Applied technology in Architecture - Detailing report

D e ta i l i n g r e p ort a ppl i ed t ech nology i n a rch i t ect u r e w o r k i n g d r aw i n g s a n d r e s o lv e d d e t a i l s

R a p i dly de p l oya b l e s h e lt e r s unit 4

O l e g s e v e l k o v, c a r l o t t a c o n t e , o l i v e r h e s t e r Modu l e: A R7022 A c a d e m i c Y e ar : 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 1 6 T h e Ca s s S c h o o l o f A r t , A r c h i t e c t u r e & D e s i g n , L o n d o n M e t r o p o l i t a n U n i v e r s i t y

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C O NTENT 1 -

Introduction

2 -

Response to site

3 -

Design approach

4 -

- precedents Materials and

Warehouse

Proposed plans Detail Drawings and Development -

External unit

Proposed plans Detail Drawings and Development -

Internal unit

Proposed plans Detail Drawings and Development

5 -

Model 1:4

6 -

Critique & conclusion

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Calais Jungle - France (Daily mail)

Calais Jungle - sketch render

Render of current shelters in Calais

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I n t r od u c t i o n r e f u g e e c e n t r e Pr o j e c t

Our studio is looking into the current refugee crisis. After our visit to Calais to help construct some of the temporary shelters in the jungle, we turned our thoughts to the problems we are facing in the UK, with the rise in refugees and asylum seekers. We are producing a framework that uses existing neglected spaces in the UK and temporarily adapts them to cater for refugees who are in the process of claiming asylum, and at the initial stages of integrating into the local host community.

The proposals need to be rapidly deployable and have little to no impact on the site they are being placed in.

This system is at first, the initial reaction to refugees arriving in the UK and provides shelter for 19 days.

These are located in abandoned, in limbo buildings such as warehouses or large public buildings.

The next stage of the project then looks at implementing a semi permanent location for refugees to live in, this is located in 2 different locations one in an external setting and one internally within an existing building with access to services but without privacy, as they are mainly public buildings that are vacant.

Asylum seekers outside a detention centre, that is now being used as a holding area for refugees ( Google images)

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Derelict warehouse - Empson street - Lea valley

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r esponse to site Var i a t i o n s i n s i t e

The proposals individually deal with different environments, in different locations. They all have a common theme of needing to have a fast assembly and disassembly time.

We have chosen 3 buildings to use as example locations for our proposals.

A vacant warehouse in East London, an office block awaiting development next to Bromley by Bow underground station, and a vacant nursery building.

W ar e h o u s e

The first response to the site in this report sits within an existing warehouse type structure. We have two options within this setting one fully weatherproofed warehouse, and the other derelict and abandoned.

This structure has been left empty for approximately 10 years, it is owned by an elderly man who is looking to develop the building. The structure is stable, however weatherproofing is not in a good state, with leaks in the roof lights and smashed windows throughout. The building merely provides a framework to work within and is not used in a structural manner, internally it has not been touched for a long period of

Derelict warehouse - Empson street - Lea valley

time. This poses difficult questions of how to address the warehouse structure without impacting too heavily on it but to create a habitable space. This makes our proposal a challenging environment to design within.

External unit

The location of these units is mainly in transient locations, perhaps on sites awaiting planning permission for example or waiting for sufficient funding to be developed. We have chosen a test site that is on top of a current derelict office block, opposite Bromley by Bow underground station at the Southern tip of the Olympic park. The current office block has been earmarked for development but is in a process of ownership dispute. Due to the nature of these units, they will need to be stand alone sufficient structures.

They perform as independent structures and are located outside, so need to be fully weatherproofed and self contained, a small amount of services is required. These services are carefully considered so that there is minimal impact on the host site. The exposed nature of these units means they will have to be robustly detailed, secure and also be able to be easily transported to site in a Luton van.

Derelict warehouse - Apple maps

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External unit site location - opposite Bromley by Bow station

External unit site location - opposite Bromley by Bow station - Apple maps

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Internal unit site location - Unused nursery building, Next to Ann Taylor childrens centre, London fields, Hackney - Google maps

Internal unit site location - Unused nursery building, Next to Ann Taylor childrens centre, London fields, Hackney - Apple maps

Internal unit

The internal unit typology is located within an existing host structure, these structures are mainly publicly owned buildings and tend to be buildings such as nurseries, care homes, schools, and shops.

In our case a Nursery in Hackney to the South of London fields. The buildings that we are proposing the internal unit to fit into are managed by either Guardianship companies, or are in danger of being squatted in.

The responses to this site are to have as little impact as possible and are

intended to provide a private space and a framework, to help the transition from asylum seeker to a valuable member of the host community.

The proposal will help maintain the building.

Properties listed on guardianship websites nearly always come unfurnished, and so our proposal is useful here as it has little impact on the structure it is being placed within but provides a basic furnishing solution.

These structures are often fully serviced, however they lack privacy, which is what we are looking to provide in this context.

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Rack structure - (Mecalux online)

1 : 50 proposed rack structure

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de s ig n a p p roac h I n t roduc t ion

W ar e h o u s e

The structure in all cases is built from an existing industry standard, the pallet racking system. This system is currently used in warehouses globally.

This particular warehouse has been chosen as a site in which we can experiment with a large scale integration of our proposed building system.

The racks have been a conscious choice, this is to reduce the impact on the building typologies we are building within.

The racks need to be fixed into the floor other than this, they have minimal impact on the existing structures. The material palette will mainly be from simple off the shelf materials from local builders merchants, however some more specific components such as the external membrane and the internal partitions will need to be ordered from Barrisol.

Barrisol make stretched UPVC rubber systems for ceilings, and walls.

They are waterproof but not fully weatherproof, the reason for choosing this material is that it is lightweight and can easily be installed onto tracks and stretched quickly to provide a partitioning system, they are then in filled with panel insulation. In different situations the system is adapted to be appropriate to the site it is located in.

A rapidly deployable and quick construction technique is needed in all locations, as fast responses to mass immigration may be required in the future. The proposal provides a better alternative in one case to the current traditional reception centre and in the other to the current overuse of the BnBs or ‘holding houses’ currently being used by the government, the system is not meeting its current needs.

The aim is for the system to be used in any ‘in limbo’ and vacant buildings.

This has affected the way in which we have addressed certain details.

We are using a traditional pallet rack system and adapting it to provide a habitable space.

The pallet racking is 3 storeys high, and is drilled and bolted into the concrete floor which is found as standard in such buildings. Each dwelling is designed to be used for approximately 21 days, internally they are basically detailed but are pleasant spaces to be inside.

This has been achieved by using simple construction materials in an innovative way. We have used stretched UPVC to create partitions.

One of the major issues with using racks stacked in this way is that impact based noise will rattle through the structure.

We have used an insulative rubber flooring panel system from Thermal economics, this will reduce the sound transfer between the units. We have also chosen an acoustic separation fabric between units to add privacy and reduce noise transfer between units horizontally.

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Primary structure - Rack meeting floor

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an

parts. That simply can bolt or fit into grooves on the vertical structures

These sketches are the main joints we have used in all of our proposals. The structure begins with drilling anchor bolts into the existing concrete floor.

The structure is able to support 3770 kgs per pair of beams, in this instance.

We then use this frame to build within and strap onto. We then again use stock parts where we can to enclose our dwelling.

W o rk i n g within e x i s t i n g f ram e w o rk

These are to secure the base plate to.

You are then able to fix the structure to these plates. Using pallet racks we are able to make use of an existing infrastructure that is currently set up, for deliveries and distribution companies.

The secondary structure is then a beam that again is a standard set of stock

Secondary structure - Bolted into rack upright

Tertiary structure - safety mesh fitting for membrane

The main concept with the structure is to keep a simple system and use it efficiently, not needing to add a large range of bulky components. Choices in cladding and materials are chosen to be lightweight, fast and be easy to assemble.

Secondary structure - clipped to rack upright structure

Tertiary structure - mesh grid floor structure

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Sketch process of rack structure

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External unit

Internal unit

The size of this unit is the same size as one of the warehouse units but is all on a ground floor level.

The nursery building is fully serviced, insulated and maintained, meaning that our unit has a stripped down construction make up.

The roof structure is the same membrane type detailing used in the warehouse, however has to be detailed slightly differently as it is joining the base of the rack. A damp proof membrane is needed here. The detailing to the door also needs a more refined detail.

The external unit has been designed to be self sufficient, the material choices are rugged but temporary. The same internal finish of Barrisol is used however due to the unit being outside and exposed to all elements it is clad with a weatherproof membrane.

THE HUB ASSEMBLY

The size of the unit is reduced from the typical unit we have used in the warehouse. Reducing the size of the unit is intentional as the unit does not need certain facilities such as a WC or kitchen, and it needs to fit within smaller internal spaces.

A single layer of Barrisol UPVC frame is used, an opaque material is used to create privacy. There is no need to insulate in this environment and the system acts as a temporary dwelling which has a minimal impact on the room it is being placed in. The unit sits on simple rubber pads that fit around the base of the rack.

Warehouse rack - assembly process

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Warehouse Model 1 : 200 - Showing existing structure

Warehouse Model 1 : 200 - Showing lower level

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Warehouse Model 1 : 200 - Showing adaptable spaces at ground floor level

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m at e r i a l s &pr ecedents

i n t roduc t ion

Materiality has been influenced by the environment we are designing within.

We have considered different sites for all 3 of our proposals.

builders merchants as each of the proposals need to be accessible by all.

All proposals have common themes such as fast assembly and have to be easily transportable.

Pallet racks are used in all of the proposals, where feasible we have used standard catalogue components from the existing pallet rack network.

Standard materials are selected from

Pallet Rack structure, Bangalore - Freeman Murray

Emergency shelters for refugees in abandoned Templehoff airport, Berlin

Shiegru Ban - cardboard tube houses Japan, post earthquake

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wa r e h o u s e DN DN

Section AA

1:200 section through workshop, infirmary and living s A

DN

A

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Area of study

spaces

W ar e h o u s e

Area of study

First floor Hub plan

The existing structure provides a semi sheltered interior.

However the material choices need to be considered to be able to provide private living spaces whilst keeping the partially exposed unit dry , the external finish needs to be partially weather tight.

We have gone through a variety of iterations to get to a working detail level.

The process has gone from being a SIP panelised installation which was discounted as it was expensive and a very bulky construction process. We then moved on to a rubber membrane with off the shelf panelled materials for internal finishes, these choices were rejected as the process of assembly would of taken too long to be able to fit within our rapidly deployable and transferable brief.

We have now selected a UPVC cladding system

from Barrisol as a finish to resist the small amount of water that will be hitting the structure, this material is durable and allows for a wide range of coloured finishes as it can be printed on. Celotex insulation is also used in its panelised standard size form, this is to reduce cost and installation assembly time.

The insulation used is relatively thin to keep the internal space as spacious and wide as possible. The reason we have used a membrane type structure is to reduce the size of the components in transport, this membrane can be easily detached and used in other locations. The membrane also has a fire rating of class 0 the best UK standard that can be achieved. A temporality of the structure we are proposing has been designed into the system, and with careful material choices we reduce the quantities of materials used.

Second floor Hub plan

1:200

Area of study

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wa r e h o u s e t y p o l o g i e s Warehouse external option - with roof membrane structure

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W ar e h o u s e t y p o l o g y

The warehouse/derelict buildings on a larger scale have two separate iterations.

1. The internal space is partially exposed.

2. The internal space is entirely enclosed.

These two drawings show the different detailing and change in materials. The exposed option has a membrane type roof structure that is simply bolted to the rack frame. The internal option does not have a membrane type structure over it, it simply has a UPVC type layer to protect it from condensation and water vapor.

Warehouse internal option - without roof membrane structure

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wa r e h o u s e wa l l & f l oo r c o n s i d e r at i o n s

Initial sketch - roofing and weatherproofing for warehouse top unit

Initial floor build up

Second stage of roof design, arched canopy, not good for fixing with pallet rack joints

Developing the roof joint of the internal warehouse typology

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Internal en velope r o o f i t e ra t i o n s

&

The finishes internally have a reduced down and minimalist feel. They make use of the existing framework within the pallet rack distribution system.

The floor build up went through a few different processes, this was mainly to keep the build up within the rack frame footprint, whilst keeping it well insulated from sound and temperature fluctuations.

The roof membrane was considered throughout the process. A membrane that is attached to the existing rack structure is then used to tension the roof membrane. It is then fixed to the side of the rack below it.

Day lighting would be one of the main considerations here, this membrane is a thin translucent material. The UPVC material can be printed on and can be opaque through a range of opacities to translucent. We have experimented with different colours in different locations within our proposal.

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15,5

6

10,5

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12,5

29 30,5

Various detailing options of creating partitions and breaks

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wa r e h o u s e r oo f c o n s i d e r at i o n s Sketch of potential frame style system, fixing into the rack structure

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ro of e l e m e n t

This part of the design we needed to make sure was an easy installation and temporary fix whilst also being weatherproof.

We considered the falls from the centre of the roof, and made certain it had enough of a fall to be able to drain effectively. The lower levels do not need to be weatherproofed, the roof then tapers in and is fixed to the steel beam surrounding the edge of the rack. This is done so that the rack structure can vary in height and the same framework is used.

Ventilation and tension ideas

Sketching and considering different roofing options, with falls and drainage

Barrisol - Tempo system, could be a good temporary solution for weatherproofing

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wa r e h o u s e d e ta i l d r aw i n g s

2

3

4

01 1:50 Section call out of internal warehouse

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stretched weatherproof membrane

Metal mesh decking 3mm cold bridge membrane Damp proof membrane Steel C - Section 125 x 60mm Rack frame behind insulation (dashed) Bolt for securing aluminium channel Aluminium channel Barrisol B-311 Aluminium channel Barrisol BS-350/20

External transparent Barrisol UPVC membrane

Celotex 100mm insulation 0

250mm 1:2

0

Internal transparent Barrisol UPVC membrane

250mm 1:5

Wire reinforcement through insulation 0

500mm 1:10

0

150mm 1:2

02 1:2 Detail of wall to flat roof

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wa r e h o u s e d e ta i l d r aw i n g s

Internal transparent Barrisol UPVC membrane (Fire rated Class 0) Celotex 100mm insulation External transparent Barrisol UPVC membrane Aluminium channel Barrisol B-311 Finished chip board floor Acoustic rubber sound deadening insulation Metal mesh decking Timber section 3mm cold bridge membrane Damp proof membrane Steel C - Section 125 x 60mm Rack frame behind insulation (dashed) Bolt for securing aluminium channel 0

Bolt fixing into insulation to support part of track

250mm 1:2

0

250mm

Aluminium channel Barrisol BS-350/20

1:5

0

500mm

Thin wire fixings pushed through insulation panels

1:10

03

0

150mm

1:2 Wall to floor detail Joint of wall to floor for internal warehouse

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1:2

Chipboard flooring

Rack structure

Mesh grid

Rubber acoustic decking

Internal barrisol Celotex UPVC 100mm membrane insulation finish

Existing brick wall

Internal UPVC coloured membrane

Celotex Insulation 100mm

Aluminium steel section

External UPVC cladding

Chipboard flooring

Timber sole plate

Acoustic rubber insulation Metal mesh flooring

Steel C - section 125 x 60mm Aluminium channel

Wire threading through insulation

Stretch UPVC ceiling

Clips to insulation above

03.1 3D details of floor to wall joint

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wa r e h o u s e d e ta i l d r aw i n g s

Internal transparent Barrisol UPVC membrane (Fire rated Class 0) Celotex 100mm insulation External transparent Barrisol UPVC membrane

Thin wire fixings pushed through insulation panels

Aluminium channel Barrisol B-311 Finished chip board floor Acoustic rubber sound deadening insulation Metal mesh decking Bolt for securing hanging insulation 0

Timber section secured to frame

250mm 1:2

0

3mm cold bridge membrane

250mm

Steel C - Section 125 x 60mm

1:5

0

Rack frame behind insulation (dashed)

500mm 1:10

04

Aluminium channel Barrisol BS-355/15

0

150mm

1:2 Wall to ceiling base Soffit at base of first floor unit

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1:2

Barrisol UPVC soffit

Timber framework 15 x 55mm Existing external brickwork

Existing window frame

UPVC transparent membrane

Celotex insulation Rack frame structure

Rack is left open

Existing window frame

Timber framework 15 x 55mm

Chipboard floor Acoustic panels, and metal mesh

Celotex insulation

04.1 Wall to ceiling base 3D

Timber framework 15 x 55mm 31

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Existing concrete floor plate

Rack frame structure

0

Drilled and bolted to floor plate

Existing external brick wall

250mm 1:2

0

250mm 1:5

0 Rack meeting ground sketch

500mm 1:10

05 1:10 Rack meeting floor Drilled into concrete floor and fixed onto bolts, see sketch

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exter na l u n it

Area of study

Area of study

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External unit

The material choices for this unit are similar to the warehouse proposal. The main difference is that the proposal is significantly smaller and needs to be fully weather proof. We looked into the detailing and construction sequencing of the E-CUBE which was a previous solar decathlon project in Orlando, Florida from 2011. They have a similar approach to our external unit, the

building is built on an exhibition site, and is functionable for 2 weeks.

Openings are cut into the membrane and are then fixed into a frame structure on the outer shell of the building, this detail has not been fully resolved but considered.

Rack frame for external unit

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Developing the external units roof

Considering how the external unit may address the floor, and detailing the floor ground relationship

Sk e t c h i n g

These sketches started to develop how we are going to detail parts of the structure. Initially we had a sloped roof and we were not sure what material the wall and envelope could be made from. The decisions were informed by sketching and researching different methods of creating a structure quickly. Exhibition stands were a major influencer in the design.

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Black Rubber House-Simon Condor Associates - Dungeness beach

Gasser Fassadentechnik of St. Gallen, Switzerland company offering EDPM rubber solutions

E Cube - Solar decathlon project 2011

Exhibition stand cladding

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e x t e r n a l u n i t d e ta i l d r aw i n g s

Stretched UPVC Weatherproof membrane

Steel frame to support weatherproof membrane bolted to rack structure

Steel frame to support weatherproof membrane

Metal mesh structure Bolts through plate Flat roof membrane Aluminium channel Barrisol BS-350/20

Rack frame structure Celotex 100mm insulation Wire reinforcement through insulation 0

250mm 1:2

01

0 1:5

1:5 Wall to roof, external unit

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250mm

0

500mm 1:10

insulation panels External weatherproof UPVC cladding Pallet rack structure Semi - External UPVC membrane Celotex 100mm insulation Aluminium channel Barrisol B-311 Finished chip board floor Bolt for securing hanging insulation Acoustic rubber sound deadening insulation Steel frame bolted to pallet rack frame system Damp proof membrane Rack frame structure, (dashed) Adjustable height system from jack

Jack system, to address varying levels and types of ground condition

0

250mm

Rubber gasket / pad for jack to sit on

1:2 0

250mm

1:5 Ground condition

1:5

0

02 Adjustable to the external ground conditions

500mm 1:10

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e x t e r n a l u n i t d e ta i l d r aw i n g s

Rack structure

Jack system for supporting structure

Celotex 100mm insulation

Steel frame support for weather proof membrane Metal mesh structure Internal UPVC membrane Void for ventilation

0

250mm 1:2

0

250mm 1:5

03 1:10 Plan detail and zoomed in wall, membrane and steel support system

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0

500mm 1:10

External weatherproofed membrane

Steel frame support for weather proof membrane

Clamp system to rack structure

Internal membrane

Celotex 100mm insulation

0

Timber battoning for window openings

External External membrane weatherproof UPVC membrane

250mm 1:2

0

250mm 1:5

0

500mm 1:10

04 1:10 Plan detail of window meeting membrane

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e x t e r n a l u n i t d e ta i l d r aw i n g s

Steel cable tension system Spacers for keeping external weatherproof membrane off internal structure Clamp bracket system to fix to I beam

I beam

Metal mesh

Cellotex insulation

Rack frame structure Damp proof membrane

Jack support system Steel frame to support weatherproof membrane

05 3D Window detail drawing

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UPVC Weatherproof membrane

Pallet rack frame

Water proof membrane

Mesh metal

Steel tension Steel cables Beam

Internal UPVC stretch ceiling

Jacks to support structure with minimal impact and adjustability

Existing indicative concrete floor

06 3D drawing construction build up

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e x t e r n a l u n i t d e ta i l d r aw i n g s

07 3D Window detail drawing

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Internal UPVC stretch ceiling Weatherproof UPVC membrane Damp proof membrane water proof layer Steel C section Internal UPVC stretch ceiling Celotex 100mm insulation

25 x 50mm Timber sections used for a simple sole plate and framing for openings

External UPVC weatherproof membrane Steel tensioning cables Top of supporting I beam Plate for fixing supporting post to

External UPVC weatherproof membrane

Damp proof membrane 100 mm Celotex Insulation Steel C section Internal UPVC stretch ceiling

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External UPVC 3D Window detail zoomed in drawweatherproof membrane ing

Steel tensioning cables 45

Top of supporting I beam

i n ter na l u n it Sectional isometric

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Internal unit

The internal unit is a reduced down version of the external unit with a simplified version of the warehouse proposal.

As this unit is located inside existing structures it has no need to be insulative, waterproof or secure. The unit is giving privacy and has a low impact and non invasive structure to the room it is being placed within.

The main concerns with the materials in this part of the proposal is the need for a private space which sits within a public room. We looked into a proposal for the Chicago biennale 2015, by All(zone). This however has no privacy and has a very crude internal feel, the stretched UPVC is used but the material is opaque and offers a barrier between spaces. Openings for windows are not required in this structure, as its main uses are predominantly sleeping.

Rack frame for internal unit

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i n ter na l u n it All(Zone) Chicago Biennale project (allzone)

Barrisol wall partitioning system (Barrisol online)

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Internal of All(Zone) - Chicago Biennale project (Dezeen)

1. Install frames

2. Install beams

3. Place in mesh metal flooring

4. Lay on rubber flooring

5. Lay down and fix chipboard flooring

6. Place in framework for openings and aluminium channels for partitioning

7. Wrap UPVC rubber membrane by placing into channels

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Process image 1

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Modelled area

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mod e l 1 : 4 E x p e r i m e n t a t i o n and testing t h rough model l i ng

The model is of the top unit in the warehouse proposal.

(See drawing above) The rack model has been built at 1:4 as this was the most transferrable scale

that was available for purchasing, from a racking supplier.

The model has been used to test different materials and their qualities and properties. Substitutes have been used instead of the actual materials, due to cost.

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Meeting with external unit from below

Profile of roof section

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Model e x pe r i m e n tat ion

as

The main benefit of modelling the proposal, was to see how certain joints would meet in 3D. The design changed when we realised that certain elements, such as the corner joint and the floor build up would not work in the initial way we proposed.

The other issues that we had to contend with was that we were not able to manufacture the steel profiles. So joining a cardboard I beam to the metal frame was difficult.

Altogether the process of modelling was needed to resolve some of the more awkward and challenging areas.

Roof joint

1. Place rigid insulation on floor, walls and ceiling and metal mesh on floor and ceiling.

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2. Fix double channel on ceiling metal structure

3. Run ceiling membrane through top channel

4. Run wall membrane through top and bottom channel

5. Stretch and fix membrane

6. Fix tensioning cable for external membrane

7. Place acoustic rubber above metal mesh

8. Place chipboard floor

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Internal render of warehouse proposal in an enclosed, weather sealed warehouse space

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Cr itique & conclusion in ten tion & r ef lection

The proposals detailed in this report will need to adapt and change to the environments they are being placed in.

The detailing will need to be adapted slightly to each setting, the framework of the pallet rack system however is always used to keep a consistent method of construction. The infrastructure for this system is already in place and so the concept can easily be applied globally.

The systems proposed are in all cases temporary, this has greatly influenced the material choices and qualities of the spaces created. The temporal nature leads the design to have a minimal material pallet. This has tested our design skills and detailed thought processes as often routine and standard practices of detailing are not appropriate for this setting, this is mainly due to their permanence and methods of construction. We have strived to develop such details in a simplistic manner to ensure that they are an ease to assemble and disassemble.

The physical model of the top unit in the warehouse was built alongside the development of the design detailing, this assisted in resolving some difficult connections such as the C section of

steel around the perimeter of unit in the warehouse structure. Thinking in a 3 dimensional aspect with the physical model helped to develop our ideas into a more coherent project.

A major consideration was the acoustic feel within the units, the use of acoustic tiles and a larger floor build up was designed into the separating layers between the units. However this was to the detriment of the servicing channel we had consciously been keeping clear for pipe work for the bathroom module and electric servicing for the unit. The insulation would need to be cut to fit the services, this seems a compromise but there are a small amount of services going to the units, and when they are, they are located in very similar locations.

The barrisol UPVC fabric is used in all proposals, however in the units that are exposed to the elements an additional tensile roof structure is attached forming a sealed structure. It is a weatherproof layer that can be added onto the built units without impacting the design of the unit itself, adding to the robustness and flexibility of our scheme.

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