Philosophy of Science Multiplied by Squared Velocity of Light. Е=SPh × с2»

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Krichkov А., Shnaybel О.

Philosophy of Science Multiplied by Squared Velocity of Light. Е=SPh × с2 The paper refers to several issues raised during discussions, at the conclusion of the research, namely, low energy gamma radiation and human physiology. A part of the issues under consideration relate to philosophy and history. Archival, historical and philosophical materials are considered in correlation of human nuclear potential, human energy component, and interaction with the surrounding world by means of human radioactivity. Periods of time considered are the times of protoscience up to the beginning of the 21st century.

Key words: gamma radiation, ageing, radioactivity, biophysics, astrophysics, nuclear physics.

One of the founders of quantum mechanics, Nobel prizewinner, German theoretical physicist Heisenberg W. wrote in his work “On the Nature of Elementary Particles”: “Then I will proceed to the philosophical problems which emerge in connection with the idea of elementary character of a particle. They can object that in this issue I should focus on physics, rather than on philosophy. However, the philosophical side of the issue cannot be just dismissed. In fact, I am sure that certain erroneous (I am afraid to say, todays as well) lines in the development of theory of particles are related to the illusory hopes of some physicist for the possibility to completely avoid the philosophical approach. By rejecting serious philosophy physicists put questions in a wrong way. This will not be a big embellishment to say that good physics suffers from bad philosophy time and again” [1].

“While the main aim of science is obtaining the truth, philosophy of science is a sphere of application of human intellect, one of the most important for the humankind, within which the issue is being discussed “how the truth can be obtained?” [2].

This paper will present discussions, experiments, observations that were not included into the list of main publications on such topics as human gamma radiation and influence of radionuclides on human physiology.

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Part One At the turn of the twentieth and the twenty first centuries, within professional activity, nonstandard biophysical investigations was conducted. The main objective of the investigations were low energy nuclear reactions which occur in a human body, conditions in which the reactions take place, and influence of the reactions observed on human physiology. The research was conducted on the basis of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H).

A question arose in the discussions, whether there is a notional load in the name. The explanation was as follows: a substance is something that exists independently, on its own. …Something stable and constant, underlying a phenomenon, indivisible, single and comprehendible [3]. The name ‘stardust’ in English means not only star dust but also something that causes a sensation of a miracle and a magic. The notion of star dust in itself is a democratic and, at the same time, a fundamental name. The place of birth of star dust is space, as a result of physical and evolutional processes particles of star dust are found on the Earth, in every human, and in the whole world that surrounds us.

Nobel prizewinner in physics Fowler W.A., who received the prize for the experimental research on the nuclear reactions which explain formation of chemical elements of the Universe, wrote as follows in his work: “All heavy elements from carbon to uranium were formed in the stars..., our bodies are mostly comprised of the heavy elements. Apart from hydrogen, we consist of 65% of oxygen, 18% of carbon, smaller amount of nitrogen, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium and traces of heavier elements. Therefore, it can be said that you, your neighbor, myself, everyone and all of us are in fact small parts of star dust!” [4].

Accordingly, there is the following interpretation behind the very name of the preparation: something stable, indivisible, single, belonging to space, granting a human with miracles and magic.

Further conducted research on application of the preparation provided an encouraging result for increasing life expectancy of animals.

For human – extension of the active period of life without age-related and 5

pathologic changes in physiology. Age-related changes were observed in human, at minimum, not only in biochemical blood parameters, but at visual, cosmetology level. The encouraging results were so encouraging that a question was immediately opened in the discussions: what is more important for a long and active life, an anti-ageing tablet or a human himself?

A science that studies reasons for human ageing and methods to counteract ageing is historically named gerontology. A talented physiologist and gerontologist Frolkis V.V. [5] gave a terse judgement concerning an anti-ageing tablet: “Gerontology is not a religion, and it will never be able to purify a human from his sins, that accumulated throughout his life, with tablets, mixtures and tinctures.” [6]. A liberal author’s translation of the Four Tantras, the classical treatise of Tibetan medicine, reads as follows: “If a person has exhausted the box of his good deeds and thereby fell seriously ill, then by calling for the best healer the person will be able to overcome the disease, but he won’t be able to extend a life for himself”.

Obviously, quality and duration of human life depends on both physiological and philosophical, ethical and moral aspects. A clear interrelation is detected between morality, thoughts and deeds of a human, and quality and duration of his own life. That was the resume of the discussion on the question concerning a human and a tablet.

Further discussions questioned the term “energy”. Unfair terminology or speculative statements can be heard or read from literary sources and mass media. The research team has the following opinion. The literary sources say about “glowing” of a human in the gamma quantum spectrum, where the word “glowing” is used in quotation marks. Light visible to a human eye and gamma radiation have the same nature, this is an electromagnetic wave. That is why when describing human gamma radiation in popular scientific style the word “glowing” can be used in quotation marks. However, power and length of the light wave are visible for highly sensitive instruments only. All the investigations were performed by nuclear spectrometry and radiometric survey method.

Further investigation of the preparation allowed for the encouraging and diversified results: counteracting carcinogenic factors by urethane 6

group, expressed geroprotective effect, reduction of average body temperature by 0.1 – 0.2ºС, both in animals and in human. Slowing down a malignant neoplastic process, in some cases complete desorption of tumors. Leveling of hormonal blood profile. In addition, average and maximum life expectancy of animals was increased. Administration of the preparation did not have influence on survivability, proliferation limit, morphology, chromosome aberration frequency and length of telomeres in human cells.

The investigations did not reveal an active component in the preparation itself. For the same reason, due to absence of active component, the preparation was registered as a dietary supplement. In compliance with the legislative rules, a medicinal preparation must contain an active component.

Administration of the preparation was described as safe, reliable and highly effective, whereas the multiple positive effects on the physiology were not explained. There was no explanation of the mechanism of influence on physiology.

Part Two Since the chemical and biological investigations conducted at the level of molecular structure of a substance did not provide explanations of the preparation’s mechanism of action, it was decided to conduct physical research by radiometry and nuclear spectrometry methods. These methods make it possible to obtain results on the level of nuclear interactions and transformations.

With the first measurements where radioactivity indicators were used, it was noticed that when the preparation is administered, the indicators located 5 – 10 centimeters from human body recorded increased gamma radiation. The energy emission that was observed was of extremely low power, but to be on a safe side the subject preparation was handed over for an expertise to National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI). The expertise proved that “Star Dust” (SSH&H) conforms to radiation safety criteria and norms for human applications.

Further research in Federal State Institution Federal Medical and Biological Center named after A.I. Burnazyan (former State Scientific Center, Institute of Biophysics), made it possible to exclude not only 7

radioactive properties of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H), but also its ability to acquire externally influenced fissile and radioactive properties.

The subject preparation had no chemical elements and possible radionuclides that could influence energy changes in a human, in the gamma quantum spectrum. The preparation demonstrated its activity in the only case, upon interaction with the internal medium of a human body.

Following the instruction of Eddington A.S., who teaches us: “Never rely completely on the observation results until you have at least one theory to explain them” [7], the research team deepened and extended experiments in the sphere of medical physics, biophysics and radiology devoted to human radioactivity and its influence on human physiology. In addition, equally important issues that the researchers faced were as follows: whether human radioactivity is an incidental phenomenon in a human life or not, and whether a person interacts with surrounding world by means of his own radioactivity or not.

As at the beginning of the 21st century it was known from existing science, that a human cannot influence radioactivity and radioactive disintegration in natural conditions. “In natural earth conditions we can observe very few phenomena which are determined directly by the mechanism of intranuclear processes. Natural radioactivity is one of them, but it is just hot ash, the remains of the nuclear flame that surged four billion years ago” [8].

However, the investigations showed such phenomenon as a shortterm influence on the increase in human radioactivity upon administration of the preparation. Thereby, the preparation itself did not possess any radioactive properties.

When speaking of an increase in human radioactivity, it is important to be aware of extremely low physical values that are concerned. If the measured parameters were converted into values used for dosimetric control, delta of changes that occur in a human would range within 0.09 μSv/h – 0.24 μSv/h, i.e. within the values of natural radiation background.

The observation shows that the short-term increase in human radioactivity is safe for his health and life.

Director of CERN, who turned CERN into a leading scientific center in 1961-1965, American physicist Weisskopf V.V. wrote: “In the twentieth Niels Bohr expressed ideas with the main point that biological phenomena might have some new fundamental laws hidden inside them. They do not 8

believe that nowadays. But can we be absolutely sure that there is not something fundamental, yet unexplained, underlying our life?” [9].

“In the form of a conditional note the statement of Bohr N. looks as follows: “Atomic structure × Integrity of an organism ~ Life” [10].

Investigations were conducted with the assumption proposed by Niels Bohr, that the intranuclear processes relate to human physiology, and that, quite possibly, nuclear interactions and transformations also have direct relationship to the phenomenon of birth to life. The investigations were formed into a conceptual theoretical model and proved by practical application of the preparation “Star Dust” (SSH&H). Since in this case the theory was confirmed by practice, it would be correct to consider the model applicable, real and demanding for further studies.

Part Three In order to answer the question when a human becomes a source of an electromagnetic wave, observations were made over pregnant women.

The method of radiometric survey was used. There existed an assumption that a fetus located inside a mother becomes a source of electromagnetic radiation in a certain period of its existence. The observable gestational age was 12 to 39 weeks. A pregnant woman, even in a later gestational age, was found to have no differences from a non-pregnant woman of the same age and weight, in a control group.

Further investigations were conducted in a delivery room. A method of nuclear spectrometry was used, statistics was analyzed relying on three control groups: dosimetric, count rate gamma pulses per second, four spectrograms per each delivery (mother before delivery, mother after delivery, child at the first breath, child at postnatal supervision). In addition, analysis of the radionuclide activity was performed in the five groups (mother before delivery, mother after delivery, child at the first breath, child at early postnatal supervision, child at later postnatal supervision).

The results obtained were as follows.

Figure No. 1. Interactive event diagram (by gamma), excluding external background.

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Calibration values: Green line is for the room background.

Measured values: Blue color is for a mother.

Red color is for a child.

The vertical axis shows ÎźSv/h.

The horizontal axis shows time.

Contractions.

First breath.

Supervision.

Figure No. 2. Diagram of events at count rate in gamma pulses per second (count rate 500 pulse/sec).

The vertical axis shows the gamma pulse per second count rate.

The horizontal axis shows the events.

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320 315

310 мать 305

ребенок помещение

300 295 290 схватки

первый вдох

родовой досмотр

Table No. 1. Average activity of radionuclides by gamma radiation, as of the moment of delivery, the first breath and postnatal supervision.

Nuclide

235

U 40 K 238 U 214 Pb 214 Bi 238 U + dau 231 Ра 7 Be 22 Na Pu

Mother before delivery (µCi)

4.1 × 10-2 4.3 × 10-1 5.8 × 10-1 1.8 2.4 × 10-1 3.9 × 10-1 no no no no

Early postnatal supervision of Mother after The first the child (2 delivery breath (µCi) min. after (µCi) delivery). (µCi) 2.0 × 10-2 1.1 9.0 × 10-1 1.8 7.4 × 10-1 4.8 × 10-1 no no no no

2.6 × 10-2 1.2 8.0 × 10-1 2.0 1.5 × 10-1 4.9 × 10-1 1.4 × 10-1 1.0 × 10-1 9.4 × 10-4 4.1 × 10-2

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Na – activity is specified as non-stable.

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4.1 × 10-2 1.9 5.1 × 10-1 1.9 1.5 × 10-1 2.0 × 10-1 no 5.3 × 10-2 no 4.2 × 10-2

Later postnatal supervision of the child (25 - 30 min. after delivery). (µCi) 2.3 × 10-2 3.6 × 10-1 3.2 × 10-1 1.8 5.3 × 10-1 3.1 × 10-1 no no no no

The assumption that energy redistribution occurs at the moment of delivery was not proved. Analysis of the four spectrograms per a delivery (mother before delivery, mother after delivery, child at the first breath, and child at the postnatal supervision) allowed for a conclusion that there is no energy redistribution or energy transfer from mother to child. As of the moment of the first breath of a child, recorded and measured activity of radionuclides is observed, which is not peculiar for a mother during contractions.

Analysis of the spectrograms allowed for the conclusion that energy is transferred to a child with the help of a nuclear reaction. Thereby, this is a single and simultaneous exposure throughout the energy spectrum from 0 to 2700 keV. The spectrogram of a child at the first breath differs from mother’s spectrogram with a lesser number of events at the later postnatal supervision only, an hour later a child’s spectrogram is similar to a spectrogram of an adult.

The fact of emergence of new natural and cosmogenic radionuclides as of the moment of the first breath and disappearance of the same within 5 to 20 minutes doubt accuracy of the experiment. On the other hand, the steadiness of emergence of new natural and cosmogenic radionuclides and quick disappearance of the same suggest that we are facing an unexplored phenomenon.

The unexplored phenomenon is expressed as measured and recorded energy by several cosmogenic and natural radionuclides that causes low energy nuclear reaction in a child’s body.

It is known that energy cannot come out of nowhere and disappear traceless, for the energy conservation law must be preserved. In order that the uninvestigated phenomenon stays consistent with the laws presently known, a name was introduced for it – Highly Organized Energy Medium.

The denomination was proposed in the process of discussion by Russian physicist Shikalov V.F., Doctor of Engineering.

It can be supposed that if a spectrometer does not record a nuclear reaction in a child’s body or, otherwise, the unexplored phenomenon does not enter a low energy nuclear reaction with a child’s body, then what is called a phenomenon of life will not occur in a correctly formed body of the child. It is known from the investigations that a completely formed fetus located in mother’s body does not express its gamma activity, even 5 – 10 minutes before the delivery. Than the delivery process takes place.

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There are some individual features pertinent to delivery without pathology, especially, when a child makes the first intake of breath in his life. In average (according to the elaborated conditions of the observation) the processes is as follows: a child comes through the maternal passages, then the child stays in a new-born tray before the cord is cut, then silence and awaiting for 20 – 120 seconds come, and the first breath and cry.

In the period of silence, for 20 – 120 seconds, a spectrometer registers and measures activity of radionuclides. If the spectrometer does not register activity of radionuclides of the actinoid family, the child health forecast worsens; if transuranium radionuclides are not registered, there comes a respiratory standstill after the first breath, and intensive care is required. If the registration is positive, the child cries and breathes.

As exemplified by investigations in the delivery room, an unknown and unexplored phenomenon of the following nature is observed: an unknown energy owner transfers energy to a newly born human with the help of Highly Organized Energy Medium.

Pursuant to the observations and experiments, we can suggest primary descriptive features of the uninvestigated phenomenon.

It is friendly to a human, for it gives away a part of its energy which accompanies the person throughout his life.

If we consider that every living human has a part of energy given away by the uninvestigated phenomenon, the power of such phenomenon is enormous.

Due to the great power of the uninvestigated phenomenon and the possibility, which is not excluded, that the phenomenon can participate in the germ of life of other forms, families and species, we can suggest that the uninvestigated phenomenon may rest outside the boundaries of laws known to the humankind.

The results obtained concerning the low energy nuclear interaction between a child and an unknown energy owner by means of Highly Organized Energy Medium are consistent with knowledge and laws familiar to a human. Maxwell J.C. put a great emphasis on the energy medium issue as early as in the 19th century and pinpointed that: “If something is transferred from one particle to another at a distance, then what is its condition after it has left one particle and has not yet reached another one? … Indeed, whatever are the means of energy transmission from one body to another in time, there must exist a medium or a 13

substance where the energy is located after it has left one body and before it has reached another one, for energy, as Torricelli noted [11], “is a quintessence of such a fine nature that it cannot be kept in any vessel other than the most secret substance of material things”. Therefore, all these theories lead to the notion of a medium where the distribution takes place.

If we assume the medium as a hypothesis, I think it should take an outstanding position in our research” [12].

The very fact of non-randomness of radiation was mentioned by founder of the USSR academic school of physical optics Vavilov S.I. [13]: “In classic theory radiation occurs “at random”; light is absorbed anywhere. In the theory of Tetrode [14] radiation in a certain point of the world and absorption in another one are interdependent processes. For every radiation it is predetermined when, where and how absorption will occur. The Sun would not radiate if it existed isolated in the whole Universe and no other bodies absorbed its radiation” [15].

German physicist, Nobel prizewinner in physics for the discovery of diffraction of X-rays on crystals, Laue M. was in the same mood in respect of energy exchange by means of a medium: “A body that emits light or heat loses energy, this energy is not manifested as energy of any other body until radiation reaches such body. Therefore, if the total sum of all energies in a system must stay constant, then emitted energy must exist as radiation energy in the interim period of time” [16].

The fact that at the moment of delivery a low energy nuclear reaction occurs in the child’s body, which results in an observable phenomenon of life, is also consistent with other biological investigations. The investigations performed by isotope ration of 13С in relation to 12С, distributed in representatives of higher and lower vertebrates, made it possible to find out the following. “Embryogenesis of mammals (mice) is not for the most part of its duration accompanied by any considerable changes in isotope relations. Embryo mice preserve “isotope facsimile” pertinent to mother’s organism, up to the latest gestational age. However, immediately before delivery isotope relation of carbon is subject to a dramatic change: the fetus “gets heavier” (in accordance with isotope composition of carbon) as compared to the same value in mother’s tissues.

This event does not have a one-to-one correspondence with the aggregate of morphological changes determined as a stage of development” [17]. On the other hand, it is known that a change in isotope ratio cannot be 14

spontaneous. The only reliable factor that influences transformation of substance at the isotope level is radiation or an aggregate of radiations.

After a human enters life, energy emission and redistribution occurs in his body every day, as recorded by nuclear spectrometry and radiometry methods. Energy emission occurs five times a day. It looks like as follows.

Figure No. 3.

Interactive event diagram (by gamma), excluding external background. Daily cycle.

Triple control was used in the experiment: dosimetric, by gamma pulse per second count rate, and spectrometric; spectrograms were recorded with the interval of 20 – 40 minutes.

The horizontal axis shows the time.

The vertical axis shows µSv/h.

The calibrated background of the room of 0.043 μSv/h was assumed a straight line in the figure. In fact, there were oscillations in the range of ± 0.01 μSv/h. Radioactivity indicators set at the indication threshold of 0.05 μSv/h were used for the background level monitoring. The threshold value was never exceeded in the course of observations.

0:00:00 0:45:00 1:30 2:15 3:00 3:45 4:30 5:15 6:00 6:45 7:30 8:15 9:00 9:45 10:30 11:15 12:00 12:45 13:30 14:15 15:00 15:45 16:30 17:15 18:00 18:45 19:30 20:15 21:00 21:45 22:30 23:15

0,25 0,24 0,23 0,22 0,21 0,20 0,19 0,18 0,17 0,16 0,15 0,14 0,13 0,12 0,11 0,10 0,09 0,08 0,07 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0,00

The red color means the calibrated background of the room.

The green color shows values of human radiation monitoring.

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More detailed information on the obtained experiment data can be found in early publications [18], while in this paper previous publications are considered in an abridged procedure.

Comparative analysis of radionuclide activity in the active period of a day in relation to the passive period of a day.

Active periods of human gamma radiation in a daily cycle.

Night: 0030 – 0050 increase in the activity of radionuclide 232Th, as compared to passive period of the day.

0055 – 0115 increase in the activity of radionuclides 235U, Ra + dau, as compared to passive period of the day.

0130 – 0150 increase in the activity of radionuclides Ra + dau, 40K, as compared to passive period of the day.

Day: 1115 – 1150 increase in the activity of radionuclides dau, 238U, as compared to passive period of the day.

40

K,

235

U, Ra +

Evening: 1940–2000 increase in the activity of radionuclides Ra + dau, 235U, Th + dau, as compared to passive period of the day.

2030 – 2050 increase in the activity of radionuclide Th + dau, as compared to passive period of the day.

2115 – 2135 increase in the activity of radionuclide 235U, as compared to passive period of the day.

2200 – 2230 increase in the activity of radionuclide 232Th, as compared to passive period of the day.

2230 – 2300 increase in the activity of radionuclide Th + dau, as compared to active period of the day.

Table No. 2.

Average activity of radionuclides by gamma radiation, as of the passive and active periods of daily cycle.

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Nuclide Ra + dau 40 K 235 U 238 U 212 Bi 214 Bi 212 Pb Pu 231 Ра 22 Na Th + dau 231 Th 232 Th

Passive period (μCu) 2.637 × 10-2 5.988 × 10-1 3.582 × 10-3 5.241 × 10-1 1.745 × 10-2 7.917 × 10-3 1.395 × 10-2 no no no no no no

Active period (μCu) 6.303 × 10-2 1.048 1.207 × 10-2 7.103 × 10-1 1.921 × 10-2 1.611 × 10-2 2.136 × 10-2 6.501 × 10-3 3.212 × 10-2 3.348 × 10-3 1.136 × 10-2 4.500 × 10-1 14.000

As compared to passive period, in active period of the day human activity increases by several radionuclides: more than twice by Ra + dau, 1.7 times by 40K, 3.4 times by 235U, twofold increase in activity by 214Bi, and 14 times by 232Th. In active periods of a daily cycle radiation peaks were recorded additionally by several radionuclides. In the process of discussions it was recommended not to publish the data in scientific papers for several reasons. There were two fundamental reasons: the first one was that at the same period of time radiation by 40K of some other radionuclide was recorded. This measurement is considered to be doubtful, because potassium has powerful radiation, and it is difficult to observe any radiation of lower power at the background of potassium. The second reason was as follows: in the reports the spectrometer delivered data on a certain peak of radiation, but this peak was not observed by direct viewing.

Within this paper the obtained statistics of radiation peaks will be presented, the possibility of existence of human radiation peaks will be substantiated and proved.

The following human radiation peaks are observed during the active periods of a daily cycle: 0030 – 0050 peak identified by 227Th. 17

0055 – 0115 peaks identified by 227Th, 211Bi. 0130 – 0150 peak identified by 234Ра.

1115 – 1150 peak identified by 211Bi. 1900 – 1920 peaks identified by 212Pb, 40K. 1920 – 1940 peaks identified by 211Bi, 40K. 1940–2000 peaks identified by 212Pb, 40K. 2030 – 2050 peak identified by 40K. 2115 – 2135 peak identified by 212Pb. 2200 – 2230 peaks identified by 212Pb, 40K. 2230 – 2300 peaks identified by 227Th, 212Pb. What reasonable evidences can be produced that there are human radiation peaks? Using state-of-the-art equipment, such as a solid-state gamma-emission detector of Canberra Industries, Inc (USA) GC10021 No b08108, fitted with pulse analyzer DSA-1000 No 00000699 and software Genie-2000 (V3.2.1), and measurement conditions, such as a shielded room for human radiation spectrometry (HRS), the following results were obtained. Concurrently with radiation by 40K, radiation peaks were recorded by other less powerful energies.

By 40К (1460 keV), there is an increase from 1.727 × 103 Bq to 6.031 × 103 Bq and from 1.840 × 103 Bq to 5.067 × 103 Bq. Net peak area increased concurrently.

Changes in the net peak area by 1460 keV Before 31 35

After 51.3 96.3

Error margin ± 6.91 ± 6.97

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Error margins are equal to 1.000 mean square deviation.

By energy 157.49 keV, from 0.00 keV to 157.49 keV. The peak was not identified. At the same time net peak area is increased.

Changes in the net peak area by 157.49 keV[19].

Before 0

After 10

Error margin ± 6.09

Error margins are equal to 1.000 mean square deviation.

Results of the aforesaid experiment make it possible to say that with the help of modern equipment energy emission by powerful 40K and low power radiation of other radionuclide can be concurrently recorded and measured.

During preclinical observations over average temperature of human body the following result was obtained: upon administration of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H) average body temperature range of the human reduced by 0.1 – 0.2º С [20]. The same result was obtained for 12 months during observations over mammals (mice). “Rectal temperature measurement showed that the temperature was reliably reduced in the group that received the preparation, as compared to the same in a control group (37.4±0.08 and 37.6±0.06ºC, respectively, p<0.01), which can certify decrease in standard metabolism influenced by the preparation.

[21].

It is available from the existing knowledge that the only way to reduce temperature range without damage to physiology is using own electromagnetic radiation. This fact has been known in geochemistry and astrophysics for a long time. We will return to this issue on further pages of this paper.

Investigations of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H) demonstrated that by taking the substance a human, first of all, maintains his ability to be a source of an electromagnetic wave, which is in turn the reason for temperature reduction. The fact of temperature reduction is important in any manifestation of life, especially in biological objects. To create order in the world of chaos a phenomenon of life must have an anti-entropy process. A lively description of the anti-entropy process as applied to 19

biology was given by biophysicist Blyumenfeld L.A.: “Almost in every book devoted to theoretical biology and biophysics words can be found about amazing orderliness of biological structures at all levels, from macromolecules to a human. …. Physics has only one value at its disposal, which characterizes the level of orderliness, entropy,… according to physical criteria any biological system is as much ordered as a piece of rock of the same weight”. The sensation of a special orderliness pertinent to biological structures is underlain by the fact that the information contained in a living matter has “meaning”, i.e. a special so called “meaningful” orderliness is peculiar to these structures” [22].

The above experiment data demonstrate how biological objects are cooled by their own electromagnetic radiation. However, experiments are only a fragment of life. In ordinary life a human switches on his own cooling system, in the form of his own electromagnetic radiation, five times a day. Human energy emission in the form of electromagnetic radiation mostly belongs to the energy range of 10 keV to 1.5 MeV. Some part of human radiation ranges within 10 keV – 500 keV. If a formula is applied where relation between mass and energy exists, as expressed by Einstein’s formula E = mc2, then only this energy range is needed so that the mass of particles radiated by a human was less than mass of the electron.

This theoretical study was proved by experiments.

The following dynamics was observed when measuring human radiations in shielded Human Radiation Spectrometry (HRS) chambers by nuclear spectrometry methods for practically healthy people upon administration of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H).

Table No. 3.

No. 1

nuclide 134 Cz

2

137

3

40

Cz К

reliability

activity 9,9 29,8 89,6 73,4 3001 3474 20

model M, 70 kg.

M, 70 kg.

M, 70 kg.

dynamics increase of activity reduction of activity increase

∆ 19,9 (Bq) 16,2 (Bq) 473 ( Bq )

4

40

5

Ra

6

40

К

К

7

not identified

8

not identified

9 10 11 12´

40

К

0,95 0,89 1,00 0,92 0,92

1,00

not identified 40

К

not identified

1,00

2168 2943 157,2 0 1727 6031 0 157,49 0 157,49 1630 2702 0 114,38 1840 5067 0 157,49

M, 70 kg.

M, 70 kg.

F, 58 kg.

F, 70 kg.

F, 58 kg.

F, 52 kg.

F, 52 kg.

F, 58 kg.

F, 58 kg.

increase reduction increase increase increase increase increase increase increase

775 (Bq) 157,2 (Bq) 4304 (Bq) 157,49 (keV) 157,49 (keV) 1072 (Bq) 114,38 (keV) 3227 (Bq) 157,49 (keV)

(8´, 12´ - there is a reliable peak in the spectrogram, but it is not included into the report).

By reference to the data obtained, the calculation was based on energy 157.49 keV, mathematical calculation was performed in accordance with the formula where a relation exists between mass and energy, E = mc2.

The following data were obtained.

As a result of observations in controllable conditions of the experiment, particles were recorded which characterize the fact of human electromagnetic radiation.

Wave length of the particles – 7.87008 × 10-3 (nm); Wave frequency – 3.808×1019 (Hz); Mass of the particle – 2.809247 × 10-31 (kg) Mass of the particles is 3.25 times less than mass of the electron.

Even with the assumed error margin of ± 45.78 (mean-square error) for the measurement, mass of the recorded particles will be mparticle ≤ me [23].

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These are the particles that cool human organism and, in the first instance, human brain structure. The obtained experiment data prove again the well-grounded statement that a living human must radiate, and radiation peaks must be present in his daily cycle.

The data received make it possible to touch upon another important subject. By now, the processes of gamma radiation interacting with a matter have been investigated almost throughout the energy range. As a matter of practice, a part of human radiation is within the range of 10 keV – 500 keV. There emerges the need to formulate the working hypothesis, that the energy range 10 keV – 500 keV serves as the energy range where gamma radiation interacts with biological life.

The very fact of human radiation by energy 40К is of great interest.

This is a powerful energy related to human cardiac muscle, it is used, however, not for cooling a human organism but for other purpose. A heart, even segregated from a body, continues generating electrical pulses, as a result of which the heart spontaneously contracts, provided that it is supplied with sufficient quantities of potassium and oxygen. At the beginning of investigations in the delivery room and observations over pregnant women, there existed a working hypothesis that should we record any events in this period of human life, this would be radiation by potassium. Because the work of a myocardium of an adult consumes 70% of the total potassium contained in the organism. However, nothing of that kind was observed as a result of the work. Radiation by 40К was absent, both with pregnant women in their late gestational age, and at the moment of delivery, increase in 40К activity was noticed only in the beginning of early postnatal supervision, 2 – 10 minutes after the delivery. Another unique feature of a human heart was manifested there.

A heart of a fetus presents two communicating vessels, there is an interatrial foramen in the interatrial septum between right and left atriums, and blood can overflow unrestricted. After a child makes his first breath, the following happens: the interatrial foramen in the interatrial septum stops functioning and obliterates (overgrows). It should be noted thereby that the diameter of interatrial foramen is 4.5 – 19 mm.

Should umbilical cord not be cut immediately upon delivery, in 5 – 10 minutes the glossing pulsing cord stops pulsing, which certifies that the interatrial foramen in the interatrial septum has overgrown, and the heart 22

has turned into a pump system from the communicating vessels system.

This is an unexplainable phenomenon of such human organ as a heart. A hole made by a needle, 1 mm in diameter, is painful and needs some time to overgrow. While in the process of delivery we deal with the fact of overgrowing of a large hole in a heart for a short period of time. After his first breath a child enters the life. His heart is a powerful four-chamber pump, which needs potassium, and exactly 2 – 10 minutes after delivery, when the heart has been formed, activity by potassium is recorded.

The fact that a heart is a unique organ that generates “ether vital gas” [24] was predicted by Newton I. At the rise of discovery of radioactivity, a synonym for radioactive disintegration was effusion of an unknown gas from material bodies. Intuition and wisdom of Newton I. can be admired for many centuries. In the 21st century we record the phenomenon in the process of experiments by methods of nuclear spectrometry.

The fact that a human radiate particles with mass less than mass of the electron was predicted by Kobozev N.I., professor of Moscow University named after M.V. Lomonosov, head of the catalysis laboratory.

Kobozev N.I. not only predicted such particles but also performed a theoretical calculation of the physical parameters of “x – gas”, which must be present in a human organism for the purpose of entropy reduction and, in the first instance, for the reduction of brain entropy [25]. The particles predicted by Kobozev N.I. are the consequence of human energy emission in the gamma radiation spectrum in the energy range of 10 keV – 500 keV. The information given above allows proving sustainably the possibility of existence of human radiation peaks by a number of radionuclides in a daily cycle and in the process of life.

The fact that a human radiates in gamma quantum spectrum, and this is the means for him to switch on his own cooling system, adequately correlates with the known laws of physics. Astrophysical objects, such as stars, use exactly the same method for cooling. Astrophysical objects cool their surface by means of photon radiation.

The obtained experimental data give rise to conservative optimism among professional nuclear physicists. The experiment conditions are really difficult, it is impossible to conduct investigations by method of decomposition. A human is never in a state of rest: when generating a spectrogram a potassium pump is continuously working in the cardiac contraction act, there is a gas formation process in the gastrointestinal tract 23

with vermicular movements, lungs perform breathing in and out, thus changing gas composition of a human, his weight and internal pressure.

Measurement geometry changes. All people have their own individual features, not only on the external level, but on the internal level, where there are even more of them.

In the process of the research, some specific features of the equipment were noticed that affect reliability of measurements. Among the variety of spectrometers and sensors offered by manufactures, only a few are suitable for human radiation spectrometry, and only upon certain settings.

In spite of healthy scepticism in respect of the measurements, it should be noted that such investigations have been conducted for the first time in observable history.

Part Four Having considered, from the point of view of nuclear interactions and transformations, such stages of human life as fetus formation, delivery, first breath, postnatal supervision and daily cycle, it is reasonable to consider subsequent stages of human life, as age qualification in correlation with energy emissions in the gamma radiation spectrum.

Picture No. 4.

Human gamma radiation in correlation with the age qualification.

The vertical axis is ÎźSv/h.

The horizontal axis is the age.

The blue column symbolizes the human radiation.

The red column symbolized the calibrated background level in the room.

24

0,25 0,2 0,15

излучение человека

контроль 0,1 0,05 0 4 - 14 лет

18 - 26 лет

34 - 40 лет

45 - 50 лет

65 - 78 лет

It is clearly demonstrated that the older a person the lower his own gamma radiation power is. Reduction of human energy emission in the gamma radiation spectrum is concurrent with the process of human bone tissue decomposition. In spite of its relative stability, bone tissue of a human changes in time by losing its density and mass. In women and men this process starts after the age of 30. In men the rate of bone mass loss is 0.3 – 0.5% per year. In women is it 0.7 – 1.3% per year before a menopause, up to 2 – 3% per year during a menopause, and then the average rate of bone mass loss in women is 1% per year.

Figure No. 5. General ratio (in %) between the bone formation marker and bone tissue disintegration marker depending on the age.

The horizontal axis shows the man’s age in years.

The vertical axis shows the percentage.

The green color shows the bone formation marker.

The red color shows the bone tissue disintegration marker. [26].

25

Human bone tissue reduces its density with the age, then it loses such properties as elasticity and plasticity, and in the worst cases we can see deformation. In life of a human, bone tissue is not only a place where the bulk of inorganic compounds are concentrated, but also the principal deposition of natural radionuclides. It is known from literary sources that radionuclides form transportable (soluble) compounds and nontransportable (insoluble) compounds in the inner medium of a human organism. The organs of primary deposition of the transportable compounds, which are removed from an organism with the urine, belong to human skeletal system in 90% of the cases. The remaining nontransportable compounds are deposited in the upper respiratory tract in 99% of the cases [27].

It is known from the conducted experiments and observations that human natural radioactivity is manifested five times a day, and that it is characterized by gamma radiation increase by several natural radionuclides. Therefore, in the skeleton system, where 90% of the natural radionuclides contained in a human body are distributed, a low energy nuclear reaction occurs. The skeleton system not only acts as a deposition of natural radioisotopes, but it is also a low energy nuclear reactor. In addition, the skeleton system functions as a shell of a human nuclear reactor. This is the main reason for losing elasticity, plasticity, and for deformation of human skeleton system in time.

26

This fact has been known for a long time, many studies have been performed. Experts in nuclear physics who deal with the development and operation of nuclear reactors are aware of the radiation-related embrittlement of a reactor shell caused by radiation exposure. “Under radiation, millimicro deposits, 1-2 nm in size, are formed in reactor shell materials: with Cu content over 0.1% Cu-enriched precipitates are formed, with Cu content less than 0.1% Mn-Ni-Si precipitates are formed, which may contain Cu and Р atoms” [28]. “An increment in yield point has linear dependence on density of the precipitates. Manganese, nickel, silicium, phosphorus and copper are the chemical elements that can have a considerable effect on the processes that take place in reactor shell materials under radiation” [29]. “A fundamental difference between the principles of Cu-enriched and Mn-Ni-Si precipitates formation and evolution is that Cu-enriched precipitates are distinguished by high density precipitate formation at very low doses, whereas for Mn-Ni-Si precipitates gradual increase in density with the dose accumulation is typical” [30].

Similar phenomenon is observed in a human. With the course of time the accumulated radiation dose increases in a human, his own radiation is supplemented by the dose load received from space rays and Earth crust radioactivity. A human depletes concentration of inorganic elements steadily and continuously. A time-proved method to determine age of a human is a follows: with the increase of years, apart from misbalance of hormones, reduction of vitamins B6, B12, С (except for vitamin А), there is a reduction of inorganic compounds, namely, serum calcium, serum ferrum, serum phosphorus, serum zinc, serum selenium [31]. There is a difference between the lists of chemical elements that are removed by a human and a nuclear reactor with the course of time, but the confirmed fact itself is caused by the same event, radiation exposure. This observation proves once again that low energy nuclear reactions take place in human bone tissue. Human bone tissue itself serves as a deposition for natural radionuclides, functions as a human reactor shell, and performs one more important function: it is at the same time a deposition of many inorganic compounds which are transformed into necessary radionuclides for a human body, influenced by human radiation. With the course of time human bone tissue loses its plasticity and becomes brittle, the same effect is observed in the material of a nuclear reactor shell, and it received the name embrittlement.

27

Reduction of bone tissue mass as a result of low energy nuclear reaction is consistent with known laws. “Energy emission in nuclear processes requires that nuclei turned into new nuclei with the total mass of the substance reduced” [32]. The fact of human electromagnetic radiation recorded at the moment of the first breath is transformed with the course of time. With advancing age there is a relative reduction in energy bursts, this process is simultaneous with transformation of bone tissue and reduction of its mass and density. This observation is conforming with a common physical law. Any astrophysical object, which has the possibility to be a source of an electromagnetic, wave behaves the same way. “The disappearing energy (and mass) is carried away in a form of star radiation” [33].

As at the end of the 20th century, according to literary sources, bone tissue looked like as follows: “Bones perform several important functions in the organism: protection from injuries, movement and creation of a calcium depository [34]. Inorganic substances of bone tissue, which make up 21.85%, correlate as follows: calcium salts (87%), magnesium phosphate (2%), calcium carbonate (10%), calcium fluoride, sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and sodium chloride (1%).

Today the information has changed dramatically. Bone tissue composition is declared as follows: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, selenium, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, strontium, lead.

Also, as at the end of the 20th century composition of a human tooth was as follows: H, C, O, N, F, Mg, P, Ca. However, contemporary analysis conducted by high resolution mass spectrometry with sample ionization in inductively coupled plasma provided the following result. Tooth samples were determined to contain such elements as Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, U, 62 elements in total [35].

There is nothing extraordinary that by now the well-known functions of bone tissue have been supplemented by one more function, namely, being a low energy nuclear reactor with a fuel reserve.

Part Five 28

Having touched upon the issue that human bone tissue is not only the principal deposition of natural radionuclides and inorganic compounds, but also functions as a shell of a human low energy nuclear reactor, we should pay attention of a radionuclide transformation in a human body. Under the experiment conditions transformation of radionuclides was to be recorded in the form of emerging of new isotopes and nuclear isomerism. Emerging of isotopes and isomers is a consequence of a nuclear reaction. It is important to understand thereby that consequences of the nuclear isomeric transitions are not similar to the processes of classic chemistry, but they still influence the chemical processes that occur at the molecular level.

The experiment was conducted on the basis of the substance â&#x20AC;&#x153;Star Dustâ&#x20AC;? (SSH&H), which main effect is, as shown by research scientific work, maintaining human radioactivity at an adequate level and replenishment of inorganic elements in the form of special composition of stable isotopes.

Two groups of volunteers took part in the experiment: the first group were people who did not take the substance before the experiment or those who had taken the substance up to 24 months; the second group were people who had been taking the substance for 24 months by the moment of experiment. The events that have been earlier described in this paper, increase in activity by 40K (Table No. 3), were recorded in the first group.

Peculiarities were observed in the second group of people who had replenished their energy potential and balance of inorganic elements in the group of stable isotopes for the 24 months. The results that were obtained initially could not be considered validly significant. The recorded activity was below the error margin. Thereby, the increase in activity by 40K that had been observed before was absent.

In the process of discussion the decision was taken to perform the experiment in a multifactor pattern, i.e. with the same measurement conditions and different radiation sources: air in the human radiation spectrometry chamber, the substance, a human in control group, a human in experiment group, a break in measurements, second measurement of the human, and the entire experiment is conducted without changing the measurement conditions. A human rests between the measurements not leaving the chamber (HRS), doors of the chamber are closed.

The multiplex nature of the experiment was preserved thus making it possible to evaluate activity of radionuclides at a high reliability level. It is 29

statictically valid that throughout the experiment there were only a human and a detector in the chamber (HRS), no external effects and exposures.

Detectors of Canberra Industries, Inc (USA) GC10021 No b08108 were used, fitted with pulse analyzer DSA-1000 No 00000699 and software Genie-2000 (V3.2.1), certified in accordance with ISO-9001.

Table No. 4.

The results obtained.

Nuclide 40

K Хе 139 Се 141 Се 251 Es 75 Se 123 Sn 139 Ba 232 Th 95 Nb-m 99 Tc-m 57 Со 153 Gd 18 F 153 Sm 235 U 131 Хе-m 51 Сr 156 Er 135 Хе 125 Те-m 226 Th 118 Хе 111 In 47 Sc 90 Mo 226 Ra 97 Tc-m 125

Activity in Activity in Activity in HRS the a human chamber air substance (control) 0.2961 Bq 1941.0 Bq 0.0161 Bq 1.32 Bq 0.0388 Bq 7.993 Bq 0.061 Bq 11.06 Bq 1.898 Bq 9.057 Bq 37.78 Bq 6358.0 Bq 1.883 Bq 4.858 Bq 6.016 Bq 14.73 Bq

Activity in a Activity in a human human (experiment) (experiment) in 15 min.

1978.0 Bq 2016.0 Bq

4752.0 Bq

12.46 Bq 4.204 Bq 25.76 Bq 9.019 Bq 180.6 Bq 46.64 Bq 347.0 Bq 7.379 Bq 2325.0 Bq 152.7 Bq 7.508 Bq 2.876 Bq 8.243 Bq 4.05 Bq 174.7 Bq 1330.0 Bq

30

From the above data, emergence of isotopes and isomeric transitions are observed. There is a substance transformation. The substance is transformed from one type into another, because radioactive decomposition finally influences changes in the substance molecular properties. There can be only one reason for the emergence of isotopes and isomeric transitions – a nuclear reaction. The experiment that was carried out proves once again the possibility of implementation of a low energy reaction in a human body. The obtained data fit well into the frames of common laws. In astrophysics, the process of formation of elements is called nucleosynthesis in stars. A star that radiates due to nuclear energy emission evolves slowly as its chemical composition changes. The novelty of the carried out experiment is that nucleosynthesis is observed in a human as well, which process results in changing percentage of the chemical composition of a human, as confirmed by biological and medical investigations. Whereas the novelty is that as a result of nuclear reactions isotope composition of chemical elements in a human changes. This is a new phenomenon, and it requires further investigations. If the history of discovery of isomerism is concerned, the very fact of existence of isomers raised cautious attitude as at the moment of the discovery.

Speaking of such new phenomenon as isomerism of radioactive nuclei, it was hard even to imagine in the 30-s of the 20th century that the observed phenomenon would become a confirmed scientific fact.

“Nowadays it is hard to believe that “isomeric” atomic nuclei do exist, i.e. the nuclei that possess different radioactive properties at equal atomic weight and atomic number” [36]. The first investigations and the first classification of radioactive isomers were developed by Kurchatov B.V., Kurchatov I.V., Mysovskiy L.V. and Rusinov L.I. “Ideas of Kurchatov I.V. about existence of a new class of nuclei – nuclear isomers – received convincing evidences in subsequent years”[37].

Part Six Having considered on pages of this paper fragments of human life in correlation between physiology and nuclei interaction, we can stop at the concluding stage of the life journey. In average, before the age of 23 – 25 a human is confident about his health, bone formation marker prevails over bone tissue disintegration marker, natural radionuclides are located in a 31

nicely formed bone tissue which in addition to well-known functions performs the function of a shell of a human low energy nuclear reactor. A body is well cooled due to its own radiation. After the age of 23 – 25 growth of the bone tissue stops, there is a latent process of human body ageing, the mass of bone tissue formation is relatively balanced with the mass of bone tissue disintegration, after the age of 40 the bone tissue regress increases.

Human energy emission in the gamma quantum spectrum reduces, the organism is cooled worse than it used to be. Human brain structure suffers in the first place, because intracranial space is quite an enclosed area of a human body. In the first instance slight heating of the intracranial space influences endocrine glands located in the brain, mass of pituitary gland, hypothalamus and pineal body is within 0.2 – 5 grams. Increase in the temperature range even by tenths of a degree is critical for these endocrine glands. There appears a malfunction in the work of the endocrine glands. The result of malfunctioning of pituitary gland, hypothalamus and pineal body is changing blood hormonal profile with hormone misbalance. The process of ageing speeds up. The organism is heated, physically, for there is no heat removal. Power of human electromagnetic radiation reduces, because density and elasticity of the bone tissue has been reduced, walls of a human low energy nuclear reactor cannot sustain the loads that they used to sustain in the age of 25.

Concurrently, the quantity of inorganic elements contained in the bone tissue is reduced steadily, and they are the strategic reserve for maintaining the low energy nuclear reaction. The human reactor dies out, the energy leaves, and life goes away with the energy.

The more there were knowledge and information on human physiology and processes of ageing from the point of view of biology and chemistry, the poorer was understanding of the process of triggering the ageing mechanism. By the end of the 20th century a cautious conclusion was made: “It was supposed that in the course of life something is lost, changed and results in ageing. Aristotle calls it “natural heat”, and beginning from the 18th century it was “vital force”, “vital reserve” (O. Bütschli), “creative energy” (E. Pflüger) etc. In all the cases what is meant is a nonmaterial origin which concentrates the main engine of life inside” [38].

32

It is not surprising that biophysical investigations of the 21st century confirmed hypotheses and postulations of talented scientists of the previous generations. Energy is the nonmaterial world. As soon as energy leaves a human, material biological life stops.

Figure No. 6. Spectrogram of life of an average human at natural air radioactivity.

Figure No. 7. Spectrogram of the last breathing-in at natural air radioactivity.

33

If compared, the two above spectrograms are different. The life spectrogram uses the energy spectrum from 10 keV to 1.5 MeV with various number of events throughout the scale. The last breath spectrogram demonstrates flattering the various number of events throughout the scale. The observation allows for a suggestion that energy leaves a person [39].

Since gamma radiation and visible light have the same nature – this is an electromagnetic wave, agitation of an electromagnetic field, – by applying a wording “to glow” to a human in the gamma quantum spectrum it is possible to produce a visual sequence of a human daily cycle depending on the power of his own radiation.

TIME

Initial figure was taken for further processing at http://v-garmonii-ssoboi.ru 34

The above material concerning human energy, which is a consequence of radioactive disintegration of natural radionuclides contained in a human body, and influence of the energy on human life cycle, is complementary to the known laws of astrophysics.

Below is the visual sequence of the Sun, as the nearest star.

The figure was taken from http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Звезднаяэволюция

Evolution of a star is changing physical parameters of the star with the course of time, as a result of nuclear reactions that result in radiation and mass loss. The same events occur in a human body. All the results obtained during the scientific research on nuclear interactions that take place in a human and on their effect on physical, chemical and biological criteria of human life, always remained within the frames of common knowledge and laws.

Part Seven The conducted research made it possible to divide biological, chemical, physiological, medical knowledge about a human into two eras.

Era of prenuclear human physiology, which did not take into account interactions among the nuclei that compose molecules that make up a human body, and era of nuclear human physiology, where the nuclear interactions that occur in a human are considered. When the line of the research was shifted from what is visible but transient, like molecular 35

transformations of a substance, to what if invisible but almost perpetual, like an electromagnetic wave and energy, a question was opened in the discussions. Is there a fact of scientific discovery?

It was found out upon analysis of literary sources that the was no scientific discovery. The fact of radioactivity influence on human radiology has been known for a long time. Radioactivity was referred to the human life phenomenon and essential condition for life. The source dated 610 – 632 AD provides a description of what a human is “made of”: “created you of dust, then of a drop, then made you with vapors” [40].

Correctness of the translation (Arabic-Russian) raises no doubts, because the translation is made by Russian arabist RAS academician Krachkovskiy I.Y. This very translation is considered to be academical due to its high scientific value.

Dust in direct and figurative senses means a set of inorganic elements, a drop means water which makes up over 60% of a human weight, vapors mean radioactivity. There is such an obsolete term in physics as emanation, meaning emission of rays by radioactive substances, a result of the emission, a gaseous product of radioactive substance disintegration. Emanation is material something that is emitted from active preparations of thorium and radium [41]. On the other hand, gaseous state of a substance in conditions where the gaseous phase can be in balance with liquid and solid phases of the same substance, is known to be called vapor. These are the grounds for referring saturation of a human with vapor to saturation with radioactivity.

An important issue is explanation of the interaction of living organism energetics and biochemistry by a logical and consistent observation, namely, by the phenomenon of human organism natural inherent radioactivity.

With advancing age changes occur not only in accumulation and distribution of chemical elements in an organism, but also in isotopic composition of chemical elements. If a human received an initial pulse from the Highly Organized Energy Medium in the first seconds of his life, mechanisms of biochemical reactions are then triggered to maintain the pulse in force. The main participant of the process is the entire reserve of inorganic compounds distributed in a human body. Due to his own radioactivity a human exposes to radiation and activates his own inorganic compounds, in the result of this reaction new isotopes and isomeric 36

transitions appear. That is why a low energy reaction occurs in a human five times a day, with energy emission and redistribution. With the increase of years isotope composition of a human changes, and his own radioactive component reduces concurrently. Radioactive component of a human reduces due to removal of natural radionuclides, which are removed from a human as his bone tissue is disintegrated. Concurrently with reduction of human radioactivity his isotope composition changes, isomeric transitions do not appear. As a result energy emission decreases, there is an actual reduction of his own radioactive component. Human radioactivity in a form of radioactive disintegration chain has not been considered for a long time. In fact, there have been no means for measuring this effect for a long time. Radioactivity cannot be seen, heard or weighed on scales. Instrumental methods appeared in the 20th century, along with the development of nuclear industry, and were improved for a long time to make it possible to prove the postulates of the 7 th century in the beginning of the 21st century.

Research on changes in human isotopic composition with advancing age have not been conducted for a long period of time, nowadays such research is not a public issue, therefore literary sources are limited in number.

Part Eight The obtained results of investigations in human nuclear physiology have neither ever exceeded the limits of common laws nor introduced any inconsistency into the fields of science touched upon by the researchers.

Similarity of the phenomena which occur in a human and in astrophysical objects makes it possible to apply estimated characteristics assumed in astrophysics to a human, in the theoretical aspect of the issue.

Presently, several formulas are used to calculate the life-span of a star located in the main sequence.

Star radiation energy for a time interval is known to be expressed by the formula. Đ&#x2022; = L Ă&#x2014; t, where Đ&#x2022; is star radiation energy for time t; Therefore, t = E / L. L is luminance (total electromagnetic radiation of a star per a time unit); 37

On the other hand, it is known that Е = m × c2; L = δ × T4 × 4πR2, where δ is Stefan-Boltzmann constant; R is radius; Т is effective temperature (in other sources – surface temperature).

Therefore: t = mc2 / δ × T4 × 4πR2.

It is seen from the formula that life-span of a star in the main sequence depends on two factors: mass of the star and effective temperature. Ideally, the higher mass and the lower effective temperature, the longer is the star’s life. Otherwise, increase in mass or reduction in temperature results in extension of a star’s life.

The observations that are derived from the formula adequately correlate with the results that were obtained in investigations of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H). Taking the substance by a human reduces average body temperature, replenishes the mass of human inorganic compounds by stable isotope series group within the first year, and increases the said mass within the second year of administration. This is an ideal variant for extending a life-span, both for a human and for a star.

When a human is considered from the point of view of such a physical value as a mass, only mass of inorganic substances is considered in all cases. Water makes up 60% of a human, but for known physical reasons water does not participate directly in the low energy nuclear reactions that occur in a human. When considering the stable isotope series, one should be aware that it is not a set of chemical elements but a series of isotopes of chemical elements.

According to the opinion of experts of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory space telescope (Massachusetts, US): “the laws governing universes and galaxies are valid on the Earth as well” [42].

Observations over a human, based on experimental data, make it possible to suppose that the low energy nuclear reactions which occur in a human are attributed to weak interactions. “Weak interactions are most poorly explored. They have such a short action radius, and they are so weak, that, obviously, they do not play any part in formation of any bound states of the particles. They are rather expressed in certain types of collisions, or in the disintegration processes which for some reasons 38

cannot go on through strong electromagnetic or gravitational interactions.

Still, weak interactions are relevant for the humankind life. Due to them the first step is made in a cycle of thermonuclear reactions on the Sun, the step where two protons are fused together to form a deuteron, antielectron and neutron, positron and neutron” [43].

On the other hand, it is known that “interactions may have a calibration nature, however in this case they must certainly stay within a single group that unites them. It seems likely that such an assumption implies existence of a new, very weak interaction that results in disintegration of protons, and thus the entire matter happens to be internally instable, for we can observe its disintegration” [44].

Weak interactions are directly related to the baryon number, the baryon number is preserved with all the interactions within a standard model. Only a recorded disintegration of proton can violate the baryon number conservation law, which would be a proof for the hypothesis of the grand unification theory. The hypothesis will take the place of a scientific fact. “What will we learn if disintegration of a proton is found? Naturally, a conclusion will be made forthwith that the baryon number is not conserved, and this will be a support for the growing confidence that all the conserved values, like an electric charge, have a dynamical meaning.

Further, if disintegration of a proton is found in the nearest future, its lifespan will range within 1030 to 1033 years, and this will provide another evidence for the general assumptions concerning the unity of strong and electroweak interactions” [45].

It can be supposed in the working hypothesis that by investigating weak interactions in human the theory of theory grand unification can be proved. For the 114 years since the moment of discovery of gamma radiation almost the whole energy range has been investigated wherein gamma radiation interacts with substance. The research conducted provided the data that partly within the range of 10 keV – 500 keV gamma radiation interacts with biological life and, in particular, with a human. In investigations the scientific thought pushes far and high, however we should probably look at nearby. “…The idea of the grand unification is certainly very attractive and promising. There are several indications to the fact that the grand unification is really implemented in nature” [46]. The law must be simple and comprehensive.

39

Integration of forces within the grand unification theory and influence of the law on the surrounding world was clearly and vividly noticed by American astrophysician, Nobel prizewinner in physics for the discovery of space cosmic microwave radiation professor Penzias A.A.: “If the Creator created the Universe, He would do that gracefully. If the Creator is truly omnificent, than quite naturally we will not see any signs of His interference into creation. He does not need to fuss all the time like Frank Morgan in “The Wizard of Oz” in order to maintain the Universe in working condition. … in some sense, the power of creation is simplicity” [47].

Part Nine The conducted investigations and obtained results raised the topical question about whether radioactivity is a random phenomenon in life or not. It follows from the common knowledge and facts that radioactivity cannot be influenced on. It is independent from Earth conditions. If cyclic recurrence could be registered in the phenomenon of radioactivity, and if conditions could be determined for repeatability of the cyclic recurrence, then we would be able to forecast that the phenomenon of radioactivity is of non-random nature. Theoretically, there cannot be any cyclic recurrence, a life period is an internal feature of an isotope that cannot be influenced in natural conditions.

What data can be brought for the discussion? There is information in literary sources that in 1998 results of a fifteen-year experiment were published, which was performed in the facilities of German National Metrological Laboratory. In the course of experiment periodic oscillations in the disintegration rate of isotope 226Ra were noticed (with a period of one year). Unfortunately, the research team was unable to get familiar with the publication.

In 1986 experts from Brookhaven National Laboratory of the USA performed precise measurements of the half-period of isotope 32Si. The obtained data were coordinated with each other: the measured value of the half-period proved to be equal to 172 years and coincided with previous estimations. The experiment that lasted for four years provided additional information: atoms were most frequently disintegrated in February and less frequently in August. Unfortunately, the research team was again unable to get familiarized with the publication. An assumption 40

should made that inability to get familiarized with the publication means only impossibility to give a reference thereto.

In 2005 – 2011 in the course of weekly calibrations of the tools used for radiation safety control in the operation of a research reactor of Ohio University, additional data were received. Isotope 36 Cl was used for the calibration.

The observations made by experts of Nuclear Engineering School and Department of Physics of Purdue University in cooperation with colleagues from Ohio University research reactor staff and Space Science and Astrophysics Center of Stanford University were as follows: in an annual cycle, maximum relative count rate is observed in January, February, and minimum relative count rate is observed in July, August, for seven years in a row, in the period from July 2005 to June 2011 [48]. From the moment of discovery of radioactivity in 1896, 118 years and only three experiments have passed.

But it turned out that similar experiments were extensively conducted in the Russian physical school, in the biophysical investigations sector.

Most part of such investigations was initiated and managed by head of physical biochemistry laboratory of the RAS Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics (Pushchino), Doctor of Biology, Shnol S.E. Interesting results were obtained. Relevant statistics was collected in the period from 1978 to 2007, experiments were conducted on a series of isotopes.

“Measurement of 137Cz beta gamma radioactivity in Dubna and Troitsk (Baurov Y.A. and colleagues).

Measurement of 3Н and 14С beta gamma radioactivity using independent automatic instruments. (Bruskov V.I., Sungurov A.Y., Razhin V.D., Ivanchenko Y.G. 1979 – 1983) Measurements of 239Pu alpha activity performed at MEPhI. (Khokhlov N.B., Sharapov M.P. 1982 – 1983) Radioactivity of different isotopes of 239Pu, 238Pu, 226Ra, 218Po, 214Po, 14 C, 60Co, 55Fe, 3H etc. (Zvereva I.M., Kolombet V.A., Zenchenko K.I. 1995 – 2000)” [49].

The conducted experiments demonstrated cyclicity and simultaneity of radioactive emission, because part of experiments was conducted concurrently in different geographical coordinates.

41

“226Ra, 222Rn, 218Po, 214Po, 210Po is a radioactive family of 226Ra. In principle, every member of the family disintegrates independently of and non-concordantly with the others. Nevertheless, the shape of the histograms built according to the results of the measurements of 218Po and 214 Po alpha activity made by I.M. Zvereva (Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University) using a counter with amplitude analyzer, changes simultaneously. One measurement per 1.8 seconds. Each of the histograms is build according to the results of fifty measurements” [50].

“Similar result was received when comparing single-hour histograms build according to the results of measurements of 137Cz gamma (beta) activity in Dubna and 239Pu alpha activity in Pushchino. In this case local time in the two geographical points is almost the same” [51]. “Thus, the conclusion can be considered proved, that was made during the research in the 70-80-s: fluctuation amplitude spectrum, shape of corresponding histograms are similar for measurements made in different geographical points at the same local time, and change simultaneously by local time in the processes of different nature. This simultaneity was proved when comparing the rate of alpha and beta disintegrations, dark noises of photoelectron multipliers, alpha disintegration and intensiveness of the neutron current” [52].

One more additional property of radioactive disintegration was observed: “Thus, the regularities of changing of the histogram shape depend, in fact, only on the direction in which alpha particles fly out of the nucleus during radioactive disintegration. Measurements in two variants of experiment differ only with the collimator direction in space” [53].

A conclusion was made based on the statistics that “changing of the histogram shape was related not just to the Earth rotation round its own axis, but to changing the orientation of our objects in relation to the Sun and immovable stars” [54].

The observed cyclicity of radioisotope disintegration was manifested by repeatability of the histogram shape with the interval of 24 hours, about 27 days and about 365 days, whereby measurements were made in different geographical coordinates. This allowed for a suggestion that a common cosmophysical reason exists.

42

American researchers also observed such phenomenon as reduction of the total radioactive component in July, August and increment in total radioactivity in January, February.

The results, which are independent of each other, obtained by different groups of scientists, and the investigations, which were performed in different geographical coordinates (Germany, USA, Russia), are consistent with the astrophysical observations.

“The Earth moves around the Sun on the elliptic orbit at a distance of about 150 mln km with the average speed of 29.765 km/sec. The speed of earth movement on the orbit is not constant: in July (when passing the aphelion point) it is minimum and equal to 60 angular minutes per day, whereas when passing the perihelion point in January it is maximum, about 62 minutes per day. The Sun and the entire Solar system rotate around the center of the Milky Way galaxy on almost a round orbit at the speed of about 220 km/sec. In its turn, the Solar system, as a part of the Milky Way galaxy, moves at a speed of about 20 km/sec towards the point (apex) located on the border of the Lyra and Hercules constellations, speeding up as the Universe extends” [55].

It is vividly seen that radioactivity depends on the Earth movement speed. In July radioactive component is less active, speed of Earth movement on the orbit reduces concurrently. Then, in January, when the speed of movement on the orbit increases, an increment of radioactive component is observed.

The suggestion made by Shnol S.E. concerning existence of a common cosmophysical reason and its influence on radioactive disintegration was confirmed. Therefore, in the depth of the space there is a phenomenon, unknown to a human, that influences radioactive component on the Earth. Therefore, the phenomenon of radioactivity, both on the Earth and in the life of every person, cannot be considered an accidental occurrence.

Part Ten In order to substantiate priority of energy over matter, nonrandomness of the phenomenon of radioactivity and electromagnetic wave, a certain personality of a scientist should be considered. Reality of existence and life of a scientist should be considered with reference to his works and writings. Let’s consider the example of scientist Hermes Trismegistus.

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It is known from historical data that the same person was called by different names in different cultures. In European culture this was Hermes Trismegistus, in Egyptian culture this was god Thoth, in Russian culture this was Ermiy Trivelikiy (thrice-greatest Hermes).

What is known at present moment: Hermes Trismegistus is the name of a syncretic god who comprises the features of classical Greek god of wisdom and writing Thoth and classical Greek god Hermes. In Christian tradition there was a fictitious author of the theosophic teaching Hermeticism [56], which comprised Greek philosophy, Chaldean astrology, Persian magic and Egyptian alchemistry [57].

Let’s consider the issue concerning reality of life of this scientist by his works and references thereto. Those, which are validly known.

“Inventor of writing and patron of literature and science was Thoth, god of wisdom…. Clement of Alexandria, who knew Egypt as early as in the times when ancient traditions were preserved (in the 2nd century), speaks of 4 “Hermes’s” books…. According to Clement, 36 of the 42 books contain philosophy.., the other six concern pastophros: they have medical contents and tell about structure of a body, diseases, organs, medicines, eyes and, finally, touch upon gynecology” [58].

“Mentioned as god of proportions and measurements” [59], …

“Ramesses II boasts that he has erected Amun-Re temple according to Thoth’s descriptions …. For instance, it is said that in a secret corridor for statutes in Dendera temple proportions of the statues have been verified on the basis of Thoth’s sentences” [60], … “from later times the book survived called “Book of Breathing” [61].

“Thoth was represented as “god of literacy, writing, count..., origin of names of towns and provinces. Thus, an important role of Thoth as a complementor of the creation, establisher of the world becomes clear,….

Determiner of borders of all countries,… establisher, enlarger of both lands, … who puts things to their proper places”. Thus, as represented by the best people of the time, Thoth was good and all-wise god of public and world order... Everything beautiful and useful came from him; the best abilities of mind and the best deeds were challenged by comparison with him, and comparison of someone’s activities with Thoth’s properties was most honorable and desirable both for kings and for common people” [62].

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In Russian culture Hermes Trismegistus is mentioned as Ermiy Trivelikiy (thrice-greatest Hermes) in Russian Chronograph, edition 1512 [63].

At the initiative of Patriarch Nikon in 1653 Arseniy Sukhanov, hieromonch, builder of the Trinity Epiphany Monastery of St. Sergius and cellarer of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, was sent to abbeys on Mount Athos to take Greek manuscripts. He brought 498 manuscripts. “Among about five hundred manuscripts and printed books brought by Arseniy Sukhanov there were many works by Greek classics. Besides the above mentioned authors there was a collection of Aesop’s fables, letters of Pythagoras, Lives of the Sophists, Philostratus, Speeches by Aristides, Pausanias, Dionysius of Kalicarnassus, Dio Chrysostom, Hermes Trimegistus” [64].

Pictures of Ermiy Trivelikiy (thrice-greatest Hermes) first appeared in the paintings of the gallery in Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Moscow Kremlin in 1564. A picture of the ancient scientist becomes customary. From the 17th century special instructions appear in exemplum on how he should be featured [65]. In Russian cultural tradition Ermiy Trivelikiy (thrice-greatest Hermes) was a messenger and an elucidator, and by the end of the 19th century there were five holidays in a year devoted to him [66]. Descriptions of the manuscripts of Moscow Synodal (Patriarchal) Library dated the end of the 19th century have four references to works by Hermes Trismegistus [67].

Coat of arms of Rutherford E., founder of nuclear physics, Nobel prizewinner, includes a picture of his advocate Hermes Trismegistus.

The arms was taken from http://www.numericana.com/arms/rutherford.htm 45

The above statistically valid information provides the grounds for reclassifying Hermes Trismegitus, or god Thoth, or thrice-greatest Hermes, from a mythological alchemist into a significant scientist of the protoscience times.

Up to the 18th century there were no facts of denying Hermes Trismegitus as a scientist. From the end of the 18 th century there was a metamorphosis, and the scientist turned into a mythological magician. The reasons were as follows. The 18-19th centuries were distinguished by a tremendous growth of science. This was the time of practice, physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology were developed with a burst. Practical experiments provided data on the molecular level of composition of matter. The results were integrated into technologies, the latter were reproduced on industrial scale. Scientific and engineering progress went on. All the received data proved priority of a matter. However, by hard adventure, in parallel with the data on priority of a matter Hermes Trismegitus reminded, that energy is primary. There emerged a contradiction. However, prestige of the scientist was so high in the middle ages, that no one dared to expressly object to his postulates. That was the time when the currently observed metamorphosis appeared: within two centuries and a half the significant scientist of the protoscience times turned into a mythological character.

The most ancient of the surviving collections of Hermes’s manuscripts Vindobonensis Graeca 29456 is dated the end of the 2nd century AD [68].

Let’s consider what they wrote in the years 150 – 200.

How did they describe non-randomness of radioactivity in life of the Earth, human and surrounding world, as well as its intention?

“The nature of the divine Spirit enveloping the world is closed for the vision. The Creator will see with His all-pervading eye and direct all things with the help of a secret tool – the adamant and inviolable law to which all things on the earth will obey from birth to final decomposition, which will maintain interrelations of all the things created”… Further, there is a description of how the Creator moves away from the Earth for His business and leaves instead of himself: “I am sending you the other one – emanation of my nature – that will carefully supervise all the human deeds. No one will be able to deceive it, it will be an honest judge for the living …. And every person will be given his due in all his family line” 46

[69]. The word emanation is an obsolete physical term that means emission of rays of radioactive substances.

Research of the middle of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century proved that radioactivity is not an accidental occurrence in life.

The fact that photons appear, among others, as a result of radioactive disintegration, is also known, and in the 21st century the information was also received that photons are information media. Any physical object wherein radioactive disintegration takes place transmits information about itself. A human is not an exclusion. Earlier in the process of work the research team formulated the hypothesis that physical objects which are sources of an electromagnetic wave are in correlational relationship [70].

The fact that a human transmits information about himself allows for the exclusion, at a high likelihood ratio, of a matrix tide of a human life or the possibility of living on a programmed algorithm. The reason is as follows: a human is known to have a great influence on the surrounding world, sometimes a human can mistakenly endanger the surrounding world. For this purpose there exists the “communication channel” in order to bring to reason those mistaken. Therefore the abilities put into a human and granted to him are tremendous. A human is vested with the right, within a considerable corridor, to transform his life provided that he will not do harm to the surrounding world with his acts.

There was a description of an electromagnetic wave in 150 – 200: “Something which has no borders, no color, no shape, which is indestructible, nude to the eye, radiant… Something which runs high as a flame, goes down as the ground, blows throughout the Universe as air, flows as water; which cannot be grasped with feelings, which is neither solid, nor liquid, nor rigid, nor soft, which is perceived through its mightiness and its energy only” [71]. The quotation does not need any comments.

The following was written about priority of energy over a matter: “Thus, a matter, although not born, has the origin of every birth in itself, for it provides all the things with its boson for their fertilization” [72].

Then the Creator acts as follows: “From all the matter that was at His disposal the Father made a body of the Universe, provided it with a volume, gave it a sphericity, determined its properties and made it eternal and material forever… He surrounded the body of the Universe with eternity, in a fear that the matter, striving for dissemination, would not 47

return into the state of chaos which is natural for it. Indeed, when the matter was bodiless it was random” [73].

It is known that in order that a matter receives shape and life cycle it should be saturated with energy. The examples of research on human birth demonstrate that as a result of a low energy nuclear reaction a phenomenon of life emerges. In the process of human life low energy nuclear transformations enable a human to independently arrange his own molecular structure and to reduce his body entropy due to his own gamma radiation. Entropy is the chaos, the measure of disorder in any system.

While a low energy nuclear reaction can be observed on the example of a human, an astrophysical object allows for observations on a greater scale.

By now, formation of planets has been studied with the help of modeling. Observations over the stellar system HD 100546 made it possible to find a planet which is being formed in the Draco constellation.

With the help of an infrared camera, which is a part of the Very large Telescope, high quality images of the protoplanet disk “illuminated” by heat radiation were obtained. Upon analysis the nature of movement of the object and density of the dust and gas disk, a conclusion was made that the planet that is being formed “pulls” the matter from the dust and gas disk onto itself. Below is the visual image of the process [74].

Photo©: ESO/L. Calcada

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It is vividly seen that the energy is involving the matter of the protoplanet disk into the process of a new planet formation.

The text of the years 150 – 200 further reads: “What is in fact the life energy? Isn’t is a motion? And what is immovable in the world? Nothing. … The Creator overwhelms and penetrates everything, for He is the energy and mightiness... A matter is separated from the Creator; however, isn’t a matter which is not involved into the process of creation a formless mass? And if it is involved into the creation, then this is by means of energy. While energy is a part of the Creator. Where do the living receive their life and where do the eternal receive their eternity? … Whether a matter, a body or a substance, be sure energy of the Creator is inside them” [75]. On the other hand, manifestation of the creator is known from the text: “The Creator as energy in action” [76].

Max Planck, major contributor to quantum physics, Nobel prizewinner, had the following opinion on the energy priority over the matter and possibility that there is something more concealed behind an electromagnetic wave: “As a physicist, generally as a person who has served the strictly sober-minded science, namely, investigation of a matter, for all my life, I cannot be perceived with confidence as an exalted person.

So, after investigation of an atom I can say that a matter as such does not exist! All the kinds of matter emerge and exist only due to the single force that makes particles of an atom oscillate and holds them together as a tiny solar system. By now, there has been no power in the Universe that would be intelligent or eternal, and we have to admit that there is the existence of a conscious, intelligent mind and spirit behind the power. The is the element of all the matter … However, there may be no spirit as it is, and every mind or spirit may belong to a living creature, and we have to inevitably admit existence of spiritual creatures” [77].

Ginzburd V.L., Nobel prizewinner in physics, RAS Academician, theoretical physicist, founder of the Commission to Combat Pseudoscience, wrote in his article in the beginning of the 21st century: “Just in the last century physics found out what the matter consists of: molecules, atoms, photons, electrons, atomic nuclei, quarks. Thus, everything seems to be reduced to the particles and their interaction, including life and consciousness. This is reductionism, which is believed in by many. I do not understand either how the things can be arranged any other way. However, when you don’t know the answer for sure, the 49

incomprehension is not an argument for any unproven hypothesis. There may be “something” else in nature that we do not know yet” [78]. As to the evolution of a human life, when considering the fundamental work by Berg L. “Nomogenesis, or evolution on the basis of regularities”, biophysicist Blyumenfeld L.A. noted: “It follows from the work that there must be an initial plan of creation of the life. A monkey randomly striking the keys of a typewriter will never write Hamlet” [79].

As we study the ancient sources, the questions comes up, how did they know that in those distant times? Were there at least any adequate scientific works besides the given references? Availability of such sourced would be the confirmation of a collective scientific thought. Having studied the issued in details, the researchers found out that there existed adequate scientific sources in the times of protoscience.

For instance, a description was published of the scientific manuscripts kept by the Patriarchal Library: “Physics with interpretation and other articles by Aristotle”, 16th century. “Tractates by physical Galen”, 15th century. “Natural history on the animal and vegetable worlds, and a book of cures by physician Dioscorides”, 17 th century. “Logisc and physics”, “Physics” by Nicephorus Blemmyda, 15th century, reissued, original dated no later than 1272. “Four medical books by physician Oribasius”, 16th century. Plutarch “On physics and moral”, 11th century [80].

There is an opinion that there were regular astrologists, alchemists and magicians in the European Royal Households and Russian Tsar Household in the Middle Ages. By reference to the manning tables where the wages given within royal and tsar households is often recorded, the following information can be obtained. In the manning tables of the European Royal Households and Russian Tsar Household of mid and late Middle Ages we will find astronomers in ordinary to the King, not astrologists, chemists in ordinary to the King, not alchemists, surgeons in Ordinary to the King, not magicians. This information allows saying that the science has been developed in a logical, consistent and convincing manner, from the protoscience times to nowadays.

It is unreasonable to neglect old literary sources in modern research.

In those times a book was not only an information medium, but a high material value. A book had considerable value as of the moment of its writing. Let’s give an example. “For the purchase of 43 books Deacon 50

Meletius was given 300 gold coins, four rubles, a horse at the price of twenty five rubles, and a hat at the price of nine rubles and a half [81]. The text is about the year 1657.

In the period from 1462 to 1725 Chervonets gold coins were used in Russia mostly for settlements with foreigners. Chervonets was in average equal to the value of a Dutch ducat. Since market quotations for the period of time are unavailable, let’s make an assumption. The calculation will be made using market quotations of the mid 19th century, and Dutch ducat will be deemed equal to Austrian gold krone, which is approximately the exact correspondence. One gold krone was equivalent to 8 rubles 59 kopecks in Russian money. Therefore, 300 Chervonets gold coins is equivalent to 2,577 ruble. The money was spent to buy 43 books, which means that an average price per a book was 59 rubles 90 kopecks. It can be seen from the text that a price for a horse was 25 rubles. A price for one book was equal to a price of two horses. In the Middle Ages a horse was a means of transport, like a car nowadays. One book costs two cars.

In the Middle Ages a library was not only an indicator of education, but also a measure of wealth of its owner. A statistically average count could afford a library of 40 – 60 books, a statistically average merchant was an owner of a library of 8 – 15 books. Books were recorded and subject to inventory. Only first persons of the state could issue an order for inventory in respect of large libraries. It is hard to suppose that a publisher in those times could admit entering any invalid information into literary sources.

Ignoring work with archives would be an ill-advised solution for a contemporary research. That was work with the archive sources that made it possible to correlate hypothesis, postulates of the protoscience time with data received by an experimental approach in the 21st century.

Part Eleven The received experimental data on human nuclear physiology in correlation with the knowledge of astrophysics and literary sources allow for an additional philosophic concept. There is an unknown owner of energy located outside the Earth. Primary observed characteristics of the energy owner are as follows: this is the energy realizing its own existence, self-determined, the energy that influences radioactive disintegration in Earth conditions, the energy that possesses the ability to process 51

information, because each object the has the possibility to be a source of an electromagnetic wave transmits information about itself. The energy owner is friendly, for by giving away a part of its energy it contributes to the emergence of a life phenomenon, in some form or another. With the help of Highly Organized Energy Medium as a result of strong interaction astrophysical objects are formed, while weak interactions result in the biological life phenomenon. The interaction is a low energy interaction so that molecular biological structure was not damaged, and for the purpose of the initial momentum transfer.

The philosophic concept is not as philosophic as it may seem at the first sight. Natural radioactivity is not an accidental occurrence in the life of the Earth and human. American physicist Steven Weinberg, Nobel prizewinner for the contribution to the unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions between elementary particles, wrote: “The discovery of radioactivity by Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1896 driven away the hope for steadiness and invariability of atoms. It was shown further that the particles found by Becquerel are emitted in the process of spontaneous transition of radioactive substance atomic nuclei into other atomic nuclei… Currently there is a strong theoretical case for the fact that all the atomic nuclei finally disintegrate, therefore, the entire matter is radioactive to a certain extent... There are many evidences, beginning with the considerable age of the Earth, that a substance does not disappear very quickly. If a common substance finally disintegrates, this happens slowly, so slowly that experiments on a giant sale are required to reveal such disintegration [82]. Such radioactive isotopes as 238U, 235U, 232Th, 40K have a long half-life: 238U – 4.5 billion years, 235U – 713 million years, 40K – 1.2 billion years. The result of the disintegration is electromagnetic radiation of the planet that makes it identifiable for the surrounding world. The result of such disintegration is expressed as a significant contribution to the total electromagnetic radiation of the planet. On the other hand, it is known on the example of human and solar life cycles, that as soon as self electromagnetic radiation disappears, collapse occurs. Therefore, extraction and processing of the uranium and thorium rocks reduces the life span of our planet.

It is also known that with the help of electromagnetic radiation by a series of radioisotopes the Earth cools down and prevents heating of the 52

surface inhabited by humans. Similar cooling mechanism is observed with a human.

Basic heat generating isotopes [83].

Isotope

238

U 235 U 232 Th 40 K

Heat generation (W/kg)

Half-life (years)

9.46 × 10-5 5.69 × 10-4 2.64 × 10-5 2.92 × 10-5

4.47 × 109 7.04 × 108 1.40 × 1010 1.25 × 109

Average concentration in the mantle (kg of isotope/ kg of mantle) 30.8 × 10-9 0.22 × 10-9 124 × 10-9 36.9 × 10-9

Heat generation (W/kg of the mantle) 2.91 × 10-12 1.25 × 10-13 3.27 × 10-12 1.08 × 10-12

Such observed phenomenon as climate warming is intimately connected with reduction of the possibility to cool down the planet surface.

Environment monitoring provides the following forecast on temperature increase.

Trajectories of the global average temperature in near surface layer [84].

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At present the balance of radioactive substances in nature is not taken into account, as well as their extraction and processing. The result of that is demonstrated by the above information. One can stay unaware of the law of physics or ignore them, but this will not cancel their inevitable implementation in reality.

“Still, we can determine that we are living (according to Voltaire) not only in the best of all possible worlds, but in the only possible world” [85].

On the other hand, biological evolutions and human life are inseparably associated with the geological evolution of the Earth. When observing evolution of the planet from the position of geochemistry, geology, zoology, botanic, we can hope that a human will not pass the point of no return in his progress. Passing the point of no return will mean the only thing: evolutional processes of the planet will affect living conditions of a human so badly, that it will be late to change anything. Here exist proper indications from the above listed sciences that the threshold of violence in respect of the planet has been almost reached.

There is a variant of a negative scenario development. However, the humankind has a unique possibility to correct the mistakes it has made.

Hydrocarbon energy industry makes negative changes in the surrounding world, but it is impossible to satisfy human needs without the industry. Alternative energy industry is not able to cope with the set tasks for satisfying the human needs. Advocates of hydrocarbon energy industry are in the opposition to advocates of alternative energy. However, this is not a proper time for arguing. New opportunities for the energy industry should be proposed. Those that do not imply designing perpetual motion machines and cold continuous operating machine and cold thermonuclear fusion.

There are proper indications that power plants of a new type must use natural radioactivity of the near-surface air and natural water. The replenishable power source is billions years old already, and it is going to stay relevant for at least the same period of time. Experiment data point at this very direction of research. The following data were obtained on the example of research on a human. A non-radioactive substance consisting of a group of stable isotopes enters a short-term low energy interaction with the natural radionuclides contained in a human body. In the process of work on the influence of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H) on human physiology the research team has always been surprised at the results 54

obtained proceeding from chemical composition of the substance. Almost everything is known about the elements in the composition, and standard biogenic chemical elements can not give such diversified promising statistics. The following was found out in the process of work: according to the regulations, only norms of adequate daily consumption by a human are taken into account when registering a dietary supplement. If weight content of a chemical element is on the order of 10-3 per gram, milligram or less, such weight content is considered to be irrelevant for a human diet.

Indeed, such mass of an element will not be considerable for a chemical reaction. Therefore legitimacy of the regulations raises no doubts. On the other hand, such concentrations play a considerable part when we deal with a low energy nuclear reaction. Further, still more interesting results were obtained. Comparative analysis of the substance before and after applying the technology was performed by the method of mass spectrometry, glow discharge on the basis of a hollow cathode. The result was 28-29% of the element mass defect. Thereby, emergence of any new chemical elements was not observed in the comparative analysis, otherwise this would be the evidence of a chemical reaction that occurred in the processing chain. On the other hand, the question concerning nuclear nature of the isotope transition can arise only if the result of 2829% of the element mass defect is obtained by mass spectrometry. It was also found out that the composition was not subject to any accelerating and generation systems. The fact of such a processing technique is yet unknown. However, the received results allow for a suggestion that changes occur in the processing chain, which are represented by changes in the ratio of concentrations of stable chemical element isotopes. There is, therefore, a group of stable isotopes that can “see” natural radioactivity.

In spite of the novelty of the above observation and careful conclusions, it should be born in mind that knowledge on the invisible world have a short historical period. In 1896 Becquerel A. Discovered radioactivity, and the discovery changed the human idea of the world as something static, invariable and constant. In 1906 – 1907 the first evidences were received that substances with similar chemical behavior can have different physical properties. On the suggestion of Soddy F. Such substances were called isotopes in 1910. The same element appeared to have variants of “subvariety”. Chemical properties of such “subvariety” are the same, so it cannot be identified from the position of classical 55

chemistry, but nuclear properties are different due to different atomic weight, which means different physical properties. For instance, oxygen, which is an ingredient of the atmospheric air that a human uses for breathing, has here stable isotopes: 16О with the abundance of 99.762%, 17 О with the abundance of 0.037 %, and 18О with the abundance of 0.204%.

Further, as a result of the works of Hahn O., the notion of nuclear isomerism appeared in 1921. Isomerism was first revealed in the sphere of induced radioactivity due to the work on Br induced radioactivity completed in the Radium Institute of the USSR Academy of Science in 1935. The first investigations and the first classification of radioactive isomers were developed by Kurchatov B.V., Kurchatov I.V., Mysovskiy L.V. and Rusinov L.I. In those times nuclear isomerism, as the existence of metastable (isomeric) exited conditions of the atomic nuclei, with different half-lives, raised careful optimism. But subsequent research proved the fact.

Later on, existence of nuclear isomers with great half-life was proved. Isomer 180m Ta has half-life of 1.2 ×1015 years [86], 210mBi has half-life of 3.04 × 106 years [87]. Nuclear isomerism was discovered on the example of radioactive substances. But there are no contradictions, if stable elements have isomerism as well. As at the beginning of works of Kurchatov I.V. in 1938 such hypothesis had been formulated already: “Experimental methods make it possible to differentiate one isomer of the same isotope from another only if the isomers are radioactive nuclei. This, however, does not prove that stable nuclei have no isomers… Modern nuclear theory admits that such nuclei may have isomers. The fact that they have not yet been found in the experiment seems to point out that another, new method is required in order to find them” [88].

“In other words, according to this theory stable nuclei may have isomers. These isomers are also stable nuclei and differ from the ground state nuclei only by a small value of internal energy and great value of spin. … It should also be mentioned that the case is also possible, when a transition of one isomer into another will not be accompanied by any corpuscular radiation, but with emission of soft gamma rays only; it is rather difficult to notice such gamma rays by experiment” [89].

Should this hypothesis find its proof, this will mean that not only radioactive substances are subject to disintegration which in the end 56

influences changes in molecular properties of the matter. The fact the stable substances have isomeric states will mean that at first one isotope is transformed from a stable element, then another one, until finally the whole matter transformation occurs, which can be observed by a human.

Many physical values acquire dynamical characteristics in this case.

On the other side, this observation points at new types of energy sources. In a working area of a fluctuation reactor a flow of natural air or natural water which have their own natural radioactivity must enter into energy interaction with the core consisting of a group of stable isotopes.

In the field forecast, such reactors will be safer, the probability of any incident is close to minimum, they are easy to maintain, durable and do not have negative influence of the outside world.

At first sight this seems to be difficult, but there are indications, that this way if hard but still can be overcome.

If we assume that the observed low energy reactions in a human can be translated into the language of physics, what will we have then?

Administration of the substance â&#x20AC;&#x153;Star Dustâ&#x20AC;? (SSH&H) offers an experimentally evident increase in human electromagnetic radiation. In the language of physics this means control over the radioactive disintegration.

Recorded human gamma radiation at this moment in terms of physics means the gamma lens effect. The function of such lens of performed by a human together with the substance. It is interesting that in 1992 a hypothesis concerning lens existence in a human was formulated by a Russian scientist Stolyarov V.S. [90].

Control over radioactive disintegration and creation of lenses for gamma radiation are fundamental problems of contemporary physics.

From the point of view of applied science, these fundamental issues are consistent tools, which will be used to create new generation reactors. All the phenomena are observed in a human, and with favorable forecast nothing impedes relocating the observed reactions into engineering laboratory conditions. In a working hypothesis, such fluctuation reactors can also perform the function of a propeller in the medium where electromagnetic radiation exists, i.e. in space environment.

A critical aspect of such technologies is the fixed assets value.

Today, such processing technique as separation of isotopes is mostly used for radioactive substances. Such technology is used in armament and nuclear industries. As at the beginning of the 21st century such 57

technologies were available in no more than 18 countries. Mass media provide figures concerning fixed assets value of such facilities. приводятся цифры по стоимости основных средств подобных производств. Fixed assets value of a low yield uranium recovery factory, exclusive of cost of commissioning and operation, is about 3.5 billion US dollars. We can only suppose the expanding coefficient for the technology that would allow for changing isotope ratios of stable elements without outside radiation, i.e. without using particle accelerators and atom impingement with nuclear particles. Even if cost of separate isotopes is considered, market structure will form its own prices. For instance, there is an element called osmium, which exists in nature in the form of seven isotopes, of which six are stable. Selling price for 99% pure osmium powder is US$12 per gram. Whereas an isotope of osmium 187Os is sold at the official price of US$10,000 per gram. Outside market will offer still higher price, up to US$200,000 per gram.

Actually, the above difficulties are just illusory obstacles. In a favorable forecast such power plants will appear within the nearest 20-22 years.

This part of work is intentionally delivered in a complementary style in order to demonstrate that good physics is inseparable from good philosophy.

Part Twelve The work and studies performed in the period of 1999-2012 made it possible to lay the foundation of such new field of research as nuclear isophysics.

The obtained result is not standard, but it not inconsistent.

Radioactivity is not an accidental occurrence in the life of a planet and a certain person. For a human, natural radioactivity is a necessary condition for living. On a larger scale, the electromagnetic radiation, which is a consequence of radioactive disintegration of natural radionuclides, takes part in the energy and information balance between the physical objects, which are sources of electromagnetic radiation.

In the process of discussion of the obtained results three basic groups of opinions were formed. The first opinion denied regularities in the development of the world around, represented a human as a kind of biological robot living on a programmed algorithm, with the slogan “after 58

me, the deluge”. The second opinion was more loyal, however doubting, the investigations led to the fine line, where science is on the one side and knowledge of the protoscience times are on the other side, can ancient information be trusted? The third opinion belonged to the confessional trend, a belief confirmed by an experiment.

When drawing an analogy between knowledge of the ancient times and knowledge of physics of the mid 20th century, Vavilov V.I. made the following conclusion: “It would be a gross mistake to consider Epicurus and Lucretius as predecessors of quantum mechanics, however, some coincidence of the ancient idea with the contemporary one should not be considered accidental. … Reading again the Lucretius poem would be equally useful for the philosophers and physicists who are afraid of uncertainty as a way to indeterminism, and for those looking at it in a hope that it will become a support for idealism and mystics. Through the antiquity of the ancient images and knowledge they would be able to clearly read the end to their fears and hopes respectively” [91].

It is validly known that the Earth is a home for a human, and the whole outside world is friendly towards a human. A human has been inhabited the world for a long time, but unfortunately, he has not yet made friends with the world, nor he has learnt to say thanks to the world that surrounds him and makes him comfortable.

A promising factor is that currently there exists a group of people who are ready to consider and take into account the aggregate of regularities in development of life. This group of people has an active cognitive position. Such conclusion follows from the questions which the group of people asks. Children ask the Creator questions: “Where does time go? Does it go into gray hair? How old are You? Do You have mind or are You all made of soul? How do You live in the heavens? Do you have everything You need? Don’t You need anything? Have You been created for the whole world? Can I help You? Where do You see us from?

Hello, how are You? How do You live? How’s Your health? What do we live for? By how many years are You older than the earth? Do I actually exist? Are You more invisible than air? Why are You watching us? How can You see everything at the same time? What do you like in our life?

What are we getting older for? What is time? God let’s make friends” [92].

In the middle of the twentieth century, at the moment of rapid development of physics, American physicist Oppenheimer R. wrote: “We 59

are so much preoccupied with the changes that occur in today’s physics: their wilderness, impudence, virtuosity and expansion, that we do not understand them well enough and, as likely as not, we might be unable to understand them... The future will be still more radical, odd and less familiar, and it brings along its own new intuition for an inquisitive mind” [93]. Physics likes sparkling talent and impudence, then physics waits patiently until the talent and impudence are dressed up with knowledge.

Then physics waits patiently again until the knowledge transforms into wisdom. There is an opinion that wisdoms comes with years, but like no other science physics knows that often years come alone.

Physics is a natural science and it is therefore subject to evolution together with the world it studies. Evolution of physics also determined the criteria that physics sets for its successors. A portrait of a 21st century physicist in terms of mathematics is as follows: talent and impudence squared by moral virtues, and multiplied by high-precision equipment, the resulting product approaching the knowledge which goes to the wisdom.

This paper is not ended with conclusions because the investigations are in progress, the obtained results and discussions are presented above.

The authors are grateful to Shikalov V.F., Doctor of Engineering, for the important notes which were considered in the work, and for the opportunity to extend their knowledge in the process of discussions and working meetings.

The authors are thankful to the editorial staff of Physics – Uspekhi journal (Advances in Physical Sciences) and http://books.google.com/ for the provided opportunity to work with sources.

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