HIGHLIGHTS
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK for SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPINGÂ STATES
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
E
ach country’s development pathway is unique, but small island developing states (SIDS) share many common characteristics and challenges that can undermine theirs. Focusing on the 35 SIDS that are currently eligible for official development assistance (ODA), the report “Making Development Co-operation Work for Small Island Developing States” shows that SIDS are an heterogeneous group, exhibiting large variations in terms of population size and densities, geographical spread and relative development progress. However, they also share a number of common and increasing vulnerabilities that have hindered development or put them on fragile growth pathways. In fact, while natural disasters – storms, hurricanes, cyclones, etc. – have been a feature of life in SIDS for centuries, the effects of climate change are exacerbating their intensity and even posing an existential threat to some of these countries. SIDS’ climate vulnerabilities add up to the large development challenges that SIDS draw from their structural characteristics (e.g. small populations, spatial dispersion, remoteness) and which include: small and undiversified economies to generate foreign exchange, incomes and tax receipts; high perceived risks and little attractiveness for foreign investors; large recurrent costs and, for some, large debt and narrow fiscal space for development investments. This complex set of challenges leads to higher levels of overall economic vulnerability in SIDS than in larger countries with comparable income levels. In fact, while three-fifths of them are upper middle-income countries, they are among the most vulnerable developing countries: as they grow richer, they retain acute vulnerability to global economic shocks and the impacts of climate change and natural disasters. The persistence of these vulnerabilities and of fragile growth patterns suggests that new development paradigms and solutions are needed to chart the course to sustainable development in SIDS. Achieving sustainable development will be more expensive for SIDS: they will need, more than other countries, resources for building resilience towards increasingly devastating natural disasters as well as to other impacts of climate change. They will also need resources to invest in new development models and solutions that can address their specific vulnerabilities, turning some of their weaknesses into strengths, and charting the course to a new era of sustainable development. Development opportunities to move closer to self-sufficiency lie ahead, especially for some of them: in technological innovations that could lift connectivity barriers to global markets; in the exploitation of renewable energies – sun, wind and ocean waves, all abundant in SIDS – which could break dependence on fossil fuels and create fiscal space to address critical development needs; in the development of the “blue economy” which, by connecting old and new sectors linked to the abundant marine resources of SIDS, could fuel economic growth and help address food insecurity, high unemployment and poverty.
How does development co-operation respond to the specific needs of SIDS? What could be improved?
Papua New Guinea © CC BY-SA 2.0, Taro Taylor
For SIDS to seize development opportunities, the international community needs to make development cooperation work (better) for them. Drawing upon new and original statistical sources, the report “Making Development Co-operation Work for Small Island Developing States” contributes evidence to the international efforts to tailor development co-operation and concessional finance to the specific circumstances of SIDS. It sheds light on key drivers of vulnerability for SIDS. It examines the financing for development resources available to them, both domestically and from the rest of the world. The report provides the first comprehensive quantification and analysis of the full spectrum of concessional flows accruing to all 35 ODA-eligible SIDS, examining: the array of development partners involved, the articulation between bilateral and multilateral concessional sources, the sectoral focus and the prevailing co-operation modalities in different SIDS contexts. Finally, the report highlights innovative international co-operation approaches and good practices that can help address some of the key vulnerabilities of SIDS and presents suggestions for making these promising innovative instruments and approaches fully operational, for replicating them and bringing them to scale so as to help SIDS embark on sustainable development pathways. By presenting key highlights from this report, this document aims to inform policy makers, across both development partners and recipient governments, and promote development co-operation that can more effectively support SIDS embark on sustainable development pathways.
3
M AIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
MAIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
D
evelopment partners can play a better role than they have in the past to help SIDS secure and invest resources for sustainable development. As highlighted in the OECD report “Making Development Co-operation Work for SIDS”, concessional finance from the international community remains a vital source of financing for development for many of these countries. However, a number of challenges remain to better tailor development co-operation to the specific development impediments of SIDS and to exploit its full potential for charting the course of a new era of sustainable development. Overall, concessional finance is strongly concentrated on a few providers and few recipients, with most SIDS receiving the bulk of it as a result of cultural and geopolitical ties with bilateral providers in their same region, or in response to emergencies and shocks. Often, concessional finance follows big shocks in individual countries (such as the earthquake in Haiti in 2010, or a debt crisis in Cuba in 2016), but there is a lack of a more programmatic and predictable stream of funds to address the underlying determinants of vulnerability and to finance new development paradigms to turn some of SIDS’ vulnerabilities into strengths, such as the vast ocean resources that surround them. While many SIDS experience dependence on very few providers for the bulk of their concessional finance, they also display a long trail of small projects from multiple sources, which strains alreadystretched institutional resources. Although more sources have become available globally, many SIDS struggle to access these, owing to low absorption capacity and the complex array of accreditation and application processes to access the global climate funds. Access to concessional finance is further constrained by a complex web of eligibilities that includes ad hoc exceptions, and which does not take into account the structural vulnerabilities that SIDS retain even as their national income increases. Despite these challenges, several positive examples also exist of innovations and effective development co-operation approaches and financing instruments, which have successfully helped SIDS make significant progress on development. “Making Development Co-operation Work for SIDS” explores several of these examples, presenting lessons learnt around three areas that are critical for making development co-operation work for SIDS. These areas relate to: enhancing access, modalities and partnerships for concessional finance; using concessional finance more effectively and catalytically to mobilise a broader set of resources for sustainable development; and channelling it where it is most needed, including towards breaking dependence from fossil fuels, building climate resilience, and grasping the opportunities of the blue economy. The report suggests, for each of the areas identified, recommendations to further test, replicate and bring to scale these innovations to effectively help SIDS embark on sustainable development pathways.
Enhancing access, modalities and partnerships for concessional finance: To help SIDS manage external resources more effectively and tap into a larger array of resources, development partners will need to invest in more systematic and long-term approaches for strengthening national capacities and releasing absorptive capacity constraints. As part of these efforts, development partners could provide support for assessing which functions could be performed at a regional level, which could be outsourced privately, and which will need to remain at the national level. Development partners could also make use of innovative technologies to tailor capacity building approaches to the specific context of SIDS. In addition, because of the acute capacity constraints in SIDS, using pooled funding mechanisms to reduce transaction costs and modalities to strengthen national capacities is even more urgent than in other developing countries. The revival of budget support in some SIDS, especially in the Pacific, is welcome and could be further expanded to other SIDS where the use of budget support is currently limited. Attention should be paid to the new ‘conditionalities’ attached to budget support, to ensure that SIDS governments preserve ownership.
SIDS that have recently graduated from least developed country status, such as Cabo Verde and Samoa, have quickly moved from a moderate to a high risk of debt distress, signalling that development partners could do more to support and advise countries during transitions. Further, more evidence and policy dialogue needs to be fostered to understand the impacts of different graduation processes on financing landscapes and growth opportunities in order to maintain development gains as SIDS transition through different income levels and development phases.
Timor-leste © UN Photo/Martine Perret
Development partners will also need to encourage partnerships with a larger range of actors, including through triangular cooperation, to favour a wider set of perspectives and approaches to the complexity of development in SIDS. These broader partnerships could also provide an alternative source of financing as SIDS move to higher levels of national per capita income.
Using concessional finance innovatively to leverage additional resources for sustainable development: The large financing needs implied by the 2030 Agenda call for effective and innovative policies, approaches and instruments to mobilise resources from a broader set of sources. Opportunities to develop stronger domestic private sectors and to enhance international trade may differ significantly across SIDS, requiring continued efforts to strengthen the contribution of the private sector to sustainable development in these varied contexts. To this end, development partners can support the adoption of adequate policy and regulatory frameworks as well as provide support to increase the economic and financial viability of income-generating activities. Official finance can be used more catalytically to de-risk investments or structure returns in a way to mobilise finance from the private sector through new and emerging blended finance arrangements. Development partners can support the design and implementation of innovative financial instruments, such as green and blue bonds - including by backing them through blending arrangements - to help mobilise financing from private investors. Development partners will also need to work with SIDS to address debt sustainability issues and to free fiscal space for investments in sustainable development. Development partners could further explore and expand debt relief opportunities and innovative countercyclical instruments, such as loans that automatically postpone debt servicing in the event of a major shock (e.g. through “hurricane” clauses). To increase domestic resource mobilisation, development partners could support the enhancement of tax collection systems, including through greater support towards international initiatives, such as the Tax Inspectors Without Borders initiative. While in several SIDS there has been a focus on enhancing tax revenues through the collection of indirect taxes, development partners could provide further support to favour progressive taxation systems and expand tax coverage, especially to include high revenue-generating segments of the economy. Tangible opportunities exist in many SIDS to expand the mobilisation of domestic resources through enhanced management of key revenue-generation sectors, including fisheries, tourism and natural resource extraction. Policies to reduce “leakages” from key sectors – especially tourism – and to support backward and forward linkages with other domestic sectors (e.g. food and agriculture, consumer goods, and construction) could effectively expand the taxable production base. Support from the international community could also target curbing illicit, unreported and unregulated fishing, which reduce the domestic resources available for development in many SIDS. Given the importance of remittances as a source of finance in SIDS, the international community needs to consider co-ordinated measures to reduce the cost of remittances, including through appropriate regulations and a development-focused forum where regulators could come together to share the perspectives of sending and receiving countries. Labour mobility programmes in the Pacific led to an increase in remittance flows, developed new skills for migrant workers and met a capacity gap for companies in the country. Providers could explore the scope for further expanding such schemes in the Pacific as well as in other SIDS regions. Diaspora investment schemes could be promising sources of development finance for SIDS, and development partners can do much to support the design and implementation of these instruments.
Channelling concessional resources to priority areas:
A sustainable and innovative use of ocean resources can provide new opportunities for SIDS to boost economic growth and tackle critical challenges such as high unemployment, food insecurity and poverty. While unsustainable human activity is already posing serious threats to oceans in the form of pollution, ecosystem degradation, climate change and excessive exploitation of fish stock and maritime resources, a balance between going for growth in marine economic spaces and conserving healthy oceans is possible. The international community could provide advisory services to SIDS for developing blue economy strategies and innovative investment plans to integrate activities in land-based sectors, coastal zones and Exclusive Economic Zones, as well as legal and regulatory support to address critical cross-border policy issues. Development partners should also support the development of appropriate financing instruments, including innovations such as blue bonds. Specific attention could be dedicated to developing instruments that finance the conservation of marine protected areas, linked to national blue economy strategies.
© Francis Dobbs,1999, World Bank
Development partners can help SIDS explore new development paradigms and approaches to break dependence from fossil fuels, build climate resilience, and grasp the opportunities of the blue economy for sustainable development. Development partners need to encourage a transition to low-carbon economies, including by helping SIDS address barriers to investments for renewable energy, such as high initial costs. This would in turn significantly reduce the import bill for SIDS, with positive impacts on the fiscal space available for sustainable development investments. Development partners could also do more to help SIDS integrate climate and disaster risks into national policies and planning, and into project design, and to facilitate greater access to climate financing by encouraging the adoption, by global climate funds, of streamlined procedures for accessing funding, to take into account SIDS’ capacity constraints.
Infographic icons sourced from The Noun Project
RECOMMENDATIONS TO MAKE DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
7
© Curt Carnemark, 1990, World Bank
KEY FACTS
KEY FACTS
KEY FACTS ABOUT SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES’ VULNERABILITIES AND FINANCING LANDSCAPE
VULNERABILITY SIDS are on average the most vulnerable among developing countries. Upper middle-income SIDS are 73% more vulnerable than other upper middle income countries.
2
REMOTENESS
46.7
44.7
Economic Vulnerability Index
1
31.6 25.6
All SIDS
SIDS-UMICs
All other developing countries
Other UMICs
Connectedness to global shipping networks, Linear Shipping Index Score (2015) 30
Mauritius 25
Average for other developing countries
SIDS are less than one third as well-connected as other developing countries. Remoteness is an issue especially for SIDS in the Pacific, which include some of the most remote countries in the world.
23
Dominican Republic
22
Jamaica Fiji
9
Seychelles
8
Belize
8
Maldives
8 8
Papua New Guinea 7
Comoros Solomon Islands
7
Haiti
7
Vanuatu
6
Sao Tome and Principe
6
Cuba
6
Samoa
5
Suriname
5
Guyana
5
St. Lucia
4
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
4
Cabo Verde
4
Antigua and Barbuda
4
Grenada
4
Guinea-Bissau
4
Marshall Islands
3
Tonga
3 3
Kiribati 2
Dominica Palau
1
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.
1
9
KEY FACTS ABOUT SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES’ VULNERABILITIES AND FINANCING LANDSCAPE
SIDS
HIPC SIDS
Other SIDS
High income countries
Other developing countries
250% 200% 150% 100%
2015
2015
2013
2014
2011
2012
2010
2014
30
2009
2007
Remittances Private flows at market terms, gross Concessional DAC and multilaterals
2008
2005
2006
2004
2003
0%
2001
50%
Private grants Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
USD billion
25 20 15 10
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2007
2008
0
2005
5
2006
Remittances are the largest flow of external finance representing 52% of the total in 2012-15.
Lower middle Upper middle income countries income countries
300%
SOURCES OF EXTERNAL FINANCE Foreign direct investments and other flows of private finance are highly volatile and contribute little to SIDS’ external sources of financing: only 12% in 2012-15.
Low income countries
2004
5
3%
17 647
2002
Debt has risen for non-HIPC SIDS and is now double that of other SIDS (62% vs 35%).
6%
156 438 22 621
2002
Domestic revenues are volatile and several SIDS have debt issues: on average the debt over GNI of SIDS (57%) is significantly higher than for other developing countries (47%).
7%
2003
DEBT
17%
453 034
2000
4
Damage (% of GDP)
1 181 470 17%
2001
While the monetary value of damage from natural disasters is much larger in advanced economies due to the accumulation of valuable assets, SIDS have the largest losses as a percentage of national output.
Total damage (Millions)
2000
3
IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
10
6
TREND OVER TIME
USD million, 2012-15, 2015 constant prices
7.6
5.2
2010
4.8
2011
Multilateral providers
2012
21%
4.6
2013
79%
5.1 4.2
2014
2015
Concessional finance to SIDS has increased in 2015 after four years of decline – anomaly or the start of a new trend? The volume peaked in 2010 due to the exceptional international response to the Haiti earthquake.
7
BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL PROVIDERS
Bilateral providers
79% of concessional finance to SIDS was extended by bilateral providers in 2012-15. Concessional finance from multilateral sources has increased faster than from bilateral sources: +21% from 2012 to 2015. USD million, 2012-15, 2015 constant prices Australia
3 552
United States
3 138
EU Institutions
2 134
France
1 153
Int. Dev. Association
904
IDB Special Fund
892
New Zealand
847
Japan
823
Portugal
638
Canada
600
1. Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative
8
TOP PROVIDERS 72 providers extended concessional finance to SIDS. The top 5 accounted for 58% of the total.
11
KEY FACTS ABOUT SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES’ VULNERABILITIES AND FINANCING LANDSCAPE
ODA per-capita, USD 2015
9
98 82 33 179 336 336 50 94 812 718 80 37 528 89 54 116 1 126 670 581
ALLOCATION ACROSS SIDS Concessional finance to SIDS is concentrated on a few countries. 54% of the total volume of concessional finance to SIDS was directed to just five SIDS.
10 359
12 135
10
Sum of 2012-15 USD million, 2015 constant prices Haiti Papua New Guinea Dominican Republic Timor-Leste Cabo Verde
4 260 2 283
1 059 882 869 Solomon Islands 841 Cuba 815 Mauritius 545 Micronesia 493 Vanuatu 438 Guyana 418 Jamaica 414 Samoa 393 Comoros 391 Guinea-Bissau 368 Fiji 344 Marshall Islands 295 Tonga 278 Kiribati 241 Montserrat 183 280 Sao Tome and Principe 182 Maldives 107 156 Belize 96 140 Tuvalu 5 054 124 Nauru 3 058 96 Suriname 32 95 Grenada 343 92 Cook Islands 1 274 92 Saint Lucia 127 91 Seychelles 118 87 Dominica 296 81 Palau 654 79 Niue 63 Saint Vincent and 171 49 the Grenadines 30 Antigua and Barbuda 9
SECTOR ALLOCATIONS Concessional finance mainly targets governance, health and infrastructure. This largely reflects donor allocations in main recipient countries. General and sector budget support represents over 20% of concessional finance for 11 SIDS.
Governance and civil society
Other
16%
22%
Water
3%
General environment protection
4%
14%
4%
Energy
10%
5%
General budget support
Health
6%
7%
Agriculture Other multisector
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
Transport and storage
9% Education
12
ZOOMING IN ON CONCESSIONAL FINANCE2
Grants
Concessional Loans
Debt Relief
Niue Nauru Fiji Solomon Islands Montserrat Palau Haiti Tuvalu Antigua and Barbuda Marshall Islands Timor-Leste Cook Islands Tonga Jamaica Micronesia Kiribati Vanuatu Guinea-Bissau Papua New Guinea Samoa Belize Sao Tome and Principe Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Seychelles Suriname Saint Lucia Comoros Guyana Maldives Dominican Republic Mauritius Dominica Cuba Cabo Verde Grenada
GRANTS AND LOANS
11
Grants make for the bulk of concessional finance on aggregate (83%) and for most individual SIDS. Concessional loans represented over 50% of the total concessional finance only for four SIDS, reaching a high of 72% for Grenada.
0%
10%
20%
30%
Top provider
40%
50%
60%
70%
Top 2 and 3 providers
80%
90%
100%
All other providers
Montserrat Micronesia Marshall Islands Niue Nauru Cook Islands Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea Cabo Verde Vanuatu Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Mauritius Fiji Saint Lucia Cuba Grenada Dominica Belize Jamaica Sao Tome and Principe Palau Haiti Kiribati Dominican Republic Guyana Timor-Leste Antigua and Barbuda Suriname Tonga Samoa Seychelles Comoros Tuvalu Guinea-Bissau Maldives
RELIANCE ON TOP PROVIDERS AND FRAGMENTATION
12
SIDS strongly depend on a single source of financing: on average on the top provider for 46% of concessional finance. At the same time, the remainder of concessional finance is splintered across small projects, burdening SIDS’ capacities: 70% of transactions accounted for 2% of total concessional finance. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
2. i.e. grants and concessional loans from bilateral and multilateral providers – Data from OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System. All figures refer to 2012-15 unless otherwise specified.
13
Cabo Verde © Corinne Hayworth
COUNTRY PROFILES
KEY FACTS
COUNTRY PROFILES The country profiles in “Making Development Co-operation Work for SIDS” present key statistics on the financing for development landscape and key socio-economic and environmental vulnerability of the 35 small island developing states (SIDS) that are currently eligible for official development assistance (ODA). All figures in the snapshots refer to 2012-15 data, unless otherwise specified. Further details on the statistical data are provided in the statistical notes. NOTES ON STATISTICAL DATA AND ON HOW TO READ THE SPIDEGRAMS In line with OECD Development Assistance Committee (OECD/DAC) statistics, concessional finance in these snapshots are defined as grants and concessional loans from both bilateral providers and multilateral providers that meet the ODA definition. Statistical data on concessional finance is drawn from the OECD/DAC Creditor Reporting System database: http://www.oecd.org/development/financing-sustainable-development/ development-finance-data/ Data on external financial flows were drawn from OECD DAC Statistics, and IMF and World Bank data. They include: (i) remittances, (ii) private flows at market terms (e.g. foreign direct investments, and total bank and non bank purchases of bonds and other securities, including equities), (iii) private grants, (iv) non-concessional flows from bilateral and multilateral providers (i.e. official flows that do not meet the ODA definition). The spidegrams are based on the following data: • Gross national income per capita, atlas method, World Bank; • Ease of Doing Business Index, World Bank; • Connectivity, as measured by the ‘Liner shipping connectivity index’, UNCTAD; • Human development, as measured by the ‘Human Development Index’, UNDP; • Diversification of exports, measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (Product HHI), UNCTAD; • Indebtedness, or debt over GNI. IMF data and IMF estimations for Timor-Leste, Tonga and Palau. • Environmental vulnerability refers to the Environment Vulnerability Index (EVI), developed by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and their partners. For the spidegrams, data and indexes were re-scaled through min-max normalisation to obtain values between 0 and 1, where 1 reflects the best position/situation. For variables that are generally associated with preferable development outcomes (e.g. GNI per capita, human development, ease of doing business, diversification of exports, and connectivity) a higher value is associated with better performance, while for indebtedness and environmental vulnerability best performers are countries with the lowest debt over GNI and the lowest EVI score. Therefore, a country that in the spiedegram displays indebtedness below the average line is a country that is performing worse than others in this area, i.e. has a higher debt-to-GNI ration than the average SIDS. Data for the spidegrams are from 2015 (or last year available, but not older than 2012). The following data was not available for the following countries: (i) GNI per capita and Ease of doing business index for Cuba; (ii) Connectivity data for Timor-Leste; (iii) Ease of doing business index, Connectivity and Environmental resilience for Tuvalu; (iv) Human development for the Marshall Islands; (v) Ease of doing business index for StLucia, St-Vincent and the Grenadines and Micronesia.
15
Antigua and Barbuda ODA trend and volume
Top 3 providers
9USD Millions
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
0.03
30
%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
14
USD
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
21%
79%
Grants
1
1
Japan 32%
Government and civil society 24%
2
2
EU Institutions 26%
Agriculture 17%
3
3
Global Environment Facility 14%
Environment 13%
Remittances Private grants
13
Private flows
6
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
-22
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Antigua and Barbuda
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0
Diversification of exports
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
98%
0.18% Budget support
4%
Humanitarian aid
0.0
Human development
Connectivity
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
Belize ODA trend and volume
140 ODA volume
7.5%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
96.39USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
33
USD Millions
Bilateral ODA
67
%
%
Grants
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
Remittances 1
1
EU Institutions 39%
Agriculture 26%
2
2
United States 13%
Transport and storage 16%
3
3
OPEC Fund for International Development 13%
Health 13%
69
Private grants Private flows
20
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
29
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Belize
Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
81%
0.2
0%
Budget support
3%
Humanitarian aid
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
16
Cabo Verde ODA trend and volume
869USD Millions
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
7.1%
336USD
ODA total growth (2000-15)
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
16%
84%
Grants
1
1
Portugal 54%
Other social 18%
2
2
EU Institutions 8%
Transport and storage 14%
3
3
International Development Association 7%
Energy 11%
97 4 42 25
Remittances Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
212
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Cabo Verde
Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
35%
9%
1%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
0.0
Human development
Environmental vulnerability
Connectivity
Indebtedness
Comoros ODA trend and volume
391USD Millions
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
8.8%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
89USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
56%
44%
Grants
15 4 1
1
International Development Association 28%
Education 13%
2
2
France 26%
Health 10%
3
3
African Development Fund 13%
Government and civil society 10%
Remittances Private grants Private flows
65
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Comoros
Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
62%
0.2
8%
Budget support
1%
Humanitarian aid
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
17
Cook Islands ODA trend and volume
Top 3 providers
92USD Millions
Top 3 sectors
ODA volume
20%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
1 274USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
8%
92%
Grants
97%
1
1
New Zealand 70%
Energy 22%
2
2
Australia 14%
Education 14%
3
3
EU Institutions 6%
Water and sanitation 11%
27%
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
3
Remittances Private grants Private flows
17
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
-4
1%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
Cuba ODA trend and volume
815 ODA volume
22%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
ODA per capita (2015)
Bilateral ODA
90
%
Grants
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
2 5
50USD
Multilateral ODA
10
USD Millions
%
1
1
Russian Federation 43%
Government and civil society 9%
2
2
Spain 18%
Agriculture 6%
3
3
United States 6%
Water and sanitation 5%
Remittances Private grants Private flows
149
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
-32
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Cuba
Other developing countries, average Environmental vulnerability
SIDS, average
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
36%
Diversification of exports
0.12%
Budget support
3%
Humanitarian aid
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
0.2 0.0
Connectivity
Human development
18
Dominica ODA trend and volume
Top 3 providers
81USD Millions
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
13%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
296.1USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
26
Bilateral ODA
74
%
%
Grants
Remittances
21 1
1
France 41%
Transport and storage 31%
2
2
EU Institutions 26%
Energy 9%
3
3
IMF (Concessional Trust Funds) 14%
Water and sanitation 8%
Private grants
6 3
Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
27
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Dominica
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0
Diversification of exports
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
42%
23%
3%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
0.0
Human development
Connectivity
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
Dominican Republic ODA trend and volume
1 059 ODA volume
10.4%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
ODA per capita (2015)
Bilateral ODA
87
%
%
Grants
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
Remittances
33USD
Multilateral ODA
13
USD Millions
1
1
France 36%
Multisector 18%
2
2
United States 19%
Health 15%
3
3
EU Institutions 18%
Transport and storage 13%
3 515
Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
6 498 235 426
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Dominican Republic Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
56%
0.2
12%
Budget support
2%
Humanitarian aid
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
19
Fiji ODA trend and volume
344USD Millions
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
9.2%
116USD
ODA total growth (2000-15)
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
13
Bilateral ODA
87
%
%
Grants
Remittances
164
Private grants
1 43 17 70
Private flows
1
1
Australia 47%
Education 19%
2
2
EU Institutions 13%
Health 17%
3
3
Fiji
Japan 11%
Government and civil society 13%
Diversification of exports
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
100%
0.04%
6%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
0.0
Human development
Environmental vulnerability
Connectivity
Indebtedness
Grenada ODA trend and volume
92USD Millions
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
11.4%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
343USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
69%
31%
Grants
1
1
International Development Association 43%
Environment 10%
2
2
IMF (Concessional Trust Funds) 12%
Government and civil society 9%
3
3
EU Institutions 9%
Other social 8%
Remittances
41
Private grants Private flows
8
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
33
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Grenada
Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
28%
0.2
47%
Budget support
12%
Humanitarian aid
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
20
Guinea-Bissau ODA trend and volume
368 ODA volume
2.7%
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
56
%
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
25
54USD
ODA total growth (2000-15)
44
USD Millions
%
Grants
1
1
EU Institutions 23%
Health 31%
2
2
International Development Association 12%
Government and civil society 15%
3
3
Portugal 11%
Education 10%
Remittances
5
Private grants Private flows
120
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
-4
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Guinea-Bissau
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0
Diversification of exports
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
90%
10%
3%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
0.0
Human development
Connectivity
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
Guyana ODA trend and volume
418 ODA volume
-0.2%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
USD Millions
81USD
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
47
53
%
Grants
%
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
1
1
IDB Special Fund 36%
Environment 31%
2
2
Norway 18%
Agriculture 15%
3
3
EU Institutions 18%
Health 11%
Remittances
280
Private grants Private flows
82 4 211
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Guyana
Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
62%
0.2
20%
Budget support
0.2%
Humanitarian aid
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
21
Haiti ODA trend and volume
4 260USD Millions
Top 3 providers
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
19.1%
98USD
ODA total growth (2000-15)
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
29%
71%
Grants
External financing
Top 3 sectors
Remittances
1 172
Private grants
1
1
United States 37%
Health 20%
67 8 10
Private flows
1 268
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
2
2
IDB Special Fund 17%
Government and civil society 14%
3
3
EU Institutions 11%
Transport and storage 8%
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Haiti
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0
Diversification of exports
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
98%
6%
16%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
0.0
Human development
Environmental vulnerability
Connectivity
Indebtedness
Jamaica ODA trend and volume
414USD Millions ODA volume
2.4%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
37USD
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
14%
86%
Grants
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
1
1
EU Institutions 39%
Government and civil society 19%
2
2
United States 21%
Agriculture 11%
3
3
United Kingdom 13%
Trade and tourism 10%
Remittances
2 038
Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
1 276 139 -189
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Jamaica
Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
95%
0.2
26%
Budget support
1%
Humanitarian aid
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
22
Kiribati ODA trend and volume
241 ODA volume
10.6%
581USD
ODA total growth (2000-15)
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
23
USD Millions
Bilateral ODA
77
%
%
Grants
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
3
Remittances
1
1
Private grants
Australia 37%
Transport and storage 36%
Private flows
2
2
New Zealand 18%
Education 19%
3
3
International Development Association 14%
Government and civil society 8%
41
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Kiribati
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0
Diversification of exports
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
94%
4%
0.4%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
0.0
Human development
Connectivity
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
Maldives ODA trend and volume
156USD Millions
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
6.2%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
107USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
50%
50%
Grants
1 2 30 1
1
AsDB Special Funds 16%
Government and civil society 17%
2
2
International Development Association 14%
Multisector 17%
3
3
Australia 12%
Water and sanitation 14%
Remittances Private grants
21
Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
54
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Maldives
Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
59%
0.2
0.1%
Budget support
1%
Humanitarian aid
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
23
Marshall Islands ODA trend and volume
295USD Millions
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
6
ODA volume
29.5%
1 126USD
ODA total growth (2000-15)
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
3
Bilateral ODA
97
%
%
Grants
Remittances 1
1
United States 80%
Multisector 24%
2
2
Japan 9%
Education 13%
3
3
Australia 5%
Health 7%
Private grants
1 289
Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
66
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
3
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Marshall Islands
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0 0.8
Diversification of exports
Ease of doing business
0.6 0.4 0.2
98%
0.0
63%
3%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
Environmental vulnerability
Connectivity Indebtedness
Mauritius ODA trend and volume
545USD Millions
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
10.3%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
94USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
5%
95%
Grants
212 1 1
1
France 50%
Energy 17%
2
2
EU Institutions 40%
Transport and storage 15%
3
3
Japan 2%
Education 8%
Remittances Private grants Private flows
1 118
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
118 124
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Mauritius
Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
43%
0.2
33%
Budget support
1%
Humanitarian aid
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
24
Micronesia ODA trend and volume
493USD Millions
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
19.6
%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
812
USD
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
3%
97%
Grants
4 1
1
143
United States 84%
Education 20%
1 118
2
2
Japan 9%
Multisector 14%
3
3
Australia 3%
Health 13%
Remittances Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Micronesia
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0 0.8
Diversification of exports
Environmental vulnerability
0.6 0.4 0.2
95%
0.0
61%
2%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
Human development
Indebtedness Connectivity
Montserrat ODA trend and volume
USD 183Millions ODA volume
5.4%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
10 359USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
1
99
%
Grants
99%
%
1
1
United Kingdom 90%
Government and civil society 44%
2
2
EU Institutions 9%
Transport and storage 20%
3
3
Caribbean Development Bank 1%
Energy 11%
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
6
Remittances Private grants Private flows
9%
Budget support
39
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
1%
Humanitarian aid
25
Nauru ODA trend and volume
Top 3 providers
96USD Millions
Top 3 sectors
ODA volume
21%
3 058USD
ODA total growth (2000-15)
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
6
Bilateral ODA
94
%
%
Grants
100%
1
1
Australia 75%
Government and civil society 22%
2
2
New Zealand 7%
Education 17%
3
3
Japan 6%
Energy 16%
26%
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
1
Remittances Private grants
24
Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
2%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
Niue ODA trend and volume
63.5USD Millions ODA volume
21%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
12 135USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
0
Bilateral ODA
100
%
Grants
100%
%
1
1
New Zealand 76%
Trade and tourism 23%
2
2
Australia 20%
Government and civil society 19%
3
3
EU Institutions 3%
Education 9%
46%
Budget support
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
Remittances Private grants
16
Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
0%
Humanitarian aid
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
26
Palau ODA trend and volume
Top 3 providers
79USD Millions
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
-1.0%
1 2
654USD
ODA total growth (2000-15)
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
2
98
%
%
Grants
Remittances
1
1
Private grants
United States 38%
Energy 24%
Private flows
2
2
Japan 36%
Government and civil society 23%
3
3
Australia 16%
Multisector 8%
28
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Palau
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0
Diversification of exports
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
99%
21%
Budget support
4%
Humanitarian aid
0.0
Human development
Connectivity
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
Papua New Guinea ODA trend and volume
USD 2 283Millions
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
4 7
ODA volume
3.3%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
82USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
23%
77%
Grants
1
1
440
Australia 66%
Government and civil society 24%
252 479
2
2
AsDB Special Funds 11%
Health 22%
3
3
International Development Association 4%
Transport and storage 21%
Remittances Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Papua New Guinea Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
84%
0.2
3%
Budget support
1%
Humanitarian aid
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
27
Saint Lucia ODA trend and volume
91USD Millions
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
4%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
127USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
37%
63%
Grants
23 1
1
EU Institutions 46%
Health 25%
2
2
International Development Association 20%
Education 12%
3
3
Caribbean Development Bank 9%
Trade and tourism 9%
Remittances Private grants
6 10
Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
30
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Saint Lucia
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0 0.8
Diversification of exports
Environmental vulnerability
0.6 0.4 0.2
63%
0.0
7%
Budget support
4%
Human development
Indebtedness
Humanitarian aid
Connectivity
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ODA trend and volume
49USD Millions
Top 3 providers
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
10.2%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
23
171USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
35%
65%
Grants
71%
External financing
Top 3 sectors
1
1
EU Institutions 51%
Education 23%
2
2
International Development Association 22%
Health 13%
3
3
Japan 9%
Government and civil society 5%
Remittances Private grants
29
Private flows
11
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
21
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0 0.8
Diversification of exports
0.6 0.4
Environmental vulnerability
0.2 0.0
0.27% Budget support
24%
Humanitarian aid
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
Human development
Indebtedness Connectivity
28
Samoa ODA trend and volume
393USD Millions
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
9.8
528
%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
USD
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
32%
68%
Grants
1
Australia 30%
Government and civil society 16%
16 2 81
2
2
New Zealand 17%
Education 16%
3
3
AsDB Special Funds 13%
Energy 12%
Remittances
81
1
Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Samoa
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0
Diversification of exports
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
84%
25%
Budget support
6%
Humanitarian aid
0.0
Human development
Connectivity
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
Sao Tome and Principe ODA trend and volume
182USD Millions
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
6.5%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
280USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
39
Bilateral ODA
61
%
%
Grants
1 2 1
1
Portugal 39%
Health 18%
2
2
EU Institutions 13%
Education 13%
3
3
African Development Fund 8%
Agriculture 7%
Remittances Private grants Private flows
56
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
-2
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Sao Tome and Principe Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
79%
0.2
8%
Budget support
0.1%
Humanitarian aid
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
29
Seychelles ODA trend and volume
87USD Millions
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
3.7%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
118USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
21%
79%
Grants
1
1
EU Institutions 30%
Energy 24%
2
2
United Arab Emirates 25%
Water and sanitation 13%
3
3
France 11%
Communications 10%
12 11 23
Remittances Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
-64
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Seychelles
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0
Diversification of exports
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
70%
8%
1%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
0.0
Human development
Connectivity
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
Solomon Islands ODA trend and volume
841USD Millions ODA volume
5.1%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
336USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
10%
90%
Grants
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
15 1
1
Australia 66%
Government and civil society 45%
2
2
New Zealand 12%
Education 11%
3
3
Japan 7%
Transport and storage 11%
12 1 5
Remittances Private grants Private flows
238
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Solomon Islands Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
99%
0.2
14%
Budget support
2%
Humanitarian aid
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
30
Suriname ODA trend and volume
95
Top 3 providers
USD Millions
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
0.5%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
32USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
25
Bilateral ODA
75
%
%
Grants
1
1
France 32%
Transport and storage 40%
2
2
Netherlands 18%
Health 15%
3
3
EU Institutions 14%
Education 9%
4 45
Remittances Private grants Private flows
67
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
-5
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Suriname
Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
63%
0%
0%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
0.0
Human development
Environmental vulnerability
Connectivity
Indebtedness
Timor-Leste ODA trend and volume
882 ODA volume
-0.3%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
179USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
18
USD Millions
Bilateral ODA
82
%
%
Grants
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
4 2 5 1
1
Australia 34%
Government and civil society 26%
2
2
United States 10%
Education 13%
3
3
EU Institutions 9%
Transport and storage 13%
Private flows
230
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
-3
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Timor-Leste
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0 0.8
Diversification of exports
98%
Remittances Private grants
0.6 0.4
Ease of doing business
0.2 0.0
3%
Budget support
1%
Humanitarian aid
Human development
Environmental vulnerability Indebtedness
31
Tonga ODA trend and volume
278USD Millions
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
11.3%
670USD
ODA total growth (2000-15)
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
28
Remittances
Bilateral ODA
72
%
%
Grants
1
1
82
Australia 31%
Energy 17%
1
2
2
53
New Zealand 20%
Government and civil society 16%
-1
3
3
International Development Association 18%
Education 13%
Private grants Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Tonga
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0
Diversification of exports
Ease of doing business
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
97%
19%
6%
Budget support
Humanitarian aid
Top 3 providers
Top 3 sectors
0.0
Human development
Environmental vulnerability
Connectivity
Indebtedness
Tuvalu ODA trend and volume
124USD Millions
External financing USD Million, average of 2005-15
ODA volume
23.7
%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
1
5 054
USD
ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
20%
80%
Grants
1
1
Australia 26%
Transport and storage 20%
2
2
New Zealand 24%
Energy 14%
3
3
Japan 23%
Environment 13%
Remittances Private grants Private flows
21
Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Tuvalu
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita
SIDS, average
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
98%
Diversification of exports
11%
Budget support
2%
Humanitarian aid
MAKING DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORK FOR SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: HIGHLIGHTS
0.2 0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
32
Vanuatu ODA trend and volume
438 ODA volume
13.0%
ODA total growth (2000-15)
USD Millions
718USD ODA per capita (2015)
Multilateral ODA
Bilateral ODA
7
93
%
Grants
%
Top 3 providers
External financing
Top 3 sectors
USD Million, average of 2005-15
8 29 1
1
Australia 52%
Education 16%
2
2
New Zealand 17%
Government and civil society 14%
3
3
Japan 10%
Transport and storage 11%
Remittances Private grants
3
Private flows Non-concessional DAC and multilaterals
89
Concessional DAC and multilaterals
Characteristics and vulnerabilities Vanuatu
Diversification of exports
Other developing countries, average GNI per capita 1.0 0.8 0.6
SIDS, average
Ease of doing business
0.4
93%
0.2
10%
Budget support
19%
Humanitarian aid
Human development
Connectivity
0.0
Environmental vulnerability
Indebtedness
33
© Alex Baluyut,2002 , World Bank
Photo front cover © Izanbar | Dreamstime.com
The report is authored by Piera Tortora and Jonathan Barnes, under the supervision of Haje Schütte and Olivier Cattaneo. Financial support by the governments of Australia and New Zealand is kindly acknowledged.
The report Making Development Co-operation Work for SIDS is available at: oe.cd/sids http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264287648-en
#OECDSIDS @OECDdev