Is BIM the future of the UK's Architectural Practices?

Is BIM the future of the UKʼs Architectural practices?

What In this document I am going to look into how different offices are using BIM and the advantages and disadvantages associated with adopting it. BIM is defined by Chuck Eastman in Architecture + Urbanity journal 1.

“At its most basic, Building Information Modelling is the representation of building information in a computer readable form. Like the manufacturing industries before it, BIM changes the representation of a building from drawings to become a virtual computer model of the artefact being designed. Instead of drawings that are only interpretable by people (even though computer generated), the heart of BIM is that the computer can interpret the building model, in terms of its 3D form, its spatial organization, materials, parts and structure.” 2 These opinions will be formed from different research areas, ranging from books, journal articles, and attended conferences. This will inform me so that I am able to give an opinion on how BIM is going to impact the UKʼs architectural practices.

BIM is in the early stages of development, however it is already starting to influence ways in which firms design and manage projects. These are the areas I am going to examine by researching the differences between designing with CAD and designing with BIM. To form opinions on this topic I will look into the way that pioneering firms currently use BIM software and enquire if they are pushing the boundaries, so that in the future all areas of the architectural profession will benefit. Stephen Pacey in an article about Frank Gehryʼs Walt Disney Conference hall in Los Angeles addresses how Gerhy has been a pioneer in software “Frank Gehry has again challenged traditional architectural frames of reference. Now he wants to enable the rest of us to do it as well” 3. Frank Gehryʼs Studio and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill currently use BIM software, and will be used as case studies (pg 10 – 15).

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Eastman, Chuck. ʻWhat is BIM?ʼ A+U August 2009 Special Issue: Architectural Transformations via BIM, 2 Eastman, Chuck. ʻWhat is BIM?ʼ A+U August 2009 Special Issue: Architectural Transformations via BIM, 3 Pacey, Stephen, ʻPure Disneyʼ, RIBA Journal November 2003 pp 78 – 80 1

BIM History Computer aided design (CAD), is defined as “Use of computers in designing, drafting, and/or modelling parts, products, or structures” 4. This has been widely used in architectural practices since 1982 5. 2D planning is limited and you are only able to see certain aspects by layering up plans. It does not have the information required to inform design at a higher level needed when designing more complex structures. 3D relationships are hard to show in simple drawing conventions of plans and sections. This shows the need to communicate three dimensionally, as it displays your designs more clearly 6. BIM offers benefits in many other areas other than just drawing, it adopts an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) this is defined by the American Institute of Architects, California Council in 2007 as a working definition “Integrated Project Delivery is a project delivery approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction.” 7 To start to discuss the implementations of BIM on the future of architecture it is essential to know how and where BIM originated.

A French aviation company, Dassault Systemes began developing software to design aviation parts in 3D around 1980, this was named CATIA 8 standing for Computer Aided Three (dimensional) Interactive Application. This is thought to be where the concept of BIM originated. This was developed at the same time as 3D modelling programs, which were used in early films like Tron (1987) 9.

3D modelling software that was developed by Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC), a company owned by Autodesk, began the transfer between 4

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/computer-aided-design-CAD.html accessed on 20/12/11 5 http://www.cadalyst.com/cad/product-design/cad-a-glance-1982-2007-timelinecadalyst039s-25th-anniversary-celebration-part-5- accessed on 18/11/11 6 Howell, I. and Batcheler, B., ʻBuilding Information Modeling Two Years Later Huge Potential, Some Success and Several Limitations,ʼ April 5, 2008 7 Hardin, Brad, BIM and construction management : proven tools, methods, and workflows / Brad Hardin. San Francisco, Calif.: Chichester: Sybex; John Wiley [distributor], 2009. Pg 20 8 ʻThe Dessault Systemes succsess storyʼ http://www.deelip.com/?p=4890 accessed on 18/11/11 9 Eastman, Chuck, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston BIM Handbook: ʻA Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors,ʼ 2nd Edition pg 33 2

CATIA and BIM this was in a very basic way but these were the initial steps towards BIM 10.

This is showing that BIM and CATIA are developing alongside each other however they have very similar principles and the BIM style of software is running constant on both platforms. Gehryʼs uses CATIA this is addressed later (pg 13 15).

Software currently used and the strengths and weaknesses of them.

I am now going to break down the market leaders in BIM software and give a brief analysis of each of them. There are currently three major BIM applications being used in the architectural profession 11. I will review 5 leaders, Dassaults CATIA, Graphisofts Archi CAD, Autodeskʼs Revit, Bentleyʼs Micro station, and Nemeshteckʼs AllPlan. Beginning with CATIA. The original system of CATIA as mentioned earlier (pg 2) was developed for aviation design but was then adapted by Dassault to be used in architectural practices. Gehry first implemented this in 1989 12 in the design and fabrication of a fish sculpture in Barcelona (Villa Olimpica). CATIA is now being used under the name of Digital Project (DP) 13. These links with aviation design and designing in a 3D form benefited Gehry in many different ways. I will expand on this on (pg 13-15).

Graphisoftʼs ArchiCAD approach to BIM is to create a virtual building model, meaning their ArchiCAD application is viewed as one of many satellite applications orbiting a virtual building model rather than being seen as the central repository for the entire model 14. The advantages of this package are that it shows that there is room so that you are able to design onto a complete model, alongside other professions in the industry. This benefits the architect through communication and collaboration, as they are able to design and communicate on one platform. BIMx is an additional piece of software from Graphisoft to work in conjunction with ArchiCAD. “Architects and designers can 10

http://www.revit-basics.com/revithistory.html accessed on 18/11/11 http://www.bimechanics.com/bim-history.htm accessed on 19/11/11 12 http://www.caddigest.com/subjects/aec/select/022304_day_gehry.htm accessed on 20/12/11 13 Ceccato, Cristiano http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:_wIgRbk090MJ:www.3 ds.com/fileadmin/COMPANY/CUSTOMER-STORIES/PDF/Zahad-HadidArchitects-flyer-Eng-low-res.pdf+zaha+bim&hl=en&gl=uk Dassault systemes, accessed on 18/11/11 14 Sah, V. and Cory, C. (2008) ʻBuilding Information Modeling: An Academic Perspectiveʼ, The 2008 IAJC-IJME International Conference. 2008. Nashville.

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explore their project designs in a 3D environment that supports real-time 3D navigation using familiar navigation techniques.” You are also able to communicate and share within this interface 15. This is a gateway to streamlining the design process, as all stakeholders and professions are able to view and share onto one model. The use of simple navigation techniques shows how it can be relevant in all aspects within the design process right down to the construction on site. Apps developed by Ian Keough 16, called “Vela” 17 where the user has “A suite of mobile applications that bring Vela everywhere on the jobsite.” 18. So you are able to flag up issues and they are wirelessly transmitted back to an online server for all relevant industries to see.

Fig 1.

Infield Vela Ipad Application, showing construction detailing of a 3D model this can then be coordinated between all stakeholders and architects in the industry improving communication of 19 designs and project delivery .

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http://www.graphisoft.com/products/bim-explorer/ accessed on 19/11/11 Senior Technical Designer at Buro Happold Consulting Engineers in New York, 17 http://go-bim.iankeough.com/wordpress/ posted on 22/8/11, accessed on 21/12/11 18 http://go-bim.iankeough.com/wordpress/ posted on 22/8/11, accessed on 21/12/11 19 http://www.velasystems.com/products/field-BIM/ accessed on 3/1/12 16

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In ArchiCad you are able to design in a certain style of geometric description language (GDL), which is ArchiCadʼs programming environment 20. ArchiCad is mentioned in ʻGrowing Old Gracefullyʼ it “enables the user to create a piece of geometry graphically on screen before applying rules and constraints to it numerically” 21. This style of designing is particularly rare and is a serious pioneering element within certain BIM platforms. This in previous 2D CAD software was not accessible and so this is showing a serious advantage for BIM programs.

“Autodeskʼs Revit is perhaps the most literal interpretation of a single BIM as a central project database. The strength of this approach is the ability to coordinate every building element in one database, thus providing users the ability to immediately see the results of any design revisions made in the model, have them reflected in the associated views (drawings), as well as to detect any coordination issues” 22. This shows the serious power that one software holds, as it is implemented across all industries. Every different aspect within the design is editable, and so coordination and communication issues are clear. Autodesk began with a company called Parametric Technology Corporation in 1989 23.

In1989 Pro - E was available and you could design in a 3D parametric manner.

“The early version of Pro - E was crude, its concept was revolutionary.” 24.

Autodeskʼs Revit technology is stepping up the game in terms of importing geometrical forms before turning them into “smart parametric elements” 25. 2D CAD platforms never benefited from these innovative styles of designing. Where interoperability is encouraged between programs so they are able to communicate designs across a wider range of programs in a more effective manner 26.

20

Croser, Joe. ʻGrowing old gracefully.ʼ Architects' Journal 17 Feb. 2005: 47.

Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.

21 ibid 22 Howell, I. and Batcheler, B., ʻBuilding Information Modeling Two Years Later – Huge Potential, Some Success and Several Limitations,ʼ (April 5, 2008) 23 http://www.revit-basics.com/revithistory.html 18/11/11 24 http://www.revit-basics.com/revithistory.html 18/11/11 25 http://www.revit-basics.com/revithistory.html 18/11/11 26 Kendsersky, Joe. Working with Rhino and Revit, http://buildz.blogspot.com/2011/01/joe-k-working-with-rhino-and-revit-part.html posted by Kron, Zach. For Buildz http://buildz.blogspot.com/ both accessed on 05/1/12 5

Fig 2.

A Parametric Model Constructed initially without geometric relationships in Macneilʼs Rhino then imported to Revit. A floor schedule is then added and the design is manipulated parametrically in 27 Revit .

Autodesk have also developed a mobile app for on site feedback 28. This is said to “Expedite the design review process by viewing and redlining design files in the field” 29. It then uploads these ʻred-lined filesʼ so they can be edited elsewhere, which improves communication and production time in a project greatly as feedback is immediate. Existing site conditions can also be accurately captured by using 123D catch, which “turns multiple digital photographs of an object into a meshed 3D model” 30.

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Kendsersky, Joe. Working with Rhino and Revit, http://buildz.blogspot.com/2011/01/joe-k-working-with-rhino-and-revit-part.html accessed on 05/1/12 28 http://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/design-review-mobile/id459112753?mt=8&ls=1 accessed on 20/12/2011 29 http://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/design-review-mobile/id459112753?mt=8&ls=1 accessed on 20/12/2011 30 Autodesk inc, 123D Catch, http://www.autodesk.co.uk/adsk/servlet/pc/item?id=18013943&siteID=452932&ch 6

Fig 3.

Screen shot of 驶Design Review Mobile始 by Autodesk Inc. Showing a plan for discussion directly 31 flagged up on site, downloadable for free from the Apple app store .

=EM&src=OEMEN&mktvar001=450707&mktvar002=450707 accessed on 11/12/11 31

http://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/design-review-mobile/id459112753?mt=8&ls=1 accessed on 20/12/2011 7

Bentley's microstation interprets BIM differently as an integrated project model comprised of a family of application modules 32. This is a range of separate modules within the program that deal with the current demands of BIM. A document posted on the AEC website shows that Bentley has now been added to the current “AEC UK BIM standard” 33 (30/09/11). This software has strong links with the developing UKʼs BIM standard and has systems to comply with these standards such as Bentleyʼs Building Mechanical Systems 34. These systems comply with Industry foundation classes (IFCʼs), which are defined as “data elements that represent the parts of buildings, or elements of the process, and contain the relevant information about those parts” 35. These offer a direct relationship with the current classes that inform design. Bentley is mentioned in the Environmental Business News 36. This article shows how Bentley has founded a new group within the company to “support designers ability to model the energy and environmental performance of buildings” 37. These are increasingly important factors, which now influence design greater than previous 2D CAD systems did as they incorporate these capabilities directly into the design process. These factors can be put into working drawings and 3D models at the initial phases of the design 38.

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Howell, I. and Batcheler, B., ʻBuilding Information Modeling Two Years Later – Huge Potential, Some Success and Several Limitations,ʼ (April 5, 2008) 33 http://www.aec-uk.org/ posted on 30/09/11 by AEC UK chairman, Nigel Davies accessed on 19/11/11 34 http://www.bentley.com/enUS/Products/Bentley+Building+Mechanical+Systems/Top-Reasons.htm accessed on 2/1/12 35 http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Industry_Foundation_Classes.html sourced at International Alliance for Interoperability accessed on 27/12/11 36 Eckhouse, Noah New Group at Bentley for BIM and Building Performance, 2008, Environmental Building News, 17, 11, p. 6, GreenFILE, EBSCOhost, accessed on 21/12/11 37 Eckhouse, Noah New Group at Bentley for BIM and Building Performance, 2008, Environmental Building News, 17, 11, p. 6, GreenFILE, EBSCOhost, accessed on 21/12/11 38 Graphisoft website, ʻEcoDesigner for ArchiCAD - Early Design Phaseʼ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1J368egYX6Y&feature=player_embedded# 8

Fig 4.

Screen shot from EcoTect Wind Tunnel from Vasari. Showing how wind simulations can inform 39 initial design decisions on form for example .

Nemeshteckʼs AllPlan, has a “BIM platform approach. The AllPlan database is ʻwrappedʼ by the Nemetschek Object Interface (NOI) layer to allow thirdparty design and analysis applications to interface with the building objects in the model” 40. This ʻPlatform approachʼ is an encouraging feature, as previously drawings would be shared through popular file formats such as .dwg and .pdf.

This previously created problems with communication with drawings sometimes needing correcting and editing after they have been submitted, or not show what is trying to be displayed clearly. Drawings then had to be returned and reworked which is a long process and BIM platforms turn round of this information is instant.

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Guerra, Edwin. Ecotect Wind Tunnel in Vasari? http://www.bimblog.ca/2011/09/ecotect-wind-tunnel-in-vasari.html posted on Monday, September 5, 2011, accessed on 6/1/12 40 Howell, I. and Batcheler, B., ʻBuilding Information Modeling Two Years Later – Huge Potential, Some Success and Several Limitations,ʼ (April 5, 2008) 9

Nemeshteck are also trying to keep in with existing ways of designing to ease the amount of change for practices, “you can easily work in 2D using your existing CAD standards” 41. This supports the existing ways of designing; firms are scared of adopting new ways of designing so this transition is an attractive selling point 42.

There are many differences between simple 2D designing platforms that were previously used, and a 3D BIM modeling method of designing. The question is, does BIM benefit the architect or is it an unnecessary development?

Examples of BIM projects: Skidmore Owings and Merrill, and Frank Gehry.

I shall now give examples of BIM being used successfully on projects.

Skidmore Owings and Merrill (SOM) is a large American based architecture firm.

SOM have a designated team, BlackBox Studio, that are assigned to implement BIM across all phases of design 43. They implemented BIM fully on the design of the One World Trade Center (Freedom Tower) project in New York (2003). Revit was used for this design alongside a variety of other programs to complete and analyse the BIM model. “Revit helped ensure timely completion of the project’s bid package” 44. This shows how BIM can work on large-scale projects, and improve project delivery greatly.

41

http://www.vectorworks.net/bim/ accessed on 28/12/11 Kearns, David. ʻWhat is the case for adopting BIM?ʼ Attended Lecture by the RIBA, Holiday Inn Brighton, personal voice recording 22/11/11 43 Skidmore Owings & Merillʼs website http://www.som.com/content.cfm/services_blackbox accessed on 27/12/11 44 Skidmore Owings & Merillʼs website http://www.som.com/content.cfm/brief_history_2 accessed on 27/12/11 42

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Fig 5.

Showing how a BIM model can display a variety of information with different views, Keith 45 Besserud始s slides from a conference on BIM, Abu Dubai .

45

Besserud, Keith associate at SOM Architecture at CIFE - CCC - Projacs - HCT BIM Conference, Abu Dubai 14/12/11 http://cife.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/12%20BIM_Conference%20%20Case% 20Study%20SOM%20Presentation%20Keith%20Besserud.pdf accessed on 28/12/11 11

Fig 6.

BIM in this example is able to create external perspectives very accurately, One World Trade Center (Freedom Tower) project in New York, 46 Images from SOM website .

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Skidmore Owings & Merill始s website http://www.som.com/content.cfm/brief_history_2 accessed on 27/12/11 12

Fig 7.

Sections in BIM to inform design decisions and interior views to over see clashing issues.

47 One World Trade Center (Freedom Tower) project in New York, Images from SOM website .

Frank Gehry, and Gehry Technologies, one of the leading developers of BIM alongside Dassault Systems. “The Guggenheim museum in Bilbao and the Walt Disney Concert Hall (in Los Angeles) could not exist today if we hadn't met Dassault, because there was no way to explore these kinds of shapes and make them economically feasible” 48. Gehry’s work tends to adopt complex non-linear forms. Adopting BIM technology he is then able to make these design ideas reality in his design of the Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao. 49

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Skidmore Owings & Merillʼs website http://www.som.com/content.cfm/brief_history_2 accessed on 27/12/11 48 Day, Martyn ʻArchitect Frank Gerhy finds CAD a Boon to Art and Businessʼ http://www.caddigest.com/subjects/aec/select/022304_day_gehry.htm accessed on 20/12/11 49 Day, Martyn ʻArchitect Frank Gerhy finds CAD a Boon to Art and Businessʼ http://www.caddigest.com/subjects/aec/select/022304_day_gehry.htm accessed on 20/12/11 13

Fig 8.

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Frank Gehry Architects.

Top Image, initial design sketch, Frank Gehry Architecture, Middle Image CATIA rendering 50 51 informing structural decisions . Final image of building . Showing how traditional design techniques are still incorporated, from the pencil onto structural digital modelling to fabrication.

50

Bruggen, Coosje van, Frank O. Gehry: Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao / by Coosje Van Bruggen, New York: Guggenheim Museum Publications, c1998.

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Fig 9.

Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Mueseum, Bilbao.

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http://lestaret.wordpress.com/2011/11/03/rant-7/ posted on 3/11/11 accessed on 7/1/12 15

BIM: differences with CAD. Advantages BIM has many advantages over CAD I will now investigate these. “Building modelling improves over 2D drafting by allowing designers to view the building and its contents from all angles, and revealing problems at earlier stages to allow for correction without costly change orders. Truly parametric design saves time by creating and editing multiple design portions simultaneously. Sections, elevations and three dimensional views can be created instantly, reducing the need for check plots. Changes to any one of these elements affect all of the others, including materials, costs and construction schedules. The twodimensional printed documentation becomes the quick and accurate by-product of parametric design.” 52. This is a huge benefit for adopting BIM, improving design and constructability across all areas within an architectural practice.

“BIM systems can generate reliable and accurate shop drawings at the last responsible moment” 53. This is an aspect that previous CAD systems lacked: consistent interoperability across all areas of the design.

William Mitchellʼs ʻThinking in BIMʼ essay 54, references Frank Gehrys buildings, his Guggenheim museum in Bilbao 55 and his Walt Disney Concert Hall 56. These structures “would have been impossible without an on going process of CAD/CAM software convergence.” 57.

Construction is a significant area of comparison between CAD and BIM. BIM software encourages an intimate relationship between the architect and construction it “really forces designers to think about constructability when they normally wouldnʼt” says Larry Rocha chief information officer with Wimberly Allison Tong & Goo 58. This is done in ways that traditional CAD methods hadnʼt embraced. With CAD packages, designers are forced into a very linear way of 52

www.thesextantgroup.com/BenefitsOfBIM-InfoCommBrochure.pdf Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston BIM Handbook: ʻA Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors,ʼ 2nd Edition pg 326 54 Mitchell, William ʻ Thinking in BIMʼ, A+U August 2009 Special Issue: Architectural Transformations via BIM, pg 10 - 11 55 Bruggen, Coosje van, Frank O. Gehry: Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao / by Coosje Van Bruggen, New York: Guggenheim Museum Publications, c1998.

56 Gehry, Frank, Gehry draws / edited by Mark Rappolt and Robert Violette.

London: Violette Editions, 2004.

57 Mitchell, William ʻThinking in BIMʼ, A+U August 2009 Special Issue: Architectural Transformations via BIM, pg 10 - 11 58 Sullivan, C. C. ʻBrace for BIMʼ, Architecture v. 94 no. 4 (April 2005) pg 77 53

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designing, however in BIM you begin to think about constructability from a very early stage in the design process. This benefits the practice by foreseeing problems and clashes before they occur. This was evident in CAD but not to a sophisticated design level that is required in todayʼs complex buildings. A relationship with construction is therefore achieved early in the project, as the design team is fully involved at an early stage. Full integration with Industry Foundation Classes (IFCʼs) is then adopted. “IFC is a schema developed to define an extensible set of consistent data representations of building information for exchange between AEC 59 software applications” 60. This is saying that there is a set of data that is kept consistent and this data can then be used across all AEC platforms. This model is called a “framework model” 61. These begin to inform and construct the relationships needed between architectural design and construction. Unified standards exist for construction schedules. These standards make a stable platform on which BIM can then develop. This was available in previous CAD systems but in a basic format where there was no integration and interoperability between the CAD program and IFCʼs. This places CAD at a disadvantage to BIM, as it is not linking with stakeholders and construction networks in the same way. This development of BIM is crucial to the way that architectural practices are beginning to work.

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AEC Abbreviation for architectural engineering and construction.

Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston BIM Handbook: ʻA Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors,ʼ 2nd Edition pg 114 61 Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston BIM Handbook: ʻA Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors,ʼ 2nd Edition pg 114 60

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Fig 10.

Structural MEP (Mechanical, Engineering and Plumbing), Bentley MicroStation model. Courtesy of Takanaka Corporation, showing simply how IFC始s link in with construction and associated 62 views are created for different industries .

62

Day, Martyn 驶The Trouble with BIM,始 1/10/11, AEC Magazine, http://aecmag.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=450 accessed on 21/12/11 18

Disadvantages CAD has generic file formats such as .dwg and .pdf that have become industry standards across all software. Martyn Day explains in his article, ʻThe trouble with BIMʼ 63 : “Data exchange has always been something the CAD industry has been terrible at (…) with BIM, it appears that the competing software players are taking interoperability to new lows.” He then expands BIM models having “ complex geometry, behavior, parametrics and lots of information (…) Data translation between BIM systems is an order of magnitude greater than the previous generation of CAD.” 64 Communications between these BIM platforms are difficult as thereʼs a large variety of software available and large amounts of data. In Chuck Eastmanʼs essay ʻWhat is BIM?ʼ 65 Eastman mentions how “some forward thinking architects dream of the day when they have a ʻdesign dashboardʼ that provides regular feedback of a design in terms of variety of performance and construction metrics” 66 . This is beginning to become reality within BIM packages; however there are still aspects that are not fully developed and so old styles of working are returned to. The problem lies in the communication between BIM software packages.

Graphisoft describes an IFC file format: “The IFC file format is ISO-certified. (…)

IFC is the only open and standard 3D object-oriented exchange format used by BIM” 67. These formats become very useful, however, they have not been adopted correctly. This is discussed in ʻThe Trouble with BIMʼ where poor management by the UKʼs Chief Construction Adviser (for the HM Government) Paul Morell is shown 68. “Morrell has missed a chance to get the key BIM software players in a room and bash their heads together” 69. In reference to IFCʼs Day then says “improve data interoperability before handing them the UKʼs 63

Day, Martyn ʻThe Trouble with BIM,ʼ 1/10/11, AEC Magazine, http://aecmag.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=450 accessed on 21/12/11 64 ibid 65 Eastman, Chuck, ʻArchitectural transformations via BIM.ʼ Architecture and urbanism; special issue, August 2009, Tokyo: A+U, 2009.

66 Eastman, Chuck, ʻArchitectural transformations via BIM.ʼ Architecture and urbanism; special issue, August 2009, Tokyo: A+U, 2009.

67 http://www.graphisoft.com/support/ifc/ accessed on 27/12/11 68 Kucharek, Jan-Carlos. ʻIts not rocket science,ʼ RIBA journal June 2011, pg 61 also available on http://www.ribajournal.com/index.php/feature/article/its_not_rocket_science/ accessed on 27/12/11 69 Day, Martyn ʻThe Trouble with BIM,ʼ 1/10/11, AEC Magazine, http://aecmag.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=450 accessed on 21/12/11 19

AEC 70 market on a plate” 71. This shows how a leading figure in the adoption of BIM is disagreeing with some of the methods that have already been adopted.

Jobs managed differently and new ways of working Advantages Similar to the adoption of CAD in the 1980ʼs 72, the introduction of BIM software affects the ways that jobs are structured and conducted in designing, also management and association with stakeholders are affected. i. Stakeholders BIM benefits relationships with stakeholders. Contractors seem to be increasingly interested in BIM using architectural offices 73. Dominic Gallello (CEO of Graphisoft) when asked “Why is BIM inevitable?” in ʻBrace for BIMʼ 74, he replied, “The primary driver is the client”. This shows how the client is needed throughout construction stages. Brad Hardin argues that the contractor “Should be considered a member of the design team” 75. These relationships did exist on a basic level with old CAD systems, however CAD did not encourage BIMʼs more detailed relationship between the architectʼs design, construction teams and stakeholders. This pressing issue when the economic climate is uncertain. In 2009 Jonathan Glancey wrote, “Recessions are a time for architects to rethink their game. They need not despair – but, rather, regroup for the next boom” 76.

This ʻRegroupingʼ could be developed with the use of BIM software, combining 70

AEC abbreviation - Architectural, Engineering and Construction Day, Martyn ʻThe Trouble with BIM,ʼ 1/10/11, AEC Magazine, http://aecmag.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=450 accessed on 21/12/11 72 http://www.cadalyst.com/cad/product-design/cad-a-glance-1982-2007-timelinecadalyst039s-25th-anniversary-celebration-part-5- accessed on 18/11/11 73 Mara, Felix. ʻ3D CAD Technologyʼ Architects Journal 13th September 2010 no.

9 vol. 232 09/09/10 http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/story.aspx?storyCode=8606358 accessed on 21/12/11 74 Sullivan, C. C. ʻBrace for BIM,ʼ Architecture v. 94 no. 4 (April 2005) p. 77, 80 75 Hardin, Brad, BIM and construction management : proven tools, methods, and workflows / Brad Hardin. San Francisco, Calif.: Chichester: Sybex; John Wiley [distributor], 2009. Pg 24 76 Glancey, Jonathan, ‘The architecture of recession The economic crisis has put paid to the trophy building projects of the last 20 years, but architects need not despair – the wheel will turn,ʼ The Guardian, 06/03/09 http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2009/mar/06/architecture-rogers-fosterrecession accessed on 2/1/12 71

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existing design methods and all aspects of the construction process. So that the profession is capable of having maximum benefits from the next economic boom. ii. Practice BIM affects all areas in an architectural practice. Management and workforce both adopt new methods, which, if adopted correctly will benefit the firm greatly.

BIM as mentioned by Brad Hardin in “Ten steps for successfully implementing BIM” 77 says that the way the workforce is managed is key to successfully adopting BIM. Appointing a BIM manager is crucial to success in BIM. Dominic Gallello, President & CEO, Graphisoft explains, “The BIM Managerʼs multi-faceted skills have a direct effect on the quality of projects and the reduction of overall project execution time. This streamlined workflow provides architects more time for design, more value for clients, and more profit” 78. This management role existed with CAD - the CAD manager - but the BIM manager deals with projects on a broader scale. “BIM Managers become an integral part of the project team and participate in the project delivery process with both internal staff and external project team members” 79. This provides a more efficient and accurate delivery, as all aspects of a project are considered.

CAD managers do not have this broad scope, which puts the project delivery at a more basic level.

“Overall the BIM manager needs to have old skills, new skills, and, most importantly, an open mind and ability to solve problems” 80. As the market is constantly changing, and changes to software are not uncommon, you must keep the manager trained and support them with departments and encourage flexibility whilst having a basic plan 81. This position if executed correctly will provide benefits to practices on a range of different levels; it will improve workflow and turnover greatly, as more work is dealt with in a more efficient way. This will then 77

Hardin, Brad, ʻBIM and construction management: proven tools, methods, and workflows.ʼ San Francisco, Calif.: Chichester: Sybex; John Wiley [distributor], 2009. Pg. 26 – 35 78 Dominic Gallello, President & CEO, Graphisoft, ʻThe New “Must Have”—The BIM Manager,ʼ http://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2008/issue_34.html AECbytes Viewpoint #34 (January 17, 2008), accessed on 24/12/11 79 Dominic Gallello, President & CEO, Graphisoft, ʻThe New “Must Have”—The BIM Manager,ʼ http://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2008/issue_34.html AECbytes Viewpoint #34 (January 17, 2008), accessed on 24/12/11 80 Hardin, Brad, ʻBIM and construction management: proven tools, methods, and workflowsʼ San Francisco, Calif.: Chichester: Sybex; John Wiley [distributor], 2009. Pg. 27 81 Hardin, Brad, ʻBIM and construction management: proven tools, methods, and workflowsʼ San Francisco, Calif.: Chichester: Sybex; John Wiley [distributor], 2009. Pg. 26 – 35 21

have an indirect impact on other areas within the firm, leaving more time for design and improving the project delivery, as they are not dealing with areas that they should not be dealing with. The BIM manager should deal with areas such as software and communication between all areas of the projects life cycle. This will improve workflow and time management within the workforce.

Firms using CAD, due to high levels of construction documentation currently outsource work to drafters. Often the work is sent abroad. Michael Jansen, CEO at Screampoint, a “global leading software technology firm” 82 says “this firm charges about $150,000 for production work that would cost a U.S. firm $400,000 to do in-house” 83. BIM reduces the amount of hours needed to create construction documentation. So practices do not need to outsource their work to drafters, and can do it all in office, improving the future for architects by reinventing the design process and not paying high fees for drafting 84.

Disadvantages An area that has been underexamined in this debate is the question of legality when a generic model is edited. Who is liable and for what? Ken Jensen, senior designer with Weber + Thompson in Seattle, says “That raises liability issues, especially for firms that do only early phase design work” 85. Benedict Wallbank Architect and Consultant, Smart BIM solutions, 86 observes that BIM is in trouble as it does not have its own “standard appointment documents for BIM projects” 82

Michael Jansen http://www.linkedin.com/pub/michael-jansen/8/ba7/466 Linn, Charles and Solomon, Nancy B. ʻAre we exporting architecture jobs?ʼ Architectural Record. 193.1 (Jan. 2005): PG 82. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:taiMhyT55hoJ:www.satellier.com/ pdf/press/architectural_record_%2520jan_05.pdf+sending+architectural+draft+w ork+abroad+benefits%3F&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg358L8QXUeTO TZ_YP9cqX6V_phTWEfyQp3TRepXH5hI5z550C8X_C1NBwDHFSsdbvUtmVC0qfJIL4lpIf8GUf3Nhr2Y8WqUNdj0RcpIHid8GMylVuTrwaQIknsSHAmASLjL1&sig=AHIEtbSS8GML C0muuokhyC7UuzGdh_oeJg 84 Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston ʻBIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers,ʼ 2nd Edition 85 Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston ʻBIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers,ʼ 2nd Edition chapter 5.6 New and changed staffing within design firms, pg 258 86 Wallbank, Benedict. Seminar at ECO Build 20/03/12, Better through BIM. http://www.ecobuild.co.uk/seminars/session/better-through-bim/59/tuesday-20march/north-gallery-8-9.html commencing on 20/3/12 to 22/3/12 accessed on 06/1/12 83

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but it has got “ mutually agreed ʻBIM clausesʼ” 87. This exposes areas in BIM that are not ready to be implemented. There is still a large legal framework to be addressed before it can be used effectively across all practices. The AIA in America has addressed these issues and created bodies that deal with legality and ownership within BIM models. “There is not yet an agreed British document but the American AIA document E 202 – 2008 prescribes five levels of detail for the BIM model at different project stages” 88. These stages split up a project into pre-determined levels of detail and deals with who owns what and who is liable for what. This has not been correctly addressed in the UK and places BIM at a disadvantage when competing with old CAD platforms. CAD has been used successfully for years and all legal issues are covered, so that there are no problems with this method, other than speed. The BIM software itself may be a large step forward, however the legal framework that is crucial to supporting any software is underdeveloped especially in the UK. One method suggested 89 is to appoint a BIM champion or manager, where they can then decide what level they are going to implement BIM on each project and the legal framework surrounding it. “One of a directors key duties is ensuring that properly considered and prepared appointment documentation is in place for all projects, and most issues associated with the use of BIM are common sense” 90. This shows how UK directors can adapt to start to incorporate legality and ownership issues with BIM. This is still in the early stages of development and is going to take a while until it is used correctly across the entire market.

87

Wallbank, Benedict. ʻModel Procedure,ʼ RIBA Journal v. 118 no. 6 (June 2011) p. 69-70 88 Wallbank, Benedict. Model Procedure. RIBA Journal v. 118 no. 6 (June 2011) pg. 69-70 89 Hardin, Brad, BIM and construction management: proven tools, methods, and workflows / Brad Hardin. San Francisco, Calif.: Chichester: Sybex; John Wiley [distributor], 2009 pg 33 90 Wallbank, Benedict. Model Procedure. RIBA Journal v. 118 no. 6 (June 2011) pg. 69 23

Expensive to upgrade and change.

The cost associated for a firm to upgrade and change is a large factor in BIM. Paul Morell the UKʼs Government Chief Construction Adviser 91 speaking on practices in Building Design “warned they should ʻcheck the strength of their balance sheet firstʼ” 92. This area of change always incurs cost and these costs do not simply end at purchasing software. They are associated with the running of the entire practice. “Most observers hope that fee structures will change with BIM. ʻArchitects might have to do a little more work for example in order to make it easier for the mechanical engineer to lay out ducts,ʼ” 93 says Huw W. Roberts of Bentley systems “but the architect should be paid for the extra work” 94. This changes the way that the architect works; the profession becomes more involved with the constructability of the building. The NBS (National Building Service) had a round table discussion hosted by the RIBA on 13/04/11 95. This was to debate if “the industry is prepared for BIM and will BIM help meet the low carbon agenda and should architects take the lead with BIM?” Robert Klaschka of Klaschka Studios, spoke from a relatively small practice where they have a “close knit team” 96. Klaschka commented on how jobs are becoming more difficult and salaries are not compensating this. Clients need to become more aware of these developments in software and change their fee structures as they are receiving a better product, a flexible BIM model as opposed to a rigid CAD drawing 97. This is again mentioned in C.C Sullivanʼs ʻBrace for BIMʼ article 98. Adapting the client – architect relationship to changes in software are particularly difficult.

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http://uk.linkedin.com/pub/paul-morrell/13/ab9/842 accessed on 21/11/11 Klettner, Andrea. BIM can give architects more power, says Morell, Building Design, Friday July 1st 2011 issue 1972 Building design 93 Sullivan, C. C. Brace for BIM, Architecture v. 94 no. 4 (April 2005) pg 80 94 http://www.thenbs.com/roundtable/index.asp accessed on 27/12//11 attendees Richard Waterhouse, CEO, RIBA enterprises. Paul Morell OBE, Governments chief construction advisor. Robert Klaschka, director, Studio Klaschka. Alistair Kell, Director of information technology BDP. Nigel Clark technical director, Hilson Moran. Sam Collard, Engineering Leader, Laing O'Rourke. Anne King and marketing Director, BSRIA. Dr Stephen Hamil, Head of BIM, NBS. 95 Ibid 96 http://www.marklandklaschka.com/oldsite/aboutusstart.htm accessed on 27/12/11 97 http://www.thenbs.com/roundtable/index.asp accessed on 27/12//11 attendees Richard Waterhouse, CEO, RIBA enterprises. Paul Morell OBE, Governments chief construction advisor. Robert Klaschka, director, Studio Klaschka. Alistair Kell, Director of information technology BDP. Nigel Clark technical director, Hilson Moran. Sam Collard, Engineering Leader, Laing O'Rourke. Anne King and marketing Director, BSRIA. Dr Stephen Hamil, Head of BIM, NBS. 98 Sullivan, C. C. Brace for BIM, Architecture v. 94 no. 4 (April 2005) pg 77 92

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Upgrading software is never cheap 99. “Davis Langdonʼs head of global thought leadership, Erland Randall last month estimated that upskilling the firmʼs quantity surveyors to become - BIM literate would cost around £3000 per person. A figure that building magazine later extrapolated to £300m to upskill the whole sector.”

100 . This is not only a huge monetary cost but also a significant undertaking for a workforce in terms of time. “The transition of a design organization is largely cultural” 101 . This may take a long period of time but once trained the workforce will be significantly more efficient 102 .

BIM's implications for designers, and the design process.

“The greatest challenge in implementing new design technologies is the intellectual transition in getting senior design team leaders to adopt new practices” 103 . Often when changing certain aspects within a profession, the most difficult transition is felt with the workforce, especially with traditional managers, who already have their own methods of working. However as computers are becoming more involved in all areas within the workplace, users are becoming more familiar with them, and so implementing new software may not seem such a daunting task compared to the adoption of CAD in the 1980ʼs 104 , when users had no or very little experience on computers before.

However there are certain aspects of BIM that put the architect at a dis advantage, “In contrast to traditional CAD-based design, BIM is a front-loaded process with substantial benefits reaped toward the end of the process (…) It should be noted that this requires substantial effort up front to not only put information into the database but to also collect more data from the very start” 105 . This Front - loading can place the architect in a difficult position within the 99

Kucharek, Jan-Carlos. Adopt and Adapt, RIBA Journal v. 118 no. 7 (July 2011) p. 58-60 100 Kucharek, Jan-Carlos. Adopt and Adapt, RIBA Journal v. 118 no. 7 (July 2011) p. 58-60 101 Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors, 2nd Edition chapter 5.6 New and changed staffing within design firms, pg 258 102 Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors, 2nd Edition chapter 5.6 New and changed staffing within design firms, pg 258 103 Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston ʻBIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors,ʼ 2nd Edition chapter 5.5 pg 258 104 http://www.cadalyst.com/cad/product-design/cad-a-glance-1982-2007timeline-cadalyst039s-25th-anniversary-celebration-part-5- accessed on 18/11/11 105 www.infocomm.org/cps/rde/xbcr/infocomm/Brochure_BIM.pdf 25

current economic climate. With a lot of time invested in the initial designing stages of a project, and with large amounts of information being needed for the database, architects may find that they lose the project to another practice because they are slower than the rest of the competition in the initial design phases. This front-loading aspect associated with using BIM software is a longterm investment and of benefit to a client: “the development of a 3D model, especially one that includes information that supports analyses and facilitates fabrication, involves more decisions and incorporates more effort than producing the current set of construction documents” 106 .

The term Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is essential in the development of BIM 107 . This is a new process un-like CAD. BIM allows all work forces associated with the construction process to be working on one model. If adopted, this will improve the project delivery greatly as clashes and communication become a highly refined part of the design process.

As an example, David Miller architects a small firm in the UK “Just over a year ago we took the plunge and committed fully to REVIT” 108 . In ʻA new Dimensionʼ David Miller founder of David Miller architects, describes how they previously had “a very time consuming process” translating between 2D and 3D software. They adopted BIM as they noticed the “opportunity to develop the design in a single environment”. This was a huge benefit, and now they are getting clients “insisting” they use BIM. David Miller then said, “We find it allows a small practice to punch above its weight.” 109 . This is an example of how BIM has been adopted 106

Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston ʻBIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors,ʼ 2nd Edition chapter 5.5 pg 253.

107 Hardin, Brad, BIM and construction management: proven tools, methods, and workflows / Brad Hardin. San Francisco, Calif.: Chichester: Sybex; John Wiley [distributor], 2009. On pg 20 IPD is defined as “Integrated Project Delivery is a project delivery approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction” 108 Miller, David, ʻA new Dimension,ʼ BIM has transformed the capabilities of one small practice, opening up greater opportunities for it and its clients. David Miller shares his experience, RIBA Journal June 2011, also available on http://www.ribajournal.com/index.php/feature/article/a_new_dimension/ accessed on 27/12/11 109 Miller, David, ʻA new Dimension,ʼ BIM has transformed the capabilities of one small practice, opening up greater opportunities for it and its clients. David Miller shares his experience, RIBA Journal June 2011, also available on http://www.ribajournal.com/index.php/feature/article/a_new_dimension/ accessed on 27/12/11 26

correctly by a small firm. They appoint a Revit Champion which as discussed earlier, (pg 21 - 22) is needed to smooth out the adoption of BIM and thereʼs also a plan of what detail they implement BIM on projects 110 .

Can BIM limit design and creativity?

There are critics of this software, “At the same time the primary concern of many practicing architects in choosing a BIM package is the potential rigidity and constrained creativity that would be imposed on the design process. As a result many designers still use an intuitive design process and switch to BIM for production” 111 . Cynthia Ottchen a computational design strategist and was previously head of research and innovation at OMA, discusses this in great detail. Ottchen proposes, “We should strive for seamless interoperability without loss of meta data – between scripting protocols the more pragmatic stages of BIM and a variety of analytical software” 112 . These quotes interrogate the methods of BIM currently used and suggest new ways to improve software, including BIM itself. Ottchen is implying that BIM rather than being a straight-line process, becomes an intuitive process, where you communicate your designs seamlessly back and forth between you and the computer, enhancing both the informative side to BIM and the creative side simultaneously. This is a very important aspect within BIM software that is yet to be capitalized on fully by all UK architects. This is only appropriate to pioneering firms currently, but as the UK market begins to become more familiar with BIM, it will start to inform design not only on an informative model level but it will inform design in other factors, such as parametric modeling and ways that are yet to be discovered.

She then concludes, “As proponents of BIM we need to acknowledge the implications of the massive expansion of data and move on from a performative analytical model to a more comprehensive conceptualization of information modeling that opens up creative options leading to new qualities and relationships, and does not just streamline a

110

David Miller Architects Website, http://www.david-miller.co.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2011/07/DMA_BIM_Plan_Of_Work.pdf 27/12/11 111 Ottchen, Cynthia. (2009), ʻThe Future of Information Modelling and the End of Theory: Less is Limited, More is Different.ʼ Architectural Design, 79: 22–27. doi: 10.1002/ad.845 112 Ottchen, Cynthia. (2009), ʻThe Future of Information Modelling and the End of Theory: Less is Limited, More is Different.ʼ Architectural Design, 79: 22–27. doi: 10.1002/ad.845 27

process” 113 . This topic is still being argued and will continue to vary across practices as each practice has its own unique way of designing.

Fig 11.

“OMA Research and Innovation Parametrics Cell, Study for Phototropic Tower, 2008, The surface geometry of this iteration of the experimental project was generated through a digital ʻgrowthʼ (…)

113

Ottchen, Cynthia. (2009), ʻThe Future of Information Modelling and the End of Theory: Less is Limited, More is Different.ʼ Architectural Design, 79: 22–27. doi: 10.1002/ad.845 28

The trajectories of two possible ʻbranchʼ vectors were aligned with the edges of each building facet and the parametrically limited segmentation of the ʻbranchesʼ created a varied, but algorithmic, distribution of structural members. The density and size of the facade members on each facet was keyed to both the program behind it and its general position in the building: public programs were assigned a more open structure, and areas that were cantilevered or carrying 114 more vertical load required greater structural dimensions for members” .

This image (pg 28) shows how some companies are beginning to embrace BIM in different ways. Architects are beginning to use BIM in a customized manner, tailoring the way they use BIM to enhance the way they work, informing design on a higher level, that has not been seen before. These companies are starting to realize that this customization and use of BIM is enhancing the design and practice of architecture, and is crucial to designing on a more intuitive level.

BIM has already been proven to enhance creativity. Zaha Hadidʼs, Soho Galaxy Building, Beijing, is a large-scale project of 340,000 sq. m 115 . This was designed with Gerhyʼs Digital Project (DP) and shows how practices vary in software.

Fig 12.

Zaha Hadid using Digital Project, on the Soho Galaxy mixed retail site in Beijing, China, to co 116 ordinate layouts and designs of spaces. Image courtesy of Zaha Hadid Architects .

114

Ottchen, Cynthia. (2009), ʻThe Future of Information Modelling and the End of Theory: Less is Limited, More is Different.ʼ Architectural Design, 79: 22–27. doi: 10.1002/ad.845 115 Leeson Tom, ʻZaha Hadid Architects Develops Visionary Buildings with Software from Dassault Systèmes Partner Gehry Technologiesʼ http://www.tctmagazine.com/x/guideArchiveArticle.html?id=11144 accessed on 21/12/11 published 1/11/09 29

The Soho Galaxy project was a complex project that would of struggled being designed in CAD, this is explained by Dassault Systemes “Taking these designs through to project delivery is a significant challenge. Revolutionary facades and the use of glass, steel and composites in entirely new structural ways requires unique processes and special methodologies. Functional, environmental and sustainable aspects of the buildings are equally complex with novel designs that must accord with practical and planning needs as well as providing significant visual and emotional responses” 117 . This is not achievable in CAD, BIM is able to design and inform you on a variety of different levels when dealing with a project of such complexity.

Fig 13.

Zaha Hadid Rendering of Soho Galaxy Centre, Beijing, China, showing how BIM is able to 118 construct the complex structure wanted in the proposal courtesy of Zaha Hadid Architects .

116

Corke, Greg. Sharing BIM knowledge, AEC Magazine, http://aecmag.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=455&Itemid=9 9999999 Accessed on 21/12/11 published on 8/12/11 117 Malherbe, Arnaud. Dassault Systemes, Zaha Hadid Architects Develops Visionary Buildings with Software from Dassault Systèmes Partner Gehry Technologies http://www.3ds.com/company/news-media/press-releasesdetail/release/zaha-hadid-architects-develops-visionary-buildingswith/single/2424/?cHash=98c273f351cea5a299f71c24d59fc50e Published on 11/17/2009 accessed on 6/1/12 118 Hadid, Zaha website http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/galaxy-soho/# accessed on 28/12/11 30

Parametrically linked objects within the BIM model benefit the design in some ways but may limit creativity and encourage designers to design in a sheltered manner. This could either improve design, as using BIM can incorporate many external factors and data to benefit the design, or it could begin to monotonously shape the way in which we design. This all depends on how the architect approaches BIM. If approached intelligently architects can delve beyond the traditional data functions of BIM and begin to use it to inform design on higher levels other than just form around function.

Conclusion BIM is on balance of benefit to architectural practices. However, the way it is used and implemented is still underdeveloped in the vast majority of architectural practices especially in the UK. “The technology was not written for the way the industry works today or has worked in the past. Adoption will require adaption, investment and greater teamwork between the core trades” 119 . BIM has been shown to be the answer to many different problems in projects, but this does not come easily.

The BIM software needs significant tailoring and adapting to be able to sit comfortably in the working environment / climate of todayʼs UK architect.

“There are still a variety of complex issues that need to be overcome both in the technology and between the developers of these products (…) However, a lot of effort still needs to be applied to helping data move more seamlessly between competitive systems and all adopters should realize that the BIM utopia is far from being delivered on.” 120 .

Hugh Davies, co-founder of IT consultant Lomas Davies, in his ʻMaking the best in software upgradesʼ article for Building Designʼ says, “If only it were as easy as pressing the upgrade button” 121 . Software companies such as Autodesk and ArchiCad need to start to work together to improve software for the profession. It may be a case of joining forces and making a generic BIM platform, or it may need a group of open-minded owners to break the mold of the conventional owner in the software industry and develop a generic master software.

119

Day, Martyn ʻThe Trouble with BIM,ʼ 1/10/11, AEC Magazine, http://aecmag.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=450 accessed on 21/12/11 120 Day, Martyn ʻThe Trouble with BIM,ʼ 1/10/11, AEC Magazine, http://aecmag.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=450 accessed on 21/12/11 121 Davies, Hugh, ʻMaking the best of software upgrades,ʼ Helpdesk, Building Design Journal, 3/6/11 pg 22 31

There are UK government directives “There will be a phased rollout over fiveyears beginning next summer, with a view to getting all appropriate projects into a 3D collaborative environment by 2016” 122 BIM is going to become the standard across all areas within this industry. “Fear of the unknown is not really an option for those using traditional 2D CAD” 123 . BIM is coming, and quickly. How we prepare, and when we adopt it, is crucial to the future of the UKʼs architectural practices.

122

Morrell, Paul. BIM to be rolled out to all projects by 2016, Architecture Journal 233 no 23 2011 p. 10 123 Day, Martyn. ʻThe Trouble with BIM,ʼ 1/10/11, AEC Magazine, http://aecmag.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=450 accessed on 21/12/11 32

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