the Tagore industrial estate on the other, it makes for an interesting balance of challenges; both natural and urban. For the three different sites, the primary guiding approaches for design are on the basis of projected human activity and targeted fauna species.

The project aims at primarily restoring the ecological state of the landscape and then magnifying the experience of animal habitats for humans to engage and learn from. At a larger scale, it is envisioned that such fragments of degraded forests, with specific approaches and interventions, create sanctuaries for biodiversity as well as provide interactive spaces for the community island wide

DEGRADED FOREST

Timeline

Patches of Degraded Forest

151 Ha. of degraded forest patch. Approx. 1km buffer away from CCNR

Proposed buffer parks as a part of the Forest Restoration Action Plan by NParks

PERIPHERY STUDY

Central Catchment Nature Reserve

• Larger cohesive patch of degraded forest on the CCNR buffer.

• Located on the water systems network connecting Lower Seletar Reservoir to CCNR

• Multiple patches of low vegetation index within a densely forested area

• Located on the periphery of CCNR, surrounded by built areas that create a disconnect within the patches of dense vegetation

• Relatively lower density of population resulting in lower disturbance

• MRT cutting through indicating potential future projections for development

• Forms the urban interface of forested area putting it under threat of future developments

DESIGN APPROACH

Source : Ecological network by ABDUL RAHIM BIN ABDUL HAMID Thesis Paper

Contour Slopes

Water Flow

CANOPY (30M)

UNDERSTORY (17M)

SHRUBS (5M)

DESIGN APPROACH

Existing Site Sections

Pedestrian Access

EMERGENT (>40M)

CANOPY (30M)

UNDERSTORY (17M)

SHRUBS (5M)

EMERGENT (>40M)

CANOPY (30M)

UNDERSTORY (17M)

SHRUBS (5M)

SITE ANALYSIS

Existing and Interventions Land use

Proposed Changes

Existing Tree Canopies

OVERALL DESIGN STRATEGIES

Food Source + Fauna Species

Road Barrier:

Enhancing as stepping serves as movement

Node 03

Soil :

Restoration of existing soil conditions to promote good foundations for specific plant species to thrive in.

Node 01

Node 02

Barrier:

Enhancing and utilising fast growing pioneer trees stepping stone along the road side planting which as routes of connection across roads for fauna movement

Urban Open Patch :

Semi Urban Open Patch :

Developing a variety of protected niches on open patches of land serving as a refuge for wildlife

Replacing unwated invasive planting species to re-establish a rich forest structure

Inclusion of fauna habitats in developed industral areas to enhance coexistence of wildlife and human interaction

Maximise land use towards the transitioning of wildlife diuranlity and nocturnality.

Injecting a diversity of plant food sources strategically to increase and attract wildlife.

Forest Open Patch :

Creating a network of forest core species that is regenerative and requires minimal maintainence.

Introducing plant species that provides suitable habitat conditions for fauna nesting

Establish stepping stones to allow movement of interior fauna species between patches

POLLINATORS

VEGETATION SPECIES MAPPING

Existing Plant Identification

Legend

ROADSIDE TREES

Samanea saman

Tabebuia rosea

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Cacra cacauliflora

Barringtonia recemosa

Claxylon indicum

Pterocarpus indicus

Swietenia mahagoni

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Cyanometra ramiflora

SECONDARY SUCCESSION

Falcataria moluccana

Spathodea campanulata

Syzygium grande

Terminalia catappa

Vitex pinnata

Andira inermis

Cinnamomum iners

Macaranga gigantea

Ficus variegata

Alstonia macrophylla

FRUIT TREES

Nephelium lappaceum

Cocos nucifera

Durio zibethinus

OLD PLANTATION

Hevea brasiliensis

Elaeis guineensis

Landscape Planting Typologies

MASTERPLAN

Landscape Projection

NODE3

Underground Wildlife Culvert Wildlife Canopy Link

Detention Pond Pangolin Sanctuary

Forest Theater

Masterplanning Concept

NODE 1 Landscape Projection

A linear stretch connecting the upcoming Springleaf MRT station to the Thomson Nature park. The node sits along the urban edge that faces the Tagore industrial estate. The intent is to enhance habitats for certain species by planting appropriate flora and creating experiential spaces for humans to observe and interact with these species from a distance.

SPECIES EXPERIENCES

Elevated Crossover

Bird Hideout

Squirrel Run Butterfly Trail

Scale Pop up

Fauna Planting palette

Red-cheeked

Flying Squirrel

Hylopetes spadiceus

Nocturnal

Lives on tree tops/ holes in barks

Feeds on flowers, fruits & leaves even cultivations

Lesser Harlequin

Laxita thuisto thuisto

Shaded areas in the forests, fields, gardens, and grasslands

Flower nectar, pollen, ripe/rotting fruits

Straw-headed Bulbul

Pycnonotus zeylanicus

Scrubland and rainforest

Found higher on tree trunks and holes within. Feed on insects

Syzygium chloranthum

Melastoma

malabathricum

Syzygium polyanthum

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Ardisia elliptica

Alstonia angustifolia

Baccaurea motleyana

Pterocarpus indicus

Flacourtia inermis Leea indica

Archontophoenix alexandrae

Bridelia tomentosa

Ficus fistulosa

Dillenia suffruticosa

Artist Impression : Looking towards the bird hideout along the butterfly trail

NODE 2 Landscape Projection

The niche is an activated landscape for both wildlife and humans with the means of planting strategy and structural intervention. A walkway that meanders through the various layers of landscape on site which includes creation of habitat for species that thrive in plantations. An attempt to scale up an element of a habitat, for humans to be able to experience it the way a species probably does.

SPECIES EXPERIENCES

Existing Thomson Nature Park Trail

Net Rest

The Niche Lizard House

Old Plantation Trail

River Cross

Lizard

ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES Node

Fauna

Monitor Lizard

Varanus nebulosus

Inhabit terrestrial Scrubland and rainforest

Found higher on tree trunks and holes within.

Feed on insects

Palm Civet Paradoxurus

musangus Arboreal

Found in secondary forests, fruit orchards

Feed on fruits

Nest in hollow trees

Fully Nocturnal

Red cheeked

Flying squirrel

Hylopetes spadiceus

Nocturnal

Lives on tree tops/ holes in barks

Feeds on flowers, fruits & leaves even

cultivations

Planting palette

Ficus microcarpa

Calophyllum inophyllum

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Averrhoa carambola

Caryota mitis

Nephelium lappaceum

Coffea arabica L.

Syzygium chloranthum

Melastoma malabathricum

Syzygium polyanthum

Artocarpus heterophyllus

01 - Section BB’

01 - Section BB’

House Mound Walk Viewing Decks

Artist Impression : Elevated pathway through the old plantations

NODE 3

Landscape Projection

The primary approach on this site was to create arboreal and underground connections for expanding home ranges of threatened species. The creation of habitats utilises what the landscape offers and creating opportunities by mimicing their existing habitats. The forest theater is imagined to be an interactive spot which is not frequented by humans while the idle place, is a resting space derived from the structure of branching and serves as a hideout to view the monkeys in transition.

SPECIES EXPERIENCES

Forest Theater

Detention Pond

Pangolin Sanctuary

Underground Wildlife Culvert

Wildlife Canopy Link

Fauna Planting palette

Banded Leaf Monkey

Presbytis femoralis Arboreal Feeds on New leaves and forest fruits. foraging areas are generally larger. Rest on higher branches of trees

Very shy in nature

Slow Loris

Nycticebus coucang

Found on branches and tree holes. Mainly inhabit pforests but adapt to orchards, plantations and bamboo groves. Solitary in nature

Arboreal

Sunda Pangolin

Manis javanica

Found in forested habitats and plantations

Feeds wholly on ants and termites. Nest in burrows, treeholes & epiphytes.

Hevea brasiliensis

Nephelium lappaceum

Adinandra Dumosa

Ixonathes recticulata

Bambusa multiplex

Ficus fistulosa

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Elaeis guineensis

Asplenium nidus

Caryota mitis

Cyrtophyllum fragrans

Syzygium myrtifolium

KEY SECTION

Section AA’

01 Section CC’

Left : Creation of habitat for Pangolins

Top : forest theater - design derived from anatomy of an epiphyte

The Idle Place Wildlife Canopy Link

Artist Impression : Forest Theater within enhanced habitat for Banded Leaf Monkey and Sunda Pangolin

WILDLIFE MATRIX

Proposed Patch, Corridor, Matrix Landscape Model

Quantification of Habitat Expansion

TOTAL NUMBER OF EXISTING DEGRADED FOREST PATCHES : 1327 Ha. EXISTING SIZE OF CENTRAL CATCHMENT NATURE RESERVE : 2880 Ha.

47.6% OF DEGRADED FOREST TO BE RESTORED

CO-HABITABLE “COMMON GROUND”

Ekta Rakholiya

Co-Habitable “Common Ground” is a project with the vision to re-define Golf Course as a conjunction of the Game of Golf and ecological habitat creation with larger emphasis on ecological processes related to water, vegetation and soil. The project is situated right at the base of Upper Seletar Reservoir where currently it functions as “Mandai Executive Golf Course (MEGC)” facility. It happen to be also situated on the location where it is said (and recently mapped) that once pristine Fresh Water Swamp Forest (FWSW) thrived.

Through in-depth study of the current condition at MEGC - in terms of Golf course use, management practice, flora-fauna and its relevance in a larger context of Nee Soon FWSF; the issues identified are : heavy water consumption as well as contamination, forest fragmentation and degraded soil quality.

The fact that it has affected the area in adverse manners but at the same time provided recreational facility cherished by many; the design proposal focuses on the re-development of MEGC as an Eco-sensitive golf course that is ecologically sound and supports habitat enhancement. To create so; the water-based challenges are tackled through firstly tapping into the potential of rainwater to meet the water needs, secondly improving the golf course drainage infrastructure through a network of a vegetated open dry/wet swells and lastly enhancing irrigation system to minimize water consumption. Forest fragmentation is addressed through introduction of forest patches on the golf course with careful layering of grass, shrubs and trees clustered to form continuous corridor. An attempt is made to minimize the “Green” areas and increase natural vegetation with careful consideration of rules for the game of golf. Combination of both the strategies leads to decreased chemical-based maintenance of the course and adds to the improvement of soil quality.

With enhanced water-based infrastructure and introduction of appropriate flora-fauna, larger aim is to formulate right conditions so that Fresh Water Swamp Forest can once again thrive in this region. An eco-sensitive golf course intrinsically adds to the challenge faced by a golfer during the game, hence provides them with an opportunity to master their short-range game. In a larger context, the whole proposal act as a buffer zone between forest and developed areas, which otherwise tend to have sharp edges without any provision of a niche for the forest edge species.

UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT

current locaiton of Mandai Executive Golf Course (Built in 1996)

1 Map showing major vegetation type (1819)

The site for the proposed design is Mandai Executive Golf Course (MEGC) which is situated right at the base of Upper Seletar Reservoir.

Not only it is adjacent to Singapore’s only surviving pristine secondary forest ecosystem, but it happen to be also situated on the ground where it is said (and recently mapped) that once Fresh Water Swamp Forest (FWSF) thrived.

current locaiton of Mandai Executive Golf Course

2 Map showing major vegetation type (1994)

The MEGC was constructed in 1992. Though it has served many golf enthusiast, but had contributed not only to the forest fragmentation but the regular use of pesticides and fertilizers has contaminated water and degraded soil.

3 Candidate FWSF Areas superimposed on current land use and roads base map.

Source// Reserach paper : The freshwater swamp forest of Sungei Seletar catchment: A status Report by Tony O’DEMPSEY and CHEW Ping Ting

1 & 2 // Historic account for spread of Fresh water swamp forest (Indicate site area)

Source// Book: A first look at Biodiversity in Singpaore (1994)

Keruing (Dipterocarpus

Meranti (Shorea

critically endangered Raffles Banded Langur (Presbytis femoralis)

Sunda Pangolin (Manis

Today, less than 0.5% of the original primary forest cover remains and it can only be found in small patches within the Central Catchment Nature Reserve and the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. An even rarer forest type in Singapore is the primary freshwater swamp forest, with the most significant remaining patch being the Nee Soon Swamp Forest in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve.1 The existing habitats are home to a magnificent diversity of plants.

References//

1. Central Catchment Nature Reserve. (2019, October 2). Retrieved from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/ parks-and-nature-reserves/central-catchment-nature-reserve.

Sembawang Country club

Orchid Country club

Site// Mandai Executive Golf Course

Singapore Island Country club

Champion’s public Golf Course

Singapore Island Country club

Legend

Key Map// Site situation with respect to CCNR and all the golf courses In-and-around CCNR

spp.)

spp.)

javanica)

EXISTING SITE CONDITION

Mandai Executive Golf Course

Overview

The Mandai Executive Golf Course is a 9-hole, Par 29 public course situated next to Upper Seletar Reservoir. Opened in 1993, the friendly course features a nice variety of par 3s and par 4s that allows golfers to use most of the clubs in their bag and is a perfect facility for beginners as well as experienced golfers who wish to sharpen their short game skills.

As a sport, from its beginning in Scotland, the game of golf has been connected to nature by playing and enjoying the game in natural surroundings. Ever since it has evolved into a refined practice of molding landscapes in peculiar way in order to suit the game. The regular use of pesticides and turf management chemicals heavily impact the environment and ecology.

Management Practice

Irrigation and Drainage

Average water requirement: 100,000 to 1,000,000 gallons (378.5 m3 to 3,785 m3) of water per week in summer to maintain healthy vegetation.

Irrigation system: is comprised of sprinklers, field controllers, central control systems and valves. These are the components of an automatic sprinkler system.

Watering program: is developed to determine the timetable for the watering and how much of water to use. Different plants need different watering timetables. Some plants do not need to be watered every day but some others require daily watering.

Turf Management/ Pitch care

Mowing: though excessive mowing will compact the grass. During the growing season daily mowing is required.

Verticutting: to remove excessive thatch

Scarification: to remove moss and stop the collection of moisture on the green.

Grooming: to reduce the thickness of clumps.

Aerating: to remove excessive organic matter, modify the root zone composition, improve rooting and drainage

Soil surfactants and wetting agents: to manage localized dry spot

Turf type and required conditions

Turf: Blue serangoon grass (Digitaria didactyla)

Soil Requirement: Fairly wide tolerance but definite preference for lighter soils, tolerant of low nutrient levels.

Moisture: 900–1,800 mm AAR, survives seasonal dry conditions and drought by losing all leaf.

Hole 1

Hole 2

Hole 3

Hole 4

Hole 5

Hole 6

Hole 7

Hole 8

Hole 9

Golf hole layout and area wise percent distribution

- 9 holes course

- Has varieties of Par 3s & 4s - 40 bays of Driving Range

Mandai Executive Golf Course, Base Map

Mandai Executive Golf Course

ISSUES IDENTIFIED

Water based issues Canalization of natural water streams contributes to break in the natural flow of nutrients and aquatic life. Through research and studies, it is evident that locating MEGC has contributed to the shrinkage of footprint of Neesoon Freshwater Swamp Forest

Forest Fragmentation

Lack of diverse fauna on the golf course. Out of 320 trees on the course, there are only 16 types planted repeatedly. List of tree speices on MEGC are:

1. Pink Poui (Tabebuia rosea)

2. Jemerlang Laut (Peltophorum ptrocarpum)

3. Callitris species (Cupressaceae)

4. Ordeal Tree (Erythrophleum suaveolens)

5. Royal Palm (Roystonea regia)

6. Kapok Tree (Ceiba Pentandra)

7. Bunga Tanjung (Mimusops elengi)

8.AmericanMahogany (Swietenia macrophylla)

9. Paper Bark Tree (Melaleua cajuputi)

10. Jenaris (Callerya atropurpurea)

11. Jambu Laut (Synzygium Grande)

12. Sena (Pterocarpus indicus)

13. Burma Padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus)

14. Pakul Lima (Samenea saman)

15. Northern Banglow Palm (Archontophoenix Alexandrae)

16. Emang (Hopea mengarawan)

Soil Degradation

Golf courses demands high maintance and usage of water. Frequent use of fertilizers and pesticides causes leaching and degrade water quality as water drains through regular irrigation. As water percumulates, it tend to absorbe pestiside residue eventually affecting soil quality and ground water quality.

The land was clearled in 1993 for the construction of Mandai Executive Golf Course cleared up the forest existing over there creating complete segregation between regenerated forest. Within the Golf course, the lack of provision of continuous patches results into further forest fragmentation

Sharp edge between forest and Golf course boundary

Disconnected patches within golf course

Presence of green in the canal indicates the fertilizer overdoze

White and black patches are indication of presence of weed and their resistance adoptation to the fertilizer based treatments.

Pesticide contamination mapping (lighter the shade, higher the accumulation tendency)

MASTER PLAN

Design strategies

WATER BASED SOLUTIONS

Tapping into Rain water potentials

Appropropriate Drainage Network Irrigation

VEGETATION

Creating continuous corridors

Appropriate Plantation strategy

Integrated Plant Management

SOIL

Appropriate Turf Selection

Decreasing Greens and allowing

Natural vegetation

Sound Management Practice

INLET CONTROL// Bio-swale filteration strip, 25’Diameter no spary zone

RAIN WATER CATCHMENT// Shallow Pond

INLET CONTROL// Rain water run-off control , 25’ Diameter No-spray zone

RAIN WATER CATCHMENT// Infilteration basin

OUTLET CONTROL// Phytoremediation

RAIN WATER CATCHMENT// Shallow Pond

OUTLET CONTROL// Phytoremediation Zone

OUTLET CONTROL// Phytoremediation Zone

RAIN WATER CATCHMENT// Bioretention area (Shallow wet land)

DESIGN STRATEGY - 1 // TENDING THE WATER

Water based solutions

Existing network of Canal

INLET CONTROL

To reduce the impacts of storm water on receiving water bodies, inlet control measures are designed to protect water quality by managing runoff before it is collected in the drainage system.

Vegetation Zone// Band of small trees and shrubs is used to reduce the velocity of storm water to promote infilteration into the soil and settling of solids.

Bio-swale filter strip// Bands of close growing vegetaion, usually grass, planted between pollutant source area and receiving water body to reduce pollutants such as sediment, organic matter & many trace metals by filtering acttion of vegetation.

CATCHMENT

Bioretention cum shallow wetland area// Shallow (6-9 inches of ponded water) storm water basins filled with porous soil mixture and then planted. With time, this area have tendency to acquire Fresh Water Swamp Forest ecosystem.

Infilteration Basin// Excaved trenches filled with stone aggregate used to capture storm water run-off.

OUTLET CONTROL

Phytoremediation

dry-wet swale Zone// Bands of small wetland at the edge of catchment basin as well as naturallised water canals to recover polluted soils, particularly those containing toxic organic substances and heavy metals.

DESIGN STRATEGY - 2 // “LET IT GROW”

Plantation pallet and strategies

Flowering trees

Legumes or Bean trees/ Fruit Trees

Shrubs Timber trees/ Rain trees

Overstory Tall Timber trees

Understory

Semidwarf Legumes / Fruit trees

Ground cover

Flowering Trees

In Swales and Ground Range of grass cover

Tall Trees

Predominantly one species along the row

Short Trees

Occasional inbetween new plantation

Canal Edge plantation

Hardscape edge

Ground surface cover completely missing

Patch// A relatively homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings. Corridor// Narrow strip of land which differ from matrix on the either side of it. Matrix// “Background ecological system” of a landscape with high degree of connectivity.

Combination of these three spatial elements are used to improve connectivity and movement from forest to the Golf course. The term “connectivity” here is defined as the measure of how connected or spatially continuous a corridor, network, or matrix is.

TREES RETAINED ON SITE

Patch - Corridor - Matrix Model

Source// Book: Forman Science of Cities :Spatial Patterns & Mosaics

DESIGN PROPOSAL

DESIGN STRATEGY - 3 // “LET IT FORM”

Tending the soil

Existing

Hole 1

Length: 250m

Length: 150m

Length: 150m

Length: 330m

Greens are decreased by 10%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees and shrubs

Greens are decreased by 7%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees and shrubs

Greens are decreased by 18%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees and shrubs

Greens are decreased by 25%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees, shrubs, water body and swale.

Greens are decreased by 5%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees, shrubs and filteration strip.

Note: The length of the proposed course is kept as it is to meet the rules for 3s & 4s Par Golf Course design.

Plan view of a typical Golf Course

Hole 2

Hole 3

Hole 4

Hole 5

Length: 175m

MEGC - Course rating card

A golf course of standard playing difficulty has a slope rating of 113, and slope ratings range from a minimum of 55 (very easy) to a maximum of 155 (extremely difficult).

Currently, Slop rating of MEGC is between 82-87. With the proposed changes and ecological intervention, the difficulty level of the Golf course is expeted to rise upto 110 to 120.

Length: 130m

Length: 165m

Length: 110m

Length: 175m

Driving Range: 40 bays

Greens are decreased by 35%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees, shrubs and water body.

Greens are decreased by 6%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees, shrubs and filteration strip.

Greens are decreased by 20%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees and shrubs.

Greens are decreased by 18%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees, shrubs, water body and swale.

Driving range is shortened to accomodate FWSF creation at the edge. Maintenance room is also relocated from its original location.

Hole 6

Hole 7

Hole 8

Hole 9

WILDING STREETSCAPE OF SINGAPORE

Cheng Jing & Lyu Jiawei

With rapid urbanization, the transportation system has become very complex. The current road network is 3425km long in Singapore which has resulted in severe habitat fragmentation, disconnected waterways, single-tiered vegetation, and so on. Streets have the potential to be more than just transport corridors. With an aim to strengthen the flora and fauna dynamics, and introduce hydrologically sustainable streets, two sites are selected.

Located at the junction between CCNR and Pangsua Pond, the Bukit Panjang road flora species are monotonous and lack habitat connections. Petir Road is located in Bukit Panjang new town, and surrounded by CCNR and Bukit Timah nature reserve. Historically, many streams and wetlands existed here. At present, it faces the threat of increased runoff and habitat loss.

Bukit Panjang Road: the first strategy is to enrich the variety and structure of roadside and buffer plant species. The planting strategy of trees is sparse or dense, giving consideration to the various stages of plant succession and the changes in the surrounding environment, providing diversity in space. The second strategy is to connect animal habitats by reducing barriers, which include infrastructure, hardscape slopes, and concrete canals. The strategy is divided into four parts- tree canopy connection, hydrophilic habitat construction, slope landscape formation, and infrastructure transformation, incorporated within the specific condition of each barrier

Petir Road, a water-sensitive road design: the first strategy is to reshape the waterway network in the site to lessen the increased runoff resulted from the new developments of residential along the street and improve water quality. The second strategy is to create a freshwater swamp ecosystem based on the swampy stream, which can provide a targeted habitat for woodland and aquatic animals that can adapt to the urban context, and combine human activity.

Our design envisions alternative streetscape by roadside greenery, and water sensitive road design which creates a continuum of habitats and improves the street environment. Meanwhile, it provides places for drivers, pedestrians, visitors and residents for recreation.

BUKIT PANJANG ROAD DESIGN ERINCH THE DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF ROAD PLANTS

Conotonous landscape

Nature of available landuse

Site surface condition

BUKIT PANJANG ROAD DESIGN

ERINCH THE DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF ROAD PLANTS

Disconnection area

HABITAT LOCATION

Bukit Panjang Rd 3D overview

Barrier

Road peripheral space type

Associate trees

Phoenix roebelenii

Phoenix canariensis

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

Garcinia cymosa forma pendula

Lagerstroemia langkawiensis

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp

Fagraea crenulata

Pometia pinnata

Fagraea fragrance

Khaya nyassica

Lophanthera lactescens

Khaya senegalensis

Tabebuia rosea

Syzygium grande

Livistona chinensis

Building Bridge Isolation Building Etrance

Road Water

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Khaya grandiflora

Casia fistula

Plumeria obtusa

Flacourtia inermis

Sandoricum koetjape& Araucaria heterophylla

Syzygium Calophyllumlineatum& soulattri

Burm.f.

Cinnamomum iners

Pithecellobium dulce

Brownea grandiceps

Climber, Vine & Liana, Shru

Mangifera indica

Terminalia catappa

Ficus tinctoria ssp

Artocarpus Lagerstroemiaheterophyllus& tomentosa

Musa sp.&Passiflora

Cocos

Durio zibethinus L.

Artificial canal Naturalize canal

Animal movement

0 25 50m

STRATEGY2——DESIGNING FOCAL POINTS

Road offset 5m

Overpass bridge

MASTER PLAN

Erinch the diversity and structure of road plants

PETIR ROAD——WATER- SENSITIVE ROAD DESIGN

URA Master Plan

STRATEGY 1——WATERWAY DESIGN

New Residential Layout Watershed Division

New Residential Development

Floor Area Plot

Increased Runoff Calculation:

New Residential: Three Development Areas:

83150 46627 e 28717

According to LUSH 3.0, Minimum softscape requirement is 40 in developments

Hardscape area in new residential: A1=49890 ; A2=27976 ; A3=17230 .

Q=CiA

I(max)=248mm/d I(min)=110mm/d

I=200mm/d (from SG government)

C= 0.8

Increased Runoff:

Q1=331.27m³/h Q2=185.76 m³/h Q3==185.76 m³/h

New increased waterbodies: 702.79 m³

Water System Design

Watershed

Runoff Coefficient:

Green:

Forest: 0.05

Grassland: 0.1

Urban Green: Manicured Lawn with Trees: 0.12-0.15

Manicured Lawn: 0.2

Playground: 0.3

Streetscape:

Driveway/Walkway/Pathway: 0.7

Streets: 0.9

Internal Recycle

STRATEGY 1——WATERWAY DESIGN Design Plan

1) Fragaea fragrans

2) Dillenia excelsa

3) Ficus variegata blume

4) Dillenia reticulata

5) Dillenia grandifolia

Sub-canopy

1) Cyrtostachys renda blume

2) Ficus celebensis corner

3) Ficus ruginervia corner

4) Ficus rumphii Variegata blume

Understorey

1) Melastaoma malabathricum

2) Costus curvibracteatus

3) Ficus grossulariodes

4) Bougainvillaea

5) Alpinia purpurata

Tree&Palm 1) Cyrtostachys renda blume

2) Thalia dealbata

3) Pouteria obovata Shurb

1) Bacopa monnieri

2) Melastoma malabathricum

3) Dillenia suffruticosa

4) Alpinia purpurata

5) Costus curvilbracteatus Grass

1) Cyperus haspans

2) Pandanus pygmaeus

3) Arundo donax

4) Piper sarmentosum

5) Cana generalis

Emergents

1) Arundna graminifolia (Don)Hochr.

2) Canna generlis L.H.Bailey

3) Costus speciosus (koenig) Smith

4) Cyperus haspan L.var.vivipurus

5) Cyrtostachys renda blume

6) Pandanus pygmaeus thouars

7) Ploiarium alternifolium (Vahl) Melchior

8) Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.

9) Thalia dealbata Fraser. ex. Roscoe

Rheophytes

1) Nerium sp.

2) Osmoxylum lineare (Merr.)

3) Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.

STRATEGY 2——FRESHWATER SWAMP DESIGN

1. Topography Design

The slope of swamp is less than 4%, the flow of water through swamp is slow because of low gradients and retarding effects of the vegetation.

Freshwater swamp plan

Retention Pond

Swampy Stream

Swamp

Dryland

Topography

Buffer Zone

Recreational Place

Forebay

Diary Farm

Nature Stream

STRATEGY 2——FRESHWATER SWAMP DESIGN

2.Water supply

Stream

Rainfall

Ground water

3.Vegetation

Canopy Trees

Pometia pinnata

Palaquium xanthochymum

Mangifera griffithii

Gluta wallichii

Forming Process

The slow replacement and lack of turbulence

Strombosia ceylanica

Pentace triptera

Palaquium rostratum

Santiria rubiginosa

Mussaendopsis beccariana

Gonystylus maingayi

Shrubs

Timonius wallichianus

Vittaria ensiformis

Macaranga hypoleuca

Macaranga bancana

Macaranga gigantea

Ixora congesta

Dicranopteris linearis

Davallia denticulate

Cyathea latebrosa

Bauhinia semibifida var. semibifida

low rate of oxygen

Incomplete decay of organic matter

accumulation of the resistant fraction

Thin peat and humid acid to reduce PH

Targeted Aquatic Animal:

Parathelphusa

Caridina malayensis

Macrobrachium

Trichopsis Vittata

Trichopodus

Anabas Testudineus

Dermogenys

Aplocheilus Panchax

Monopterus

Clarias Batrachus

Rasbora Einthoven

Barbodes

Parkysis longirostris

Macrobrachium platycheles

Virginia Creeper

Cinnamon Fern*

·Development Without Intervention ·After Design

4. WIldlife Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus

Amphibians:

Calliophis intestinalis

Eutropis multifasciata

Fejervarya limnocharis

Hylarana labialis

Kaloula pulchra

Leptobrachium nigrops

Microhyla butleri

Varanus nebulosus

Limnonectes paramacrodon

Avifauna:

Aethopyga siparaja

Arachnothera longirostra

Ceyx erithaca erithaca

Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus

Chrysophlegma miniaceus

Dendronanthus indicus

Dicaeum trigonostigma

Dicrurus paradiseus

Ficedula mugimaki

Gracula religiosa

Megalaima rafflesii

Treron vernans

Buffer zone along residential area to slow the runoff rate that provide water source for the swamp.

Timber walkway and viewing paltforms along the waterway.

habitat for various aquatic and terrestrial species.

CONNECTED LANDSCAPE FROM NEGLECT TO VALUE

Feng Zihan & Zhou Zuyuan

As an important means of transportation for humans, viaducts have a wide range of social and economic value. However, Its concrete facade and linear architectural structures make it difficult for fauna to live in. Considering the potential and threats of it, our objective is to fully utilize the structure and the gray space under, making humans live in harmony with nature. Site one focuses on the more urban context. It is located in the southernmost part of the nature reserve, and the site has a viaduct with a width of about 32 meters and a height of about 10 meters. Due to the original design, planning reasons, and the perennial insufficient light conditions, the plant growth under the bridge is prolonged and lacks biodiversity. Site two has a more natural context. It is located right at the junction of Bukit Timah, Bukit Panjang, and Central Catchment Nature Reserve. For the potentials of the site, the isolated space creates a natural ‘shelter’ for many animals. Also, relatively less light conditions facilitate the growth of shade-loving plants. The threats here include low fauna movement, fragmentation and noise and light pollution caused by the road.

The design strategies of MacRitchie viaduct are 1. Use the rainwater collected from the viaduct for domestic usage. 2. Transform the space under the viaduct into a wetland. 3. Add educational function to enhance public awareness of the protection of the birds. 4. The low-temperature area formed by abundant plants under the viaduct forms an outward cold airflow, which promotes the movement and reproduction of plant seeds and small insects thus expanding the range of gene exchange.

The strategy of BKE viaduct covers three aspects: 1. Transforming neglected areas into healthy habitat by soil modification and planting trees. 2. Redesign the water drainage system to provide a water source for animals and connect the three patches. 3.Building culverts, canopy bridges, and tunnels to help wildlife cross the road safely.

The project explores the use of existing urban structures to create habitats conducive to animal survival, attracting animals to use while transforming unused spaces to reduce the impact of urbanization on nature. As a rainwater collector, the landscape under the viaduct makes efficient use of water while adjusting the soil conditions of the neglected gray space, and will become a prototype to be applied to other similar areas of the city.

MAPPING OF THE ELEVATED BUILT STRUCTURE Analysis of flyovers in the 1km buffer area of CCNR

Urban & urban + simplicity + open

Greenland & urban + complexity + closed

Greenland & greenland + simplicity + open

FAUNA IN THE SITE

BUKIT TIMAH

Macaques

Mammals

Reptiles, amphibians

Birds

Fishes

Decapod crustaceans

Semi-aquatic bugs

BUKIT PANJANG

millipedes

carpenter bees

bird insects

spiders

Dragonflies

Stick insects

Butterflies

Moths

Orthoptera

Bees

Spiders

CENTRAL CATCHMENT NATURE RESERVE

amphibian

birds

chilopoda

mammals

reptiles

Decapod crustaceans

Semi-aquatic bugs

Dragonflies

Stick insects

Butterflies

Moths

Orthoptera Bees

Spiders

SITE CHOOSEN

Reason1: The problem is severe.(threat)

Reason2: Rich biodiversity (potential)

Macaques

Mammals

Reptiles, amphibians

Birds

Fishes

Decapod crustaceans

Semi-aquatic bugs

Dragonflies

Stick insects

Butterflies

Moths

Orthoptera

Bees

Spiders

Bukit Timah

Bukit Panjang

FAUNA IN SITE AND THEIR HABITAT

STRUCTURE AS BARRIER barrier

megabats microbats high-flying birds low-flying birds wild pig brown rat annandale’s rat lesser mousedeer plantain squirrel long-tailed macaque common palm clvet malayan colugo asian honey bee green crested lizard masked swamp frog colugo clvets

VEGETATION ANALYSIS

TREES ALONG THE ROAD

Alstonia angustiloba

Calophyllum inophyllum

Cyrtophyllum fragrans

Elaeocarpus mastersii

Khaya senegalensis

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Melaleuca cajuputi

Pteleocarpa lamponga

Shorea acuminata

There are 54 species in the site, and 22species are fauna attracting

Attracting fauna:

Bird

Bee:

Butterfly

Moth

Ant

Beetle

Attracting species:

Mimosa pudica

Ficus hispida

Urostigma

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Baccaurea motleyana

Campnosperma auriculatum

Pometia pinnata f. alnifolia

Elaeocarpus mastersii

Pteleocarpa lamponga

Flacourtia

Saraca cauliflora

Gardenia tubifera

Thrip

Wasp

Bat

Fly Vertebrates

Nephelium lappaceum

Cyrtophyllum fragrans

Khaya nyasica

Durio zibethinus

Dyera costulata

Hopea odorata

Sterculia macrophylla

Khaya nyasica

Syzygium samarangense

Bridelia tomentosa

SITE CONDITIONS LIGHT DENSITY

ANALYSIS

Light density

Conditions to be utilized

Pathway

To be used as corridor to connect CCNR and Bukit Timah

Drainage Pipe

To be used as irrigation or the plants under the bridge

To be used as irrigation or the plants under the bridge

Drainage

To be used as corridor

SUNLIGHT & WIND ANALYSIS

Birds’ nests

Nesting place for birds, bats, etc

Prevailing wind in December-March

Soil

Need to change

Prevailing wind in June-September

The path is too steep to pass

3 Physical barrier

Waer body

LAYER ANALYSIS

Fauna crossing layer

Culverts

Water system layer

Water

Vegetation

Human activity layer

Bench

Air corridor

Pathway

Human Culverts

Vegetation layer

Vehicle layer

PLANTING MANAGEMENT

HORIZONTAL DESIGN

PLANTING STRATEGY

Breynia disticha ‘Roseo-picta’

Cordia dichotoma G.Forst.

Macaranga Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Passiflora platyloba

Musa acuminata (AAA Group) ‘Dwarf Cavendish’

Carica papaya L.

VERTICAL DESIGN

Coffea arabica L.

Persea americana

Ficus spp.

Mangifera indica. L.

HABITAT MANAGEMENT

HABITAT PLAN

Habitat 2: Open stream

1.characteristic:

Vegetation Species:

Canopy Layer:

Cordia ditchotoma G. Forst (Bird attracting)

Ficus spp. ( Bird attracting, shelter for reptiles)

(jackfruit)Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Bird food source)

(cypress)Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.

Understory layer:

Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attracting)

Forest floor:

Breynia disticha (caterpillar food plant)

2.Target species:

Blue Helen

Chocolate Grass Yellow

Long-tailed parakeet

Masked Swamp Frog

Litter Frog

plantain squirrel

3. Stream

Light: Full light

Habitat 2: Large jackfruit forest

1.characteristic:

Vegetation Species:

Emergent Layer: Mangifera indica. L. (Bird attracting caterpillar food plant, monkey food source)

Canopy Layer:

Nephelium lappaceum L. (Bird attracting, caterpillar food plant)

(jackfruit)Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Bird food source)

Understory layer:

Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attracting)

Pandanus tectorius cultivar Semishade

Forest floor:

Carica papaya L. ( Bird attracting)

Bridelia ovata (variegated) Semishade

Breynia disticha (caterpillar food plant)

2.Target species:

Blue Helen

Chocolate Grass Yellow

Long-tailed parakeet

Cave Nectar Bat

Lesser False Vampire

3. Forest

Light: Semi-shade

Nutrient design:

Habitat 2: Wetland swamp

1.characteristic:

Vegetation Species:

Canopy Layer:

Nephelium lappaceum L. (Bird attracting, caterpillar food plant)

Ficus spp. ( Bird attracting, shelter for reptiles) (jackfruit)Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Bird food source)

(cypress)Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. ( Squirrel attracting)

Cordia ditchotoma G. Forst (Bird attracting)

Understory layer:

Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attracting)

Coffea arabica L. (Bird attracting)

Forest floor:

Carica papaya L. ( Bird attracting)

Breynia disticha (caterpillar food plant)

2.Target species:

Blue Helen

Chocolate Grass Yellow

Asian honey bee

Long-tailed parakeet

Masked Swamp Frog

Litter Frog plantain squirrel

3. Swamp

Light: Full light & Semi-shade

Nutrient design:

Habitat 2: Half shaded stream

1.characteristic:

Vegetation Species:

Understory layer:

Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attracting)

Pandanus tectorius cultivar Semishade

Coffea arabica L. (Bird attracting)

Forest floor:

Carica papaya L. ( Bird attracting)

Bridelia ovata (variegated) Semishade

2.Target species:

Blue Helen

Chocolate Grass Yellow

Long-tailed parakeet

Masked Swamp Frog

Litter Frog

plantain squirrel

3. Stream

Light: Semi-shade

Nutrient design:

Habitat 1: Pond & Forest edge

1.characteristic:

Vegetation Species:

Emergent Layer: Mangifera indica. L. (Bird attracting caterpillar food food source)

Canopy Layer:

(cypress)Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.

Ficus spp. ( Bird attracting, shelter for reptiles)

(jackfruit)Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Bird food

Understory layer:

Pandanus tectorius cultivar Semishade

Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attracting)

Forest floor:

Carica papaya L. ( Bird attracting)

Breynia disticha (caterpillar food plant)

2.Target species:

Blue Helen

Chocolate Grass Yellow

Asian honey bee

Long-tailed macaque

Long-tailed parakeet plantain squirrel

Masked Swamp Frog

Litter Frog

3.Pond

Light: Full light

Nutrient design:

Habitat 1: Pond

1.characteristic:

Vegetation Species:

Emergent Layer:

Mangifera indica. L. (Bird attracting caterpillar food food source)

Canopy Layer:

Macaranga (Shelter for ants)

Nephelium lappaceum L. (Bird attracting, caterpillar

Cordia ditchotoma G. Forst (Bird attracting) (jackfruit)Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Bird food

Understory layer:

Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attracting)

Coffea arabica L. (Bird attracting)

Pandanus tectorius cultivar Semishade

Forest floor:

Bridelia ovata (variegated) Semishade

Breynia disticha (caterpillar food plant)

2.Target species:

Blue Helen

Chocolate Grass Yellow

Asian honey bee

Long-tailed macaque

Long-tailed parakeet

3.Pond

Light: Full light

Nutrient design:

Arboreal- friendly habitat

Butterflies & Bees - friendly habitat

Amphibian- friendly habitat

Bird & mammals- friendly habitat

TACTIC01 NATURALIZE THE WATER DRAINAGE

Natrualize the drainage system can create habitat for fauna species. For example, it can be water source for wildlife of or a shleter for animals to forage or breed.

Site condition

Drainage surface used to be imperable surface

TACTIC02 RUNOFF WATER COLLECTION

Naturalize the water system

As the vegetation under the structure cannot get rainfall, the water pipes are modified to collect rainfall for plant watering.

Site condition Pipe modification

TACTIC03 RUNOFF WATER COLLECTION

Change the shape of water to connect the patches. In particular, for wildlife.

FAUNA CROSSING STRATEGY

CROSSINGS’ POSITION

CROSSINGS’ SECTION

CROSSINGS’ SCALE & FUNCTION

Culverts under the bridge

Shelter from excessive heat, dryness and predators.

For reptiles, more rocks and logs should be placed in and around culvert entrances. Most plants are a food source of native animals or attract food such as insects which other species feed on.

Important or preferred food strategically planted in corridor links can be used to tempt animals near or into crossing structures.

CROSSINGS’ PRINCIPLE

Already exist

As the already exist space are close to the road, it is more suitable for animals that are not shy.

Newly built

The newly built culvert is protected by trees and shrubs along the road, so they are more suitable for shy animals.

Culvert

Water connection

Culverts under the bridge

The decomposition process can generate insects to attract birds and bats. By this way, this site can be utilized as nesting place for birds and bats. Another function of this site is education. The shaded area can be used as education place for people especially kids to learn knowledge about birds and bats. This function can enhance people’s awareness of wildlife protection.

Collection from forest nearby

forest nearby

shrubs with thick and

space under the structure

collection deciduous from forest nearby

plant suitable vegetation for deposers

FUCTION

Habitat for birds, birds & amphibians

Education function

BUILDING HABITAT TIMELINE

Phase1

Take out the unresonable part of the site, etc, pathway. Naturalize the water drainage.

Phase2

Breynia disticha 'Roseo-picta'

Passiflora platyloba

Nephelium lappaceum L. Ficus spp.

Macaranga

Mangifera indica. L.

Introduce plants needed by fundamental fauna. Start to build culverts.

Phase3

Cordia dichotoma G.Forst.

Carica papaya L.

Coffea arabica L.

introduce plants and create diverse habitats for different animals.

Phase4

Pandanus tectorius cultivar

Bridelia ovata (variegated)

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

host plant pollinate pollinate

host plant

shelter

food source

shelter

food source

food source

food source

shelter

shelter

food source

Human obligates

food supplied by human

Human associates and exploiters

take advantage of anthropogenic resource subsidies

Human adapters

utilize human resources and survive in human dominated areas, but do not necessarily receive an added benefit from living with humans

More diverse animals and forest layers. Forming complete ecosystem.

Begin to have some insects and birds, some shrubs, flowers, and groundcovers are planted

Have vegetation cover, but plant species are not diverse

Human avoiders

not expected to use urban areas, but occasionally may find themselves amongst people when attempting to disperse or migrate

DESIGN OF UNDER MACRITCHIE VIADUCT

SITE INTRODUCTION

Site one targets urban areas . It is located in the southernmost part of the nature reserve, and the site has a viaduct with a width of about 32 meters and a height of about 10 meters, which means that there is a large amount of soil no longer has normal surface runoff and becomes dry and barren.

SITE HUMIDITY SAMPLING

SITE TEMPERATURE SAMPLING

SITE WIND SPEED SAMPLING

SITE CURRENT HEAT DISTRIBUTION SECTION

SITE STRATEGIES

INCREASED CONNECTIVITY

FLY Anthreptes simplex White-rumped Munia Yellow-breasted Bunting

INCREASED CONNECTIVITY

BAT MACRITCHIE VIADUCT 32M

Emballonura monticola 13m 7m

CREATE HABITATS

sp.

antipodiana

lineatipes Cytaea oreophila BIRD BAT INSECT LIZARD INSECT SPIDER DRAGONFLY

Bronchocela cristatella Aeluroscalabotes felinus Calotes versicolor Aphaniotis fusca 7-10M level 5-7M level BUTTERLFY

fusca

la(Blume) Sa ord Bird attracting trees

Desmos dasymascha -

gay ex Hook.f. & Thoms.) Sche

Cyathocalyx ramuli orus(Main -

Sterculia parvi oraRoxb

Garcinia forbesii

gay ex Hook.f. & Thoms.) Sche

Cyathocalyx ramuli orus(Main -

Resam

Dicranopteris linearis(Burm. f.) Underw.

Delta Maidenhair Fern

Adiantum raddianumC. Presl

Asplenium longissimumBlume

Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm.

(DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry

Syzygium lineatum

CREATE HABITATS

WETLAND UNDER VIADUCT AND POTENTIAL ANIMALS

CREATE HABITATS

Legend Trees

Elevated Road

Buildings

Groud Road

Park Path (for people)

Water Drainage

Drainage Holes

Water Collection System

Water Purification Station 1

N

Cyornis rufigastra Anthreptes simplex White-rum ped Munia

Yellow-breasted Bunting

Papilio polytes romulus

Sundasciuru s tenuis

Graphium sarpedon luctatius

Chilasa clytia clytia

Ratufa affinis Iomys horsfieldii

WETLAND

Wetlands are low lying areas that are at least periodically inundated with water. It provide habitat for a range of species that are not present in other habitats.

Cyornis rufigastra Anthreptes simplex White-rum ped Munia

Yellow-breasted Bunting

Papilio polytes romulus

Sundasciuru s tenuis

Graphium sarpedon luctatius

Chilasa clytia clytia

Ratufa affinis Iomys horsfieldii

Emballonur a monticola Taphozous melanopogon

angustifolius Blume

angustiloba Miq. Mangifera indica. L.

Garcinia forbesii PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS

MacRitchie Reservoir Park BIRD WATCHING PLATFORM

RAINWATER PURIFICATION AND STORAGE RAINWATER TION

Rainforests grow on deeper, more fertile soils with moister soil conditions. They have a canopy greater than 30 m in height which is relatively closed (greater than 70 % canopy cover). Many rainforest plants produce fleshy-fruits and berries, which are a valuable food resource for a range of bird species, but particularly parrots and pigeons.

RAINFOREST

Lepisanthes

FOREST

Forests are a habitat dominated by trees, with a canopy cover of between 30 % and 50 %.Wet-sclerophyll forests have a canopy that is taller than 30 metres and generally have a soft-leaved understorey, often including tree ferns. Dry-sclerophyll forests have a canopy between 10 metres and 30 metres tall, and generally have a hard-leaved understorey with wattles, peas and boronias.

Cyornis rufigastra Anthreptes simplex White-rum ped Munia Yellow-breasted Bunting

Papilio polytes romulus

Sundasciuru s tenuis

Graphium sarpedon luctatius

Chilasa clytia clytia

Ratufa affinis Iomys horsfieldii

Emballonur a monticola Taphozous melanopogon

WOODLAND

Woodlands are a habitat type dominated by trees, but with a relatively low canopy cover of less than 30%. Eucalypts dominate the canopy and the understorey is relatively open, often containing native grasses.

Cyornis rufigastra Anthreptes simplex White-rum ped Munia Yellow-breasted Bunting

Ratufa affinis Iomys horsfieldii Sundasciuru s tenuis

Emballonur a monticola Taphozous melanopogon

alata (Blume) Leenh.

Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry

CLIMATE SENSITIVE TAGORE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE

Han Cong & Zhou Xianfeng

Located in the northeast of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, the Tagore Industrial Estate is 300 meters away from the nature reserve and covers an area of 32 hectares. Because of the high impervious paving ratio, insufficient shaded areas and high temperature, the thermal comfort of the industrial estate are not conducive for human well-being. Also, the low biodiversity and limited green space make the site unsuitable for fauna inhabitation. The project aims to mitigate microclimate to achieve enhancement of human thermal comfort and habitat creation.

The first strategy is to naturalize the drainage. Water features such as rain gardens, bio-swales and ponds can be introduced along the streets to slow down and infiltrate the rainwater while providing evaporation from plants to cool the area. The second strategy is to guide the wind to reduce temperature. The Micro topography based on existing topography is created to guide wind, bring different air pressure and create airflow. Trees along the road with proper planting methods in linear open space can guide and bring cool air to the surrounding areas. The third strategy is to reduce the hardscape and increase the softscape. This is done by selecting some existing areas with poor thermal comfort conditions and improving them - which includes building structures and linear green spaces. Consideration is given to keep valuable trees to maintain biodiversity and introducing fruiting and flowering trees to attract fauna. The fourth strategy is to add leisure and recreational spaces and replace linear green spaces with linear parks - which brings comfortable experience to users of the site.

After a series of interventions, the percentage of soft landscape of the site will increase from 15% to 40% while the average temperature will drop by 1.2 degrees. The Tagore Industrial Estate will be served as a healthy habitat to provide enhanced thermal comfort and recreational working spaces where animals can transit as well.

VEGETATION & BIODIVERSITY & DISTANCE

Vegetation Analysis

Biodiversity Analysis

Tagore Industrial Estate is covered by vegetation, but its

value is very low.

and

There are 6 types of basic industrial typology in the Tagore Industrial Estate.

FLORA SPECIES ANALYSIS

Native & Exotic

Slow-growing & Fast-growing

Common & Endanger

There are 44 tree species of trees in the industrial zone. Most are native, common and fastgrowing.

Softscape

Herb layer only

Herb, shrub and arbor layer

Relatively natural vegetation

WATER FLOW ANALYSIS

Views on Greenery

Nationality

Duration Spend in Outdoor Space

Types of outdoor activities

Outdoor Comfort

The Demand for Outdoor Space

WIND ANALYSIS

Wind Speed & Wind Direction Map

air flows from the cold zone to the hot zone 14:00am, unit m/s

Plant grass

Prevailing wind in NovMar

Due to the its minimum air resistance, grassland has the best ventilation effect.

shrub

The shrub can reduce the wind speed.

tree

Prevailing wind in JunSept

Annual wind rose (m/s)

Data from Changi Climate Station

Building & Road

type1

The temperature of the building area is much higher than the surrounding area.

type2

The greenery can cool down the air which can bring cooler air to the surrounding area.

type3

The good balance between the greenery and the building. The greenery becomes a cooling filter and brings cooler air to the building.

The arbor can make air circulation above the crown and lead air flow under the crown.

tree+grass

As a guidance

tree+shrub+grass

Trees along the road with proper planting methods in linear open space can bring cool air to the surrounding areas.

Shade Study

ROAD TYPOLOGY BASED ON WIND AND SHADE

Road Typology

Prevailing wind in Nov - Mar

Prevailing wind in Jun - Sept

shadow study 10:00am 30%

Prevailing wind in Nov - Mar

Type A

Type B

Type C

Type D

Type A

Road direction is parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the forest.

Type B

Road direction is not parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the drainages.

Prevailing wind in Jun - Sept

shadow study 13:00am 15%

Prevailing wind in Nov - Mar

Type C

Road direction is not parallel to the prevailing wind. Wind is blocked by buildings.

Type D

Road direction is parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the drainages.

Prevailing wind in Jun - Sept

shadow study 16:00am 60%

THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS

The areas with the worst thermal comfort conditions are six buildings and a linear green space. The buildings typologies are business, commercial,comercial and manufacture.

Rain garden

Some Possible Places of Intervention

Building structure 1

Rain garden

Building structure 2

Building structure 4

Bio-swale

Ventilated corridor

Building structure 5

Linear Park

Bio-swale

Building structure 6

Ventilated corridor

Building structure 3

FLORA SPECIES

The water features such as rain gardens, bio-swales and ponds can be introduced along the streets to induce evaporative cooling to the surrounding.

STRATEGY 2 | GUIDE THE WIND

Creat micro topography and utilize trees to make a better ventilation to cool the spaces.

SECTION A-A'

Road type A

Road direction is parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the forest with no shadow.

SECTION B-B'

Road type B

Road direction is not parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the drainages with a lot shadow.

SECTION C-C'

Road type C

Road direction is not parallel to the prevailing wind. Wind is blocked by buildings. There are not much shadow on the road.

SECTION D-D'

Road type D

Road direction is parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the drainages with a little shadow.

VISION 1

Drainage: The bio-swales and rain gardens are provided to naturalize the drainages, infiltrate the rainwater and cool the area.

Shaded Streets: Fruit and flower trees are used to create street landscape for workers, bringing

create a continuous visual enjoyment.

Leisure Space: As a social gathering space for workers from different factories.

VISION 2

Bio-swales Section

Reference: https://www.asla.org/2019studentawards/684549_Monitoring_Design_Stormwater_Management_Process_Visualization_And_Evaluation.html

VISION 3

Pond & Fountain Continuity of the Tree Canopies

Ventilated Corridor

DECREASE HARDSCAPE AND INCREASE SOFTSCAPE

Sparse forest

Hardscape: Roads Roof Pedestrian Drianage ditch

Pavement

Tall forest

Create more scrubland and sparse forest areas to slow down the effects of solar radiation to cool the whole industrial estate.

Softscape: Grassland

Scrubland

Sparse forest

Tall forest

BUILDING STRUCTURE

The strategy of this part is to increase patches on 1st storey ground to rise the softscape ratio and provide shaded area, add vertical greenery on bare walls and convert rooftop to green roof.

Maximise Area and Maximise experience for the workers.

Before After After After Legend Legend Legend Legend Legend Legend

1.Break the space limit to optimise the potential greeney area.

Before Before Intervention Greenery space Intervention Potential space Carpark Greenery space Carpark Potential space Entrance Greenery space Entrance Potential space

2.Relocate the carpark and 1st storage space to free up the area in front of the entrance.

PLANTING STRATEGY

Species Choose

Valuable Species

Valnerable/ Threatened: Dalbergia latifolia

Planchonella obovata

Cleistanthus sumatranus

Diospyros buxifolia

Endangered: Ficus religiosa

Tristaniopsis whiteana

Tarenna fragrans

Cratoxylum cochinchinense

Pometia pinnata

Cratoxylum formosum

Koompassia malaccensis

Critically Endangered:

Cynometra ramiflora

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Memecylon caeruleum

Barringtonia racemosa

Sterculia cordata

Shorea bracteolata

Tristaniopsis obovata

Phase 1: Plant pioneer species that can proviede shade for open space.

Phase 2: Than plant some emergents, shrubs and groundcover.

Phase 3: The emergents grow quickly under the shade of pioneer species. Shade tolereant shrubs and groundcover are growing.

Phase 4: The emergent trees grow big enough and pioneer species die, remove them and make way for shade love plants.

Fauna Attraction:

1.Habitat: Open Land

Plant Functions:

1.Physical Contact or Spatial Experience (Tempoary Relief from Work)

2.Supporting the Biodiversity (Experience of Forest-Link with Aurally Stimulating Bird Calls)

3.Visually Appealling,Smell-Stimulating

Dillenia reticulata

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Kurz Nerium oleander L.

2.Habitat: Wooded Area

3.Habitat: Grassland

Grey-faced Buzzard White-shouldered Starling Sparrowhawk Plaintive Cuckoo Barn Owl Eastern Marsh Harrier Barred Buttonquail Savanna Nightjar

Keep valuable trees including endangered, heritage and threatened species to maintain the species biodiversity.

SPECIES CHOOSE PROCESS

Enrich species through vegetation structure.

Valnerable/ Threatened:

Dalbergia latifolia

Planchonella obovata

Cleistanthus sumatranus

Diospyros buxifolia

Endangered:

Ficus religiosa

Tristaniopsis whiteana

Tarenna fragrans

Cratoxylum cochinchinense

Pometia pinnata

Cratoxylum formosum

Koompassia malaccensis

Critically Endangered:

Cynometra ramiflora

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Memecylon caeruleum

Barringtonia racemosa

Sterculia cordata

Shorea bracteolata

Tristaniopsis obovata

Dillenia reticulata

Large Canopy Trees:

Acacia concinna

Callerya atropurpurea

Swietenia macrophylla

Pterocarpus indicus

Nephelium lappaceum

Ficus microcarpa

Ficus fistulosa

Syzygium grande

Terminilia catappa

Calophylium putcherrimum

Pellacalyx axillaris

Acacia auriculiformis

African tulip

Adinandra dumosa

Broad-leafed mahogany

Samanea saman

Dypsis leptocheilos

Plumeria rubra

Albizia saman

Sub Canopy Trees:

Deillenia suffrutcosa

Cerbera manghas

Eugenia grandis

Imperata cylidrica

Fagraca fragrans

Syzygium cumini

Clerodendrum

Elaeocarpus mastersii

Gymnacranthera forbesii

Agerstroemia speciosa

Cerbera manghas

Hymenaea courbaril

Pithecellobium dulce

Syzygium zeylanicum

Syzygium malaccense

Shrub: Erythrina crista-galli

Plumeria obtusa

Leea indica

Dillenia suffruticosa

Mimosa pudica

Ardisa eillptica

Calophyllum

Pipturus

Manihot carthaginensis

Manihot esculenta

Syzygium malaccense

Kyllinga brevifolia

Clerodendrum paniculatum

Hevea brasiliensis

Wild nutmeg

Choose different species due to various areas in the site.

Public Green:

Durian

Jackfruit

Adenanthera pavoning

Dillenia suffrutcosa

Roadside and Garden Green:

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Cerbera manghas

Fagraca fragrans

Hymenaea courbaril

Erythrina crista-gali

Clerolandron deflexum

Less Access Space:

Eugenia grandis

Pithecellobium dulce

Teminalla catappa

Syzygium zelanicum

Albizia saman

Imperata cylidrica

Edge of the forest: Oil fruit

Teminalla catappa

Saman saman

Adinandra dumansa

Acacia concinna

Clerodendrum

Durio zibethinus

Ptercarpus indicus

Syzygium cumini

Plant flower and fruit trees to attract fauna.

Attracting Trees:

Flower trees:

Leea indica

Nephelium lappaceum

Ficus fistulosa

Ficus variegata

Syzygium grande

Terminalia Catappa

Fruit trees:

Syzigium

Durian

Jackfruit

Rambai

Oil fruit

Fauna predicted to attract according to the strategy.

Avi Animals:

Chestnut-belied Malkoha

Square-tailed Drongo-Cuckoo

Straw Head Bulbul

Oriental Magpie-Robin

Orange Belied Flowerpecker

Red-legged Crake

Emerald Dove

White-throated Kingfisher

Hill Myn

Spiderhunter

Rufous-tailed Tailorbird

Aboreal Animals:

Plantain Squirrel

Black House Ants

Pollinators: Bat Butterfly Bee

PLANTING STRATEGY

Different planting strategies according to different types of spaces between the industrial buildings.

Building Structure

Build Structure

Big Trees:

Eugenia grandis

Bhesa paniculate Arn.

Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. ex

Choisy

Medium Trees:

Acacia mangium

Cassia fistula

Cinnamomuminers

Baccaurea parviflora

Clerodendrum laevifolium

Microdesmis caseariifolia

Grassland Species:

Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty

Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka

Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng

Pennisetum alopecuroides 'Purple lea'

Pennisetum x advena 'Rubrum' Wipff

Narrow Shady Space

Narrow

Shady

Palms:

Caryota mitis lour.

Crytoschys renda

Orange crownshaft palm

Shade-loving Shrubs:

Baccaurea parviflora

Clerodendruminerme

Ixoracongesta

Melastoma malabathricum L.

Wide Shady Space

Wide Shady Space

Big Canopy Trees: Fargraea Fragrans

Shade-loving Trees: Baccaurea parviflora

Anisophyllea disticha (Jack) Baillon

Ardisia lanceolata

Clerodendrum laevifolium

Cratoxylum glaucum Korth.

Ficus heteropleura Blume

Galearia fulva

Microdesmis caseariifolia

Stachytarphetaindica

Timonius wallichianus

Shade-loving Fragrant Species:

Cratoxylum cochinchinense(Lour.) Blume

Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC.

Uvaria grandiflora (Lesch. ex DC.) Roxb.

Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Kutrz

Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Timonius wallichianus

Shade-loving Shrubs:

Baccaurea parviflora

Clerodendruminerme

Ixoracongesta

Melastoma malabathricum L.

Microdesmis caseariifolia

Stachytarphetaindica

VISION 4

Add vertical greenery on bare walls.

Convert rooftop to green roof or

Planting grasses and increase in shrubs and trees towards the building: As indication change in texture, smell, consistency.

or roof garden. Planting flower trees and fruit trees to attract fauna.

of slowing down and take in the

Increase patches on Ist storey ground arround the building.

LEISURE AND RECREATIONAL SPACE

According to our survey results, the users of the site reported a lack of leisure and entertainment space, which they were eager to incorporate into the design.

1.The linear green space is added with a pedestrian network and leisure and recreational platforms.

2.In the buildings mentioned above, the roof and ground space were added with leisure and recreational space.

Keep valuable trees including endangered, heritage and threatened species to maintain the species biodiversity.

Planting flower trees and fruit trees to attract fauna. 15 - 30 years

The long and quiet garden pedestrian gives people a pleasant walking experience.

The design of several leisure entertainment platform, bring the excellent landcape experience to the site users.

SHOPPING IN THE FOREST

Zhang Yifei

Commercial landscape is commonly decorative and manicured in Singapore. The indoor shopping space and outdoor greenery are completely divided with people going directly into the building rather than enjoying the outdoor landscape. Given the location (within a few hundred meters distance from Central Catchment Nature Reserve and close to Bukit Panjang Park), 40% greenery rate and the unique building structure that allows multiple access to indoor and outdoor, Greenridge shopping center has great potentials to accommodate ecological functions. The project thus aims to create a new commercial prototype that integrates interior and exterior with the increased greenery and the design of nature-based commercial activities.

The first strategy is to increase greenery and enhance ecological profit. This is done by providing habitat for fauna and converting the front plaza to a complex habitat that can provide niche requirements and food sources. This also forms a continuous canopy with Bukit Panjang Park and Central CCNR at a larger scale. Based on space user analysis, the second strategy is to design nature-based commercial activities which combine the needs of customers like dining, buying fresh fruits and vegetables, getting early childhood education, medical healing, with the function of the forest like producer of fruits, spices, pigments and outdoor classrooms for kids and natural therapists for people, inviting people to the outdoors. Based on these activities, spatial design elements are introduced - which include outdoor restaurants, community gardens, outdoor classrooms, and playgrounds to learn about fauna and flora, harvest gardens, and healing gardens.

Through the renovation of the Greenridge shopping center, the customers will achieve a new shopping experience here and have a better understanding of the importance of forest through the commercial and educational activities brought outdoors. Meanwhile, it also shows a good example of how to make good use of forests to get economic profit and add ecological values as the natural capital of the city.

TARGET

The project aims to create a new commercial prototype that integrates interior and exterior with the increased greenery and the design of nature-base commercial activities.

REASONS

1\DECORATIVE AND MANICURED COMMERCIAL LANDSCPAE IN SINGAPORE

Westgate

Ngee Ann City

Ngee Ann City

ION Ochard ION Ochard

Bugis+ Road Greenery 1 Road Greenery 2 Leisure Plaza Paving Plaza Paving Plaza Paving Plaza Roof Greenery Roof Greenery Roof Greenery Roof Greenery Fascade Greenery 1st Floor Interior Roof Gardern Fascade Greenery

Bugis+ Fascade Greenery

1st floor is mainly road greenery and paving plaza. The interior is separted with the outdoor, is mainly uses for ornament and rest. The roof garden is occupied by a large number of artificial facilities

2\LOCATION ADVANTAGE

Greenridge shopping center is within the few hundreds meter distance from Central Catchment Nature Reserve and has 40% greenery rate which is higher than any other commercial building in the buffer.

Greenridge shopping center is adjacent to Bukit Panjang Park where lots of birds living there. There is an opportunity to work as a continuation of the park in the urban area.

Fruit and nectar

Pick necked green pigeon

Fauna in

Bird

Fruit and nectar & Insect

Yellow-vented bulbul Black-naped oriole

Insect

Pacific swallow

Spotted dove

Nuts&Twig&Fruit&Insect

Olive-backed Sunbird

Flameback Woodpecker

Mam mal

Squirral

Greenridge shopping center

Bukit Pangjang Park

Bukit Pangjang Park

3\UNIQUE BUILDING STRUCTURE

The unique building structure allows multiple access to indoor and outdoor.

STRATEGY

Strategy 1: increase greenery and enhance the ecological profits of the greenery

Strategy2: design nature-base commercial activities which combine the needs of customers with the function of forest, inviting people inside the building to the outdoors

Strategy 1 is to increase greenery and enhance the ecological profits of the greenery, providing habitat for the fauna .

Where?

What?——Forming a complex canopy

What?——Planting statrgy Emergent Layer (food source for birds)

Canopy Layer (form the canopy) Understory Layer (food source for butterflies and birds) Shrub Layer (attuact butterflies)

What?——Forming a continuous canopy

What?——Forming a continuous canopy(large scale)

Based on space-user analysis, strategy 2 is to design nature-base commercial activities which combine the needs of customers with the function of forest ,inviting people inside the building to the outdoors.

1F—— “HARVEST IN THE FOREST” OUTDOOR RESTAURANT

Need? Where?

What?

2F—— “HEAL IN THE FOREST” NATURAL THERAPIST

Need?Where?

What?——Heal in the forest (five sense)

Smell

3F—"LIFE IN THE FOREST"

Need? Where?

Function\Flow of people\Hot spot of 2F NEED: Buying fresh fruits and vegetables, getting early childhood education

Structure of the building

Where: multiple access to indoor and outdoor (overwalk, canopy, rooftop)

Supermarket Education Hair

Connection between indoor and outdoor

Education(harvest in the forest):

A.Extension to the canopy(3F)——DIY classroom

B.Large rooftop area(4F) ——Fragrant \Pigment\Nectar plant garden

Education(Life in the forest):

A.Rooftop next to the classroom(3F)——Butterfly

B.Large ground area (backyard through overpass)—— Food chain

Commercial (harvest in the forest):

A.Courtyard next to supermarket (3F)——community garden

Picking garden (Fragrant plants \ Pigment\ Nectar plant)

Harvest in the forest (Bee farm)

Outdoor DIY classroom (perfume\essential oil\pigment\fibre)

Outdoor Catwalk

"HARVEST IN THE FOREST" DIY CLASSROOM AND PICKING GARDEN

"LIFE IN THE FOREST" BUTTERFLY GARDEN

"LIFE IN THE FOREST" CHILDREN PLAYGROUND

I LOVE SHOPPING HERE ! Because I never see a show in the forest before, and the product selling here are environmental-friendly.

I LOVE STUDYING HERE ! Because the classroom is no longer limited in the building!

I LOVE DINNING HERE WITH MY FAMILY! Because we can enjoy the beauty of nature here.We all enjoy the lemon grass tea we picked and drunk here.

MIMIC A FOREST EXPERIENCE

In the overall analysis of all playgrounds within 1km buffer of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, almost all sites are found offering similar experiences and lack variety and creativity. Therefore, three sites with their own characteristics (in terms of functions and surrounding environmental conditions) are selected for a more detailed analysis.

Site 1 (Teacher’s estate playground) is close to the former Lentor forest which is rich in species, and surrounded by villas. In the future planning, a PCN will be built to connect the site with forests and Lentor forest will be replaced by new buildings. Site 2 (Thomson green playground) is only 10 minutes’ walk from Teacher’s estate playground, surrounded by villas as well, and will be used as a regular outdoor classroom by two private kindergartens. However, due to the limited materials available in the site, teachers do not use the playground for long. Site 3 (Soo chow walk playground) is very close to CCNR , surrounded by shops and villas. As there is no planned entrance for CCNR, nearby residents cannot enjoy being close to nature.

According to a previous research on forest and urban parks, there is an obvious difference found in experience between them. Forests are overwhelmed by the variety of flora, fauna and the rich spatial composition. People are likely to have multiple experiences in forest which are beneficial for both mental and physical health. Therefore, the following three design strategies will be proposed from my personal experience in nature, combined with the site conditions, and inspired by the restoration of forest in urban context.

For site 1, based on the existing terrain and trees, the features of the site are amplified, and different heights are designed in combination with the new structure, to change the way of experiencing fauna and flora by children. In site 2, specific plants and natural elements including fragrant, flowering, fauna attracting and productive flora will be inserted to create a different experience and awaken the five senses of children - aiding them to feel nature, different from traditional experiences. For site 3, through the contrast of lightness and darkness and the variations in spatial scale - the concept is to mimic mysterious and unpredictable experiences in the forest, allowing the surrounding residents to have a glimpse of nature even though it is a small patch.

The three sites are expected to provide people living in the urban environment (especially children) with a quick but valuable time to experience the forest. Additionally, the rewilding of these urban playgrounds are expected to create stepping stones for fauna in CCNR and raise awareness to protect existing forests.

XIAO Xinyan

ANALYSIS

OF URBAN PARKS

Overview of urban parks

There are 33 official parks within this 1KM buffer. Most of them are tiny patches which are lack of creativity and variety serving neighbourhood areas.

Thus, in order to have better understanding of all of them, parks are divided into seven types according to the surroundings.

Classification of urban parks

During the early stage, some scenarios have offered inspirations.

Combined with users interviews and personal experience, some key words will play an important role in the further design.

PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR THREE SITES

Inspiration from site visits

ADVENTURE

INSECT

SITE SELECTION & CURRENT CONDITION

Teacher's estate playground

Size: 1.2 Hac

Users: residentials> regular oldness

Thomson green playground

Size: 0.76 Hac

Users: school kids> teachers> residentials

Soo-chow walk playground

Size: 0.83 Hac

Users: residentials> customers> shop owners

Kindergarten

Kindergarten

Trees

Tebebula rosea

Samanea saman

Xanthostemon chrysanthus

Syzygium myrtifolium

Cocos mucifera

Adonidia merrillii

Trees

Roystonea oleracea

Syzygium lineatum

Xanthostemon chrysanthus

Cordia sebastena

Callistemon citrinus

Cassia fistula

Terminalia mantaly

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Libidibia ferrea

Plumeria rubra

Citharexylum spinosum

Xanthostemon chrysanthus

Bauhinia x blakeana

Magnolia x alb

Mimusops elengi

Cerbera odollam

Tebebuia rosea

Hopea odorata

Dalbergia Tatifolia

Pterocapus indicu

Trees

Rhodamnia cinerea

Xanthostemon verdugonianus

Dypsis decaryi

Tabebuia rosea

Sterculia rubiginosa

Planchonella obovata

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Garcinia atroviridis

Ficus benjamina L.

Samanea saman

Mangifera imdica

Archontophoenix alexandrae

Cyrtostachys renda

Podocarpus rumphoo

Lagerstroemia floribunda

Cleistanthus malaccensis

Araucaria excelsa

Plumeria rubra

Araucaria cunninghamii

Shrubs & Herbs

Lantana camara

Brunfelsia latifolia

Excoecaria cochinchinensis

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth

Loropetalum chinenese var. rubrum

Phyllanthus urinaria

Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck)

Merr.Asplenium nidus

Shrubs & Herbs

Syzygium myrtifolium

Pluchea Indica

Dypsis lutescens

Bougainvillea spectabilis

Chinese ixora

Duranta repens

Caesalpinia pulcherrima

Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

Gardenia jasminoides

Hamelia patens

Tagore forest (be cut out soon)

STRATEGIES PROPOSED FOR THREE SITES

Crawl with fruits

It feels amazing surrounded by fruits and birds! The fruits are just near my hands eh!

Run between trees Lie on flora

Climb with monkeys

It feels like I’m having an adventure!!

Body Text - 8pt font size, 10pt leading space (Sentence Case)

Running through trees and animals makes me wanna forget computer games!!

I feel like becoming a monkey!

Swing like monkeys Shuttle in forests Hide like bats

Obseve in small hole

The forest show starts!!

HAHA! They can’t find me when I hide in this tunnel!

Explore in dark forest Performe in natural stage Follow light in long tunnel

It’s so different to observe outside in this hole!

Find gate in bamboo forest Pass in shadow

Stand with weird leaves Create music whith flora Follow fragrance in maze Recognize plants by mouth Touch nature-beings

I never knew bamboo could sing!!

Playing with mud is so interesting~ Observe micro organism

I’m gonna collect all the plants I like!! Wow!! The leaves sound like burning fire!

TEACHER’S ESTATE PLAYGROUND

Play with Height

Large canopy tree

Fruit tree

Kept tree

Shrub&herb cluster

Crawl web

Look-out house

Stream/ ditch

Jogging trail

Cave

Slide

Boardwalk

Rope tunnel

Spider

Wooden platform

Areca vestiaria

Bamboo

Dracaena porteri Baker

Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O. F. Müll.) Desv.

Pennisetum

Wipff × advena ‘Rubrum’

Log stair

Brush pile

Wooden hill

Nest house

Monkey moving line

Bird gather point

Topography

large canopy tree

Ficus virens Aiton

Samanea saman Jacq.) Merr.

Falcataria moluccana

Star fruit tree

Muntingia calabura

Musa acuminata var. sumatrana

Averrhoa carambola L.

Musa × paradisiaca ‘Ae Ae’

Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC.

Dieffenbachia amoena

Planting strategies

Point

Offer different levels for childeren to climb, meanwhile will attract birds to nest. Children will have opportunities to encounter birds.

DESIGN DETAILS

Play with Height

Using logs to create different distance and levels to enhance children’s balance ability.

Brush Hill Stepping log

SOO-CHOW WALK PLAYGROUND

Play with Light & Shadow

0 10 20 50m

Shrub & herb cluster

Wooden stage

Rock tunnel

Log barrier

Look up tower 1

Look up tower 2

Bamboo gate

Bamboo web corridor

Hanging shelf

Crawl web

Trail

Stream

Large canopy tree

Fruit tree

Kept tree

Bamboo

Adenanthera pavonina

Fagraea fragrans

Syzygium grande (Wight)

Walp.

Cratoxylum cochinchinense

Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham. ex Buch.-Ham.

Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.

Adinandra dumosa Jack

Dark with light

Shadow

Light

Shadow

Dark

Shadow

Shadow

Large Canopy Tree

Ficus virens Aiton

Samanea saman Jacq.) Merr.

Falcataria moluccana

Shrub & Herb

Malayan Ixora, Jarum Jarum

Hoya latifolia

Piper porphyrophyllum

Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb.

Homalomena rostrata Griff.

Johannesteijsmannia magnifica J.Dransf.

Licuala triphylla Griff.

Adiantum hispidulum

Bird nest fern

Dracaena porteri Baker

Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O.

F. Müll.) Desv.

Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.

Two main trails are designed for kids to experience different light condition and misterious atmosphere.

The continous and unpredictable small spaces will activate this tiny patch and stimulate their interst in exploring.

DESIGN DETAILS

Play with Shadow & Light

Which road should I choose????

Light cage

Trail 1 B’

Rock tunnels to different adventure

Section B-B’

Section of Trail 1

THOMSON GREEN PLAYGROUND

Play with Five Senses

Large Canopy Tree

Samanea saman Jacq.) Merr.

Shrub & Herb

Edible

Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC.

Uvaria grandiflora (Lesch. ex DC.) Roxb.

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Piper sarmentosum Roxb. ex W.Hunter

Ixora congesta

Malayan Ixora, Jarum Jarum

Foliage

Malayan Ixora, Jarum Jarum

Hoya latifolia

Piper porphyrophyllum

Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb.

Homalomena rostrata Griff.

Johannesteijsmannia magnifica J.Dransf.

Licuala triphylla Griff.

Adiantum hispidulum

Bird nest fern

Dracaena porteri Baker

Freycinetia angustifolia Blume

Scolopia macrophylla (W. & A.) Clos

Piper sarmentosum Roxb. ex

W.Hunter

Flower

Tarenna fragrans

Aeschynanthus pulcher

Fagraea ceilanica Thunb.

Dendrobium crumenatum Sw.

Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr.

Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O. F. Müll.) Desv.

Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.

Fragrant

Oxyceros longiflorus (Lam.) T.Yamaz.

Volkameria inermis L.

Uvaria grandiflora (Lesch. ex DC.) Roxb.

Syzygium myrtifolium (Roxb.) Walp.

Deciduous tree

Large canopy tree

Deciduous tree

Seed tree

Tree with giant leaves

Fragrant tree

shrub&herb cluster

shrub&herb cluster

shrub&herb cluster

shrub&herb cluster

shrub&herb cluster

Bamboo shelf

Edible Tree

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

Bentinckia nicobarica

Ficus microcarpa Linn. f.

Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham. ex Buch.-Ham.

Cratoxylum cochinchinense

Edible tree

Bamboo

Kept tree

Sand

Cave

Log

Rock hill Slide

Mud

Jogging trail

Stream

Bamboo instrument

Plants loom

Singing seed

Seed plate

Grwoing house

Observe point

Corridor farm

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Ixora congesta

Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.

Adinandra dumosa Jack

Fragrant tree

Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.)

Backer ex K.Heyne

Fagraea fragrans

Terminalia catappa

Pterocarpus indicus

Seed tree

Hevea brasiliensis

Adenanthera pavonina

Uvaria grandiflora (Lesch. ex DC.) Roxb.

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Piper sarmentosum Roxb. ex W.Hunter

Ixora congesta

Sense of touch

Bouea macrophylla Griff.

Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Gnetum gnemon L. Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC.

Malayan Ixora, Jarum Jarum Musa yunnanensis Häkkinen & H.Wang Averrhoa carambola

Flora plate

Bamboo instrument Singing

Section C-C’

TEMPORAL CONNECTIONS

Public housing in Singapore (Known as HDB’s) are usually designed as non-gated “vertical communities” with a significant amount of open space left for residents’ use. More often than not, these spaces are disconnected, stagnant and lack a sense of place. The chosen site is located in Bukit Panjang – one of the oldest HDB estates in Singapore and a special one due to its very close proximity to the Central Catchment Nature Reserve. This project aims to ameliorate the experiential and programmatic quality for the existing and future residents by proposing an intervention that uses the powerful magnitude of time as the main catalyst. It explores and magnifies the possibility of an everchanging and continuous dialogue between the users and the spaces that evolve over time.

Various strategies will be implemented to selectively introduce a “wild” aesthetic in a typically manicured landscapes of an HDB to encourage greater levels of public acceptance for less heavily managed landscapes – This is done by introducing temporal interventions. The first strategy is to implement succession/dynamic planting schemes that allow changes in population and provides opportunities for more biologically diverse communities to develop over time. This then allows for a more appropriate planting approach and species selection which will be introduced in phases. This is done by learning from Singapore’s tropical forest succession and retrofitting it to the urban, dense residential context of the HDB estates.

The second strategy is to strengthen and improve the relationship of humans with nature by a process of dynamic programming of the various spaces. This is accomplished by periodically introducing structures, pathways and seating areas that are flexible in its form and materiality, allowing them to adapt over time through the phases. Programmatic activities will also begin to alter as time and nature progresses, carving out a temporal landscape in its true form. The third strategy explores the possibility of involving the residents in the entire process of the various interventions. This is done by the introduction of community gardens, providing designated planting beds and instilling activities that educate people about the forest, plant species and its value. By offering people an active role in the shaping of their outdoor nature and sensory experiences, it enables the users to be emotionally connected with the neighborhood and its landscape.

Public housing in Singapore usually have a fixed lease period due to constant demands and rapid urbanization. As the lease expiry of the HDB estate approaches, a new landscape has already been established through the years and by the introduction of the various strategies. This now dictates the design of a new development– a housing typology where “landscape comes first”; done by directly and indirectly involving the residents who have witnessed a progressive change in the development of this dynamic landscape.

Bargotra Poornima

SITE HISTORY & PHOTOS

Understanding the site through historical analysis

Fig.1: Historical Map from 1945

- Presence of rubber & gambier plantations

-Natural water streams flowing accorss the sites

-Presence of plantation estates due to cultivation lands Bukit Panjang

- New roads built due to rural towns getting developed

- New housing developments along the roads

- Plantations still persist

- Depletion of water streams

- Roads are further developed with the presence of new highways (BKE built)

- HDB estates are formed

- High deforestation due to the development of a new town

- LRT line built for a better public transport connectivity in Bukit Panjang

- Construction of moew HDB’s

- More roads are set up for better connectivity

-Dense built up area, consisting mostly of public housing, community centers & markets

-Introduction of park connectors to enhance the ecological corridors

-Huge disconnect from adjacent CCNR

Total Site Area: 5.6ha

GPR: 2.8 (URA MASTER PLAN)

Age of current development: 31 YEARS

Lease term left: 68 YEARS

Current no. of units: 992

Existing Parks

Unused Spaces found on site: Size: 0.65 ha Size: 4.4 ha

HDB

Landed Properties

Other Buildings

Fig. 5: Map Showing Sites at Present

Fig. 4: Historical Map from 2005

Fig. 3: Historical Map from1993

Fig. 2: Historical Map from 1975

Existing circulation mapping

Human usage mapping

Opportunity:

UNDERSTANDING HDB USERS

REQUIREMENTS

AGE BASED

Child (3 - 13)

Desires

- Space to run around and play in after school

- Learn about nature

TARGETED ACTIVITIES

Naturalist

Requirements

Desires

- Exclusive, designated zones where they can observe animals & birds

Teenager (13 - 20)

Desires

- Space to hang out with friends

- Outdoor quiet study spots

-Outdoor play courts

Adults (20 - 55)

Desires

- Space to enjoy a relaxed evening after work

- Outdoor fitness areas and jogging trails

Local elderly (55+)

Desires

- Space to hang out with friends and play mahjong

- Enjoy peace and quiet during off-peak hours

Requirements

Amateur Gardener

Desires

- A quiet space to plant and escape the hustle and bustle of everyday life

Requirements

Requirements

Family Picnic

Desires

- A quiet and soft space where families can bond with one another after a hectic week

Requirements

Requirements

Exercise & Fitness

Desires

- Space to exercise with fresh air and forested zones

Requirements

Dog Walkers

Desires

- A safe place to throw a ball around and let them be free

Requirements

Requirements

TARGETED ACTIVITIES

Joggers

Desires

- Exclusive, designated trails/paths for residents to enjoy a run

TARGET GROUPS

Couple

Desires

Requirements

- A peaceful place for intimacy secluded from other people

Outdoor Resting

Desires

Requirements Requirements

- Exclusive spaces for people to rest outdoors amidst a green environment

Family

Desires

- A vibrant place for families to spend time together

Friends

Desires

- A comfortable place for friends to catch up

EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS

Understanding the site through site photos & their character

SPACE CHARACTER

Flexible use

Designated use

HUMAN ACTIVITY SPACES

Active playgrounds

Neighbourood green

Nearby facilities

Void decks

FLORA & FAUNA

Opportunistic

Community gardens

Neighbourood Parks

Infrastructure green

GEOLOGY & WATER

History

Topography

Drainage Flow

DESIGNATED USE

PLAYGROUNDS

NEIGHBOURHOOD

COMMUNITY GARDENS HISTORY

OPPORTUNISTIC

INFRASTRUCTURE

Existing buildings

Road network

Public transport

EXISTING BUILDINGS

TOPOGRAPHY

ROAD NETWORK

OPPORTUNISTIC DRAINAGE FLOW

NEARBY FACILITIES

NEIGHBOURHOOD GREEN

VOID DECK

NEIGHBOURHOOD PARKS

INFRASTUCTURE GREEN

EXISTING SITE ANALYSIS

Existing Schematic Site Plan

Trees Identified in Zhenghua Park adjacent to CCNR: Syzygium polyanthum, Adinandra dumosa, Agathis borneensis, Carallia brachiata, Cinnamomum iners, Durio zibethinus, Hopea odorata, Neobalanocarpus heimii,Shorea leprosula

Highlighted in red are the species are native primary or secondary forest species that thrive well in urban areas. These trees also attract birds and therefore, are important key flora species.

UNUSED

LAND USE: RESIDENTIAL Gentle mounds

UNUSED

LAND USE: RESIDENTIAL Gentle mounds, between two HDB blocks

HDB Block (11 floors) With Void Deck

B. Panjang Ring Road

Small pathway with landscaped edges Chosen Site Open Green Space

B. Panjang Ring Road

Blk 251

Surface Car Park 87m

Blk 250

Blk 254

Blk 253

Blk 252

Blk 255

Bangkit LRT Station Bukit Panjang Ring Road

Disconnection with HDB Spaces

Potential to create an Ecological Network

UNUSED

LAND USE: GREEN Gentle mounds Close to highway

Recreational park with secondary forest species

Chosen Intervention Sites

Existing Public Parks

Existing Water Bodies

Ecological Network

Small birds distribution range (200m)

Surface Carpark & Road

Surface Carpark & Road

Blk 253 4 floors

Unused Open Green Space

Zhenghua Park

Zhenghua Park

Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE)

Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE) CCNR

Zhenghua Park

Pang Sua Pond

Petir Park

Zhenghua Park

EXISTING SITE PLAN

Plan showing existin trees, site drainage & activity areas

Adinandra dumosa

Neobalanocarpus heimii

Treed identified as roadside trees:

Khaya grandiflora

Khaya senegalensis

Calophyllum soulattri

Trees identified on site:

Caesilpinia ferrea (exotic species)

Bucida molineti

Agathis borneensis

Existing

Drain with grating cover (every 2.5m) Underground Drain Connection

THE CHOSEN SITE

The chosen site is located in Bukit Panjang –one of the oldest HDB estates in Singapore and a special one due to its very close proximity to CCNR. This project aims to ameliorate the experiential quality for the residents by proposing an intervention that uses the powerful magnitude of time as the main catalyst. It explores the possibility of an everchanging and continuous dialogue between the users and the spaces that evolve over time.

B. Panjang Ring Road B. Panjang LRT Station Chosen Site Open Green Space (Carpark behind) Informal Pathway

Small pathway with landscaped edges

HDB Block (11 floors) With Void Deck

0-10 YEARS PLANNING STRATEGY

TREE SPECIES LEGEND

Pioneer Species

Emergent Species

Nitrogen Fixing Species

Fruit Trees

0-10 YEARS - 1ST PHASE - PREPARE

The first phase will focus on preparing the existing ground, by making amends to the existing conditions of the unused open spaces on site. This is done through learning from a primary forest succession and retrofitting it to the urban, dense residential context of Singapore’s HDB estates. This phase will also focus on educating and training the residents.

site used as event planting beds with fruiting trees

HDB Block (11 floors) With Void Deck

YEARS PLANNING STRATEGY

10-20 YEARS - 2ND PHASE - FACILITATE

The second phase will encourage the residents to facilitate the growth of native species by a timely planned out process and introduce activity areas that can benefit from this stage of the landscape. Boardwalks and pathways will be built after careful study of how the residents have been using the space in the first phase.

Unused site used as event planting beds with fruiting trees

Surface Carpark & Road Blk 253 4 floors

Unused Open Green Space Zhenghua Park Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE)

HDB Block (11 floors) With Void Deck

30 YEARS PLANNING STRATEGY

20-30 YEARS - 3RD PHASE - INVENT

As the lease expiry of the HDB estate approaches, a new landscape has already been established through the years and by the introduction of the various strategies. This forest now dictates the design of a new development–a housing typology where “landscape comes fi rst”; d one b y d irectly and i ndirectly involving the residents who have witnessed a progressive change in the development of this dynamic landscape.”

PLANTING STRATEGIES

Planting fast growing sun tolerant pioneer species to provide shade for the propagation of emergent species

Emergent species

Pioneer species

The emergent species grow under the shade of mature pioneer species, giving way to shade tolerant shrubs/ groundcover

The emergent species soon project over the pioneers. Pioneer shrubs die back and make way for shrubs that are shade loving.

Proposed Tree Species*

*Most are found in adjacent Zhenghua Park and can be propagated on site.

Year 0

“Watch a tree grow as you grow”

TEMPORAL CONNECTIONS

Proposing activities that change overtime, with nature

Year 0

Community Gardens >> Community Forest

YEAR 0 - 10

PHASE 01

PREPARE

To prepare the ground by making amends to the existing conditions of the unused space

YEAR 10 - 20

PHASE 02 FACILITATE

To facilitate growth of native species by a timely planned out process and with the help of the existing community

Planting strategy in phases

YEAR 20 - 30

PHASE 03 EXTEND

Propagation of species to other nearby developments and neighborhood parks in order to extend the habitat range

Year 30

Year 30

YEAR 30

PHASE 04 INVENT

End of the existing HDB lease and the beginning of a new housing typology

0-10 YEARS

Designated planting areas

planting beds

Materials that change overtime

Pioneer Species in open conditions

10-20 YEARS

Sighting of leaf litter

Sightings of shade loving understorey

Logs from nearby felled trees

Materials that change overtime

AT 30 YEARS

Pathways and boardwalks built following the TPZ of existing trees

Planting valuable fern species as undergrowth layer

Fruit trees attracting avifauna

A DYNAMIC LANDSCAPE

Introduced pathways

Modular seating areas

Undulating play areas

0-10 years 10-20 years

“Landscape Comes First”

1. Re-use site resources such as top soil and plant materials and recycle what exists on site rather than transporting large quantities of material in and out.

2. Implement succession/dynamic planting schemes that allow changes in population and provides opportunities for more biologically diverse communities to develop over time.

3. Incremental development plans to avoid sudden erasure of an old landscape while meeting the needs of the new economy/population.

Lim Wenfa

Situated next to Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park (BAMKP) and opposite Lower Peirce Reservoir Park (LPRP), the 5ha site has great potential to home uncommon native avian and arboreal species but has failed in doing so because the ecosystem network is disconnected and degraded, even though they are physically close to each other. Predicted to be kept untouched till future residential development in 20 years, the site is home to large healthy fig trees that provide habitats to common fauna species. Fertile soil potentially can also be utilized as a natural resource for neighbouring/ own future development. The project hence aims to rewild the site with three development phases across a duration of 30 years. Injecting beneficial ecological values by proposing a landscapecome-first development model to challenge the current notion of land-use.

Given that the site is big enough to supply trees for reforestation at the degraded forest of LPRP, the site is developed into a tree nursery in the first phase. The site’s existing drainage system will be integrated with the design of the bio-detention pond as part of the nature irrigation system of the nursery. In the second phase, selectively remained trees from the nursery become mature and the site turns into a potential ecological hotspot, focusing on fauna movement and habitat creation. In the meantime, a segment of future residential housing development is constructed. The landscapecomes-first development model will give way to a design framework that proposes to keep at least half of the ecological hotspot untouched to provide strong ecological connectivity. The third phase is the completion of all residential developments after 30 years. Green and blue networks from the previous phase is integrated into the new residential development, offering active human-fauna interaction opportunities as part of their daily life experience.

The project envisions to enrich the site’s biological value by providing a healthier and wider pool of genetic diversity across the region. Human behaviour towards nature is also changed through the proposed timeframe. The proposal can serve as a prototype, duplicable to another temporary vacant state land as a sequential rewilding approach, rather than letting the land being temporarily unused.

AND POTENTIALS

Unused State Land

-Healthy fig trees

-Fertile soil

-Habitat to common species (mynas & crows)

-Predicted to be untouched till residential development in 20 years.

Existing Green Networks Disconnect

Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West

Nature urban park

Potential Green Network

Low Vegetation Density Reserved Site

KEY TARGET SPECIES

PRIMARY FORESTS

KEY MAMMALS: Lesser Mousedeer, Banded leaf monkey

MATURE SECONDARY FORESTS

KEY MAMMALS: Long-Tailed Macaque, Slow loris, Plantain Squirrel, Common Palm Civet, Wild Pig, Sunda Pangolin

KEY BIRDS: Greater Racke-Tailed Drongo, Dollarbird

YOUNG SECONDARY FORESTS

KEY MAMMALS: Long-Tailed Macaque, Slow loris, Plantain Squirrel, Common Palm Civet, Wild Pig, Sunda Pangolin, Common Fruit Bat

KEY BIRDS: Greater Racke-Tailed Drongo, Dollarbird, Long-tailed Parakeet, Oriental Pied-hornbill.

WETLAND

KEY MAMMALS: Long-Tailed Macaque, Plantain Squirrel, Common Palm Civet, Wild Pig

KEY BIRDS: Greater Racke-Tailed Drongo, Dollarbird, Long-tailed Parakeet, Oriental Pied-hornbill, Collared kingfisher

WETLAND MARSH

KEY MAMMALS: Plantain Squirrel, Common Palm Civet, Common Fruit Bat

KEY BIRDS: Long-tailed Parakeet, Oriental Pied-hornbill, Collared kingfisher

PARKS & GARDENS

KEY MAMMALS: Plantain Squirrel, Common Palm Civet, Common Fruit Bat

KEY BIRDS: Long-tailed Parakeet, Oriental Pied-hornbill, Collared kingfisher, Crimson Sunbird

“High Count” is the highest count of a species submitted on a single checklist within a specified date range and region.

SINGLE CHECKLIST: WEEKLY

DATE RANGE: JANUARY 2019 - 19 SEP 2019

FAUNA BARRIERS

Barriers analysis

TIMEFRAME

Historical maps and Landuse maps

Phase 1

Landscape-comes-first, Strengthen human-nature connectivity

Incubation

Reforestation at LPRP

- Fertile soil can be utilized as a natural resource.

- Improved degraded forest for wider range of fauna.

Construction of Waterbodies

- Improve existing water system for self-sufficient.

- Primary stage for habitation.

Phase 2

Habitation

Facilitate fauna movement

- Develop forest fringe from previous phase.

- Pockets of shrubland created for fauna activity.

- Wetland created from previous waterbodies.

- New trees planted to connect existing trees.

First stage of residential developments

- Landscape-come-first design framework:

- Nature closer to human by expanding waterbodies and more trees.

Integration

Completion of residential developments plan

- Landscape-come-first design model.

- Green and blue networks intergrated.

- Active humans-ature interaction opportunities.

FRAMING TIMELINE - INCUBATION

Design Processes

Existing drain

Ground level (GL: 0.00m)

Ground level (GL: -1.00m)

Degraded forest of LPRP (Degraded patch size of 3.86ha)

Existing drain

Detention Pond (0.26ha, 3613L)

Vacant land (Size of 2.43ha)

Existing trees (Patch size of 1.37ha)

Existing Building (Patch size of 1.49ha)

Under-utilised state land (Total size of 5.29ha)

Retention Pond Irrigation for nursery (0.16ha, 1608.9L)

Planting grid (2500mm C-C)

Before After

FIRST PHASE - KEY

First phase key target species

FRAMING TIMELINE - HABITATION

Urban Adapters Species

Key fauna species

High-Flying Birds

Oriental Pied Hornbill

Asian Koel

Dollar Bird

Long-Tailed Parakeet

Pink-Necked Green Pigeon

Greater Racket Tailed Drongo

Blue-Throated Bee Eater

Straw-Headed Bulbul

Low-Flying birds

Red Junglefowl

Crimson Sunbird

Blue-Crowned Hanging Parrot

Common Flameback

Collared Kingfisher

Yellow-Vented Bulbul

Olive-Winged Bulbul

Asian Glossy Starling

Ground Animals

Wild Pig Rat

Lesser Mousedeer

Arboreal Animals

Plantain Squirrel

Long-Tailed Macaque

Common Palm Civet

Malayan Colugo

Common Fruit Bat

Sunda Pangolin

Banded Leaf Monkey

Slow Loris

Green Crested Lizard

Common Flying Lizard

Insects

Butterflies Bees

Habtitats

Locations

Diets

Key fauna species

High-Flying Birds

Oriental Pied Hornbill

Asian Koel

Dollar Bird

Long-Tailed Parakeet

Pink-Necked Green Pigeon

Greater Racket Tailed Drongo

Blue-Throated Bee Eater

Straw-Headed Bulbul

Low-Flying birds

Red Junglefowl

Crimson Sunbird

Blue-Crowned Hanging Parrot

Common Flameback

Collared Kingfisher

Yellow-Vented Bulbul

Olive-Winged Bulbul

Asian Glossy Starling

Ground Animals

Wild Pig Rat

Lesser Mousedeer

Arboreal Animals

Plantain Squirrel

Long-Tailed Macaque

Common Palm Civet

Malayan Colugo

Common Fruit Bat

Sunda Pangolin

Banded Leaf Monkey

Slow Loris

Green Crested Lizard

Common Flying Lizard

Insects

Butterflies Bees

FRAMING TIMELINE - HABITATION Design Processes

Wetland (Detention pond)

Shrubland Forest fringe (Nursery trees)

New trees (Connecting existing trees)

Reforestation

(From Nursery)

Degraded forest of LPRP

Enhancement to fauna movement

Directing nature closer to human (Further expansion of waterbodies and trees)

50% greens (2.65ha)

35% building footprint (1.85ha)

15% roads/pathways (0.79ha)

PHASE 2 MASTER PLAN

Framing Timeline - Habitation

FRAMING TIMELINE - HABITATION

Second phase planting list (trees)

SECOND AND THIRD PHASE - KEY TARGET SPECIES

Second

SECOND AND THIRD PHASE - KEY TARGET SPECIES

phase key target species

PHASE 3 MASTER PLAN

Framing Timeline - Integration

FRAMING TIMELINE - INTEGRATION

Design processes

Elevated

-Void deck (Visually connected)

-Intermediate garden

-Rooftop garden

buildings (9m above ground)

“Landscape-comes-first Design development model

FRAMING TIMELINE

Landscape-comes-first, Strengthen human-nature connectivity Incubation

- Reforestation at LPRP provides better forest

- All existing trees are retained and are unified whole

-Landscape-come-first development model enables humans-nature interaction

forest depth habitat for a wider range of fauna. whole with habitats created to facilitate fauna movement. interaction with minimum disturbances to established ecosystems.

CLOSE TO NATURE: RECONCILED LANDSCAPE IN HDB

SHAO Zhongran

Biophilia is an innately emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms. However, the unpredictable wild, including the undulating landforms, capricious animals and dense canopies can make people feel insecure. In the surrounding areas of Segar Road HDB, there is distinct segregation between forested areas and residential common spaces. The limited internal space of HDB has formed a strong contrast with the openness of green space adjacent to it. The project aims at creating reconciliation between human intervention and ecology restoration by bridging the gap between humans and nature by bringing people closer to nature and making the wild less intimidating. This is done by introducing two main strategies.

The first is enhancing the visibility and accessibility of the wild to eliminate the segregation between buildings and open space as well as extend human movement into a larger loop. The topography of an area about 0.54 hectares is manipulated in the periphery of building blocks. The rooftop of a carpark, as well as Zhenghua Park, is transformed to replace the original activity space among the blocks. Series of trails and programs including a community garden are proposed across the site, providing visual guidance and physical entrances to the wild for both residents and existing pipeline trail hikers.

The second strategy is inserting natural habitats into HDB green spaces. Native low-growing species are selected to attract birds, butterflies and small mammals such as squirrels on the current open grassland above the pipelines. Open activity spaces and greenery patches that are enclosed by the HDB blocks will be aggregated for breaking the landscape homogeneity and forest flora species will be introduced.

By guiding people to get close to nature and enhancing the connection of the existing habitats, the project envisions an interwoven landscape as well as a biophilic lifestyle in an urban environment.

SITE ANALYSIS

Site Selection

Vegetation Vegetated area with low biodiversity

Missing data

Positive correlation between vegetation and biodiversity

Negative correlation between vegetation and biodiversity

URA Planning

Distribution of Housing Types in Singapore

Area ≈ 16 hactares

The site is located in the northeast of Bukit Panjang,next to KJE & BKE. It is mainly composed of dense HDB blocks and open green space of ZhengHua Nature Park. A distinct differentiation between nature and urbanized space is shown here.

High canopy (>10 m)

Low canopy (<10 m)

High shrubs (>3 m)

Low shrub (>0.3 m)

Lawn Drainage

Open activity space

Sheltered activity space

Corridor

Multi-storey car park

Railing

Barrier gate

Informal trail

Existing Tree Species

Undefined

Native species

Adinandra dumosa

Alstonia angustifolia

Calophyllum soulattri

Cyrtophyllum fragrans

Macaranga bancana

Pteleocarpa lamponga

Sandoricum koetjape

Shorea leprosula

Syzygium glaucum

Terminalia catappa

Tristaniopsis whiteana

Vitex pinnata

Exotic species

Agathis robusta

Agathis borneensis

Alstonia scholaris

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Callerya atropurpurea

Dalbergia oliveri

Delonix regia

Dipterocarpus baudii

Hopea odorata

Khaya grandifoliola

Khaya nyasica

Khaya senegalensis

Mimusops elengi

Pentaspadon motleyi

Saraca thaipingensis

Schizolobium parahyba

Shorea roxburghii

Sterculia foetida

History Map

The site remained underdeveloped and basically a natural state.

Survey and Interview

Road network formed. Drainage system established. Residential area emerged in the south of the site.

Segar Road HDB blocks were built up. Regional accessibility was enhanced.

Common Name

Tiup Tiup

Red-leaved Pulai

Malang-Malang

/

Tembusu Hutan

Tembusu Tikus

Santol

Lentang

/ Ketapang

Pelawan

Malayan Teak

/ Malayan Kauri

White Cheesewood

Nangka

Jenaris

Black Rosewood

Semarak Api

Bulu

Merawan Siput Jantan

Benin Mahogany

White Mahogany

African Mahogany

Bunga Tanjung

White Pelong-Tree Talan

Brazilian Fire-Tree

Temak

Kalupat

Family

Pentaphylacaceae

Apocynaceae

Calophyllaceae

Gentianaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Boraginaceae

Meliaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Myrtaceae

Combretaceae

Myrtaceae

Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Araucariaceae

Araucariaceae

Apocynaceae

Moraceae

Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

Dipterocarpaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Meliaceae

Meliaceae

Meliaceae

Sapotaceae

Anacardiaceae

Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

Dipterocarpaceae

Malvaceae

More infrastucture was built up. The extension of Zhenghua Nature Park was yet to establish.

Condos and new HDB were built up. An extension of Zhenghua park was opened.

DESIGN STRATEGIES

The overall goal of the design is creating reconciliation between human intervention and ecology restoration by bridging the gap between humans and nature to bringing people close to nature while making the wild less intimidating.

Strategy 1

Bringing people close to nature

Enhancing the visibility and accessibility of the wild to eliminate the segregation between buildings and open space as well as extend human movement into a larger loop. Providing visual guidance and physical entrances to the wild for both residents and existing pipeline trail hikers.

1.Manipulating the topography

The topography of an area about 0.54 hectare is manipulated in the periphery of building blocks, providing physical entrance to the residents.

Series of trails and programs including a community garden are proposed across the site, providing people with opportunities to experience in nature with different senses.

2. Replacing

The rooftop of a carpark, as well as Zhenghua Park, is transformed to replace the original activity space among the blocks, extending people’s movement into a larger loop.

3. Adding

Strategy 2

Bringing nature close to people

Inserting natural habitats into HDB green spaces.

1. Aggregating

Open activity space and greenery patches that are enclosed by the HDB blocks will be aggregated for breaking the landscape homogeneity. Biodiversity and the area of public space will be increased.

Scattered Large patches & corridors

marigold

hibiscus

rosemary

lemon grass

castor

fennel

ash gourd

bitter melon

eggplant

tomato

ladyfinger

cauliflower

2. Planting

a). Native low-growing species are selected to attract birds, butterflies and mild mammals such as squirrels on the current open grassland above the pipelines.

b). The drainage is softened from a concrete and railed up one into an accessible vegetated one.

c). Native tree species extensively found on the other side of BKE are introduced into the space among the HDB blocks. Target bird species are supposed to be attracted.

WILDLIFE IN THE YARDS: BREAK THE BARRIERS BETWEEN RESIDENCE AND WILD NATURE

Compared to other types of residential areas, the landed property is closer to the CCNR and has a higher green land rate per capita. Hence, land property residents might be more tolerant of wildlife. The first site is a 12-hectare residential area on the north-east part of the CCNR 1-kilometer buffer, near endangered Nee soon swamp. The second site Windsor Park Property has a dynamic housing form that sits on an undulated terrain and surrounded by Windsor Natural Park. Having faced intense urban expansion pressure, biodiversity has decreased on the edges of these two residential areas. Therefore, the two projects explore how to reconnect the urbanized environment and nature, making the residents and wild nature live in harmony.

The first project focuses on encouraging wildlife movements and minimizing the disservices of wild nature by mitigating human-wildlife conflicts. The first strategy is to break the current barriers, by naturalizing the existing concrete canal, enlarging the road tree canopy, and de-fencing the private residential area. The second strategy is to design new housing typologies. Some mature plants will remain, while more animal-friendly plants will be introduced to provide a movement corridor. Furthermore, new land properties will be built with a second-story viewing deck which is connected with a treetop boardwalk for residents’ to walk and observe wildlife.

The second project is to take advantage of the site’s unique topography and create a rich vegetation landscape. The first strategy is to enable residents to experience the beauty of ecological gardens by the restoration of the public space(roads, edge, playground). The second strategy is to utilize the private spaces that are underutilized due to the complex terrain as a semi-public space that supports local habitats as well as recreational areas in daily life. Consequently, the last strategy is to suggest a better yards plan for residents and promote native and useful plants.

The projects aims to allow residents to appreciate the wild nature that is around them. As time goes by, residents or their later generations will invite nature to their home. It can be a typical module for further sustainable residential developments in Singapore and finally achieve the goal for Rewilding.

Zhong Yixin & Zhang Bingqian

EXISTING SITE CONDITION

Site location

URA planning

Existing site condition

Gardening plants Street tree Grass turf

Scrubland

The site is a 12-hectare residential area on the north-east part of the CCNR 1-kilometer buffer, near endangered Nee soon swamp.

Nephelium lappaceum(Hairy Lychee)

Musa acuminata(Banana)

Durio zibethinus (Durian)

Cocos nucifera(coconut)

Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit)

Adonidia merrillii (Christmas Palm)

Syzygium polyanthum Pterocarpus indicus(Sena)

Ficus benjamina(Malayan Banyan)

Cassia fistula(Golden Shower)

Planchonella obovata (Menasi)

Peltophorum pterocarpum (Jemerlang Laut)

Neolitsea cassia

According to URA planning, the current central green space in this residential area will be constructed into new land properties.

Canal Surfaceflow Underground drainge Semi-fence Contrete fence

1-storey house

2-storey house

3-storey house

4-storey house

Residential area(URA)

Land properties will be demolished

AND

Survey of the residential area

Research: Disservice elements in tropical forests

BARRIER ANALYSIS

Urban barriers for ground animals

Urban barriers for birds

Various barriers such as road, buildings, canal, fence have cut off the communication between wild nature and human, which resulted in a residents’ low interest and affinity for nature.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENT STREAM

Canal-overground

Canal-underground

Surface flow

Drainage-underground

Pipeline

Water direction

DESIGN VISION

Wildlife distribution (before)

Break the barriers between human and wild nature

Wildlife distribution (after)

MASTER PLAN

1.Nee soon stream

2.Small pond

3.Nature fence in residential area

4.New land properties

5.2nd storey tree top broadwalk

6.Viewing deck

7.Community forest garden

Nephelium lappaceum(Hairy Lychee)

Musa acuminata(Banana)

Durio zibethinus(Durian)

Cocos nucifera(coconut)

Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit)

Adonidia merrillii(Christmas Palm)

Artocarpus rigidus Blume

Syzygium polyanthum

Pterocarpus indicus(Sena)

Ficus benjamina(Malayan Banyan)

Planchonella obovata(Menasi)

Peltophorum pterocarpum(Jemerlang

Neolitsea cassia

Samanea saman(Rain Tree)

Ficus microcarpa

Cassia fistula(Golden Shower)

Banyan) (Jemerlang Laut)

STRATEGY 01

ENLARGE THE ROAD TREE CANOPY

DE-FENCING THE PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL AREA

Larger canopy tree

House Haha wall

House Hedge wall Natural stream

Natural stream Private garden

Private garden

Green roof Green roof Walkway Widen flower bed Animal food tree

Hedge fence Fence with ferns Shrub fence

Natural stream fence

STRATEGY 02

Design new housing typologies

1.Highlight

a

2.Buffering the waterflow and existing planting species while introducing more valuable plant species to provide a movement corridor that can attract wildlife.

the existing huge canopy trees and surface waterflow to be kept as

permanent green area.

3.New land properties and some paths will be built on the remaining ground part.

4. Layouting the 2-story boardwalk for residents’ walking and observation of the wildlife.

Water

Underground drainge

New style fence

Treetop walk

Boardwalk

Grass turf

Scrubland

Shrub fence

Gardening plants

Artocarpus rigidus Blume

Syzygium polyanthum

Pterocarpus indicus(Sena)

Ficus benjamina(Malayan Banyan)

Planchonella obovata (Menasi)

Peltophorum pterocarpum(Jemerlang Laut)

Neolitsea cassia

Samanea saman(Rain Tree)

Ficus microcarpa

Cassia fistula(Golden Shower)

Syzygium cumini(L.)

Ficus fistulosa

Leea guineensis ‘ Burgundy’ Chinnamomum iners

Nephelium lappaceum(Hairy Lychee)

Musa acuminata(Banana)

Durio zibethinus(Durian)

Cocos nucifera(coconut)

Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit)

Adonidia merrillii(Christmas Palm)

DISTANCE BETWEEN CCNR AND RESIDENTIAL AREA

HISTORYLINE

WINDSOR NATURE PARK

VILLAS DEVELOPTED IN DIFFERENT TIME

Originally, parks and grounds were planted

pine tree

road tree

pine tree shade tree shade

distribution

villa_type 01

pavement

villa_type 02

villa_type 03

POTENTIAL AREA FOR WILDLIFE

FIND POSSIBLE PLACE TO BUILD HABITATS

POTENTIAL AREA=TOTAL AREA-HOUSES-ROADS-PAVEMENT -SWIMMINGPOOL-PUBLIC EQUIPMENTS MAINLY=PLAYGROUND+BACKYARDS+FRONTYARDS+ROADSIDES UNDERUTILISED PLACES

POTENTIAL CONSTRUCTED POTENTIAL CONSTRUCTED

TREE ANALYSIS

NATIVE TREES COMPARISON AGE, HEIGHT, SPIECES

4. Alstonia scholaris

5. Peltophorum pterocarpum

17. Ficus microcarpa

1. Lagerstroemia floribunda

2. Samanea saman

14. Mangifera indica

13. Xanthostemon chrysanthus

14. Artocarpus heterophyllus

16. Arfeuillea arborescens

23.Roystonea regia

25. Carallia brachiata

28. Syzygium grande

30. Sterculia oblongata

8. Dipterocarpus alatus

9. Cratoxylum cochinchinense

10. Magnolia champaca

12. Sterculia rubiginosa

18. Adonidia merrillii

21. Rhodamnia cinerea

22. Adinandra dumosa

26. Gardenia carinata

27. Ficus celebensis

29. Sterculia oblongata

3. Syzygium myrtifolium

6. Elaeocarpus mastersii

7. Terminalia buceras

11. Flacourtia rukam

19. Syzygium lineatum

20. Cocos nucifera

24. Sterculia parviflora

FUTURE PLAN

ROADS PLAN+EDGE PLAN+LANED HOUSE PLAN

Lagerstroemia floribunda

Samanea saman

Syzygium myrtifolium

Alstonia scholaris

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Elaeocarpus mastersii

Terminalia buceras

Dipterocarpus alatus

Cratoxylum cochinchinense

Magnolia champaca

Flacourtia rukam

Sterculia rubiginosa

Xanthostemon chrysanthus

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Mangifera indica

Archontophoenix alexandrae

Arfeuillea arborescens

Ficus microcarpa

Adonidia merrillii

Syzygium lineatum

Cocos nucifera

Rhodamnia cinerea

Adinandra dumosa

Roystonea regia

Sterculia parviflora

Carallia brachiata

Gardenia carinata

Ficus celebensis

Syzygium grande

Sterculia oblongata

Cerbera manghas

Sterculia cordata

ROADS PLAN

The road in the residential area is a two-way driveway with green belts and sidewalks on both sides and water flow under the surface.Rainwater flows into the sewer system through a drain in the tree pool.

THE EDGE PLAN

THE EDGE BETWEEN WINDSOR NATURE PARK AND THE RESIDENTIAL AREA

Use the surrounding edge of the park to create an ecological garden, using the spontaneous planting to make people living in the surrounding area feel the power of nature.

1. MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE PLAYGROUND AND

2.

ENTRANCE

AND PARK

TO THE PLAYGROUND AND PARK

3. ENTRANCE TO RESTORATION PART

WINDSOR PARK PROPERTY

WINSDOR NATURE PARK

WINDSOR NATURE PARK TOURIST PATH

2. MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE PLAYGROUND AND PARK

4. THE END OF THE EDGE

UNDERUTILIZED SPACES

Due to the site’s unique topography, there is much underutilized land. During the construction process, many of these slopes were created by the construction of the house platform. People can’t get there because of the steep slope, and the plants can not grow.

SECONDARYFORESTCONNECTIONBETWEENLIVING AREAANDWILDSPACES

PATH BETWEEN FOREST AND RESIDENTIAL AREA

PATH BETWEEN FOREST AND RESIDENTIAL AREA

CONNECTION BETWEEN LIVING AREA AND WILD SPACES

LOCATION IN THE SITE

UNIQUE TYPOLOGY IN WINDSOR PARK PROPERTY

TYPE 1.

SLOPES BETWEEN HOUSES

SLOPE MODIFICATION SCHEME

BY CREATING PLATFORMS AND STEPS FOR WATER TO STAY

RAINFALL FLOW

LANDED HOUSES ON THE SAME PLATFORM

SLOPE WITH PLANTS COVERING

ORIGINAL MODEL OF THE SLOPE

CHANGE MODEL OF THE SLOPE

VISION OF THE FUTURESLOPE

LANDED PROPERTY YARDS

Sub Heading - 8pt (Sentence Case)

Plants can be used to make fences on unused slopes and edges in a proper way to form a

LANDED HOUSE ON THE PLATFORM

PLANTING DETAIL steps to build the nature fence

TREE FENCE

PLANTING STRATEGY

SITE PHOTO

VISION OF EDGE

Sub Heading - 8pt (Sentence Case)

0~1years

0~1years

0~1years

0~4years

50 years

50 years

BEFORE AFTER

0~2years

0~2years

VISION OF VILLAS

Legend Text (Minimum 4pt)

0~10years 0~10years

0~1years

0~5years

0~2years

0~2years

AFTER

RE-FLOWING NATURE IN WINDSOR NEIGHBORHOOD

Located in the south-western edge of CCNR where the freshwater swamp forest stream ends, 30ha Windsor residential area has great potential to be re-connected with forest flora and fauna. Currently, urban fabrics interrupt the natural streamflow, distribution of green spaces are not ideal for wildlife movement, and increasing dense developments require engineered infrastructure with high impermeable/concrete spaces and less human-nature interaction. The project thus attempts to re-flow nature in the neighbourhood as a part of a forest ecosystem that facilitates mutual growth of nature and neighbourhood.

The main design intent of this project is to design the flow, and two design strategies will be proposed - spatial increment and inventory evolvement. For rearranging and reshaping available spaces for a better flow, this design will reconfigure open spaces for interconnecting flows of nature (water, flora, fauna) and human (traffic, pedestrian, recreation). Tracing from historical forest streams, the project restores and diversifies water flow by introducing recreational forest streams, historic stream and naturalized drainage, followed by improving fauna and flora movement, and human circulation along the waterways. All these flows become a dynamic network that intersects with built environments.

The first strategy is spatial increment. This design will improve the quality of existing spaces, such as widening roads aggregation of available spaces (private yards, ecological swimming pools, dismantling buildings of low price, and waterside naturalization or activity space) and improving the natural cycle. Space with different conditions (current space, new space, expanded space) will be designed according to context, function, and texture.

The second strategy is inventory evolvement for both human and nature over time. The intent is to optimize wildlife habitats, water quality, water level, and flowing speed which are key elements for aquatic habitats; and canopy cover, vegetation structure, and food resource will be considered for terrestrial habitats. The living environment and experience will be improved by diversified blue and green spaces.

Introducing forest elements into the residential area near CCNR, enhancing habitats based on water flow, the biodiversity, including unique flora and fauna - All these will provide an essential base for both human and wildlife communities in the Windsor neighborhood. The integration of the natural ecosystem with human activities will enrich the lives of both humans and nature.

Wang Haobo & Tanaka Mamiko & Zhang Bingyi

DRAINAGE TYPOLOGY

RODASIDE GREENERY TYPOLOGY

SEED DISPERSE LAND USE

DESIGN

STRATEGY DESIGN PROPOSAL

Design the flow to re-connect Windsor residential area with forest, so that dynamic natural organisms, resource and energy will re-flow in this site.

BUILDING NEW WATERBODY

CHANGING WATERFLOW

DESIGNING THE FLOW DIAGRAM

CONNECTING GREEN PATCHES

CONNECTING FAUNA MOVEMENT

PEDESTRIAN FLOW RE-ORGANIZATION

CHANGING TRAFFIC FLOW

DESIGN STRATEGY - SPATIAL INCREMENT BUILDING ROAD

SWIMMING POOL YARD

DRAINAGE BEFORE AND AFTER NATURALIZATION

DRAINAGE NATURALIZATION STRATEGY

THREE WAYS TO NATRUALIZE THE DRAINAGE

A. COIR GEOTEXTILE

DRAINAGE NATURALIZATION STRATEGY

MATERIAL CHANGE

B. BRUSH MATTRESS

WATER STORAGE AND FISH POND

C.ROOTWAD COMPOSITES

D.GARBION

WATER PURIFICATION

A.

B.

C. rainwater collection

SECTION AND STREETSCAPE

LONG SECTION A-BEDORE

LONG SECTION A-AFTER

LONG SECTION B-BEDORE

LONG SECTION B-AFTER

NUTRIENT FLOW DESIGN

Nutrient flow and cycle is significant but easy to be ignored for natural flows in this neighborhood. Our design also cares about enhancing the nutrient cycles, connecting disrupted urban cycles to the natural forest cycle, connecting the flow and movement of soil organisms (like fungi and decomposers), so that a healthy nutrient cycle will be rebuilt to support the flowing nature for our project.

NUTRIENT CYCLE-BEFORE

NUTRIENT CYCLE-AFTER

DATAILED NUTRIENT CYCLE

NUTRIENT FLOW AND CYCLE IN THE ROAD SCALE

STRUCTURAL SOIL DETAILS OF STRUCTURAL SOIL

ROAD SECTION DETAIL

DESIGN APPROACH FOR HUMAN

KEY ACTIVITY SPACES_in rainy days

KEY ACTIVITY SPACES_in sunny days

UNDERSTORY DESIGN PLAN

DETAILED PLAN - HISTORICAL STREAM

TARGET FAUNA SPECIES MOVEMENT

HABITAT DISTRIBUTION MAP

Recreation stream

Fish drainage

Upper historical stream

Fresh swamp

Flood plain

Fish pond

Roadside shrub and tree corridor

Roadside shrub

Disturbed secondary forest

Wild grassy slope

Urban remanent woodland

HABITAT MAP

My undergraduate major is the environmental art design , so my ability of logical thinking on landscape design was very weak, I decided to study the master course because I had the awareness of my weakness. During this semester, I spent a lot of time on the site analysis and design strategy, which also reflects my sweaty and lack in this aspect. I was not good at group cooperation on design, and it took me a long time to adapt to this method of teamwork in landscape design. I had to change my typology from commercial area to industrial area on the halfway through the semester. The study process of this semester can be said to be full of challenges and setbacks, but I had overcame these and I will work harder in the further study.

Astrid Han Cong

The studio offered me with a more refreshing way of designing with ecology, especially after having had a few years of work experience prior to the MLA course. We were taught to think about every aspect and make the design solid through research, analysis and a thorough understanding of the sites chosen. The academic process started off with a rigorous research phase, where we visited parts of CCNR to get a better understanding of forests, how they function and their various complex layers. This helped and opened up various possibilities of how we can select our typologies and develop our design through the weeks. The importance of critical thinking, time management and prioritizing ideas are three major things I learned and hope to get better at. Though the process was intense and sometimes tough, I am excited to learn from this experience and apply it to future opportunities in the upcoming landscape studios.

Before having this studio, l haven’t had clear clarification of ecology, l used to connect it to just green. But this period helps me to know more about fauna, flora, people, nutrient, etc. Every layer in nature has its function. I began to learn more about the in-depth knowledge of nature. My design is about connection. It is a design trying to deal with the fragments separated by viaducts. In the beginning, l was struggling because it seems impossible to utilize the gray space under the structure. The low light density and concrete facet make it hard for animals to use. But more essay readings and professors’ instructions help me to find a way. The issue is challenging but interesting. I hope to deal with all kinds of challenging problems and learn more in the future.

Brynn Zhou Zuyuan

Bargotra Poornima

This first MLA studio was indeed a fruitful experience for me. It gave me an entirely different perspective on the importance of landscape ecology and design. Through the entire studio experience, we were tasked to uncover the value of what Central Catchment Nature Reserve represents in Singapore’s landscape identity. Striking the balancing between landscape ecology and human experience to create various design proposal was challenging yet rewarding. I have come to appreciate the fact that wildlife is an essential part of the ecosystem and that landscape design plays a vital role in protecting wildlife and augmenting the human experience. The site visit arranged with Dr Shawn Lam in identifying existing plant species was very helping and enriching. I’ve gained many insights into tree identification methods and would continue to apply this knowledge in future projects. Overall, this studio taught me to be analytical throughout the whole planning process and be bold in exploring new landscape design ideas.

Carissa Chin Qiwei

At the beginning, I was not fully adapted to the graduate study method, which required me to research, discover and obtain results.For example, when I started exercise 01, I started to use my original conventional thinking to study the forest. In fact, this part requires me to observe forest and consult materials to understand the forest succession. But then came the question of how do I present it, what kind of supporting material, to explain the succession of plants, the changes in species, soil and nutrients.At the end of the presentation, my Exercise assignment was not perfect.Back to my design project, streetscape.The first thing I need to do is to choose a road that fits with my exercise 01 project, plant succession.Therefore, I chose the relatively spacious Bukit Panjang Rd as my design site. Later, the multilateralism and complexity of this road brought me some troubles.I am constrained by my own ideas and hesitate to make design decisions.Rewilding’s theme is to be bold, to be brave.Maybe in the next studio, I will seek some more bold and innovative design methods.

Cheng Jing

Having background in Architecture since last six years, MLA definitely provided me with a very new perspective towards importance of knowledge regarding Landscape processes. Its integration with Built environment it very intricate. As part of “Re-Wilding Singapore” studio, we were asked to identify specific landscape typologies within 1KM buffer zone of CCNR and carry forward one of the area as study. My early exploration in Urban Park typology provided me an in-depth understanding of integral importance of their presence in an Urban Fabric. Further exploration of outdoor sports and recreational activities landed me into the world of Golf Courses and its impact. Through out the studio, as I explore golf courses in detail and make an attempt to strike a balance between its impact and importance as a buffer; it provided me with the insights related to various complex issues that a land goes through when transformed and molded to suit urban environments and recreational needs. Indeed, the exploration during the studio was a journey of life long learning and my very first foot into the world of Landscape Architecture. I am excited to push my limits and learn more in upcoming studios.

Rakholiya Ekta

Prior to this studio, which also happens to be my first encounter with landscape architecture formally, my approach to designing was more anthropocentric. As an architect, even though I was inherently sensitive towards the existing landscape while designing, I never really imagined giving fauna the centre stage and let it guide the creative process. The studio “Rewilding Singapore” has hence been an exciting and challenging journey which pushed me to understand other elements and user groups within a landscape and value them while designing. I really enjoyed the investigation into the real ecological value of green Singapore, and I feel we’ve barely scratched the surface but atleast it was a start! The structure right from exercise 1 to the final design was well put out for us so we just seamlessly moved on from one stage to another. Right from selection of site to designing experiences, it has a been a very real and immersive experience.And I believe it has changed the way I conventionally looked at designing of landscapes.

Dhuri Ruiee

Learning in tropical city, and studying tropical forest, the first MLA studio “rewilding Singapore” gives me many opportunities as well as inspiration to understand tropical landscape in courter scale. I am a beginner in landscape architecture, yet I get myself devoted into the landscape design with the help of the instructions from exercise 01 to exercise 02, and to final project. I obtained a wide range of knowledge about tropical forest, including the process, fauna and flora species, animal behaviors, water and nutrients, which push me deeper and deeper in landscape project for Windsor Neighborhood. I have a detailed and elaborate study of waterscape typology, drainage typology in our group, as well as the analyzing process of waterscape in a logical procedure. From major watershed of the whole island, to sub watershed in site, from major canals to tiny drains, from upper stream forest to down stream city, we learn about the water systems deeply and finish our project in order. Group work also gives me a different experience as we try to divide and organize each individuals’ responsibility. Moreover, the studio encourages to try new thoughts and ideas, which I will continue to learn in future study.

Wang Haobo

This semester had been enjoyable. I had learned about the importance of site research and how it helps to inform and shapes our design thinking process. To “design with time” is the main challenge I encounter this semester. As I had never done any time-related project in my previous studios, I am glad to be guided and allowed to learn something new this semester. Overall, I felt that this semester had been a tough one but with a rewarding learning journey. I am also glad the studio invites various guests with different areas of expertise to share with us their knowledge and views. It was an eye-opening experience to see things from their perspectives and receive comments from the guests.

Lim Wenfa

The first MLA studio has given me a brand new experience in this field which is so different from my undergraduate studies. During the early stage, the whole class spent a long time together to do research about the entire Singapore. We were divided into small groups and each group focused on different landscape typologies. The information and analysis I done played a critical role in my designing process. Additionally, the method and framework I learned from other courses such as Geodesign and biology has shaped my design to be more convincing eventually. Although I had a time struggling with dealing the conflict and transforming, I landed softly and my independent thinking is enhanced. I sincerely hope for the further explore in landscape, I could gain more.

Xiao Xinyan

The first studio in NUS ended, for me, it is a completely different field from my undergraduate study. I am delighted to have the opportunity to experience how to design a naturalized design with ecological knowledge in this semester. This is also the first time for me to use different layers for group operations, it is also a brand-new experience for me to learn how to complete this project from the macro and micro perspectives using the GEO Design. Of course, I still have shortcomings in many aspects. I hope I can continue to improve myself in the following study in the studio.

Zhang Bingyi

For me, the whole ‘Rewilding’ project is a relatively new field. The first studio in NUS focuses on more research, which is quite different from the study during my undergraduate period. From my perspective, the gradual process of the final project is derived from a plurality of different exercises. In the process, I have learned a lot of ecological knowledge, how to deduce my site in a convincing way and how to overcome the difficulties I encountered during the process. Furthermore, it is an excellent benefit for me to communicate with my classmates with different educational and cultural backgrounds, the different opinions and the way to solve the problems. I am ready to welcome the challenges to be posed for me in the next studio.

Zhong Yixin

This studio was an unforgettable start to my MLA program. Undeniably, working on these projects was difficult at the beginning, but after field research, material reading and tutorial guidance, I found that I could make my project more logical and reasonable step by step. It is a brand-new experience for me to complete a natural design under the guidance of ecological knowledge. I realized the importance of combining design with nature and trying to create a sustainable and resilient habitat for both humans and wildlife. Every moment spent on the studio is worthwhile because of the new things I could learn every step of the way. Finally, I really appreciate the help from tutors and classmates in the learning process.

Zhou Xianfeng

The studio in this semester is really an enjoyable learning experience for me. It is different from the design I have done before in my undergraduate. Firstly, we had exercise 1 to research the interesting field we chosen and tried to learn more in it. The part I chosen is freshwater swamp forest, which guided my design later. Next, the exercise 2 we analyzed the different landscape typology, and our individual work was based on the analysis and research we have done. I learned that the independent and logical thinking is critical for a landscape architect. I used to focus on the some superfluous aspects, now I know learning deeper and careful about the site and the materials supported my design are very necessary. This is the first semester in my graduate, I hope to get better and further in the next steps.

Lyu Jiawei

This studio makes me understand many aspects that I had not paid attention to in my previous study and work design and I began to pay more attention to the ecological value brought by the landscape and the intervention from the biological level required in the process of sustainable urban development. Although I encountered many challenges in the design process (such as solving the contradiction between plant growth and urban environment), these problems pushed me to think more deeply. I hope that I can keep my research direction in the future studio study, have a deeper understanding and thinking about the operation mode of the ecosystem, and apply it to my design.

Feng Zihan

In this first semester of graduate study, I have learned to develop a design project in a brand-new approach compared to that in my undergraduate stage. The project started from a series of researches upon both CCNR and the selected landscape typologies. It was quite challenging for me, but it has extended my understanding of forest ecology and ecological design. When it came to the individual design project, based on a very detailed analysis of my site, I was inspired to come up with specific strategies. Then, the whole design process followed closely with my strategies, and all the previous research I had done became strong supports to the design. During these three months, I also learned about the importance of time managing and stress management. It was sometimes painful but finally turned out to be sweet. I am happy to learn from so many excellent professors and classmates in this studio.

Shao Zhongran

I’ve learned about how to make fully use of the data I gathered and find out the problems and the opportunities based on the comprehensive analysis of the data . In this way, I’ve learned about how to design more logically and scientifically .I enjoyed the working process here to study the site as a group and share the results with each other. In this way, I achieved a more comprehensive and deeper understanding of the site. I was amazed by the power of corporation.“Rewilding Singapore” is an interesting and challenging topic for me. I’ve learned about how to design with the consideration of the life of fauna and flora in the urban area, and tried to combine the outdoor and indoor the shopping mall with spatial design and design of natural-ba se commercial activities in my personal design which was a totally new try for me.

Zhang Yifei

Rewilding Singapore is an exciting project. This topic deeply discusses the boundary that can be reached by the coexistence of humans and nature in modern cities. It not only broadens my horizon to see the world, but also continually changes my understanding of the relationship between man and nature through learning and recognizing new creatures. Singapore is a country with plenty of rain and the warm climate. The fauna and flora here show incredible vitality and life forms. In the process of learning food chain, plant growth law and other knowledge, I increasingly feel that nature has a complete structure of life. As a landscape architect, the way to genuinely wild Singapore, based on familiarity with plants, is to complicate and localize the structure of natural habitats constantly.That’s how landscape architects really design nature

Zhang Bingqian

Looking back on the semester, the first day of the studio seems like yesterday. Honestly, the studio was too fast for me to keep up with my classmates. On the other hand, I tried to keep thinking about the relationship between humans and nature because my part was the scenery in CCNR for exercise 1, and the human flow in the Windsor neighborhood based on the water flow. Rewilding seems to be a concept opposite human activities. However, through my research with the group members and seeing my classmates work, I realized the forest would give us the bleeding when we build a nutual relationship with a respectful attitude. It is significant to appreciate nature as the pioneers and the people in the old times used to feel when they initially developed Singapore. Finally, although it took a lot of time, I think that I was able to put the things which I captured in CCNR into my design, responding to the water flow and flora and fauna movement which my co-members worked on. I would like to pursue landscape in the region while improving my work speed.

Tanaka Mamiko

Editors:

Bargotra Poornima

Cheng Jing

Chin Carissa

Dhuri Ruiee

Rakholiya Ekta

Zhang Yifei

Zhong Yixin

Zhou Zuyuan

Copyright © 2019 Hwang Yun Hye and Endo Kenya (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-14-4217-9