Making Development Co-operation Work for Small Island Developing States - Summary

HIGHLIGHTS

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK for SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPINGÂ STATES

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

E

ach country’s development pathway is unique, but small island developing states (SIDS) share many common characteristics and challenges that can undermine theirs. Focusing on the 35 SIDS that are currently eligible for official development assistance (ODA), the report “Making Development Co-operation Work for Small Island Developing States” shows that SIDS are an heterogeneous group, exhibiting large variations in terms of population size and densities, geographical spread and relative development progress. However, they also share a number of common and increasing vulnerabilities that have hindered development or put them on fragile growth pathways. In fact, while natural disasters – storms, hurricanes, cyclones, etc. – have been a feature of life in SIDS for centuries, the effects of climate change are exacerbating their intensity and even posing an existential threat to some of these countries. SIDS’ climate vulnerabilities add up to the large development challenges that SIDS draw from their structural characteristics (e.g. small populations, spatial dispersion, remoteness) and which include: small and undiversified economies to generate foreign exchange, incomes and tax receipts; high perceived risks and little attractiveness for foreign investors; large recurrent costs and, for some, large debt and narrow fiscal space for development investments. This complex set of challenges leads to higher levels of overall economic vulnerability in SIDS than in larger countries with comparable income levels. In fact, while three-fifths of them are upper middle-income countries, they are among the most vulnerable developing countries: as they grow richer, they retain acute vulnerability to global economic shocks and the impacts of climate change and natural disasters.

The persistence of these vulnerabilities and of fragile growth patterns suggests that new development paradigms and solutions are needed to chart the course to sustainable development in SIDS. Achieving sustainable development will be more expensive for SIDS: they will need, more than other countries, resources for building resilience towards increasingly devastating natural disasters as well as to other impacts of climate change.

They will also need resources to invest in new development models and solutions that can address their specific vulnerabilities, turning some of their weaknesses into strengths, and charting the course to a new era of sustainable development. Development opportunities to move closer to self-sufficiency lie ahead, especially for some of them: in technological innovations that could lift connectivity barriers to global markets; in the exploitation of renewable energies – sun, wind and ocean waves, all abundant in SIDS – which could break dependence on fossil fuels and create fiscal space to address critical development needs; in the development of the “blue economy” which, by connecting old and new sectors linked to the abundant marine resources of SIDS, could fuel economic growth and help address food insecurity, high unemployment and poverty.

How does development co-operation respond to the specific needs of SIDS? What could be improved?

Papua New Guinea © CC BY-SA 2.0, Taro Taylor

For SIDS to seize development opportunities, the international community needs to make development cooperation work (better) for them. Drawing upon new and original statistical sources, the report “Making Development Co-operation Work for Small Island Developing States” contributes evidence to the international efforts to tailor development co-operation and concessional finance to the specific circumstances of SIDS. It sheds light on key drivers of vulnerability for SIDS. It examines the financing for development resources available to them, both domestically and from the rest of the world. The report provides the first comprehensive quantification and analysis of the full spectrum of concessional flows accruing to all 35 ODA-eligible SIDS, examining: the array of development partners involved, the articulation between bilateral and multilateral concessional sources, the sectoral focus and the prevailing co-operation modalities in different SIDS contexts. Finally, the report highlights innovative international co-operation approaches and good practices that can help address some of the key vulnerabilities of SIDS and presents suggestions for making these promising innovative instruments and approaches fully operational, for replicating them and bringing them to scale so as to help SIDS embark on sustainable development pathways. By presenting key highlights from this report, this document aims to inform policy makers, across both development partners and recipient governments, and promote development co-operation that can more effectively support SIDS embark on sustainable development pathways.

3

M AIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

MAIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

D

evelopment partners can play a better role than they have in the past to help SIDS secure and invest resources for sustainable development. As highlighted in the OECD report “Making Development Co-operation Work for SIDS”, concessional finance from the international community remains a vital source of financing for development for many of these countries. However, a number of challenges remain to better tailor development co-operation to the specific development impediments of SIDS and to exploit its full potential for charting the course of a new era of sustainable development. Overall, concessional finance is strongly concentrated on a few providers and few recipients, with most SIDS receiving the bulk of it as a result of cultural and geopolitical ties with bilateral providers in their same region, or in response to emergencies and shocks. Often, concessional finance follows big shocks in individual countries (such as the earthquake in Haiti in 2010, or a debt crisis in Cuba in 2016), but there is a lack of a more programmatic and predictable stream of funds to address the underlying determinants of vulnerability and to finance new development paradigms to turn some of SIDS’ vulnerabilities into strengths, such as the vast ocean resources that surround them. While many SIDS experience dependence on very few providers for the bulk of their concessional finance, they also display a long trail of small projects from multiple sources, which strains alreadystretched institutional resources. Although more sources have become available globally, many SIDS struggle to access these, owing to low absorption capacity and the complex array of accreditation and application processes to access the global climate funds. Access to concessional finance is further constrained by a complex web of eligibilities that includes ad hoc exceptions, and which does not take into account the structural vulnerabilities that SIDS retain even as their national income increases. Despite these challenges, several positive examples also exist of innovations and effective development co-operation approaches and financing instruments, which have successfully helped SIDS make significant progress on development. “Making Development Co-operation Work for SIDS” explores several of these examples, presenting lessons learnt around three areas that are critical for making development co-operation work for SIDS. These areas relate to: enhancing access, modalities and partnerships for concessional finance; using concessional finance more effectively and catalytically to mobilise a broader set of resources for sustainable development; and channelling it where it is most needed, including towards breaking dependence from fossil fuels, building climate resilience, and grasping the opportunities of the blue economy. The report suggests, for each of the areas identified, recommendations to further test, replicate and bring to scale these innovations to effectively help SIDS embark on sustainable development pathways.

Enhancing access, modalities and partnerships for concessional finance: To help SIDS manage external resources more effectively and tap into a larger array of resources, development partners will need to invest in more systematic and long-term approaches for strengthening national capacities and releasing absorptive capacity constraints. As part of these efforts, development partners could provide support for assessing which functions could be performed at a regional level, which could be outsourced privately, and which will need to remain at the national level. Development partners could also make use of innovative technologies to tailor capacity building approaches to the specific context of SIDS. In addition, because of the acute capacity constraints in SIDS, using pooled funding mechanisms to reduce transaction costs and modalities to strengthen national capacities is even more urgent than in other developing countries. The revival of budget support in some SIDS, especially in the Pacific, is welcome and could be further expanded to other SIDS where the use of budget support is currently limited. Attention should be paid to the new ‘conditionalities’ attached to budget support, to ensure that SIDS governments preserve ownership.

SIDS that have recently graduated from least developed country status, such as Cabo Verde and Samoa, have quickly moved from a moderate to a high risk of debt distress, signalling that development partners could do more to support and advise countries during transitions. Further, more evidence and policy dialogue needs to be fostered to understand the impacts of different graduation processes on financing landscapes and growth opportunities in order to maintain development gains as SIDS transition through different income levels and development phases.

Timor-leste © UN Photo/Martine Perret

Development partners will also need to encourage partnerships with a larger range of actors, including through triangular cooperation, to favour a wider set of perspectives and approaches to the complexity of development in SIDS. These broader partnerships could also provide an alternative source of financing as SIDS move to higher levels of national per capita income.

Using concessional finance innovatively to leverage additional resources for sustainable development: The large financing needs implied by the 2030 Agenda call for effective and innovative policies, approaches and instruments to mobilise resources from a broader set of sources. Opportunities to develop stronger domestic private sectors and to enhance international trade may differ significantly across SIDS, requiring continued efforts to strengthen the contribution of the private sector to sustainable development in these varied contexts. To this end, development partners can support the adoption of adequate policy and regulatory frameworks as well as provide support to increase the economic and financial viability of income-generating activities.

Official finance can be used more catalytically to de-risk investments or structure returns in a way to mobilise finance from the private sector through new and emerging blended finance arrangements. Development partners can support the design and implementation of innovative financial instruments, such as green and blue bonds - including by backing them through blending arrangements - to help mobilise financing from private investors.

Development partners will also need to work with SIDS to address debt sustainability issues and to free fiscal space for investments in sustainable development. Development partners could further explore and expand debt relief opportunities and innovative countercyclical instruments, such as loans that automatically postpone debt servicing in the event of a major shock (e.g. through “hurricane” clauses). To increase domestic resource mobilisation, development partners could support the enhancement of tax collection systems, including through greater support towards international initiatives, such as the Tax Inspectors Without Borders initiative. While in several SIDS there has been a focus on enhancing tax revenues through the collection of indirect taxes, development partners could provide further support to favour progressive taxation systems and expand tax coverage, especially to include high revenue-generating segments of the economy. Tangible opportunities exist in many SIDS to expand the mobilisation of domestic resources through enhanced management of key revenue-generation sectors, including fisheries, tourism and natural resource extraction. Policies to reduce “leakages” from key sectors – especially tourism – and to support backward and forward linkages with other domestic sectors (e.g. food and agriculture, consumer goods, and construction) could effectively expand the taxable production base. Support from the international community could also target curbing illicit, unreported and unregulated fishing, which reduce the domestic resources available for development in many SIDS. Given the importance of remittances as a source of finance in SIDS, the international community needs to consider co-ordinated measures to reduce the cost of remittances, including through appropriate regulations and a development-focused forum where regulators could come together to share the perspectives of sending and receiving countries. Labour mobility programmes in the Pacific led to an increase in remittance flows, developed new skills for migrant workers and met a capacity gap for companies in the country. Providers could explore the scope for further expanding such schemes in the Pacific as well as in other SIDS regions.

Diaspora investment schemes could be promising sources of development finance for SIDS, and development partners can do much to support the design and implementation of these instruments.

Channelling concessional resources to priority areas:

A sustainable and innovative use of ocean resources can provide new opportunities for SIDS to boost economic growth and tackle critical challenges such as high unemployment, food insecurity and poverty. While unsustainable human activity is already posing serious threats to oceans in the form of pollution, ecosystem degradation, climate change and excessive exploitation of fish stock and maritime resources, a balance between going for growth in marine economic spaces and conserving healthy oceans is possible. The international community could provide advisory services to SIDS for developing blue economy strategies and innovative investment plans to integrate activities in land-based sectors, coastal zones and Exclusive Economic Zones, as well as legal and regulatory support to address critical cross-border policy issues. Development partners should also support the development of appropriate financing instruments, including innovations such as blue bonds. Specific attention could be dedicated to developing instruments that finance the conservation of marine protected areas, linked to national blue economy strategies.

© Francis Dobbs,1999, World Bank

Development partners can help SIDS explore new development paradigms and approaches to break dependence from fossil fuels, build climate resilience, and grasp the opportunities of the blue economy for sustainable development. Development partners need to encourage a transition to low-carbon economies, including by helping SIDS address barriers to investments for renewable energy, such as high initial costs. This would in turn significantly reduce the import bill for SIDS, with positive impacts on the fiscal space available for sustainable development investments. Development partners could also do more to help SIDS integrate climate and disaster risks into national policies and planning, and into project design, and to facilitate greater access to climate financing by encouraging the adoption, by global climate funds, of streamlined procedures for accessing funding, to take into account SIDS’ capacity constraints.

Infographic icons sourced from The Noun Project

RECOMMENDATIONS TO MAKE DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES

7

© Curt Carnemark, 1990, World Bank

KEY FACTS

KEY FACTS

KEY FACTS ABOUT SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES’ VULNERABILITIES AND FINANCING LANDSCAPE

VULNERABILITY SIDS are on average the most vulnerable among developing countries.

Upper middle-income SIDS are 73% more vulnerable than other upper middle income countries.

2

REMOTENESS

46.7

44.7

Economic Vulnerability Index

1

31.6 25.6

All SIDS

SIDS-UMICs

All other developing countries

Other UMICs

Connectedness to global shipping networks, Linear Shipping Index Score (2015) 30

Mauritius 25

Average for other developing countries

SIDS are less than one third as well-connected as other developing countries.

Remoteness is an issue especially for SIDS in the Pacific, which include some of the most remote countries in the world.

23

Dominican Republic

22

Jamaica Fiji

9

Seychelles

8

Belize

8

Maldives

8 8

Papua New Guinea 7

Comoros Solomon Islands

7

Haiti

7

Vanuatu

6

Sao Tome and Principe

6

Cuba

6

Samoa

5

Suriname

5

Guyana

5

St. Lucia

4

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

4

Cabo Verde

4

Antigua and Barbuda

4

Grenada

4

Guinea-Bissau

4

Marshall Islands

3

Tonga

3 3

Kiribati 2

Dominica Palau

1

Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

1

9

KEY FACTS ABOUT SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES’ VULNERABILITIES AND FINANCING LANDSCAPE

SIDS

HIPC SIDS

Other SIDS

High income countries

Other developing countries

250% 200% 150% 100%

2015

2015

2013

2014

2011

2012

2010

2014

30

2009

2007

Remittances Private flows at market terms, gross Concessional DAC and multilaterals

2008

2005

2006

2004

2003

0%

2001

50%

Private grants Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

USD billion

25 20 15 10

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2007

2008

0

2005

5

2006

Remittances are the largest flow of external finance representing 52% of the total in 2012-15.

Lower middle Upper middle income countries income countries

300%

SOURCES OF EXTERNAL FINANCE Foreign direct investments and other flows of private finance are highly volatile and contribute little to SIDS’ external sources of financing: only 12% in 2012-15.

Low income countries

2004

5

3%

17 647

2002

Debt has risen for non-HIPC SIDS and is now double that of other SIDS (62% vs 35%).

6%

156 438 22 621

2002

Domestic revenues are volatile and several SIDS have debt issues: on average the debt over GNI of SIDS (57%) is significantly higher than for other developing countries (47%).

7%

2003

DEBT

17%

453 034

2000

4

Damage (% of GDP)

1 181 470 17%

2001

While the monetary value of damage from natural disasters is much larger in advanced economies due to the accumulation of valuable assets, SIDS have the largest losses as a percentage of national output.

Total damage (Millions)

2000

3

IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS

10

6

TREND OVER TIME

USD million, 2012-15, 2015 constant prices

7.6

5.2

2010

4.8

2011

Multilateral providers

2012

21%

4.6

2013

79%

5.1 4.2

2014

2015

Concessional finance to SIDS has increased in 2015 after four years of decline – anomaly or the start of a new trend?

The volume peaked in 2010 due to the exceptional international response to the Haiti earthquake.

7

BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL PROVIDERS

Bilateral providers

79% of concessional finance to SIDS was extended by bilateral providers in 2012-15.

Concessional finance from multilateral sources has increased faster than from bilateral sources: +21% from 2012 to 2015.

USD million, 2012-15, 2015 constant prices Australia

3 552

United States

3 138

EU Institutions

2 134

France

1 153

Int. Dev. Association

904

IDB Special Fund

892

New Zealand

847

Japan

823

Portugal

638

Canada

600

1. Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative

8

TOP PROVIDERS 72 providers extended concessional finance to SIDS. The top 5 accounted for 58% of the total.

11

KEY FACTS ABOUT SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES’ VULNERABILITIES AND FINANCING LANDSCAPE

ODA per-capita, USD 2015

9

98 82 33 179 336 336 50 94 812 718 80 37 528 89 54 116 1 126 670 581

ALLOCATION ACROSS SIDS Concessional finance to SIDS is concentrated on a few countries.

54% of the total volume of concessional finance to SIDS was directed to just five SIDS.

10 359

12 135

10

Sum of 2012-15 USD million, 2015 constant prices Haiti Papua New Guinea Dominican Republic Timor-Leste Cabo Verde

4 260 2 283

1 059 882 869 Solomon Islands 841 Cuba 815 Mauritius 545 Micronesia 493 Vanuatu 438 Guyana 418 Jamaica 414 Samoa 393 Comoros 391 Guinea-Bissau 368 Fiji 344 Marshall Islands 295 Tonga 278 Kiribati 241 Montserrat 183 280 Sao Tome and Principe 182 Maldives 107 156 Belize 96 140 Tuvalu 5 054 124 Nauru 3 058 96 Suriname 32 95 Grenada 343 92 Cook Islands 1 274 92 Saint Lucia 127 91 Seychelles 118 87 Dominica 296 81 Palau 654 79 Niue 63 Saint Vincent and 171 49 the Grenadines 30 Antigua and Barbuda 9

SECTOR ALLOCATIONS Concessional finance mainly targets governance, health and infrastructure.

This largely reflects donor allocations in main recipient countries.

General and sector budget support represents over 20% of concessional finance for 11 SIDS.

Governance and civil society

Other

16%

22%

Water

3%

General environment protection

4%

14%

4%

Energy

10%

5%

General budget support

Health

6%

7%

Agriculture Other multisector

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

Transport and storage

9% Education

12

ZOOMING IN ON CONCESSIONAL FINANCE2

Grants

Concessional Loans

Debt Relief

Niue Nauru Fiji Solomon Islands Montserrat Palau Haiti Tuvalu Antigua and Barbuda Marshall Islands Timor-Leste Cook Islands Tonga Jamaica Micronesia Kiribati Vanuatu Guinea-Bissau Papua New Guinea Samoa Belize Sao Tome and Principe Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Seychelles Suriname Saint Lucia Comoros Guyana Maldives Dominican Republic Mauritius Dominica Cuba Cabo Verde Grenada

GRANTS AND LOANS

11

Grants make for the bulk of concessional finance on aggregate (83%) and for most individual SIDS. Concessional loans represented over 50% of the total concessional finance only for four SIDS, reaching a high of 72% for Grenada.

0%

10%

20%

30%

Top provider

40%

50%

60%

70%

Top 2 and 3 providers

80%

90%

100%

All other providers

Montserrat Micronesia Marshall Islands Niue Nauru Cook Islands Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea Cabo Verde Vanuatu Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Mauritius Fiji Saint Lucia Cuba Grenada Dominica Belize Jamaica Sao Tome and Principe Palau Haiti Kiribati Dominican Republic Guyana Timor-Leste Antigua and Barbuda Suriname Tonga Samoa Seychelles Comoros Tuvalu Guinea-Bissau Maldives

RELIANCE ON TOP PROVIDERS AND FRAGMENTATION

12

SIDS strongly depend on a single source of financing: on average on the top provider for 46% of concessional finance.

At the same time, the remainder of concessional finance is splintered across small projects, burdening SIDS’ capacities: 70% of transactions accounted for 2% of total concessional finance.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

2. i.e. grants and concessional loans from bilateral and multilateral providers – Data from OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System. All figures refer to 2012-15 unless otherwise specified.

13

Cabo Verde © Corinne Hayworth

COUNTRY PROFILES

KEY FACTS

COUNTRY PROFILES The country profiles in “Making Development Co-operation Work for SIDS” present key statistics on the financing for development landscape and key socio-economic and environmental vulnerability of the 35 small island developing states (SIDS) that are currently eligible for official development assistance (ODA). All figures in the snapshots refer to 2012-15 data, unless otherwise specified. Further details on the statistical data are provided in the statistical notes.

NOTES ON STATISTICAL DATA AND ON HOW TO READ THE SPIDEGRAMS In line with OECD Development Assistance Committee (OECD/DAC) statistics, concessional finance in these snapshots are defined as grants and concessional loans from both bilateral providers and multilateral providers that meet the ODA definition. Statistical data on concessional finance is drawn from the OECD/DAC Creditor Reporting System database: http://www.oecd.org/development/financing-sustainable-development/ development-finance-data/ Data on external financial flows were drawn from OECD DAC Statistics, and IMF and World Bank data. They include: (i) remittances, (ii) private flows at market terms (e.g. foreign direct investments, and total bank and non bank purchases of bonds and other securities, including equities), (iii) private grants, (iv) non-concessional flows from bilateral and multilateral providers (i.e. official flows that do not meet the ODA definition).

The spidegrams are based on the following data: • Gross national income per capita, atlas method, World Bank; • Ease of Doing Business Index, World Bank; • Connectivity, as measured by the ‘Liner shipping connectivity index’, UNCTAD; • Human development, as measured by the ‘Human Development Index’, UNDP; • Diversification of exports, measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (Product HHI), UNCTAD; • Indebtedness, or debt over GNI. IMF data and IMF estimations for Timor-Leste, Tonga and Palau.

• Environmental vulnerability refers to the Environment Vulnerability Index (EVI), developed by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and their partners.

For the spidegrams, data and indexes were re-scaled through min-max normalisation to obtain values between 0 and 1, where 1 reflects the best position/situation. For variables that are generally associated with preferable development outcomes (e.g. GNI per capita, human development, ease of doing business, diversification of exports, and connectivity) a higher value is associated with better performance, while for indebtedness and environmental vulnerability best performers are countries with the lowest debt over GNI and the lowest EVI score.

Therefore, a country that in the spiedegram displays indebtedness below the average line is a country that is performing worse than others in this area, i.e. has a higher debt-to-GNI ration than the average SIDS. Data for the spidegrams are from 2015 (or last year available, but not older than 2012).

The following data was not available for the following countries: (i) GNI per capita and Ease of doing business index for Cuba; (ii) Connectivity data for Timor-Leste; (iii) Ease of doing business index, Connectivity and Environmental resilience for Tuvalu; (iv) Human development for the Marshall Islands; (v) Ease of doing business index for StLucia, St-Vincent and the Grenadines and Micronesia.

15

Antigua and Barbuda ODA trend and volume

Top 3 providers

9USD Millions

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

0.03

30

%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

14

USD

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

21%

79%

Grants

1

1

Japan 32%

Government and civil society 24%

2

2

EU Institutions 26%

Agriculture 17%

3

3

Global Environment Facility 14%

Environment 13%

Remittances Private grants

13

Private flows

6

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

-22

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Antigua and Barbuda

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0

Diversification of exports

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

98%

0.18% Budget support

4%

Humanitarian aid

0.0

Human development

Connectivity

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

Belize ODA trend and volume

140 ODA volume

7.5%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

96.39USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

33

USD Millions

Bilateral ODA

67

%

%

Grants

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

Remittances 1

1

EU Institutions 39%

Agriculture 26%

2

2

United States 13%

Transport and storage 16%

3

3

OPEC Fund for International Development 13%

Health 13%

69

Private grants Private flows

20

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

29

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Belize

Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

81%

0.2

0%

Budget support

3%

Humanitarian aid

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

16

Cabo Verde ODA trend and volume

869USD Millions

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

7.1%

336USD

ODA total growth (2000-15)

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

16%

84%

Grants

1

1

Portugal 54%

Other social 18%

2

2

EU Institutions 8%

Transport and storage 14%

3

3

International Development Association 7%

Energy 11%

97 4 42 25

Remittances Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

212

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Cabo Verde

Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

35%

9%

1%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

0.0

Human development

Environmental vulnerability

Connectivity

Indebtedness

Comoros ODA trend and volume

391USD Millions

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

8.8%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

89USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

56%

44%

Grants

15 4 1

1

International Development Association 28%

Education 13%

2

2

France 26%

Health 10%

3

3

African Development Fund 13%

Government and civil society 10%

Remittances Private grants Private flows

65

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Comoros

Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

62%

0.2

8%

Budget support

1%

Humanitarian aid

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

17

Cook Islands ODA trend and volume

Top 3 providers

92USD Millions

Top 3 sectors

ODA volume

20%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

1 274USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

8%

92%

Grants

97%

1

1

New Zealand 70%

Energy 22%

2

2

Australia 14%

Education 14%

3

3

EU Institutions 6%

Water and sanitation 11%

27%

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

3

Remittances Private grants Private flows

17

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

-4

1%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

Cuba ODA trend and volume

815 ODA volume

22%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

ODA per capita (2015)

Bilateral ODA

90

%

Grants

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

2 5

50USD

Multilateral ODA

10

USD Millions

%

1

1

Russian Federation 43%

Government and civil society 9%

2

2

Spain 18%

Agriculture 6%

3

3

United States 6%

Water and sanitation 5%

Remittances Private grants Private flows

149

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

-32

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Cuba

Other developing countries, average Environmental vulnerability

SIDS, average

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

36%

Diversification of exports

0.12%

Budget support

3%

Humanitarian aid

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

0.2 0.0

Connectivity

Human development

18

Dominica ODA trend and volume

Top 3 providers

81USD Millions

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

13%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

296.1USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

26

Bilateral ODA

74

%

%

Grants

Remittances

21 1

1

France 41%

Transport and storage 31%

2

2

EU Institutions 26%

Energy 9%

3

3

IMF (Concessional Trust Funds) 14%

Water and sanitation 8%

Private grants

6 3

Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

27

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Dominica

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0

Diversification of exports

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

42%

23%

3%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

0.0

Human development

Connectivity

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

Dominican Republic ODA trend and volume

1 059 ODA volume

10.4%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

ODA per capita (2015)

Bilateral ODA

87

%

%

Grants

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

Remittances

33USD

Multilateral ODA

13

USD Millions

1

1

France 36%

Multisector 18%

2

2

United States 19%

Health 15%

3

3

EU Institutions 18%

Transport and storage 13%

3 515

Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

6 498 235 426

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Dominican Republic Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

56%

0.2

12%

Budget support

2%

Humanitarian aid

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

19

Fiji ODA trend and volume

344USD Millions

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

9.2%

116USD

ODA total growth (2000-15)

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

13

Bilateral ODA

87

%

%

Grants

Remittances

164

Private grants

1 43 17 70

Private flows

1

1

Australia 47%

Education 19%

2

2

EU Institutions 13%

Health 17%

3

3

Fiji

Japan 11%

Government and civil society 13%

Diversification of exports

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

100%

0.04%

6%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

0.0

Human development

Environmental vulnerability

Connectivity

Indebtedness

Grenada ODA trend and volume

92USD Millions

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

11.4%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

343USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

69%

31%

Grants

1

1

International Development Association 43%

Environment 10%

2

2

IMF (Concessional Trust Funds) 12%

Government and civil society 9%

3

3

EU Institutions 9%

Other social 8%

Remittances

41

Private grants Private flows

8

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

33

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Grenada

Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

28%

0.2

47%

Budget support

12%

Humanitarian aid

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

20

Guinea-Bissau ODA trend and volume

368 ODA volume

2.7%

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

56

%

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

25

54USD

ODA total growth (2000-15)

44

USD Millions

%

Grants

1

1

EU Institutions 23%

Health 31%

2

2

International Development Association 12%

Government and civil society 15%

3

3

Portugal 11%

Education 10%

Remittances

5

Private grants Private flows

120

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

-4

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Guinea-Bissau

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0

Diversification of exports

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

90%

10%

3%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

0.0

Human development

Connectivity

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

Guyana ODA trend and volume

418 ODA volume

-0.2%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

USD Millions

81USD

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

47

53

%

Grants

%

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

1

1

IDB Special Fund 36%

Environment 31%

2

2

Norway 18%

Agriculture 15%

3

3

EU Institutions 18%

Health 11%

Remittances

280

Private grants Private flows

82 4 211

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Guyana

Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

62%

0.2

20%

Budget support

0.2%

Humanitarian aid

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

21

Haiti ODA trend and volume

4 260USD Millions

Top 3 providers

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

19.1%

98USD

ODA total growth (2000-15)

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

29%

71%

Grants

External financing

Top 3 sectors

Remittances

1 172

Private grants

1

1

United States 37%

Health 20%

67 8 10

Private flows

1 268

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

2

2

IDB Special Fund 17%

Government and civil society 14%

3

3

EU Institutions 11%

Transport and storage 8%

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Haiti

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0

Diversification of exports

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

98%

6%

16%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

0.0

Human development

Environmental vulnerability

Connectivity

Indebtedness

Jamaica ODA trend and volume

414USD Millions ODA volume

2.4%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

37USD

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

14%

86%

Grants

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

1

1

EU Institutions 39%

Government and civil society 19%

2

2

United States 21%

Agriculture 11%

3

3

United Kingdom 13%

Trade and tourism 10%

Remittances

2 038

Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

1 276 139 -189

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Jamaica

Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

95%

0.2

26%

Budget support

1%

Humanitarian aid

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

22

Kiribati ODA trend and volume

241 ODA volume

10.6%

581USD

ODA total growth (2000-15)

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

23

USD Millions

Bilateral ODA

77

%

%

Grants

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

3

Remittances

1

1

Private grants

Australia 37%

Transport and storage 36%

Private flows

2

2

New Zealand 18%

Education 19%

3

3

International Development Association 14%

Government and civil society 8%

41

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Kiribati

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0

Diversification of exports

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

94%

4%

0.4%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

0.0

Human development

Connectivity

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

Maldives ODA trend and volume

156USD Millions

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

6.2%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

107USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

50%

50%

Grants

1 2 30 1

1

AsDB Special Funds 16%

Government and civil society 17%

2

2

International Development Association 14%

Multisector 17%

3

3

Australia 12%

Water and sanitation 14%

Remittances Private grants

21

Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

54

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Maldives

Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

59%

0.2

0.1%

Budget support

1%

Humanitarian aid

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

23

Marshall Islands ODA trend and volume

295USD Millions

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

6

ODA volume

29.5%

1 126USD

ODA total growth (2000-15)

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

3

Bilateral ODA

97

%

%

Grants

Remittances 1

1

United States 80%

Multisector 24%

2

2

Japan 9%

Education 13%

3

3

Australia 5%

Health 7%

Private grants

1 289

Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

66

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

3

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Marshall Islands

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0 0.8

Diversification of exports

Ease of doing business

0.6 0.4 0.2

98%

0.0

63%

3%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

Environmental vulnerability

Connectivity Indebtedness

Mauritius ODA trend and volume

545USD Millions

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

10.3%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

94USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

5%

95%

Grants

212 1 1

1

France 50%

Energy 17%

2

2

EU Institutions 40%

Transport and storage 15%

3

3

Japan 2%

Education 8%

Remittances Private grants Private flows

1 118

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

118 124

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Mauritius

Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

43%

0.2

33%

Budget support

1%

Humanitarian aid

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

24

Micronesia ODA trend and volume

493USD Millions

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

19.6

%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

812

USD

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

3%

97%

Grants

4 1

1

143

United States 84%

Education 20%

1 118

2

2

Japan 9%

Multisector 14%

3

3

Australia 3%

Health 13%

Remittances Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Micronesia

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0 0.8

Diversification of exports

Environmental vulnerability

0.6 0.4 0.2

95%

0.0

61%

2%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

Human development

Indebtedness Connectivity

Montserrat ODA trend and volume

USD 183Millions ODA volume

5.4%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

10 359USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

1

99

%

Grants

99%

%

1

1

United Kingdom 90%

Government and civil society 44%

2

2

EU Institutions 9%

Transport and storage 20%

3

3

Caribbean Development Bank 1%

Energy 11%

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

6

Remittances Private grants Private flows

9%

Budget support

39

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

1%

Humanitarian aid

25

Nauru ODA trend and volume

Top 3 providers

96USD Millions

Top 3 sectors

ODA volume

21%

3 058USD

ODA total growth (2000-15)

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

6

Bilateral ODA

94

%

%

Grants

100%

1

1

Australia 75%

Government and civil society 22%

2

2

New Zealand 7%

Education 17%

3

3

Japan 6%

Energy 16%

26%

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

1

Remittances Private grants

24

Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

2%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

Niue ODA trend and volume

63.5USD Millions ODA volume

21%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

12 135USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

0

Bilateral ODA

100

%

Grants

100%

%

1

1

New Zealand 76%

Trade and tourism 23%

2

2

Australia 20%

Government and civil society 19%

3

3

EU Institutions 3%

Education 9%

46%

Budget support

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

Remittances Private grants

16

Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

0%

Humanitarian aid

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

26

Palau ODA trend and volume

Top 3 providers

79USD Millions

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

-1.0%

1 2

654USD

ODA total growth (2000-15)

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

2

98

%

%

Grants

Remittances

1

1

Private grants

United States 38%

Energy 24%

Private flows

2

2

Japan 36%

Government and civil society 23%

3

3

Australia 16%

Multisector 8%

28

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Palau

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0

Diversification of exports

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

99%

21%

Budget support

4%

Humanitarian aid

0.0

Human development

Connectivity

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

Papua New Guinea ODA trend and volume

USD 2 283Millions

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

4 7

ODA volume

3.3%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

82USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

23%

77%

Grants

1

1

440

Australia 66%

Government and civil society 24%

252 479

2

2

AsDB Special Funds 11%

Health 22%

3

3

International Development Association 4%

Transport and storage 21%

Remittances Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Papua New Guinea Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

84%

0.2

3%

Budget support

1%

Humanitarian aid

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

27

Saint Lucia ODA trend and volume

91USD Millions

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

4%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

127USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

37%

63%

Grants

23 1

1

EU Institutions 46%

Health 25%

2

2

International Development Association 20%

Education 12%

3

3

Caribbean Development Bank 9%

Trade and tourism 9%

Remittances Private grants

6 10

Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

30

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Saint Lucia

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0 0.8

Diversification of exports

Environmental vulnerability

0.6 0.4 0.2

63%

0.0

7%

Budget support

4%

Human development

Indebtedness

Humanitarian aid

Connectivity

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ODA trend and volume

49USD Millions

Top 3 providers

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

10.2%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

23

171USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

35%

65%

Grants

71%

External financing

Top 3 sectors

1

1

EU Institutions 51%

Education 23%

2

2

International Development Association 22%

Health 13%

3

3

Japan 9%

Government and civil society 5%

Remittances Private grants

29

Private flows

11

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

21

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0 0.8

Diversification of exports

0.6 0.4

Environmental vulnerability

0.2 0.0

0.27% Budget support

24%

Humanitarian aid

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

Human development

Indebtedness Connectivity

28

Samoa ODA trend and volume

393USD Millions

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

9.8

528

%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

USD

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

32%

68%

Grants

1

Australia 30%

Government and civil society 16%

16 2 81

2

2

New Zealand 17%

Education 16%

3

3

AsDB Special Funds 13%

Energy 12%

Remittances

81

1

Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Samoa

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0

Diversification of exports

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

84%

25%

Budget support

6%

Humanitarian aid

0.0

Human development

Connectivity

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

Sao Tome and Principe ODA trend and volume

182USD Millions

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

6.5%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

280USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

39

Bilateral ODA

61

%

%

Grants

1 2 1

1

Portugal 39%

Health 18%

2

2

EU Institutions 13%

Education 13%

3

3

African Development Fund 8%

Agriculture 7%

Remittances Private grants Private flows

56

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

-2

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Sao Tome and Principe Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

79%

0.2

8%

Budget support

0.1%

Humanitarian aid

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

29

Seychelles ODA trend and volume

87USD Millions

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

3.7%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

118USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

21%

79%

Grants

1

1

EU Institutions 30%

Energy 24%

2

2

United Arab Emirates 25%

Water and sanitation 13%

3

3

France 11%

Communications 10%

12 11 23

Remittances Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

-64

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Seychelles

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0

Diversification of exports

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

70%

8%

1%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

0.0

Human development

Connectivity

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

Solomon Islands ODA trend and volume

841USD Millions ODA volume

5.1%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

336USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

10%

90%

Grants

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

15 1

1

Australia 66%

Government and civil society 45%

2

2

New Zealand 12%

Education 11%

3

3

Japan 7%

Transport and storage 11%

12 1 5

Remittances Private grants Private flows

238

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Solomon Islands Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

99%

0.2

14%

Budget support

2%

Humanitarian aid

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

30

Suriname ODA trend and volume

95

Top 3 providers

USD Millions

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

0.5%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

32USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

25

Bilateral ODA

75

%

%

Grants

1

1

France 32%

Transport and storage 40%

2

2

Netherlands 18%

Health 15%

3

3

EU Institutions 14%

Education 9%

4 45

Remittances Private grants Private flows

67

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

-5

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Suriname

Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

63%

0%

0%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

0.0

Human development

Environmental vulnerability

Connectivity

Indebtedness

Timor-Leste ODA trend and volume

882 ODA volume

-0.3%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

179USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

18

USD Millions

Bilateral ODA

82

%

%

Grants

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

4 2 5 1

1

Australia 34%

Government and civil society 26%

2

2

United States 10%

Education 13%

3

3

EU Institutions 9%

Transport and storage 13%

Private flows

230

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

-3

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Timor-Leste

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0 0.8

Diversification of exports

98%

Remittances Private grants

0.6 0.4

Ease of doing business

0.2 0.0

3%

Budget support

1%

Humanitarian aid

Human development

Environmental vulnerability Indebtedness

31

Tonga ODA trend and volume

278USD Millions

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

11.3%

670USD

ODA total growth (2000-15)

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

28

Remittances

Bilateral ODA

72

%

%

Grants

1

1

82

Australia 31%

Energy 17%

1

2

2

53

New Zealand 20%

Government and civil society 16%

-1

3

3

International Development Association 18%

Education 13%

Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Tonga

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0

Diversification of exports

Ease of doing business

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

97%

19%

6%

Budget support

Humanitarian aid

Top 3 providers

Top 3 sectors

0.0

Human development

Environmental vulnerability

Connectivity

Indebtedness

Tuvalu ODA trend and volume

124USD Millions

External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15

ODA volume

23.7

%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

1

5 054

USD

ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

20%

80%

Grants

1

1

Australia 26%

Transport and storage 20%

2

2

New Zealand 24%

Energy 14%

3

3

Japan 23%

Environment 13%

Remittances Private grants Private flows

21

Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Tuvalu

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita

SIDS, average

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

98%

Diversification of exports

11%

Budget support

2%

Humanitarian aid

MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS

0.2 0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

32

Vanuatu ODA trend and volume

438 ODA volume

13.0%

ODA total growth (2000-15)

USD Millions

718USD ODA per capita (2015)

Multilateral ODA

Bilateral ODA

7

93

%

Grants

%

Top 3 providers

External financing

Top 3 sectors

USD Million, average of 2005-15

8 29 1

1

Australia 52%

Education 16%

2

2

New Zealand 17%

Government and civil society 14%

3

3

Japan 10%

Transport and storage 11%

Remittances Private grants

3

Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals

89

Concessional DAC and multilaterals

Characteristics and vulnerabilities Vanuatu

Diversification of exports

Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6

SIDS, average

Ease of doing business

0.4

93%

0.2

10%

Budget support

19%

Humanitarian aid

Human development

Connectivity

0.0

Environmental vulnerability

Indebtedness

33

© Alex Baluyut,2002 , World Bank

Photo front cover © Izanbar | Dreamstime.com

The report is authored by Piera Tortora and Jonathan Barnes, under the supervision of Haje Schütte and Olivier Cattaneo. Financial support by the governments of Australia and New Zealand is kindly acknowledged.

The report Making Development Co-operation Work for SIDS is available at: oe.cd/sids http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264287648-en

#OECDSIDS @OECDdev