May 2021 • Vol. 27 • Issue 5
The Carbomer/Amine/Stearate Formula Chassis: Still Crazy After All These Years
O
…by Matt Zoeller and Sam Kingkeo
ne of the most widely used oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion formula chassis has been the classic combination of stearic acid saponified in situ with triethanolamine (TEA) rheologically stabilized by neutralized polyacrylic acid carbomers. The TEAstearate backbone dates back to early 20th century compounding. When carbomers were introduced to the cosmetic chemistry toolbox in the 1960s by the B.F. Goodrich Company (Carbopol™), this dated soap emulsification system took on a new life and proved to be an inexpensive, easily made, highly stable vehicle that found its way into thousands of personal care lotions and creams. One could say it was a love-match from the start: stearic acid needed TEA to saponify elegantly and carbomer needed TEA to neutralize readily. This formulation menage-a-trois succeeded for decades until the recent past, when TEA was disqualified from use due to its residual free diethanolamine (DEA)—a hard luck story. The Household, Industrial and Institutional industry formulators still use it; however, like morpholine and pyrophosphates, you can put it on your floor but not on your face.
Selection of Materials
Many formulators moved on to other approaches, but this “old dog capable of new tricks” is readily updated for the 21st century formulator and regulatory environment. It only requires thinking outside the box. Tromethamine, or tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (TRIS AMINO™ ULTRA PC from ANGUS Chemical Company), is not the same chemical as TEA, and that must be stated clearly since too many chemists associate the two together. Tromethamine is safe, globally compliant, has zero DEA, and is not a primary precursor to nitrosamine formation. It neatly replaces TEA in this amine-stearate/carbomer system. Another aspect of this formula chassis is the often-overlooked properties of carbomer itself. Many formulators are unaware there are several grades, adding unique gifts to this process. We used a less cross-linked carbomer (Synthalen™ L, 3V Sigma USA) that contributes lower viscosity for better flow properties, lower sensitivity to electrolytes, and equal stability yield value—useful for a lotion formulation. Certainly, the higher cross-linked carbomers work well too, and if greater viscosity is the goal, these would be the better choice at nearly the same concentration and cost. The prescribed level of use is 0.10 – 0.50% carbomer, but it pays to heed that carbomer viscosity and yield values are not always aligned with concentration; neutral viscosity is less at the lower use range but will not be linear with higher additions (e.g. the neutral viscosity of Synthalen™ M at 0.20% is ~5000 mPa while the neutral viscosity at 0.50% is ~35,000 mPa). The stability of the final product will be the same at either use level. Use this property of carbomers to your advantage! The stearic acid itself must be carefully selected also. Here again, not all “stearic acids” are same. The higher grades (>90% C18) used in pharma and as building block precursors are not appropriate for this application. It may seem counterintuitive, but the best grade to use is Stearic Acid NF 50 TP (triple pressed) which comprises 40 – 60% C18, the balance being mostly palmitic acid (C16). Both saponification and acid values should be in the vicinity of 210. This material, also called soap grade stearic since the soapers use it, provides the best results. (continued on Page 8)
T H E
E X P O S O M E
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M A Y
...see pages 3-4 for more information.
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2021 NYSCC EXECUTIVE BOARD & COMMITTEE Chair Susanna Fernandes chair@nyscc.org Chair-Elect Giorgio Dell’Acqua chair-elect@nyscc.org Treasurer Mohamed Abdulla treasurer@nyscc.org Secretary Leor Fay Tal secretary@nyscc.org Advisor Giorgino Macalino advisor@nyscc.org Program Cathy Piterski program@nyscc.org By-Laws Amy Marshall amy.marshall@altana.com Communications Maria Sousa socialmedia@nyscc.org Special Events Amy Marshall amy.marshall@altana.com Cosmetiscope Editor Roger Mcmullen roger_mcmullen@fdu.edu Cosmetiscope Advertising Bret Clark rbclark@ashland.com Social Media Maria Sousa socialmedia@nyscc.org
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Letter from the Chair
…Susanna Fernandes
here is a sense of renewal and hope as more and more people get vaccinated and COVID restrictions are lifted. At the NYSCC, we are definitely feeling this positive energy and brimming with exciting activities to engage our members and educate the beauty and personal care community. I am very excited to announce the launch of the NYSCC’s own podcast series, The Science Behind the Art, spearheaded by Social Media and Comunications Chair Maria Sousa. Starting May 5th, this weekly program will go behind the scenes of the beauty and personal care industry one interview at a time. Hear from all levels of expertise and industry types and learn what cosmetic science is all about, how to make a career out of it, and tips and tricks from the best in the field. Read more inside about this new chapter initiative and upcoming guests (and I have the honor of being its first!). Our educational programming continues to be first rate and on target with April’s “Wellness in Beauty” webinar having close to 100 registrants! This month’s “The Exposome: A Multilevel Cosmetic Active Target,” continues our focus on the clean beauty and wellness trend and is already generating strong interest with two gold level sponsors confirmed and dozens already registered! The month ends with a program hosted by the Mentorship Program committee and features the founders of Uncommonly, a coaching and leadership development studio. Their hands-on approach will be on the timely topic of “Leading in a Time of Uncertainty.” Normally at this time of year, we would be getting together face-to-face for Suppliers’ Day. In preparation for this year’s Suppliers’ Day event in November, we are hosting an online preview day with top exhibitors introducing their upcoming product launches and/or innovations. Speaking of Suppliers’ Day, the news is very encouraging with the re-opening of New York City and surrounding areas. We are confident that Suppliers’ Day will be the epicenter of innovation for beauty and personal care ingredients and formulations! With our strong alliance with CEW, I am honored to be named a CEW Ambassador for their inaugural grassroots consumer branding campaign that builds visibility and credibility for the beauty community by revealing the breadth and depth of its membership and their individual contributions to the beauty industry at large. This unique campaign launches this month and will ramp up to the Annual CEW Beauty Awards in November. It is humbling to be in the company of people I have admired throughout my career including such renowned industry icons as Frédéric Fekkai, Lisa Price, and Ian Ginsberg, just to name a few. Don’t forget that the deadline for entering the CEW Supplier’s Award: Ingredients & Formulation has been extended to May 14th. In closing, I am very pleased with how my tenure as your Chair has been progressing. I am extremely grateful to my incredible executive board and dedicated committee members for their unfaltering hard work and support. Much gratitude also goes to the Chapter members for being so engaged and invested in our mission to advance cosmetic science. Wishing you continued good health and success,
A
NYSCC Volunteers
s we prepare for the future, I would like to remind you that even during these unpredictable and challenging times, the NYSCC has remained a vibrant source of education and engagement. There is still time to be a part of this and make your mark in NYSCC history! As your Chair for 2021, I am in the midst of finalizing programming, special events, and awards programs. All of these events are conceptualized and brought to fruition by you, our members. Member volunteers gain incredible networking opportunities that span the globe while providing real value to their colleagues. If you have not already done so, I urge you to consider becoming a part of this incredible team! We are now accepting applications for volunteers: please click through and COMPLETE THE FORM to receive consideration for a volunteer position. After we review your application, we will contact you and arrange a call so together we can ascertain the best fit for you within our committees and future projects. Stay safe and I hopefully look forward to being with all of you soon! Susanna Fernandes, 2021 NYSCC Chair 2
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NYSCC Programs
The Exposome – A Multilevel Cosmetic Active Target May 12, 2021 Virtual Event
BEAUTY
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begins here. Safe, sustainable, bio-based ingredients for personal care. GO
he “Clean Beauty” trend continues to evolve. One exciting area of interest is the research and understanding of the exposome and its link to wellness. The discussion of wellness and homeostasis is inherently linked to our body’s interaction with the environment. The human body is impacted by many environmental factors including lifestyle, DNA, pollution, UV radiation, visible light, and product usage. In this seminar we will touch on two areas of interest with regards to the discussion of the exposome. First, we will take a deep dive into the skin microbiome. This topic will include a review of the current science with regards to the microbiological evaluation of the skin microbiome. The second topic of discussion will look at the skin barrier function and its relationship and interaction with the exposome. The state of the art for cosmetic products now looks to boost the skin’s innate defense systems as a way of providing “home-grown” protection. This section of our talk will speak to the skin barrier replenishment via topical skin lipids and botanical antioxidants.
Proudly sponsored by:
Speakers include:
• Marc Cornell – Moderator • Dr. Barbara Paldus – CEO, Codex Beauty Labs • Dr. Kristin Neumann – Founder, MyMicrobiome
Speaker Biographies
n Marc Cornell
Marc Cornell has been formulating for 35 years in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical ,and medical device fields. Marc is a consultant at Mar-key Consulting where he services the consumer product industry with innovative formulation concepts. (continued on Page 4)
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NYSCC At Home Live Webinar Series
(continued from Page 3)
n Barbara Paldus, Ph.D.
Dr. Barbara Paldus (Barb) is an investor and entrepreneur who earned her Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University. Barb has been awarded 40 U.S. patents and numerous prizes in science. Prior to launching Codex Beauty and Sekhmet Ventures in 2018, she spent two decades leading innovation in spectroscopy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. Barb founded two Silicon Valley companies that, among many breakthroughs, paved the way for carbon cycle/natural gas pipeline monitoring (Picarro), and accessible vaccine/cancer therapeutic manufacturing (Finesse Solutions, acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific in 2017). Today, the combined revenue of both companies exceeds $250M, and several COVID-19 vaccines are manufactured in equipment that her company Finesse developed and brought to market. _____________________________________________
n Kristin Neumann, Ph.D.
Surface Treated Pigments
Silicone Hybrid Fluids
For more information email TechPCS@gelest.com
Kristin Neumann is the founder of the information platform MyMicrobiome, and a passionate scientist with a Ph.D. in Microbiology. Her professional career, via molecular biology and research on antibiotic alternatives, lead her to form MyMicrobiome. MyMicrobiome works with big and small brands, including organic brands and ingredient suppliers. Her early research was published in seven peer reviewed publications and yielded one patent. Kristin presents on topics related to the microbiome at: various symposia including the principal microbiome conferences (Kisaco Research Microbiome Connect, Global Engage Microbiome and Probiotics R&D and Business Collaboration Forum); and symposia and webinars with NBIC, Aprinnova, and Formula Botanica. She has also made contributions to TKS publisher, The Secret Life of Skin, and Beauty Independent. In addition to creating a free information platform and making it available to the public, Kristin developed the world´s first and only certification for microbiome-friendly cosmetics. This certification gives the customer a tool to make the right decisions.
Madam C.J. Walker Scholarship
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About Madam C.J. Walker
Generously Sponsored by:
adam C. J. Walker (born Sarah Breedlove; 1867-1919) was an American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. She is regarded as the first female self-made millionaire in America. Walker made her fortune by developing and marketing a line of cosmetics and hair care products for black women through the business she founded, Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company. She became known also for her philanthropy and activism. The Society of Cosmetic Chemists (SCC) Madam C.J. Walker Scholarship, generously sponsored by Mary Kay, signifies the SCC’s support of under-represented minorities pursuing higher education in STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics)–disciplines related to the cosmetics and personal care industry. This scholarship is a part of the SCC’s commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Scholarship Description
Two scholarships, in the amount of $5,000 USD each (sponsored by Mary Kay), will be awarded to two under-represented minorities (Black/African American, Native/American Indian, and Latino/Hispanic American) pursuing an undergraduate or post-graduate degree in chemical, physical, medical, pharmaceutical, or biological sciences and technology. For more information on submission deadlines, required documentation, and scholarship rules, visit the SCC website: www.scconline.org. 4
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NYSCC At Home Live Series
Omya Consumer Goods omyakinetik.com
Worldwide experts of specialty personal care ingredients. Leading global producer of functional minerals. 562-961-3333 PersonalCareUS@omya.com
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Leading in a Time of Uncertainty May 25, 2021 Virtual Event
he NYSCC Mentorship Program is pleased to host Uncommonly, a coaching and leadership development studio, to discuss an important topic in our industry today—Leading in a Time of Uncertainty. Founders, Chris Donohoe and Valeska Toro, will be discussing how leading professionally has changed and evolved since the start of the pandemic. They will share their knowledge on the best ways to alter our attitudes and skills to help others continue to grow professionally. They will also highlight the best ways to lead authentically and how to continue to create a lasting impact on others during these constant changes in our world.
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Speaker Biographies
n Chris Donohoe
hris is the founder of Uncommonly as well as a management consultant and a coach. Chris is passionate about self-expression and authenticity in the workforce. Chris has worked with over 17 Fortune 1000 companies to grow leadership capacity and drive meaningful behavioral change. Chris’ commitment to diversity and inclusion was the driving force behind the creation of Uncommonly in 2017. _____________________________________________
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n Valeska Toro
aleska is the co-founder of Uncommonly. She is an Enterprise Coach and Executive Coach that specializes in developing high potential leaders and building high-performance teams in startups and Fortune 500 organizations. She has led multiple speaking engagements at SXSW, Harvard Kennedy School, Facebook, and Google. Valeska is also a social entrepreneur that has been recognized by Forbes, Mic.com, and The Wrap.
NYSCC Antioxidant Symposium June 29th Virtual Event
Event Chair: Roger L. McMullen, Ph.D. M ay 202 1
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EMBRACING EMBRA CING BEA BEAUTY UTY A Celebration of What We Create
SUPPLIERS’’ DDAY SUPPLIERS AY 20 2021 21 NO NOVEMBER VEMBER 10-11 10-11 | VIRTUAL VIRTUAL DAY: DAY: NOVEMBER NOVEMBER 12 JACOB JACOB K. J JAVITS AVITS CONVENTION CONVENTION CENTER | NEW YORK YORK CITY
DETAILS, FOR FULL DET TAILS, AILS, VISIT V WWW.NYSCC.ORG/SUPPLIERS-DAY W WW.NYSCC.ORG/SUPPLIERS-DAY
SUPPLIERS’ DAY MAKES IT HAPPEN IN NYC & VIRTUALLY AROUND THE WORLD 6
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NYSCC Suppliers’ Day Advance Preview 1
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Wednesday, May 19, 2021
et an advanced look at what will be on display and talked about at the November 10-11, 2021 “live” event. This program will feature quick presentations from select suppliers offering the latest innovations and ingredients. Not to be missed!
Register today at:
NYSCC Focuses on the Future Formulation Expert!
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High Performance Ingredients for Skin and Hair Care Smooth, mild, natural and stable
https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/856893806661825803 www.charkit.com ww w ww.charkit.com | 203-299-3220
hile providing education and engagement for our members and the cosmetic chemistry community at large is paramount to our mission, equally important is engaging and empowering those who will be the future force of the industry. The 2021 NYSCC Suppliers’ Day event will be the epicenter for these next generation leaders with programs designed that allow them to envision their future. Here’s an overview of what’s planned:
Future Chemists Workshop (FCW)
A staple at Suppliers’ Day in New York City, the FCW provides an interactive learning and challenge based environment for university students and leaders of tomorrow. Our goal is to host and instruct approximately 50 university students from chapters across the U.S. in a safe and compliant real-life lab experience. This is scheduled to take place on Day 1 of Suppliers’ Day – November 10, 2021.
Kamini Barot Sales Director - Americas kbarot@orchidia.com (732) 353-9706 www.orchidia.com
Mentor-Mentee Icebreaker and Mixer
This event brings students from the FCW, as well as NYSCC student members, together with seasoned industry professionals to highlight and reinforce the professional development programs offered at Suppliers’ Day and throughout the year by the NYSCC. The committee spearheading this program will also introduce the sophisticated database which will match mentors and mentees while fostering interaction through fun, thought-provoking icebreakers. This is scheduled to take place over breakfast on Day 1 of Suppliers’ Day – November 10, 2021.
SCC Career Day
NYSCC Suppliers’ Day will join forces with National SCC to complete this trifecta of offerings. Details are still being finalized, but topping off the activities for junior members of the SCC at large will be an opportunity to meet significant stakeholders of the cosmetics and personal care industry who will come together to share information on what the industry needs from its future workforce. During the event, information will also be presented by academia and corporate professionals providing attendees with vital information on how to take the next step in their cosmetic science career.
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The Carbomer/Amine/Stearate Formula Chassis
(continued from Page 1)
Processing Matters
To know where we are going, let’s look at where we’ve been. Table 1 contains a classic TEA/stearic acid/carbomer formula, where the nominal (perhaps traditional?) saponification ratio with triple pressed stearic acid to TEA 99% is 6.5:1. You always saponify/neutralize to pH < 7.0 after incorporating oil phase, leaving some free stearic acid. This small amount of free fatty acid acts like a builder but also impedes pearlescence on aging. Addition of glyceryl stearate (GMS-SE) or sorbitan stearate builds the emulsification properties. Cetyl-stearyl alcohol mitigates the “soaping” effect while building lamellar liquid crystal structure in conjunction with GMS. Approximately 200 – 300 ppm sodium lauryl sulfate is added to the water phase before combining phases, reducing surface tension and micelle size. Finally, TEA is added above 65 °C after combining phases, which should be followed by a cooling step, mixing the batch slowly until it reaches 40 – 45 °C enabling viscosity build. Substituting tromethamine at a ratio of 0.85:1.00 to TEA will produce an equally elegant product. The formula in Table 1 could be elevated to a viscous cream by several means. Switching to a heavier cross-linked carbomer at the same or higher concentration is the easiest approach, but also increasing the amine-stearate or cetearyl alcohol/glyceryl stearate content would work too, though the cream becomes denser not necessarily richer. Note the lipid phase presence of non-polar (petrolatum), polar (isopropyl myristate), and silicone materials. This demonstrates one of the great virtues of this classic chassis: it accommodates nearly all lipid classes in a stable format. Table 1: Formula for a classic TEA/stearate/carbomer lotion. Ingredients provided by: 1 3V Sigma USA, 2Acme-Hardesty, 3ANGUS Chemical. Item
Material
% w/w
1
Water deionized
2
Synthalen™ L (Carbomer)
0.20
3
Glycerin USP
3.00
4
Propylene Glycol
1.00
5
Methylparaben NF
0.10
6
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 30%
7
Stearic Acid NF-TP 50
1.50
8
Glyceryl Stearate SE
1.00
9
Cetearyl Alcohol (1:1)
2.00
10
Petrolatum white USP
4.00
11
Mineral Oil white 70 NF
4.00
12
Isopropyl Myristate
1.00
13
Dimethicone 350 cst
1.00
14
Triethanolamine 99%*
15
Abiol Forte (diazolidinyl urea)
0.40
16
Fragrance
0.40
79.87 1
0.10
2
0.43 1
TOTAL
100.00
*substitute with TRIS AMINO™ ULTRA PC (tromethamine)3
0.36%
It may occur to you, and must be noted, that other alkali can perform the same stoichiometric job plus neutralize carbomer, even the basic mineral hydroxides. As any veteran formulator can tell you: the outcome in product appearance and texture will not be the same. This is keenly seen when applying this to shaving cream, a common use of the format. You will not get the same results in foam quality and 8
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texture with any other alkali. Tromethamine comes closest to matching TEA in all aspects of finished product quality. The formulation is then reiterated in Table 2 as a more modern version, with the same carbomer (Synthalen™ L) but now with tromethamine (TRIS AMINO™ ULTRA PC). We increased the Natural Origin Content (NOC) by substituting the petrochemicals and dimethicone with lipids having higher NOC values. We also switched out the sulfate, preservatives, and glycol with less controversial materials, although the originals are still compliant and provide superior results. The appearance and texture of the updated lotion is on par with the classic system and the stability is uncompromised. The oil load composition may be liberally altered, building body using hydrocarbons, esters, or waxes. Table 2: Formula for an updated amine/stearate/carbomer lotion. Ingredients provided by: 1 3V Sigma USA, 2Acme-Hardesty, 3ANGUS Chemical, 4Coast Southwest. Item Material % w/w 1
Water deionized
79.44
2
Synthalen™ L (Carbomer)
0.20
3
Glycerin USP
3.00
4
Butylene Glycol
1.00
5
Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate 30%
0.10
6
Stearic Acid NF-TP 50
1.50
7
Glyceryl Stearate SE
1.00
8
Cetearyl Alcohol (1:1)
2.00
9
Hydrogenated Rice Bran Glycerides
4.00
10
Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate
4.00
11
Isopropyl Myristate
1.00
12
Cetyl Esters
1.00
13
TRIS AMINO™ ULTRA PC (tromethamine)3
0.36
14
Sharomix EG-144
1.00
15
Fragrance
0.40
1
2
TOTAL
Functional and botanical additives of many types are compatible with this pH neutral system, though strong electrolytes and cationics are discouraged lest the carbomer become dissociated, crashing viscosity and stability. You may also ask: With HASE thickeners available, why is this system still relevant? The answer is simple: cost and sustainability. The total cost of the formulation cited is nearly the same as the cost contribution of the polymer alone in a similar formula with most associative thickeners. Supply chain availability, sustainability, and renewable content for stearic acid and the builders used are stable. We are talking economy and elegance here: chief reasons this formula medium gained popularity in the first place. What was old is new again as long as you keep your critical thinking cap on. ______________________________________________________________
About the Authors
Matt Zoeller is a veteran cosmetic chemist and knowledge contributor who manages formulation applications for the Specialty Division at 3V Sigma USA in Georgetown, SC where Sam Kingkeo is a principal formulation scientist. They may be contacted at: m.zoeller@3vsigmausa.com and s.kingkeo@3vsigmausa.com.
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Listen Up, NYSCC Debuts Its Own Podcast: The Science Behind the Art
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aunching on May 5th is the NYSCC’s new biweekly podcast series, The Science Behind the Art. Join us as we get behind the scenes of the cosmetic industry one interview at a time. Hear candid conversations and unique insights on what cosmetic science is all about, how to make it your dream career, and learn tips and tricks from the best in the business. Spearheaded by Social Media and Communications Chair, Maria Sousa, along with her co-hosts Xylia Ajose and Regina Klimchuk, they will be interviewing all levels of expertise from all sectors of the industry. Premiering on May 5th will be “Chatting with the 2021 NYSCC Chair – Susanna Fernandes” and “Perception Evaluation and Color Magic” with Mehdi Doumi. Upcoming episodes will be conversations about “The Path of Fragrance Creation”, “Understanding What’s Natural”, “Formulating 101”, and “Academia, Hair Science, Antioxidants & the Skin”. Listen to this new podcast—where all career types come together and show you their passion for all things beauty—on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Visit https://nyscc.org/nyscc-podcast/ for more information.
2021 NYSCC Events Calendar
• For updated NYSCC information, visit us on the web at: www.nyscc.org • For National SCC information: www.scconline.org
PROTAMEENTOMB@AOL.COM WWW.PROTAMEEN.COM
May 12
Exposome – NYSCC Programs – Virtual Event
May 19
NYSCC Suppliers' Day Advance Preview – At Home Live Series – Virtual Event
May 25
Leading in a Time of Uncertainty – At Home Live Series – Virtual Event
June 17
Beyond Proteins – At Home Live Series – Virtual Event
June 29
Antioxidant Symposium – NYSCC Programs – Virtual Event
July 14
Ethoxylated World of Personal Care – At Home Live Series – Virtual Event
July 26
NYSCC Golf Outing – Crystal Springs Resort, Hamburg, NJ
August 24
Skin Aromachology – At Home Live Series – Virtual Event
September 14
All About the Skin – NYSCC Programs – Chart House, Weehawken, NJ
September 21
Sourcing Sustainability in Bioactives – At Home Live Series – Virtual Event
October TBD October 19
NYSCC Culinary Event – Location TBD Effect Pigments – At Home Live Series – Virtual Event
November 10
INDIE 360, Suppliers' Day, Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, New York, NY
November 10-11
NYSCC Suppliers’ Day – Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, New York, NY
November 12
NYSCC Suppliers’ Day – Virtual Day
November 18
Clean Beauty – At Home Live Series – Virtual Event
November TBD December 14 December 14-15 10
Color Event – NYSCC Programs – Lightbox, New York, NY NYSCC Supports Education, New York, NY SCC Annual Scientific Meeting, New York, NY
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Call for Papers
he Cosmetiscope editorial committee invites all interested parties to submit feature technical articles for publication in the NYSCC monthly newsletter. Authors of feature articles are eligible to win the prestigous NYSCC Literature Award ($1,000) for the best front-page article published during the calendar year. Authors also receive $200 reimbursement to attend a theatrical performance of their choice. Writing an article for your peers is a very rewarding experience, both personally and professionally, and will ensure your place in NYSCC history. You may choose whatever topic you feel would be interesting to fellow colleagues in our industry. We also welcome any other types of commentaries or articles that may be published in the Career Corner, Technical Tidbit section, or as a Letter to the Editor. Please send correspondence to: roger_mcmullen@fdu.edu.
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