[earth artifact] [graphic design ba] [olivia habermel]
[quote]
“For millions of years mankind lived just like the animals. Then something happened which unleashed the power of our imagination. We learned to talk, we learned to listen. Speech has allowed the communication of ideas enabling people to work together ... to build the i m p o s s i b l e. M a n k i n d ’s g r e a t e s t achievements have come about by talking ... and its greatest failures by not talking. It doesn’t have to be like this. Our greatest hopes could become reality in the future with the technology at our d i s p o s a l - t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s a re unbounded. All we need to do is make sure we keep talking”. Stephen Hawking [1]
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Space
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Earth
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Planet
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Pollution •
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Water
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Elements •
Spacecraft •
War
• Landmarks • Environment
Life People Evolution
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Currency
Travel
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Country
Weather
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Society
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Urban
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Rural
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Reproduction •
Poverty
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Development
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Education
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Architecture
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Knowledge
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Population •
Animals
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Nature
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Language
Community • •
Technology Communication
Photosynthesis
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Time Climate
Renewable Energy •
Extraterrestrial •
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Music
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Food
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Symbols
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Culture
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Oxygen
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Religion
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Plants
DNA
[the golden record] [earth time capsule]
The Voyager Golden Records are phonograph records which were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft, which were launched in 1977. They contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life form, or for future humans, who may ďŹ nd them. As the probes are extremely small compared to the vastness of interstellar space, the probability of a spacefaring civilization encountering them is very small, especially since the
probes will eventually stop emitting electromagnetic radiation meant for communication. The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Sagan and his associates assembled 116 images and a variety of natural sounds, such as those made by surf, wind, thunder and animals (including the songs of birds and whales). To this they added musical selections from different cultures and eras, spoken greetings in 55 ancient and modern languages, and printed messages
from US president Jimmy C a r t e r a n d U. N . Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim. The record is constructed of gold-plated copper. The record's cover is aluminium and electroplated upon it is an ultra-pure sample of the isotope uranium-238. Uranium-238 has a halflife of 4.468 billion years. It is possible (e.g. via massspectrometr y) that a civilization that encounters the record will be able to use the ratio of remaining uranium to daughter elements to determine the age of the record. [2]
[voyager 1 & 2] [US spacecraft]
The Voyager 1 and 2 probes are currently the farthest human made objects from Earth. Voyager 1 has reached interstellar space, the region between stars where the galactic plasma is present. Like their predecessors Pioneer 10 and 11, which featured a s i m p l e p l a q u e, b o t h probes were launched by NASA with a message aboard — a kind of time capsule, intended to communicate to extraterrestrials a story of the world of humans on Earth. Voyager 1 was launched in 1977, passed the orbit of Pluto in 1990, and left the solar system (in the sense of passing the termination shock) in November 2004. It is now in the Kuiper Belt. In about 40,000 years, it and Voyager 2 will each come
to within about 1.8 lightyears of two separate stars: Voyager 1 will have approached star Gliese 445, located in the constellation Ophiuchus; and Voyager 2 will have approached star Ross 248, located in the constellation of Andromeda. Voyager 1 has entered the heliosheath, the region beyond the termination shock. The termination shock is where the solar wind, a thin stream of electrically charged gas blowing continuously outward from the Sun, is slowed by pressure from gas between the stars. At
the termination shock, the solar wind slows abruptly from its average speed of 300–700 km/s (670,000– 1,570,000 mph) and becomes denser and hotter. Of the eleven instruments carried on Voyager 1, five of them are still operational and continue to send back data today. It is expected that there will be insufficient energy to power any of the instruments beyond 2025. After that, the spacecraft will continue to orbit the Milky Way galaxy. On September 12, 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 left the Solar System and entered interstellar space. [3]
[pioneer plaque] [earth time capsule]
The Pioneer plaques are a pair of gold-anodized aluminium plaques which were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973 Pioneer 11 spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message, in case either Pioneer 10 or 11 is intercepted by extraterrestrial life. The plaques show the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecrafts were the first h u m a n - bu i l t o b j e c t s t o achieve escape velocity from the Solar System. The plaques were attached to the spacecraft's antenna support
struts in a position that would shield them from erosion by stellar dust. The original idea, that the Pioneer spacecraft should carry a message from mankind, was first mentioned by Eric Burgess when he visited the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Califor nia, during the Mariner 9 mission. He approached Carl Sagan, who had lectured about communication with extraterrestrial intelligences at a conference in Crimea. Sagan was enthusiastic about the idea of sending a message with the Pioneer spacecraft. NASA agreed to the plan and gave him three weeks to
prepare a message. Together with Frank Drake he designed the plaque, and the artwork was prepared by Sagan's then-wife Linda Salzman Sagan. Both plaques were manufactured at Precision E n g r ave r s, S a n C a rl o s, California. Physical properties Material: 6061 T6 goldanodized aluminum Width: 229mm (9 inches) Height: 152mm (6 inches) Thickness: 1.27mm (0.05 inch) Mean depth of engraving: 0.381 millimeters (381µm) (0.015 inch) Mass: approx. 0.120 kilograms (12 g) (4.2oz) [4]
[pioneer plaque] [symbols]
Hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen - At the top left of the plate is a schematic representation of the hyperfine transition of hydrogen, which is the most abundant element in the universe. Below this symbol is a small vertical line to represent the binary digit 1. This spin-flip transition of a hydrogen atom from electron state spin up to electron state spin down can specify a unit of length (wavelength, 21 cm) as well as a unit of time (frequency, 1420 MHz). Both units are used as measurements in the other symbols. Figures of a man and a woman On the right side of the plaque, a man and a woman are shown in front of the spacecraft. Between the brackets that indicate the height of the woman, the binary representation of the number 8
can be seen (1000, with a small defect in the first zero). In units of the wavelength of the hyperfine transition of hydrogen this means 8 × 21 cm = 168 cm. The right hand of the man is raised as a sign of good will. Although this gesture may not be understood, it offers a way to show the opposable thumb and how the limbs can be moved. Relative position of the Sun to the centre of the Galaxy and 14 pulsars with their periods denoted - The radial pattern on the left of the plaque shows 15 lines emanating from the same origin. Fourteen of the lines have corresponding long binary numbers, which stand for the periods of pulsars, using the hydrogen spin-flip transition frequency as the unit. Since these periods will change over time, the
epoch of the launch can be calculated from these values. The lengths of the lines show the relative distances of the pulsars to the Sun. A tick mark at the end of each line gives the Z coordinate perpendicular to the galactic plane. If the plaque is found, only some of the pulsars may be visible from the location of its discovery. Showing the location with as many as 14 pulsars provides redundancy so that the location of the origin can be triangulated even if only some of the pulsars are recognised. The Solar System with the trajectory of the Pioneer spacecraft - Silhouette of the Pioneer spacecraft relative to the size of the humans At the bottom of the plaque is a schematic diagram of the Solar System. A small picture of the spacecraft is shown, and the trajectory shows its way past Jupiter and out of the Solar System. Both Pioneers 10 and 11 have identical plaques; however, after launch, Pioneer 11 was redirected towards Saturn and from there it exited the Solar System. In this regard the Pioneer 11 plaque is somewhat inaccurate. The Saturn flyby of Pioneer 11 would also greatly influence its future direction and destination as compared to Pioneer 10, but this fact is not depicted in the plaques. Silhouette of the spacecraft Behind the figures of the human beings, the silhouette of the Pioneer spacecraft is shown in the same scale so that the size of the human beings can be deduced by measuring the spacecraft. [5]
[time capsule] [document of existence]
A time capsule is a historic cache of goods or information, usually intended as a method of communication with future people and to help future a rc h a e o l o g i s t s, anthropologists or historians. Time capsules are sometimes created and buried during celebrations such as a World's fair, a cornerstone laying for a building or at other events. The 1939 New York World's Fair time capsule was created by Westinghouse as part of their exhibit. It was 90 inches (2.3 metres) long, with an interior diameter of 6.5 inches (16 cm), and weighed 800 pounds (360 kg). Westinghouse named the copper, chromium and silver alloy "Cupaloy", claiming it had the same strength as mild steel. It contained everyday items such as a spool of thread and doll, a Book of Record (description of the capsule and its creators), a vial of staple food crop seeds, a microscope and a 15-minute R KO P a t h é P i c t u r e s newsreel. Microfilm spools condensed the contents of a Sears Roebuck catalog, dictionary, almanac, and other texts.
George Edward Pendray is responsible for coining the term "time capsule." During the socialist period in the USSR, many time capsules were buried with messages to a future communist society. Currently, four time capsules are "buried" in space. The two Pioneer Plaques and the t w o Vo y a g e r G o l d e n Records have been attached to spacecraft for the possible benefit of spacefarers in the distant future. A fifth time capsule, the KEO satellite, which is scheduled to be launched in 2015, carrying individual messages from Earth's inhabitants addressed to earthlings around the year 52,000, when it is due to return to Earth. The International Time Capsule Society was created to maintain a global database of all existing time capsules. According to time capsule historian William Jarvis, most intentional time capsules usually do not provide much useful historical information: they are typically filled with "useless junk", new and pristine in condition, that tells little about the people of the time. Many time
capsules today contain only artifacts of limited value to future historians. Historians suggest that items which describe the daily lives of the people who created them, such as personal notes, pictures, and documents, would greatly increase the value of the time capsule to future historians. Historians also concede that there are many preservation issues sur rounding the selection of the media to transmit this information to the future. Some of these issues include the obsolescence of technology and the deterioration of electronic and magnetic storage media, and possible language problems if the capsule is dug up in the distant future. Many buried time capsules are lost, as interest in them fades and the exact location is forgotten, or they are destroyed within a few years by groundwater. A rch i ve s a n d a rch i v a l materials, including videos, might be the best types of time capsules, as long as the medium can still be used, or the data can be read by the latest technologies and software. [6]
[itcs] [the international time capsule society]
The International Time Capsule Society (ITCS), based at Og lethor pe University in Atlanta, Georgia, is an organisation established to promote the study of time capsules. Since 1990 it has been documenting all types of time capsule projects worldwide. The International Time Capsule Society states in their handout brochure as their mission: To maintain a registry of timed events of all known time capsules. To establish a clearing house for information about time capsules. To encourage study of the h i s t o r y, v a r i e t y a n d
motivation behind time capsule projects. To educate the general public and the academic community concerning the value of time capsules. The International Time Capsule Society is an organisation dedicated to tracking the world's time capsules to ensure that those that are created are not lost. The ITCS has set up a registry of time capsules, and has 1,400 groups listed. The ITCS estimates there are between 10,000 to 15,000 time capsules worldwide. Paul Hudson of Oglethorpe University estimates that more than 80 percent of all time capsules are lost and will
not be opened on their intended date. The ITCS holds conferences on a regular basis at Oglethor pe University at their campus in Atlanta, Georgia. Members from around the world meet to discuss time capsule projects; guests are welcome to attend. [7]
[earth artifact articles]
“The image depicts the instructions on the cover of the Golden Record, created in 1977 and sent on the Voyager space missions to communicate information about life on earth to any alien life forms that may encounter it. Around the room Hopkins installed smaller watercolors of what at first appear to be random images, but which one learns were encoded onto the Golden Record. Hopkins worked from online reproductions of slides of the photographs sent on the Voyager spacecraft and, as befits images sourced at third hand, they are rendered with imprecise, soft edges. Their subjects include people walking along the Great Wall of China; a man measuring an alligator's tail; a group of dark-skinned and dark-haired girls; the intricate spirals of a conch shell; and a Romantic explorer standing alone atop a thin rock column in the mountains. There is also an image of a naked man and pregnant woman, the original of which was considered for inclusion on the discs but was ultimately rejected as too controversial.” “Its idiosyncratic and now dated-looking conception of human achievement and diversity is emphasized by the artworks' titles, which Hopkins culled from Murmurs of Earth (1978), a book written by Carl Sagan and other scientists responsible for the project.” [8]
“Ann Druyan recorded it just days after she met Carl Sagan, television astronomer, novelist, peace campaigner and the man she was to marry. As creative director of Nasa's Voyager interstellar record project, she chose the beat of her own grand passion as one of the defining soundbites of life on Earth - a piece in the jigsaw that might one day be put together in a distant galaxy.” “The video discs carry playing instructions in scientific hieroglyphics. They resemble the simple, diagrammatic operating instructions of a per sonal stereo. There are pictures interspersed with music: a newborn baby; a young couple in love; an old couple still in love; images of war, images of fertility - the best and worst of our world.” “At present, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are well beyond the outermost planets of the solar system and Ms Druyan is still waiting for a response from the "life forms out there which statistically must exist". Next to the devastating physical loss of her husband last Christmas, her greatest sadness is that he did not live to make contact with another world.” “The film catalogues not just the search for life beyond Earth but the search for unconditional love too. Ms Druyan says Foster's character has all her late husband's "emotional nakedness" and desire to strike a balance between science and religion. But the film tells a different story - a young woman's search to find support from a father figure taken from her prematurely by death.” [9]
“Since its launch in September 1977, Voyager 1's epic journey has taken it 12bn miles from home, and radio messages from its transmitter take 17 hours, at light speed, to reach home. The fact it is working 36 years after it was launched is extraordinary. The fact that it may outlast not only its makers but into the unimaginably distant future is more remarkable still. What was this probe and what has it taught us? In the 1960s America began an ambitious programme of unmanned exploration of the solar system, in parallel with the manned missions to reach the moon. The earliest target was Mars, but by the late 1960s Nasa wanted to go further. In the early 1970s two probes, Pioneer 10 and 11, were launched, and these gave humanity its first close-up look at the swirling clouds of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn. It was the follow-up Voyager mission, though, in which two identical probes were launched on a "grand tour" of the outer planets later in that decade, that really changed our view of the solar system.” “Voyager 1 arrived at Jupiter in January 1979, slightly ahead of its twin. In March it came within 250,000 miles of the giant planet -- a ball of swirling gas 10 times the diameter of the Earth -- and its camera photographed its surreal cloudscape. Voyager 1's extraordinary pictures of the Great Red Spot became some of the defining photographs of the space age.” “After their encounters with Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, both Voyagers headed out into deep space, travelling fast enough to escape the sun's gravity, and overtaking the earlier Pioneers. When they were constructed, it was assumed that the spacecraft would last a long time and that they might, tens of thousands of years hence, pass by another solar system, perhaps one with inhabited planets. So the decision was taken to include a record of who built these machines, a little about their home world and where this world was -- the ultimate time capsule, to be read by putative aliens who may retrieve Nasa's robots long after our civilisation has collapsed. The twin Pioneers were equipped with engraved goldanodised aluminium plaques, showing a stylised representation of the spacecraft plus the solar system and -- controversially -- two human figures. Controversial because the man and woman were depicted naked, which drew some protests in the puritanical US.” “A much more sophisticated message to the stars was carried aboard the Voyagers, however. Instead of a plaque, each carried a gold phonograph record containing music, speech, sounds and images from Earth, all selected by the late Carl Sagan, the great populariser of astronomy. As well as speech in 56 languages, bird and whalesong, and images of plants and insects, both Voyagers contained recorded greetings from the UN secretarygeneral, Kurt Waldheim, later discovered to have been complicit in Nazi war crimes. In the 1979 Star Trek film, a fictionalised Voyager spacecraft formed a key element of the plot; V'Ger had fallen into a black hole 200 years after launch and been brought to life by aliens.” [10]
“The Ottawa-based musician and visual artist will present the music and images contained on the golden records attached to the Voyager spacecraft. Depending on whom you believe, Voyager 1 is either in interstellar space or on the edge of our solar system with its mate Voyager 2. Both were launched by NASA in 1977 to explore the outer reaches of our solar system. Attached to each vessel are records that contain evidence of human activity as selected by the late Carl Sagan and a team of scientists. There are 116 images and a variety of natural sounds, such as those made by surf, wind, thunder and animals (including bird song and whale song). Its music selections range from Mozart to Blind Willie Johnson to Chuck Berry to Indonesian gamelin music.” “The idea is, what if in future some alien race does actually discover Voyager and does decode the images and music on the record. What would they do with that? What if they didn't have what we would think of as music or what we would think of as art? What if they use this to construct their own form of music, art and culture?” “First Stewart thought he would perform with several turntables, much as a DJ would. He's actually done a show with 13 turntables, so he knows have to move and groove.” “With the 20th anniversary of the festival, Borys - Chamberfest's artistic director - thought this would be the time for the larger work. He asked Stewart to submit some thoughts. Of Stewart's dozen ideas, Borys selected Voyager. The other thing that changed everything is a new toy that Stewart acquired about six months ago for the tidy sum of about $10,000. It is called a reactable and it was invented by two Spaniards a few years ago. The 'instrument' is being used in Europe by DJs and the singer/performance artist Bjork used one on her last tour.” “He plays the reactable by placing up to six hard resin blocks, cubes - or "tangibles" as they are also known - on the surface of the "table." The sensor recognizes an image on the side of the block and plays a sound. So what the audience will see and hear on Friday is Stewart essentially doing a remix of the music on the Voyager records.” “There is a visual component to the performance. Stewart has been working with Ottawa filmmaker Colin Power and animating the images on the records to add some movement to them.” [11]
“Mr Vicinanza, a trained musician with a PhD in Physics, used 320,000 measurements from each spacecraft at one hour intervals. That data was then converted into two very long melodies made up of 320,000 notes each, using different sampling frequencies, from a few KHz to 44.1 kHz. The scientist, who strives to find novel ways to representing huge quantities of data through the use of high-speed networks, created a wide collection of audible sounds, ranging in length from a few seconds to more than five hours depending on the frequency. Mr Vicinanza said: "I wanted to compose a musical piece celebrating the Voyager 1 and 2 together, so used the same measurements - proton counts from the cosmic ray detector over the last 37 years - from both spacecrafts, at the exactly same point of time, but at several billions of Kms of distance one from the other.”” “While Mr Vicinanza's project was created as a fun, accessible way to demonstrate the benefit of research and education networks to society, data sonification - representing data by means of sound signals - is being used to accelerate scientific discovery from epilepsy research to deep space discovery. "Analysing the melody is exactly the same as looking at data in a spreadsheet, but using the ear. The information content is exactly the same: represented by regularities, patterns, changes, trends and peaks," Mr Vicinanza said. "In fact, data sonification makes it possible to get information about long-range regularities and correlations that are hard to spot just by inspection.”” “Voyager 1 and its twin Voyager 2 were launched in the late 1970s. The technology they carry is more than 36 years old. The entire computing power that has navigated Voyager 1 over its 11.6 billion mile journey from Earth can now be found inside an iPhone.” [12]
“In an era when astronauts no longer venture more than 400 kilometres from Earth, the rugged little Voyagers are throwbacks to days of more ambitious exploration. The mission could only fly in the late 1970s, when the four giant outer planets lined up the right way. The next chance would have been in another 176 years.” “The primary mission was set for five years; anything extra was considered gravy. There has been a lot of gravy. Both probes flew close to Jupiter (in 1979) and Saturn (1981), seeing their moons, rings, clouds and more. From there they diverged, and Voyager 2 continued past Uranus (1986) and Neptune (1989). Voyager 1 just kept going, but didn't encounter any more planets. Among the spacecrafts' discoveries: - Saturn's rings are in fact made of many distinct "ringlets," with different chemical compositions; - Neptune has rings invisible from Earth, and a "vibrant atmosphere," with a huge black spot in its clouds - a storm that appears and disappears; - Uranus has a crazy tilt: Its mag-netic poles are about 60 degrees offset from "true" north and south (the axis of rotation); - Miranda, a moon of Uranus, shows signs of have been smashed and reformed long ago. Another theory says internal geological activity changed its form. This has led to a new understanding of how moons all over the solar system (including our own) are changed by collision and other forces.” Last summer, NASA said Voyager 1 could reach interstellar space "at any time." The agency's best guess is that the boundary is 18 billion kilometres from the sun, about where the spacecraft is now. "These calculations show we're getting close, but how close? That's what we don't know, but Voyager 1 speeds outward a billion miles every three years, so we may not have long to wait," Ed Stone, a project scientist, told reporters in June.” “The probes once sent back photos of planets they passed, but that ended long ago. There are no more planets. And most of the instruments have been shut down to save the remaining power in the generators, which create electricity from the heat released by decaying plutonium. In fact, it's a miracle that we can even detect their weak radio signals. NASA today must link together a global network of radio-telescopes to pick up the signal and distinguish it from the background "noise." It takes nearly 17 hours for a radio signal to reach us from Voyager 1, and just as long for commands to reach the probe. But they get through.” “Back on Earth, the physicists scramble to update all their models whenever more information arrives. But the great legacy of the Voyager program isn't all about giant planets and rings and moons and the heliosheath. It's also about exploration by robot-spaceships, a road made smoother by the successes of the Voyagers. Robotic spaceships now land on Mars, or enter orbit around the Red Planet, nearly every two years. Another, Messenger, has orbited Mercury and found long cliffs and mysterious troughs. New Horizons launched in 2006 and is en route to Pluto; Cassini has done incredibly detailed work close to Saturn and its moons. As astronauts wait on the ground, wondering whether a NASA spaceship will be ready in 10 years, the little robots continue to explore new worlds, and soon both Voyagers will begin fresh adventures in the Milky Way.” [13]
[primary research] [my survey]
I decided to create a short survey on www.SurveyMonkey.com to ďŹ nd out other peoples views and opinions about Extraterrestrial life.
[primary research] [my results]
These are my results; each of the questions have been put into a clearly coloured pie chart.
[primary research analysis] It seems that lots of people think that the human race, evolution and war are the things most important to include so I am going to focus
on these subjects and come up with a creative and modern way of displaying their information.
[concept 1] Infographics are used quite a lot these days. They can be found in anything from magazines to on television and vary in shape, size and colour. They are very effective for the visual thinkers; condensing the most important information down and showing it in picture form.
I will need to thoroughly research the most important facts about Earth and put them into number form such as percentage and measurement. I can then put the numbers into a visual form to create a poster.
[infographics] [information-graphics]
Information graphics or infographics are graphic visual representations of infor mation, data or knowledge intended to present complex information quickly and clearly. They can improve cognition by utilising graphics to enhance the human visual system’s ability to see patterns and trends. The process of creating infographics can be referred to as data visualisation, information design, or infor mation architecture. Infographics have been around for many years and recently the increase of a number of easy-to-use, free t o o l s h ave m a d e t h e
creation of infographics available to a large segment of the population. Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter have also allowed for individual infographics to be spread among many people around the world. Infographics are widely used in this age. In newspapers, infographics are commonly used to show the weather, as well as maps, site plans, and graphs for statistical data. Some books are almost entirely made up of information graphics, such as David Macaulay's The Way Things Work. The Snapshots in USA Today are also an example of
simple infographics used to convey news and current events. Modern maps, especially route maps for transit systems, use infographic techniques to integrate a variety of information, such as the conceptual l ayo u t o f t h e t r a n s i t network, transfer points, and local landmarks. Public transportation maps, such as those for the Washington Metro and the London Underground, are wellknown infographics. Public places such as transit ter minals usually have some sort of integrated "signage system" with standardised icons and stylised maps. [14]
[schematic maps] [transport]
A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic p i c t u r e s. A s c h e m a t i c usually omits all details that are not relevant to the information the schematic is intended to convey, and may add unrealistic elements that aid comprehension. For example, a subway map intended for riders may represent a subway station with a dot; the dot doesn't resemble the actual station at all but gives the viewer
information without unnecessary visual clutter. A schematic diagram of a ch e m i c a l p ro c e s s u s e s symbols to represent the vessels, piping, valves, pumps, and other equipment of the system, emphasising their interconnection paths and suppressing physical details. In an electronic circuit diagram, the layout of the symbols may not resemble the layout in the physical circuit. In the schematic diag ram, the symbolic elements are arranged to be
more easily interpreted by t h e v i e w e r . A semi-schematic diagram combines some of the abstraction of a purely schematic diagram with other elements displayed as realistically as possible, for various reasons. It is a compromise between a purely abstract diagram (e.g. the schematic of the Washington Metro) and an exclusively realistic representation (e.g. the corresponding aerial view of W a s h i n g t o n ) . [ 1 5 ]
[london underground map] [infographic map]
T h e Tu b e m a p i s a schematic transit map of the lines, stations and services of London's public transit systems. The London Underground is the base of the map (which it is named after), but the map also includes the Docklands Light Railway and the London Overground network. In newer versions, the Emirates Air Line cable car and sometimes the London Tramlink are included. As a schematic diagram, it does not show the geographic locations but rather the relative positions of the stations, lines, the stations' connective relations, and fare zones. The basic design concepts have been widely adopted for other network maps around the world. T he precur sor for the current map was ďŹ rst designed by Harry Beck in 1931. Early maps of the Metropolitan and District railways were city maps with the lines superimposed, and the District published a pocket map in 1897. A Central London Railway route diagram appears on a 1904 postcard and 1905 p o s t e r, s i m i l a r m a p s appearing in District
Railway cars in 1908. In the same year, following a marketing agreement between the operators, a joint central area map that included all the lines was published. A new map was published in 1921 without any background details, but the central area was squashed, requiring smaller letters and arrows. Harry Beck had the idea of expanding this central area, distorting geography, and simplifying the map so that the railways appeared as straight lines with equally spaced stations. He presented his original draft in 1931, and after initial rejection it was ďŹ rst printed in 1933. Today's tube map is an evolution of that original design, and the ideas are used by many metro systems around the world. The designers of the map have tackled a variety of problems in showing information as clearly as possible and have sometimes adopted different solutions. The font for the map, including station names, is Johnston, which uses perfect circles for the letter 'O'. This is historic and generic font for all TfL uses, from tube station facades to London bus destination blinds.
A n i m a l s o n t h e Underground is a collection of over 20 animal characters depicted using only lines, stations and interchange symbols on the London Underground map, created by illustrator Paul Middlewick in 1987. In 2003, the concept was used in a poster campaign by advertising agency McCannErickson to promote the London Zoo. The pictures have also appeared on London Television and in press articles around the world including The Daily Mail, The Guardian and The Metro. The designs are a registered trademark, and as of 2009 Middlewick has depicted a total of 38 animals. The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) ran a fund raising poster campaign on the London Underground in April 2008. The posters used the seal, elephant and wh a l e i m a g e s t o r a i s e awareness of seal hunting in Canada, the ivory trade and whale hunting respectively. The Animals have appeared many times in London's Metro newspaper. Animals on the Underground concept and images are copyright protected and uses the London Underground map, symbol and typeface under license. [16]
[my designs] These are three ideas I came up with from the information about Earth that I found in my research. I used colour on some and not on
others as the extraterrestrial life forms could be colour blind or they may just not like colour/ďŹ nd colour offensive in their society.
[randy krum] [cool infographics blog]
Randy is the author o f t h e C o o l Infographics® blog th at highlights some of the best examples of data visualisations and infographics found in magazines, newspapers and on the Internet.
T h e C o o l Infographics® blog h as quickly grown to be one of the top sites in the information design industry. With an average over 7,000 visitors per day and 300,000 page views per month, the site
has reached a Google Page Rank of 6/10. In 2009, Randy f o u n d e d InfoNewt® as the company behind his consulting and infographic design work for clients. [17]
[the flat white]
Starbucks sent t h i s c o o l infographic as a c o n t e n t marketing piece in an email to all o f t h e i r customer s introducing The F lat White to their menu
You’ve got to love the c a f e chalkboard appearance, and the layered drink recipe visualisation design!
C u r r e n t l y available for view in most Starbucks stores around the country is an infographic that explains the differences between the styles of drinks on the menu [18]
They use this design s t y l e throughout their entire espresso menu of drinks
[infographic creation websites] Visme (visme.co) Visme allows you to create interactive presentations, infographics and other engaging content. With tons of templates, and huge library of free shapes & icons to choose from, Visme has you creating awesome visual content right away. [19]
Easel.ly (www.easel.ly) Easel.ly lacks a “How-To� introduction section to their program, and just kind of throws you into the design process right away. Their focus seems to be primarily based on infographic design. Whereas other programs offer a plethora of design project options. [20]
Canva (canva.com) After ďŹ nishing the brief tutorial, you can start a new design. Canva is ďŹ lled with options, whether you are working on a project for work, personal, or social media. Each new project comes with a template for the project you choose to work on. With the dimensions done for you, you can focus your attention on creating beautiful designs in seconds. [21]
Piktochart (piktochart.com) Piktochart is one of the best looking programs on this list. All the information you need to get started is provided in their tour. Their program is easy to use, and offers tons of freedom in building and editing your infographic using their simple graphic tools. They have categorised icons, resizable canvas, design-driven charts, and interactive maps to utilise. [22]
[my designs] These are my three improved versions of the ďŹ rst designs. These designs are much more stylish and professional looking with clear
indication to what they're about. I used a blue/green colour scheme as they are the most Earthly colours.
[analysis] I really thought that infographics would be a quick and easy way of displaying information about the world but this wasn’t exactly the case. Deciding what style of infographic to use for each piece of information was actually really challenging as I had quite a lot of information to use. Some pieces of information were obvious such as
percentage population but others weren't so much. My first 3 designs simply came off of the top of my head after reading the information, the second 3 designs were much smarter but because I was using a website to create the infographics, I felt like it was cheating in a sense.
Pros: Condensed information Easy to read and understand Large use of colour
Cons: Not all of the information worked in visual form A lot of information that may have been better just written down Doesn’t actually visually show real life
[concept 2] It is quite popular these days for people to create their own time capsules using a Masons jar and their favourite small objects. Some people fill the jar, some people might use it as more of a picture display case with just a couple of really important objects at the bottom.
I will need to find lots of small objects that I really love or use every day to put in a jar. I already have a jar that I normally keep all of my pennies in so I can empty that. My jar also has a little chalk board label on the front so I can write ‘Time Capsule’ on the front.
[my time capsule jar]
• • • • • • • • • •
Driving License Card Hasma Hand Pendant Kat Von D Lipstick University ID Card Wallet photo of me at age 5 Tea light candle Wooden Elephant lucky object Storthes Hall house key Strawberry Chap Stick A blue lighter
• • • • • • •
Nars nail polish £20 note Nail file Coconut wood 20mm gauge 3 of my favourite rings Kat Von D Liquid Eyeliner Hand crafted tile from Morocco • Favourite wooden bracelet • 2 x 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p • Mini OPI nail polish
[analysis] As great and super cute as this idea is, it really isn’t practical to send into space as many things could happen such as the glass getting broken on impact or crushed by gravity, the objects deteriorating and the fact aliens may not have a physical form to pick things up but definitely they fact it weighs quite a lot which could affect the shuttle.
I also don’t think there is a jar big enough to fit all of the objects from our daily lives in. If we just restricted ourselves to small objects then it wouldn’t give an honest and equal insight to how we live and if we condensed all of the objects down to say 1:20 then aliens might think that we are actually really small people.
Pros: Looks pretty The objects are physically there rather than just images Cons: Very heavy Not enough room Could get broken easily Objects could deteriorate Aliens might not be able to pick things up or hold them
[concept 3] My third idea is to create a fairly short video showing as much as possible about life on earth in the quickest way possible. I could use all of the images that were on the original Golden Record and ick through them or I could go out
and take my own photographs. I could create a collage or video with the images; a video would be better as it can just be sat and watched like a slideshow of pictures rather than manually scrolling through all the images.
[time capsule video] These two video clips from the film ‘Wall-E’ and the film “The Fifth Element’ is the kind of video I want to create. It conveys a lot of
1.
information in a really short period of time; no need for written explanation as the images are more than enough on their own.
The Fifth Element 2. Wall-E
[golden record images] 1 Calibration circle 2 Solar location map 3 Mathematical definitions 4 Physical unit definitions 5 Solar system parameters 6 Solar system parameters 7 The Sun 8 Solar spectrum 9 Mercury 10 Mars 11 Jupiter 12 Earth 13 Egypt, Red Sea, Sinai Peninsula and the Nile 14 Chemical definitions 15 DNA Structure 16 DNA Structure magnified, light hit 17 Cells and cell division 18 Anatomy 1 (Skeleton front) 19 Anatomy 2 (Internal organs front) 20 Anatomy 3 (Skeleton and muscles back) 21 Anatomy 4 (Internal organs back) 22 Anatomy 5 (Ribcage) 23 Anatomy 6 (Muscles front) 24 Anatomy 7 (Heart, lungs, kidneys and main blood vessels back) 25 Anatomy 8 (Heart, lungs, kidneys and main blood vessels front) 26 Human sex organs 27 Diagram of conception 28 Conception 29 Fertilised ovum 30 Fetus diagram 31 Fetus 32 Diagram of male and female 33 Birth 34 Nursing mother 35 Father and daughter (Malaysia) 36 Group of children 37 Diagram of family ages 38 Family portrait
39 Diagram of continental drift 40 Structure of the Earth 41 Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef of Australia) 42 Seashore 43 Snake River and Grand Tetons 44 Sand dunes 45 Monument Valley 46 Forest scene with mushrooms 47 Leaf 48 Autumn Fallen leaves 49 Snowflakes over Sequoia 50 Tree with daffodils 51 Flying insect with flowers 52 Diagram of vertebrate evolution 53 Seashell (Xancidae) 54 Dolphins 55 School of fish 56 Tree toad 57 Crocodile 58 Eagle 59 Waterhole 60 Jane Goodall and chimps 61 Sketch of bushmen 62 Bushmen hunters 63 Man from Guatemala 64 Dancer from Bali 65 Andean girls 66 Thailand master craftsman 67 Elephant 68 Old man with beard and glasses (Turkey) 69 Old man with dog and flowers 70 Mountain climber 71 Gymnast 72 Sprinters (Valeriy Borzov of the U.S.S.R. in lead) 73 Schoolroom 74 Children with globe 75 Cotton harvest 76 Grape picker 77 Supermarket 78 Underwater scene with diver and fish 79 Fishing boat with nets
80 Cooking fish 81 Chinese dinner party 82 Demonstration of licking, eating and drinking 83 Great Wall of China 84 House construction (African) 85 Construction scene (Amish country) 86 House (Africa) 87 House (New England) 88 Modern house (Cloudcroft, New Mexico) 89 "House interior with artist and fire" (Photo by Jim Amos of Jim Gray & his wife) 90 Taj Mahal 91 English city (Oxford) 92 Boston 93 UN Building Day 94 UN Building Night 95 Sydney Opera House 96 Artisan with drill 97 Factory interior 98 Museum 99 X-ray of hand 100 Woman with microscope 101 Street scene, Asia (Pakistan) 102 Rush hour traffic, India 103 Modern highway (Ithaca, NY) 104 Golden Gate Bridge 105 Train 106 Airplane in flight 107 Airport (Toronto) 108 Antarctic Expedition 109 Radio telescope (Westerbork, Netherlands) 110 Radio telescope (Arecibo) 111 Page of book (Newton, System of the World) 112 Astronaut in space 113 Titan Centaur launch 114 Sunset with birds 115 String Quartet (Quartetto Italiano) 116 Violin with music score (Cavatina) [23]
[my images]
[analysis] I don’t feel like this idea is a different enough idea from the original. It is just presenting the original information in a different format. I want to be more creative with this project than that. Even going out and taking my own photos still isn’t creative enough. I do want to stick to the idea of
making a video but maybe focusing more on something important. I don’t have the money and transport to take photos in lots of different countries, this restricts my showing of the world, it would be more like my showing of Huddersfield and student life.
Pros: Simple and straight forward way of portraying life on Earth Not difficult to understand with any level of intelligence Cons: Not different enough to the original So simple it is almost boring Doesn’t show anything in great detail Restricted by lack of money and transport to get diverse images
[concept 4] My fourth idea is to create a short video showing the diversity between many human faces and how every face varies vastly in size, colour and shape. I want to crop the images similarly to my previous experiments but I want each to be cropped to the same size so I can
put them on a running reel like in the Ugly Betty into. I will use what I have learnt from the Adobe After Effects lessons that we have on a Thursday afternoon to create this animated video.
[ugly betty intro] After watching a whole day of Ugly Betty, I realised that that introduction to the program is actually really cool. I really like how every face ďŹ ts with
each other no matter what shape or size each person is. I want to try this with my own images of people and incorporate each greeting every time the face changes.
[orange is the new black intro] Orange Is The New Black is one of my favourite TV shows and again it shows lots of different people
and faces but instead of a still image, it is a short clip of slow motion ďŹ lm.
[the human face] T he human face is ver y important, it is the body part we communicate most with. Talking
and facial expressions play a big role human communication, showing emotion.
[lie to me intro] The intro to Lie To Me analyses facial expressions and micro expressions to determine how people feel or if they are lying. This might be too difďŹ cult to create
but would be interesting for aliens to know, even if they might not be able to understand much of our language, they would be able to read our expressions and emotions.
[diversity]
The concept of diversity encompasses a c c e p t a n c e a n d r e s p e c t . It means understanding that each i n d i v i d u a l i s u n i q u e , and recognizing our individual differences. T h e s e c a n b e a l o n g the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is t h e e x p l o r a t i o n of these differences in a safe, positive, and n u r t u r i n g e n v i r o n m e n t . It is about understanding each other and m o v i n g b e y o n d simple tolerance to embracing and c e l e b r a t i n g t h e rich dimensions of diversity contained w i t h i n e a c h i n d i v i d u a l . [ 2 4 ]
[inspiration] From my research, these are my two favourite images that have given me some good ideas. I was originally looking at making a video
but I could also make still images too. The way the artist has merged 5 different images in a broken glass effect is really interesting.
[proposal] I am going to start by taking my own photographs of lots of different people ranging in age, size, gender and colour. I will then use these to create collages and
collaborations to show the diversity within the human race. I will be using Photoshop to create my images in and After Effects to create my animations.
I cropped all of the pictures to around the same size, using ears and hair lines as a guide and then put a line down the centre of each face and rotated the images until they were p e r f e c t l y s t r a i g h t .
After this, I turned the opacity down to 75% on each image and placed all of the images one over the other so you can see all of the way t h r o u g h .
I layered up all of the images again but this time I put all of the images of each person i n a g e o r d e r .
[layered faces] These two images are actually of all of the photos I took layered on top of each other with the opacity turned down to 50%, it was an
accident as I was trying to just see if all the faces were a similar size. I kept the images as they are actually quite interesting and effective.
[fragmented faces] These three images are taken from the original images I used earlier but I have erased the background then cut and pasted parts of one
persons face onto another persons face. I mixed boys features with girls features to see if there was a large difference.
[fragmented faces in colour] Much the same as the previous outcome, these images have been cut and pasted onto faces but this time the images have been coloured
for obvious differentiation. I think this is far more effective than before but the un-coloured outcome does look clean and smart.
[phrases/languages] 1 Sumerian - David L. Owen - !!!!! silim-ma hé-me-en - May all be well 2 Ancient Greek - Frederick M. Ahl - Οἵτινές ποτ'ἔστε χαίρετε! Εἰρηνικῶς πρὸς φίλους ἐληλύθαμεν φίλοι - Greetings to you, whoever you are. We come in friendship to those who are friends. 3 Portuguese - Janet Sternberg - Paz e felicidade a todos - Peace and happiness to everyone 4 Cantonese - Stella Fessler - 各位好嗎？祝各位平安健康快樂。 Go3 wai2 hou2 maa1? Zuk1 go3 wai2 peng4 ngon1 gin6 hong1 faai3 lok6 - How's everyone? Wish you peace, health and happiness 5 Akkadian - David L. Owen - Adaniš lušumu - May all be very well 6 Russian - Maria Rubinova - Здравствуйте! Приветствую Вас! - Greetings! I Welcome You! 7 Thai - Ruchira Mendiones - สวัสดีค่ะ สหายในธรณีโพ้น พวกเราในธรณีนี้ขอส่งมิตร จิตมาถึงท่านทุกคน - Hello friends from farland. We in this land have sent you warm greeting to you all 8 Arabic - Amahl Shakh - . يا ليت يجمعنا الزمان. تحياتنا لألصدقاء في النجومTaḥiyyātunā lil-'aṣdiqā' filnujūm. Yā laytā yajma`unā al-zamān - Greetings to our friends in the stars. May time bring us together 9 Romanian - Sanda Huffman - Salutări la toată lumea - Regards to everyone 10 French - Alexandra Littauer - Bonjour tout le monde - Hello to everyone 11 Burmese - Maung Myo Lwin - နeက$င&'ပ)သလ$' [nè káʊɴ bà ðəlá] - Are you well 12 Hebrew - David L. Owen - שלוםShalom - Hello (literally "peace") 13 Spanish - Erik J. Beukenjamp - Hola y saludos a todos - Hello and greetings to everyone 14 Indonesian - Ilyas Harun - Selamat malam hadirin sekalian, selamat berpisah dan sampai bertemu lagi dilain waktu - Good night, ladies and gentlemen. Goodbye and see you next time 15 Kechua (Quechua) - Fredy Amikcar, Roncalla Fermandez - Kay pachamamta niytapas maytapas rimapallasta runasimipi - Hello to everybody from this Earth, in Kechua language 16 Punjabi - Jatinder N. Paul - Welcome home. It is a pleasure to receive you 17 Hittite - David L. Owen - Hail 18 Bengali - Subrata Mukherjee - নমsার, বে(র শাি হাক - Hello! Let there be peace everywhere 19 Latin - Frederick M. Ahl - Salvete quicumque estis; bonam erga vos voluntatem habemus, et pacem per astra ferimus - Greetings to you, whoever you are; we have good will towards you and bring peace across space 20 Aramaic - David L. Owen - """ or שלםor ܫܠܡŠəlām - Hello (literally "peace") 21 Dutch - Joan de Boer - Hartelijke groeten aan iedereen - Dear/sincere greetings to everyone 22 German - Renate Born - Herzliche Grüße an alle - Warm greetings to everyone 23 Urdu - Salma Alzal - اسالم و عليکم ـ ہم زمني کے رہنے والوں کى طرف سے آپ کو خوش آمديد کہتے ھيںPeace on you. We the inhabitants of this earth send our greetings to you 24 Vietnamese - Tran Trong Hai - Chân thành gửi tới các bạn lời chào thân hữu - Sincere greetings to you 25 Turkish - Peter Ian Kuriholm - Sayın Türkçe bilen arkadaşlarımız, sabah şerifleriniz hayrolsun Dear Turkish-speaking friends, may the honors of the morning be upon your heads 26 Japanese - Mari Noda - こんにちは。お元気ですか？ Konnichiwa. O genki desu ka? - Hello. How are you? 27 Hindi - धरती के वासियों की ओर से नमस्कार - Greetings from the inhabitants of this world 28 Welsh - Omar Alzal - Iechyd da i chwi yn awr, ac yn oesoedd - Good health to you now and forever 29 Italian - Debby Grossvogel - Tanti auguri e saluti - Many greetings and wishes 30 Sinhalese - Kamal de Abrew - ආයුෙබ&ව(! Ayubowan! - Wish You a Long Life. 31 Nguni (Zulu) - Fred Dube - We greet you, great ones. We wish you longevity
[phrases/languages] 32 Sotho (Sesotho) - Fred Dube - We greet you, O great ones 33 Wu - Yvonne Meinwald - 祝你们⼤大家好。(Zu ni men da jia hao) - Best wishes to you all 34 Armenian - Araxy Terzian - Բոլոր անոնց, որ կգտնվին տիեզերգի ﬕգամածությունեն անդին ողջույններ - To all those who exist in the universe, greetings 35 Korean - Soon Hee Shin - 안녕하세요 - Please be well 36 - Polish - Maria Nowakowska-Stykos - Witajcie, istoty z zaświatów - Welcome, beings from beyond the world 37 Nepali - Durga Prashad Ojha - प्रिथ्वी वासीहरु बाट शान्ति मय भविष्य को शुभकामना - Wishing you a peaceful future from the earthlings 38 Mandarin Chinese - Liang Ku - 各位都好吧？我们都很想念你们，有空请到这来玩。 How's everyone? We all very much wish to meet you, if you're free please come and visit 39 Ila (Zambia) - Saul Moobola - We wish all of you well 40 Swedish - Gunnel Almgren Schaar - Hälsningar från en dataprogrammerare i den lilla universitetsstaden Ithaca på planeten Jorden - Greetings from a computer programmer in the small university town of Ithaca on (the) planet Earth 41 Nyanja - Saul Moobola - How are all you people of other planets? 42 Gujarati - Radhekeant Dave - Greetings from a human being of the Earth. Please contact 43 Ukrainian - Andrew Cebelsky - Пересилаємо привіт із нашого світу, бажаємо щастя, здоров'я і многая літа - We are sending greetings from our world, wishing you happiness, goodness, good health and many years 44 Persian - Eshagh Samehyeh - درود بر ساکنین ماورای آسمانها- Greetings to the residents of far skies 45 Serbian - Milan M. Smijanic - Желимо вам све најлепше са наше планете - We wish you all the best, from our planet 46 Oriya - Raghaba Prasada Sahu - Greetings to the inhabitants of the universe from the third planet Earth of the star Sun 47 Ganda (Luanda) - Elijah Mwima-Mudeenya - Greetings to all peoples of the universe. God give you peace always 48 Marathi - Arati Pandit - नमस्कार. ह्या पृथ्वीतील लोक तुम्हाला त्यांचे शुभविचार पाठवतात आणि त्यांची इच्छा आहे की तुम्ही ह्या जन्मी धन्य व्हा - Greetings. The people of the Earth send their good wishes and hope you find good fortune in this life. 49 Amoy (Min dialect) - Margaret Sook Ching See Gebauer - 太空朋友，恁好！恁食飽未？有閒 著來阮遮坐喔。 (Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá—bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē—ô͘!) Friends of space, how are you all? Have you eaten yet? Come visit us if you have time 50 Hungarian (Magyar) - Elizabeth Bilson - Üdvözletet küldünk magyar nyelven minden békét szerető lénynek a Világegyetemen - We are sending greetings in the Hungarian language to all peace-loving beings on the Universe 51 Telugu - Prasad Kodukula - నమ#, $%& '()* జన,న-ం/ ' 012ం3% - Greetings. Best wishes from Telugu-speaking people 52 Czech - V. O. Kostroun - Milí přátelé, přejeme vám vše nejlepší - Dear Friends, we wish you the best 53 Kannada (Kanarese) - Shrinivasa K. Upadhaya - ನಮ#, ಕನ%&ಗರ ಪರ*+ ,-ಷಯಗ0 Greetings. On behalf of Kannada-speaking people, 'good wishes' 54 Rajasthani - Mool C. Gupta - Hello to everyone. We are happy here and you be happy there 55 English - Nick Sagan - Hello from the children of planet Earth - Hello from the children of planet Earth 56 Esperanto - Ralph Harry - Ni strebas vivi en paco kun la popoloj de la tuta mondo, de la tuta kosmo - We strive to live in peace with the peoples of the whole world, of the whole cosmos
I cropped all of the faces into 3 different sections; the eyes, the nose and the mouth.
I connected these together in Photoshop so that they ran on a c o n t i n u o u s r e e l . I put these reels After Effects and them through different speeds to what they looked
into ran at see like.
Most of the faces don’t quite match up due to very different shapes of the head and the location o f f a c i a l f e a t u r e s . I included some of the greetings in different languages but I am unsure whether it looks good; it might be too m u c h t o t a k e i n .
[second outcome]
[analysis] I really like this idea and believe it is the best one. It might not be ďŹ lled with information like some of my other ideas but it focuses on the diversity within the human race which is one of the most important pieces of information that we need
to convey to extraterrestrials. It shows how different the human face can be yet they still have the same features such as eyes, ears, nose, mouth, hair, etc just in different sizes and colours.
Pros: It is about understanding the images rather than the text so it doesn’t matter if they cannot read any of the languages It weighs nothing Quickest way of showing the human form Cons: Aliens might not be able to see colour or at all They may not be advanced enough to process fast moving images They might not have any of the necessary technology to play the ďŹ lm on
[feedback]
- The video is quite jumpy, you need to align each reel and play them at the same speed to make it run a lot smoother. - It would look better if you slowed down the moving reels, they fly past so fast that you almost don’t register what is going on and have to play the video multiple times to understand and see everything in the video. - Try to make the passing words a bit slower and make them bolder so they stand out over the images behind; also try making them different sizes to vary the focus.
[text references] [1] Stephen Hawking [2] [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record [4] [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_plaque [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_capsule [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Time_Capsule_Society [8] SHOLIS, B. (2009) - Violet Hopkins - Artforum International. Vol 48. Iss 2. New York: Artforum Inc. [9] FROST, B. (1997) - Message For Outer Space - The Times. Page 21. London: News International Trading Ltd. [10] HANLON, M. (2013) - Goodbye, Earth, I'll still be here when you are dust Sunday Times. Edn 2. Page 6. London: News International Trading Ltd. [11] ROBB, P. (2014) - Space Music; Jesse Stewart heads to the final frontier at Chamberfest - The Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa: Postmedia Network Inc. [12] EDGAR, J. (2014) - The sound of space: piano duet created from 37 years of Voyager data - Telegraph.co.uk. London: Telegraph Media Group Ltd. [13] SPEARS, T. (2012) - The little spacecraft that could - The Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa: Postmedia Network Inc. [14] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographic [15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schematic [16] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_map [17] http://www.randykrum.com/bio/ [18] http://www.coolinfographics.com/blog/?currentPage=2 [19] [20] [21] [22] http://www.coolinfographics.com/blog/?currentPage=5 [23] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record [24] http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~asuomca/diversityinit/definition.html [25] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record
[image references] [1] Mindmap - Olivia Habermel [2] http://eurekashop.be/media/catalog/product/cache/1/thumbnail/ 9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/s/c/scotstech__nasa_voyager_space_craft_golden_record_cover_2_xxl_.png [3] http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/images/golden_record_cover.gif [4] http://i.imgur.com/NMe25.gif [5] http://livedoor.blogimg.jp/peperon999/imgs/e/9/e9f668ff.jpg [6] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/GPN-2000-001621x.jpg [7] http://www.daviddarling.info/images/PioneerPlaque2.gif [8] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/ Marker_of_Westinghouse_Time_Capsules.jpg [9] http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02344/ design_museum2_2344348b.jpg [10] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/14/Time_Capsule_(1).JPG [11] http://www.artecengineering.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/TimeCapsule-3-225x300.jpg [12] http://urbanthinking.org/docs/images/crpl1985_timecapsule.jpg [13] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/ EXPO70_TimeCapsule.jpg [14] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/ Old_City_Cemetery_time_capsule_Sacramento,_CA.jpg [15] http://www.hws.edu/news/images/du/Time_Capsule.jpg [16] https://bostonwriters.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/ ap_boston_time_capsule_04_jc_141015_16x9_992.jpg [17] http://thoughtsbringactions.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/TIMECAPSULE-TECHNIQUE.png [18] http://www.ridgequest.co.uk/round-time-capsules.jpg [19] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/ Marker_of_Westinghouse_Time_Capsules.jpg [20] http://www.youramazingpictures.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/TimeCapsule-At-Chinook-Mall-in-Calgary-AB-To-Be-Opened-In-The-Year-2999.jpg [21] https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/77R5KNK [22] https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/77R5KNK
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