TYPES OF ANEMIA
Do you know what are the different types of anemia?
THALASSEMIA
A genetic blood disorder, Know More!
Understand basic blood parameters related to anemia
DID YOU KNOW THAT KIDNEY DISORDES CAN LEAD TO ANEMIA?
Read Here!
HOW CAN YOU INCREASE IRON IN YOUR DIET?
Find out common sources to increase iron
ANEMIA MUKT BHARAT Government Programs to eradicated Anemia
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Anemia is defined as a haemoglobin concentration in blood below the lower limit of the normal range for the age and sex of the individual
In symptomatic cases of Anemia, the presenting features are tiredness, easy fatiguability, generalised muscular weakness, lethargy, and headache. Pallor is the most common and characteristic sign which may be seen in the mucous membranes, conjunctivae, and skin Anorexia, flatulence, nausea, constipation, and weight loss may occur
Following is the brief classification of Anemia:
Inadequate dietary intake (improperly balanced diet, vegan or vegetarianism diet, poor iron diet, eating disorder, etc )
Decreased intestinal absorption (celiac disease, atrophic gastritis, intestinal bypass, IBD, etc.)
The usual symptoms are weakness, fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, palpitations, and pallor of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae Older patients may develop angina and congestive cardiac failure Patients may have unusual dietary cravings such as pica Menorrhagia (abnormally heavy bleeding at menstruation.) is a common symptom in iron-deficient women.
Long-standing chronic iron deficiency Anemia causes epithelial tissue changes in some patients The changes occur in the nails (koilonychia or spoonshaped nails), tongue (atrophic glossitis), mouth (angular stomatitis), and oesophagus causing dysphagia
ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISORDERS:
One of the most commonly encountered Anemia is in patients of a variety of chronic systemic diseases in which Anemia develops secondary to a disease process but there is no actual invasion of the bone marrow The Anemia is corrected only if the primary disease is alleviated
Iron deficiency Anemia develops when the supply of iron is inadequate for the requirement of haemoglobin synthesis Initially, negative iron balance is covered by mobilization from the tissue stores so as to maintain haemoglobin synthesis
It is only after the tissue stores of iron are exhausted that the supply of iron to the marrow becomes insufficient for haemoglobin formation and thus a state of iron deficiency Anemia develops. The development of iron deficiency depends upon one or more of the following factors:
Increased blood loss (esophagitis, ulcers, malignancies, hemorrhagic conditions, etc )
Increased requirements (pregnancy, infancy, adolescence, increased menstrual loss, blood donation, endurance sports, etc.)
In general, 2 factors appear to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Anemia in chronic disorders. These are defective red cell production and reduced red cell lifespan.
Eg: Infections e g tuberculosis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, Non-infectious inflammations e g rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, Crohn’s disease ; Hodgkin’s disease disseminated carcinomas and sarcomas; Anemia of renal disease e g uremia, renal failure; Anemia of hypometabolic state e.g. protein malnutrition, scurvy, and pregnancy, liver disease.
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA:
Megaloblastic Anemias are disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis and are characterized by a distinctive abnormality in the haematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow in which the maturation of the nucleus is delayed relative to that of the cytoplasm. Since cell division is slow but cytoplasmic
Anemia is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. However, it is prevalent among patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), with up to 50% of all CKD patients experiencing Anemia. It occurs when the body doesn’t have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin, which is the protein that carries oxygen in the blood This can lead to fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, and headaches.
In CKD patients, a combination of factors often caused Anemia One of the main reasons is that the kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates the production of red blood cells In CKD, the kidneys cannot produce enough EPO, which can lead to a decrease in red blood cell production leading to Anemia.
Other factors contributing to Anemia in CKD patients include blood loss during hemodialysis, malnutrition, inflammation, and the use of certain medications(1)
Anemia in CKD patients is not just a nuisance, but can also have serious health consequences It has been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, hospitalization, and mortality.
The good news is that Anemia in CKD patients can be treated One of the most effective treatments is erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs), synthetic versions of EPO that can be administered via injection ESAs can help stimulate red blood cell production and improve Anemia symptoms. (2) Besides ESAs, other treatments for Anemia in CKD patients include iron supplements, blood transfusions, and changes in diet and lifestyle (3)
TrainerFor example, CKD patients may need to increase their iron-rich foods; such as poultry, green leafy vegetables, nuts, and oilseeds etc, along with Vitamin C-rich foods, to help boost their red blood cell production Taking dietary guidance from a Qualified Clinical Dietician is mandated for same to understand proper portion control and understanding the need of nutrient requirements as per the disease status
It is also important for CKD patients to monitor their blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and cholesterol levels, as these can all affect their risk of anemia (4). Regular exercise and weight management can also help improve overall health and reduce the risk of anemia
For any CKD individuals experiencing symptoms of Anemia, it is important to speak to a doctor. They can perform a blood test to check red blood cell count and haemoglobin levels and recommend the best treatment options (5) In conclusion, Anemia is a prevalent disease that affects many patients who suffer from chronic Kidney Disease It can cause various symptoms and serious health issues. But with the right treatment, ESAs, iron supplements, and diet changes, they can successfully control Anemia when it occurs in CKD patients Regularly monitoring blood pressure and blood sugar levels and cholesterol levels, along with keeping a healthy weight and completing regular exercising, can lower the risk of developing Anemia among CKD patients. Last but not least always have proper follow-ups with qualified Clinical Nutritionist and Nephrologists timely to prevent the progression of aliment/ complications
Anemia is a condition characterized by low haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations in the blood below the standard levels for age and gender, as specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Nutritional iron deficiency is rapidly becoming a public health concern worldwide and demands attention, especially in developing countries (8), having major consequences on the health, social and economic development of an individual affecting the quality of life (1)
Approximately 30% of the world’s population is affected by iron deficiency Anemia (IDA), more prevalent in children, neonates, and females of the reproductive age group. In pre-menopausal women, blood loss during menstruation and pregnancy-related blood loss contribute to major risk factors (4) Recent research suggests that nutritional Anemia accounts for approximately 70% Anemia prevalence among Indian children and adolescents, specifically in females (2) Apart from Indian staple dietary habits, high altitude, temperature, and humidity affect oxygen binding to Hb, which increases the RDA requirements of iron. Furthermore, poor iron availability is a major contributing factor in IDA along with the low content of iron in staple vegetarian diets (3)
Iron being the most indispensable element of haemoglobin, iron deficiency is the most common cause of Anemia. A wide range of factors can be attributed to causing iron deficiency apart from insufficient iron intake including increased systemic requirements for example pregnancy, decreased absorption such as celiac disease, or blood loss such as menstrual blood loss in premenopausal women (6)
Certain diseases such as bone marrow suppression, haemolytic diseases such as sickle cell Anemia and malaria, chronic blood loss for example, hookworm infestation, and/or underlying malignancies. Apart from iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 deficiencies are also common causes of iron deficiency (5)
Classic clinical symptoms in adults include extreme fatigue and weakness, reduced learning ability, decreased memory, fast heartbeats and shortness of breath, frequent headaches, dizziness, paleness, irritability and excitability, restless legs, cold extremities, brittle nails, hair loss, unusual cravings for non-nutritive substances (pica), etc - mostly seen in pregnant women and children
Dt. Miral Shah
A case was reported of a 42-year-old woman with a mood disorder - mixed depressed and psychotic behaviour –the result of vitamin B12 and Vitamin B9deficiency
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) or Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency Anemia occurs when a lack of vitamins leads to the production of abnormally structured red blood cells (RBCs) that are too large and immature These RBCs are called megaloblasts. There is a reduction in the number of RBCs as the megaloblasts cannot come out of the bone marrow (where they are produced) and move into the blood circulation.
And even if they do, they die earlier than healthy RBCs Also, megaloblasts do not divide and reproduce like healthy RBCs Megaloblasts cannot carry out their function of transporting oxygen around the body efficiently. This vitamin B12 or B9 deficiency Anemia is termed Megaloblastic Anemia.
Folate (B9) deficiency Anemia is uncommon in developed countries though it is still seen in developing countries
Some common reasons are:
Lack of B9 rich food
Crohn’s or Celiac disease
Over-consumption of alcohol
Overcooking fruits and vegetables
Some medications
B9 is found naturally in a wide variety of food, especially liver and green leafy vegetables like spinach and lettuce It is also found in dry beans and pulses
One of the most common causes of B12 deficiency is –the lack of B12-rich food in the diet Another common reason is - malabsorption because of inadequate production and secretion of the Intrinsic Factor (a substance produced by the stomach that enables vitamin B12 absorption in the intestine). This condition is called Pernicious Anemia and could be a result of an aging, hereditary deficiency in the synthesis of the Intrinsic Factor, or an autoimmune disease
Rich sources of vitamin B12 include the liver, kidney, eggs, and milk. Calcium and protein increase their absorption. Strict vegetarians can include milk and milk products or vitamin B12-fortified food in their diets. But large amounts of the vitamin are lost when milk is pasteurized or evaporated
Anemia is a common blood disorder that affects individuals of all ages, genders, and ethnicities worldwide According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 1 62 billion people, or 24 8% of the global population, suffer from anemia In India, the prevalence of anemia is significantly higher, affecting approximately 40% of the population Anemia can pose to be a serious health concern, as it can lead to several complications, including fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and impaired cognitive function. One of the primary strategies for preventing and treating anemia is through adequate nutrition and dietary interventions Iron is a
The human body requires iron to produce hemoglobin, an essential protein responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. Iron sources- heme and nonheme. Good sources of iron include red meat, poultry, fish, beans, lentils, tofu, and fortified cereals It's important to note that the body absorbs iron from animal sources more easily than from plant sources, so vegetarians and vegans may need to consume more iron-rich foods or consider taking a supplement
Therefore, consuming foods rich in iron is essential for individuals with anemia.
Here are some examples of foods that are rich in nutrients that can help prevent and treat anemia:
is an excellent source of heme iron, a type of iron that is more easily absorbed by the body than non-heme iron found in plant-based sources. However, it's important to consume red meat in moderation and choose lean cuts to avoid excess saturated fat
In addition, they are low in fat and provide high-quality protein, which is important for the formation of red blood cells. Salmon, for example, is a particularly good source of iron, as well as omega-3 fatty acids, which have antiinflammatory properties Chicken and turkey are also good sources of iron 100g of cooked chicken contains about 9 9 mg of iron Shellfish, such as oysters and clams, are particularly high in iron A 100g serving of cooked clams contains about 23 mg of iron
are also good sources of heme iron
~ By RANU SINGH
Anemia is a major public health problem in India that affects millions of people, especially women, and children It occurs when the body lacks red blood cells or haemoglobin, leading to weakness, fatigue, and other health issues The lack of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 in the diet causes Anemia
To combat this issue, the Government of India has launched several programs.
One of these programs is the National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI), which provides iron and folic acid supplements to pregnant and lactating women, women in reproductive age groups, and children aged between 6-60 months, 5-10 years, and 10-19 years The program aims to raise awareness about Anemia and its prevention. Pregnant and lactating women are given 100mg of elemental iron and 500mcg of folic acid daily for 100 days, starting after the first trimester, while women in reproductive age groups receive 100mg of elemental iron and 500mcg of folic acid weekly throughout the reproductive period
Children between the ages of 6-60 months are given 1ml of IFA syrup containing 20mg of elemental iron and 100mcg of folic acid biweekly throughout the period, while children aged between 5-10 years are given tablets of 45mg of elemental iron and 400mcg of folic acid weekly throughout the period Adolescents aged between 10-19 years receive 100mg of elemental iron and 500mcg of folic acid weekly throughout the period and biannual deworming The program has successfully increased the coverage of iron and folic acid supplementation in the country, reducing the prevalence of Anemia among pregnant women and children.
Another program launched by the Government of India to combat Anemia is the Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) program. Its strategy includes a 6X6X6 approach: six target beneficiaries, six interventions, and six institutional mechanisms. The beneficiaries include children aged 6-59 months, 5-9 years, adolescent girls and boys aged 10-19 years, pregnant women, women of reproductive age (20-24 years), and lactating mothers (0-6 months) The six interventions are prophylactic iron and folic acid supplementation, deworming, intensified year-round Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) Campaign, testing of Anemia using digital methods and point of care treatment, mandatory provision of Iron and Folic Acid fortified foods in government-funded health programs, and addressing non-nutritional causes of Anemia in endemic pockets, with special focus on malaria, haemoglobinopathies, and fluorosis
In thalassemia, the body doesn't produce enough haemoglobin, an essential protein in red blood cells. Thalassemia, being an autosomal recessive disorder, both parents must have the condition or be carriers for their children to be affected It results from either a mutation in the genome or the loss of specific crucial gene segments (Bajwa & Basit, 2022). Naturally, when haemoglobin production is low, it will result in a restricted oxygen supply throughout the body. This can lead to Anemia, which makes a person feel exhausted, frail, or out of breath Anemia in thalassemia patients can range from mild to severe Severe Anemia can lead to organ damage and possibly death (CDC, 2020).
The oxygen-transporting protein found in red blood cells is called haemoglobin. There are two proteins in it - an alpha and a beta In alpha-thalassemia, alphaglobin chains are reduced or absent; whereas in betathalassemia, beta-globin chains are reduced or absent (Muncie & Campbell, 2009) Beta-thalassemia causes an overabundance of unpaired alpha-globin chains that accumulate and precipitate. This in turn disrupts the red cell membranes and causes intravascular hemolysis In patients with betathalassemia co-inheriting with alpha-thalassemia, the imbalance between the beta and beta chains is less severe (Bajwa & Basit, 2022)
Iron overload is a frequently occurring consequence of thalassaemia disorders and has been linked to higher mortality and damage to the organs Within a year of initiating the frequent transfusions, iron accumulates in the parenchymal tissues of such patients Those with Thalassemia face a significant risk of contracting viruses like hepatitis. Nearly all thalassemia patients also have osteoporosis, which causes bone fissures and other symptoms like discomfort (Ali et al., 2021). Thalassemia includes a few other complications such as hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice, gallstones, slowed growth rate, delayed puberty, and high-output cardiac failure (Bajwa & Basit, 2022)
Anemia is a common blood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide It can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor nutrition, chronic diseases, inherited conditions, and blood loss. A thorough medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests are important to identify the cause and accordingly the treatment In this article, we will understand the different diagnostic parameters so, whether you have been diagnosed with anemia or are simply interested in learning more about this condition, read on to discover why understanding the diagnostic parameters of anemia is so important.
Common symptoms associated with anemia:
Fatigue and weakness
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Pale skin, especially around the fingernails and lips and conjuctiva
Fast or irregular heartbeat, Headache
Cold hands and feet
Chest pain or angina pectoris
Cognitive problems, such as difficulty concentrating or memory loss ect.
It's important to know that not everyone who has anemia will have all of these symptoms and that the severity of symptoms can vary depending on the type and cause of the anemia. If you experience any of these symptoms or are concerned about your health, you should see a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment
Anemia can also be classified by red blood cell size
The three main types of anemia based on red blood cell size are:
Microcytic anemia: this type of anemia is characterized by small red blood cells that typically have a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of less than 80 femtoliters (fL) The most common cause of microcytic anemia is iron deficiency, but it can also be caused by thalassemia or other genetic disorders.
Macrocytic anemia: this type of anemia is characterized by large red blood cells, typically with an MCV greater than 100 fL The most common cause of macrocytic anemia is vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, but it can also be caused by alcoholism, liver disease, or certain medications
Anemia is a common disease that affects millions of people worldwide, causing symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath
Although often thought to affect only older adults, anemia can also be a significant health problem for younger people, including children and adolescents. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in the world, particularly affecting children and young adults. Anemia can affect cognitive development, academic performance, and physical health, and can lead to long-term complications By understanding the different types of anemia, their causes, symptoms, and treatments, we can take steps to prevent and effectively manage this condition, thus improving our overall health and well-being
Anemia is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. It is a medical condition that occurs when your body does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that helps carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body If you do not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin, your body will not get enough oxygen, which can make you feel tired, weak, and short of breath. Anemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including not getting enough iron or other nutrients in your diet, losing blood due to injury or surgery, certain diseases or medical conditions, or even genetic factors
Blood transfusion is a medical procedure in which blood is transferred from one person (the donor) to another (the recipient). This procedure is done to replace the blood that has been lost due to injury or disease or to treat certain diseases that affect the production or quality of blood in the body. Blood used for transfusions is carefully examined and tested to make sure it is safe to use This includes testing for infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, and syphilis, as well as checking blood type and donorrecipient compatibility
There are several types of blood transfusions, each with its purpose. Here are some of the most common types:
Red blood cell transfusion: This is the most common type of blood transfusion and involves transfusing red blood cells to replace those lost due to bleeding, surgery, or disease Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body Therefore, this type of transfusion is often used to treat anemia or other conditions that affect the body's ability to produce enough red blood cells.
TANTRA as a module aims to create a platform where new research which has been published and may be practiced in the global setting is explored for applications in the Indian context. The best way to provide solutions in the health context is to look at issues from various perspectives so that a novel and innovative path emerges which can lead to new ways to manage health and disease.
One such area which holds a tremendous scope is the field of Imbalanced Cortisol levels and the Impact of Stress
This needs more focused inputs to understand the different nuances of the diseases better and to consolidate therapeutic strategies based on advancing and evidence-based research and practices.
The theme of T A N T R A 2 0 was Cortisol StoriesMulti pronged Stress Reduction from Research to Application
AIMS:
To blend research of Adrenal physiology, pathophysiology, human nutrition, and food science, with dietetics so that idea paradigms for researchbased holistic dietetic practice can develop in this sphere To host a platform to discuss the translation of advances such as nutrigenomics, metabolomics, integrative nutrition, and cellular nutrition research into dietetic practice in thyroid and adrenal diseases.
Practical inputs from case experiential sharing and a panel discussion to take ahead the research into practice and explore holistic healing strategies.
A Half Day workshop on Cortisol stories with sessions like managing Cortisol elevation and depletion with nutrition, Laughing to health, Beauty and the Beast of stress, Exciting competitions, scrumptious food, and a ton of learning.
Cancer is a catabolic disease with inflammatory behavior along with complicated metabolic repercussions, making it a challenge to feed and nourish patients adequately. The nutrition care process should start at the time of diagnosis, well in time. Clnical Nutrition has been considered as an adjunct therapy in cancer treatment. As a key healthcare professional, it is of primary importance to correct nuritional deficiencies and prevent cancer cachexia. After the sucess of first edition, second edition with more information on the latest nurition developments in the scientific arena was very much needed. This book addresses the role of nurition in cencer, various trending diets on social media, dietary myths & facts as well as provides evidence-based recommendations for patients
The book entails viewpoints of qualified nutrition professionals from both, old & new schools of thought hence covering a variety of oncological aspects. It provides pratical knowledge of nutition care in oncological patients to reduce morbidity, mortality and improve quality of life. It will also help young nutrition professionals to follow a standard protocol for nutrition management in oncological patients.
Tempeh has a dry and firm but chewy texture and a slightly nutty taste. It can be steamed, sautéed, or baked. Recipes often recommend marinating it to add more flavor. Tempeh is a popular choice among vegans and vegetarians because it’s packed with nutrients.
Iron is an important mineral that helps maintain healthy blood. But lack of iron in the diet may lead to anemia. It is a disorder that occurs when there are issues with the production of hemoglobin. The red protein in the blood is responsible to transfer oxygen from your lungs to all parts of the body. It is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide, causing extreme fatigue and lightheadedness, and affects all ages, with children, pregnant or menstruating women.
Here is ironing out a few myths about this important nutrient.
Myth: Anemia is mostly a sign of a poor diet
Untrue. Though malnutrition among children is the most common cause of anemia, some types of anemia such as sickle cell and thalassemia are not linked to a poor diet or poor iron intake Anemia may also be caused by infection, inflammation, kidney disease, and cancer or bleeding gastritis in adults.
While non vegetarian foods are a common source of iron giving up meat may increase the chances of iron-deficiency anemia, but this doesn’t necessarily have to be the case. Certain plant foods such as leafy greens are also sources of iron when consumed in combination with vitamin C rich foods
Spinach puree –200g
Whole Green gram (green moong) –30g
Black gram dal (urad dal) –15g
Coriander leaves – 15g
Jowar flour – 15g
Wheat flour – 10g
Fenugreek seeds (methi seeds) – 5g
Garlic – 4 cloves
Ginger – half piece
Green chillies –2
Salt as per taste
Oil –10g (2 tsp)
Wash and combine the green moong, urad dal and methi seeds with enough water in a bowl and soak for 3-4 hours. Drain well.
In a mixer, add the soaked green moong, urad dal, methi seeds, garlic, ginger, chillies, coriander leaves. Blend it together. Add water as per the consistency to form a smooth paste.
Transfer it in a bowl, add spinach puree, jowar flour, wheat flour and salt Whisk it very well
Heat the non-stick pan, pour the batter on it, spread it in a circular motion to make mini chillas.
Add 1tsp oil over it and along the edges Cook it on a medium flame until they turn light brownish from both the sides. Spinach Chillas are ready.
Serve immediately along with halim chutney
BY SIDDHI P. VENGURLEKAR
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