OZM Research 2018 brochure by OZM Research

PRODUCT CATALOGUE

2018/2019

Testing Instruments www.ozm.cz

for Energetic & Hazardous Flammable Materials

ABOUT US

www.ozm.cz

Technology of explosives Chemistry of energetic Theory of explosion materials Primary explosives Mining works & destruction Testing of energetic materials

Explosives Testing procedures

Explosion processing of materials

THEORY & LABORATORY

Testing of rocket propellants

Instruments

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

Characterization of hazard materials

Hazard assesment Explosive hardening

Testing of gun propellants

Explosive welding

Theory & technology of propellants

Analytics of explosives

TRAINING & EDUCATION

Interior ballistics Stability of explosives

EXPLOSION PROCESSING OF MATERIALS

SERVICES

EXPERT COURSES

Hazard assesment

Testing workbench

Detonation physics

EXPLO 5 SOFTWARE

SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE

LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

EDA

Calorimeters

EXPLOSIVES, PROPELLANTS,

Ballistic mortar Velocity of detonation

SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION PLANTS

BURNING RATE

Testing pressure vessel

PERFORMANCE

Gap test Underwater Brisance test

TESTING INSTRUMENTS

PYROTECHNICS

Shock wave parameters

Testing containers

Emulsion explosives Double base propellants

Ignition temperatures STABILITY

FLAMMABLE GASES, VAPOURS, DUSTS

Heating blocks DTA

SENSITIVITY

Impact Electrostatic spark Friction Minimum burning Heat Electric pressure discharge

STABIL

Explosion pressure

Limiting oxygen concentration

Rate of pressure rise Explosibility concentration

Electric ignition energy Self-ignition temperature

NEW INSTRUMENTS

BIT 132™

OPTIMEX PDV™

See Page 17

See Page 30

BALL DROP IMPACT TEST

Storage containers

ATEX chambers

Rocket motor Closed vessels

Detonation chambers

PHOTONIC DOPPLER VELOCIMETER

ABOUT US

ABOUT US OZM Research is a knowledge-based company formed by experienced explosives scientists and engineers. The company’s core business model is to produce the best specialized testing instruments for the energetic and hazardous flammable materials using the latest technologies and to provide our clients the most comprehensive expert services for their applications.

CLIENT-FOCUSED

TAILORED PRODUCTS

EXPORT-ORIENTED

Our services do not just end with the sale and delivery of the instruments. Our product managers are PhDs in explosives science and technology with decades of experience in development and applications of new testing methods and instruments in academic, industrial and military domestic and international projects. We offer our clients our expertise throughout the entire process — from selecting an instrumentation for a specific application, to its installation and training, to preparation of testing methodologies and their implementation at the client′s laboratory.

We offer not only standard testing equipment complying with the military or industrial standards as shown in this catalog. We often design tailored products meeting the client ‘s specific requirements. Please do not hesitate to challenge our engineers with a request for a new instrumentation if not finding the appropriate type in our catalog.

Since the company establishment in 1997, we have exported our products to more than 50 countries on all continents. Our major clients include military research & development centers, forensic institutes, international certification bodies, universities, explosives and ammunition manufacturers, nuclear power plants and other related industries. Our company is fully licensed for handling explosive materials and ammunition as well as for foreign trade with these materials.

NEW INSTRUMENTS

TSV™ Series TESTING CLOSED VESSEL See Page 32

NEW INSTRUMENTS

HPA 1500™ HIGH PRESSURE AUTOCLAVE See Page 43

OZM TEAM

www.ozm.cz

OZM TEAM Miloslav KRUPKA Ph.D.

Doc. Dr. Břetislav JANOVSKÝ

Co-CEO, Co-Founder & Co-Owner

Dr. Krupka leads OZM Research’s business enterprise strategy and personally participates in the development of new instruments and methods for the testing of Energetic Materials. Since 1995 he has developed and introduced more than twenty different instruments to the international market. He brings new ideas and the vision to further expansion of OZM Research’s business activities.

Dr. Janovský is responsible for the development and production of equipment for the characterization of combustible materials such as flammable mixtures of gas, vapors and dusts with oxidizers. He also provides consultancy for hazard assessment of technologies in the process industry. He developed and brought four instruments to production.

Before OZM Research’s founding in 1997, Dr. Krupka worked at the Institute of Energetic Materials, University of Pardubice, as an assistant professor. He received a Master’s (1993) and Ph.D. (2000) in the Technology of Explosives from the Institute of Energetic Materials, University of Pardubice.

Jan CUPÁK Product Manager Mr. Cupák is an expert in HW design and the development of new electronic components. Also, he has been responsible for the development of special electronic devices for the measurement of physical properties. Mr. Cupák, received a Master’s degree from the Brno University of Technology in 2011. He joined OZM in 2014. He began his career at the company, Chromservis, where he worked in research and development of advanced laboratory equipment designed for CBRN defense.

Marcel HANUS, Ph.D. Product Manager Dr. Hanus is a product manager for detonation chambers and explosion-proof containers. Dr. Hanus is a graduate from the Institute of Energetic Materials, University of Pardubice, with M.Sc. (1996) and Ph.D. (1999) degrees. He joined OZM Research in 2004. He has also six years of experience as a defense scientist at the Military Institute for Weapon and Ammunition Technology. He was responsible for the transformation of the Czech Army methodologies for qualification and in-service surveillance of explosive materials to modern NATO standards, the development of new testing methods for service life control of explosive materials in rockets and missiles, development of ammunition demilitarization technologies and enhanced blast explosives. He acted as the national representative in NATO committees for testing of explosive materials AC/310 SG1 and AC/326 SG1 (1998–2006), wrote more than 100 R&D reports and technical documents, 3 NATO standards, 3 Czech defense standards, 19 papers at scientific conferences, 1 monograph and 1 university textbook.

Dr. Janovský has worked as an assistant professor and professor at the Institute of Energetic Materials, University of Pardubice, since 1998. He is author of more than 25 scientific articles. He received a Master’s (1990) and Dr. (1998) in the Technology of Explosives from the Institute of Energetic Materials, University of Pardubice.

Jan HORKEL Product Manager Mr. Horkel focuses on the field of testing the impact and friction sensitivity of Energetic Materials and other dangerous substances. He is also leading a research project on the simulation of a nuclear reactor accident. He completed his Master’s degree in Safety Engineering at the Institute of Energetic Materials, University of Pardubice, in 2004. Mr. Horkel has been working for OZM Research since 2006 and has been in charge of the development and production of impact and friction testing instruments there since 2008. Under his leadership, more than 100 instruments have been produced for customers worldwide.

Martin KÜNZEL Product Manager Mr. Künzel is responsible for the development and production of optical and laser based instruments for the determination of detonation parameters. Mr. Künzel received a Master’s degree in Technology of Explosives from the Institute of Energetic Materials, University of Pardubice, in 2011. During his studies, he authored more than 10 scientific papers in the field of energetic materials. He joined OZM in 2015.

Jan MAREK Product Manager Mr. Marek is responsible for the development and production of instruments designed for the characterization of combustible parameters of solid and liquid substances. Mr. Marek received a Master’s degree in Department of Safety and Security Planning, Technical University of Ostrava, in 2010. From 2010 till 2013 he worked in the REACH Center laboratory studying dangerous properties of chemicals. He joined OZM in 2013.

OZM TEAM

PRODUCT MANAGERS / DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Ondřej NĚMEC, Ph.D.

Václav STANĚK, Ph.D.

Product Manager

Dr. Němec is responsible for the development and production of different kinds of calorimeters and instruments for the characterization of emulsion explosives. Dr. Němec holds a Master’s (2010) and Ph.D. degree (2015) in Technology of Explosives from the Institute of Energetic Materials, University of Pardubice. After earning his doctorate he joined OZM as a product manager. Prior to that he participated in OZM Research’s tasks even during his studies.

Petr NESVADBA, Ph.D. Product Manager Dr. Nesvadba is an outstanding expert in the explosion processing of materials – a very special application of explosives. He has more than eighteen years of experience with explosive hardening, welding and other metal processing technologies. He has also participated in the development and testing of explosion-loaded instrumentation (e.g. closed vessels and ballistic mortars). Dr. Nesvadba received his Master’s (2000) from the Brno University of Technology and Ph.D. (2012) from the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava. He joined OZM in 2012. Prior to that, he spent twelve years as a researcher and a head of the Explosives Testing Facility at the Research Institute of Industrial Chemistry of Explosia Pardubice.

Vojtěch PELIKAN, Ph.D. Product Manager Dr. Pelikan leads the research of the electrostatic sensitivity of energetic materials with the focus on primary explosives and sensitive pyrotechnic mixtures. He is also involved in development of the pyrotechnic mixtures and related technologies for application in the initiation systems and their production and testing. Within OZM Research, he is responsible for the product portfolio of ESD testing instrumentation. Dr. Pelikan received his Ph.D. degree (2009) in Technology of Explosives at the Institute of Energetic Materials (IEM), University of Pardubice. Dr. Pelikan has worked as the assistant professor at the IEM since his graduation and actively collaborates with OZM Research since 2010. Since 2012 he is a member of the Czech National Committee for the Standardization of explosives and pyrotechnics. Dr. Pelikan has also worked at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (2009–2010) and Cavendish Laboratory at University of Cambridge, UK (2005–2006).

Dr. Staněk is responsible for the development of new testing procedures, standards and application lists, especially for analytical instruments. He also participates in the development of new technologies for production of energetic materials. Dr. Staněk received his Master’s (1994) and Ph.D. (2001) in Analytical Chemistry from the Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice. He joined OZM Research in 2017. Prior to that, he worked more than 15 years as an assistant professor at the Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice and later as a validation specialist at ALS Czech Republic, Life Sciences Division.

Petr STOJAN, Ph.D. Product Manager Dr. Stojan is responsible for the development of instruments designed for the testing of ballistic parameters of propellants. He invented the unique instrument and procedure for the determination of the burning rates of propellants called the STOJAN Vessel and many others. Dr. Stojan received his Master’s (1996) and Ph.D. (2004) from the Brno Universityy of Technology. gy Before jjoiningg OZM Research, his experience p included internal ballistics, testing and technology of double and triple based propellants (in/for rocket motors and large caliber guns) and their application at the Research Institute of Industrial Chemistry of Explosia Pardubice.

CONTENT

www.ozm.cz

CONTENT STANDARDS OF TESTING

.................................................................................................................

ENERGETIC MATERIALS Instruments Applications Reference table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

9 Underwater pressure wave measurement

UWB

SENSITIVITY TESTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Electrostatic spark sensitivity apparatus

X SPARK 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ESDEX 25, ESD LS30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Ballistic mortar

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

BAM fall hammers

BFH 10, BFH 12, BFH 12A, BFH 12R . . . . 14 BFH PEx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Velocity of detonation tester

VOD 815

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

BAM friction apparatus

FSKM 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 FSA 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Ball drop impact test

BIT 132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Optical analyzers

OPTIMEX 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 OPTIMEX 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Photonic doppler velocimeter OPTIMEX PDV

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Minimum burning pressure apparatus

MBP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

COMPUTATIONS THERMAL STABILITY TESTS Thermal stability testing

Heating blocks

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Vacuum stability test

STABIL® VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Differential thermal analyzer

DTA 552-Ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Explosion temperature apparatus

AET 402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

PERFORMANCE TESTS Oxygen calorimeter

BCA® 500

Calculation of detonation parameters

EXPLO 5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

INTERIOR BALISTIC TESTS Closed vessel

TSV Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 RB series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Electro-explosive devices analyzers

EDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 EDA Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

ROCKET PROPELLANTS TESTS Stojan Vessel ® SV-2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Detonation calorimeters

DCA 25 / DCA 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Rocket motors testing

LTRM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 TRM 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 RMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

CONTENT

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING Instruments for Flammable Materials & Safety Engineering

. . . . . 42

SHT 150

High pressure autoclave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Thermal stability test at 75 °C

TST 75

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Relative self-ignition temperature

Time-pressure test apparatus

TPT Series 2

SOLID, LIQUIDS Self-heating substance apparatus

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS HPA 1500

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

RSIT

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

DUST DISPERSION

Autoignition temperature of chemicals

Minimum ignition energy of dust dispersions

MIE-D 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

AIT 551

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Sustained combustibility tester

SCT 100

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

FLAMMABLE GAS, DUST DISPERSION, VAPOURS Explosion chambers for gases and dusts CA 20L, CA 1M3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Concentration limits of flammability

FRTA I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

PROTECTION BY FLAMEPROOF ENCLOSURE

DUST DISPERSION, DUST LAYER

Testing devices in explosive atmosphere

Ignition temperature testers MIT 1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 LIT 400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

ATEX Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

SAFE STORAGE AND TESTING IN LABORATORIES STORAGE CONTAINERS

Protective Testing Container

Portable Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Storage Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Pollution Abatement System (PAS) . . . . . 59

DETONATION CHAMBERS

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Explosives handling workbench

. . . . . . . . . 59

Laboratory & industrial detonation chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

FLAMMABLE TRAINING AND MATERIALS EDUCATION & SAFETY ENGINEERING

List of Training Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

FLAMMABLE EXPLOSIVE PROCESSING MATERIALS &SERVICE SAFETY ENGINEERING

Explosive Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

STANDARDS

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STANDARDS OF TESTING LIST OF STANDARDS / COMPLIED INSTRUMENTS / PAGE Standard

Instrument

Page

Standard

Instrument

Page

ADN 2013

SHT 150

MIL-STD 1751A

AOP 7

BFH PEx BIT 132 FSKM 10 HBA

15 17 16 19

BFH BIT 132 FSKM 10 X SPARK

MIL-STD 286

RB Series

AOP 48

HBA

MIL-STD 286c

ASTM E659

AIT 551

CH100 MVT

19 19

ASTM E681

FRTA I

ASTM E1226

NFT 20-036

ASTM E1515

AIT 551 RSIT

50 54

ASTM E2021

LIT 400

ASTM E2019

MIE-D

SAE/USCAR 28

EDA

STANAG 4022/4

STABIL VI

STANAG 4023

STABIL VI

STANAG 4115

RB Series

STANAG 4117

HBA

STANAG 4147

STABIL VI

STANAG 4178

ABT BEJU CH100 MVT

19 19 19 19

STANAG 4230

STABIL VI

STANAG 4284

STABIL VI

STANAG 4487

FSKM 10

STANAG 4489

BFH

STANAG 4490

X SPARK

STANAG 4491

AET 402

STANAG 4515

DTA 552-Ex

STANAG 4527

HBA

STANAG 4541

HBA

STANAG 4556

STABIL VI

STANAG 4566

STABIL VI

STANAG 4620

HBA

STANAG 4672

LTRM TRM

38 39

STANAG 4673

LTRM TRM

38 39

C COTIF RID 2013

SHT 150

D DEFSTAN 13-189/1

ABT

E EC 1272/2008

RSIT

ECD 92/69/EEC

BFH FSKM 10

14 16

ECD 2004/73/EC

TPT

EMTAP Manual of Tests Test No 43

BFH

EMTAP Manual of Tests Test No 44

FSKM 10

EN 1839

EN 13631-2

TST 75

EN 13631-4

BFH

EN 13631-3

FSKM 10

EN 13631-14

VOD 815 OPTIMEX 8 OPTIMEX 64

27 28 29

EN 13763-16

EDA

EN 13763-17

EDA

EN 13763-18

EDA

EN 13763-19

EDA

EN 13763-20

EDA

EN 13821

MIE-D

EN 13938-2

X SPARK

EN 14034

EN 14522

AIT 551

EN 14756

EN 15188

AIT 551

EN 15967

EN 16265

EDA

EN 50281-2-1

LIT 400 MIT 1000 ATEX

EN 60079-1

14 17 16 12

T TB 700-2

FSKM 10

TL 1376-0600

BEJU

UK M28/89

BEJU

UN RTDG *) Appendix 7

TPT

UN RTDG *) Test 1(c)(i), Test 2(c)(i)

TPT

52 51

UN RTDG *) Test 3(a)(ii)

BFH

UN RTDG *) Test 3(b)(i)

FSKM 10

UN RTDG *) Test 3(c)

TST 75

UN RTDG *) Test C.1

TPT

GB/T 21567-2008

BFH

UN RTDG *) Test F.5

HPA 1500

GB/T 21566-2008

FSKM 10

UN RTDG *) Test L.2

SCT 100 SHT 150

54 53

TPT

I IEC 61241-2-3

MIE-D

UN RTDG *) Test O.1, Test O.2

ISO 14451-2

EDA

ISO/IEC 80079-20-2

VDI 2263

*) UN RTDG = UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, United Nations, New York, 2015

ENERGETIC MATERIALS

ENERGETIC MATERIALS TESTING INSTRUMENTS FOR THERMAL STABILITY, SENSITIVITY AND PERFORMANCE TESTS

Characterization of properties of energetic materials is extremely important when considering their manipulation safety or long-term storage. OZM Research provides complete solution for explosive testing laboratories. Sensitivity testing provides information about energy suďŹ&#x192;cient for initiation of explosive samples by impact, friction, spark, heat or shock wave stimuli. Chemical and thermal stability testing is important for evaluation of service life of energetic materials to protect against accidental explosion during long-term storage. Performance tests allow to evaluate how good certain explosive is for a particular mission. Determination of combustion and detonation heat, detonation velocity or other performance properties is very important for assessment of high explosives in industrial or military applications. Solid gun and rocket propellants are subjected to the series of interior ballistic tests. Closed vessels of different volumes serve for determination of burning vivacity and maximum working pressure of gun propellants. Burning rate of the solid rocket propellants can be measured directly in real or subscale rocket motors or in specially developed Stojan VesselÂŽ.

ENERGETIC MATERIALS

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INSTRUMENTS APPLICATIONS REFERENCE TABLE

Sensitivity to External Stimuli Tests

Chemical and Thermal Stability Tests

+ +

Safety Engineering

R&D

+ + +

Storage & Transport

Product Quality Control



Military Qualification

Explosive Devices



Explosive Substances

Military Surveillance

APPLICATIONS

+ +

Rocket Propellants

Not applicable

Gun Propellants

Limited usage

Pyrotechnics



Industrial Explosives

Applicable Military High Explosives

Primary Explosives

EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

TEST METHOD

OZM INSTRUMENT

Abel Test

ABT

Accelerated Ageing

HBA, Heating Blocks

Bergmann-Junk Test

BeJu

Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)

DTA 552-Ex

Dutch Weight Loss Test at 90 °C (Holland Test)

HOLLAND TEST

Explosion (Ignition) Temperature Test

AET 402

Heat Storage Test at 100 °C

CH100

Compatibility/Reactivity by DTA

DTA 552-Ex

Compatibility/Reactivity by VST

STABIL VI

Methyl Violet Test

MVT

Time-to-Explosion Test

AET 402

+ + + + + + +

Vacuum Stability Test (VST)

STABIL VI



+ +

Cook-off Tests (slow, fast)

SCO, FCO



+ + + + + +

+ + +

Friction Sensitivity Test

FSKM 10 (BFST BAM6A)



+ + + + + +

+ + + +

Friction Sensitivity Test

FSKM 10 (BFST PEX3A)



+ + + +

Gap Tests (shock wave sensitivity)

Water & UN GAP Test



+ +



+ + + +

Impact Sensitivity Test

BFH 10, BFH 12 , BFH 12A, BFH 12R



+ + + + + +



+ + + +

Impact Sensitivity Test

BFH PEX

+ + + +

Sensitivity of Electroexplosive Devices to Electrostatic Discharge

ESDEX 25

Electro-explosive Device Analyzer

EDA

Large Scale Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Test

ESD LS30

Small Scale Electrostatic Spark Sensitivity Test

X SPARK 10

Minimum Burning Pressure Test

MBP

+ + +

+ +

+ + + + + + +

+ + +



+ + + + + + + +



+ + + + +



+ + +



+ +

+ + +



+ + + +



+ + + +



+ + + +

+ + 



+ +

+ + +

+ + 



+ + + + + +

+ + 

+ + + + + + + + +

ENERGETIC MATERIALS

INSTRUMENTS APPLICATIONS REFERENCE TABLE

Interior Ballistic Performance Tests

Explosive Performance Tests

OZM INSTRUMENT

Underwater Test

UWB

Explosive Strength (power)

Ballistic Mortars BM 310, Ballistic Mortars BM 765



+ +



+ +

Explosive Strength (power)

Trauzl Test, Detonation Chambers



+ +



+ +

Explosive Brisance Tests

Hess Test, Kast Test, Detonation Chambers



+ +



+ +

Detonation Velocity

VOD 815, Detonation Chambers

+ +



Detonation Velocity, Burning Rate

OPTIMEX 8, OPTIMEX 64, Detonation Chambers

+ + +

Cylinder Expansion Test, Flyer Plate Test, Fragment Velocity

OPTIMEX PDV, Detonation Chambers

+ + +

Prediction of Detonation and Burning Parameters

EXPLO5

+ + + + + + +

Heat of Detonation

DCA 25, DCA 100

+ + + + + +

Closed Vessel Tests

TSV Series

Closed Vessel Tests

RB Series

Heat of Combustion/Explosion

BCA 500

Burning Rate Tests

Stojan Vessel SV-2

+ + + +

Burning Rate Tests

LTRM 2

+ + + +

Burning Rate Tests of Pyrotechnics

VOD 815

Sub-scale Rocket Motor Tests

TRM 50

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Rocket Motor Burning Parameters

RMM

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Safety Engineering

TEST METHOD

Storage & Transport

R&D

Product Quality Control

Military Surveillance

Military Qualification

APPLICATIONS

Explosive Devices

Explosive Substances

Rocket Propellants

Not applicable

Gun Propellants

Limited usage

Pyrotechnics

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Industrial Explosives

Applicable Military High Explosives

Primary Explosives

EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

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ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Sensitivity Tests

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X SPARK 10

ELECTROSTATIC SPARK SENSITIVITY APPARATUS

The X SPARK 10™ is the newest generation of the universal testing instrumentation (originating from the ESD 2008A) designed for precise measurement of the initiation energy of energetic materials by electrostatic spark in the range of discharge energies from 25 μJ to 25 J and voltages between 500 V and 10 kV. The X SPARK 10 operates in the two discharge regimes – Oscillating and Damping – suitable for different classes of energetic materials (with shock wave or thermal mechanism of initiation).

Frame: 6 Delay: 13.000 us Exposure: 5 ns

Ignition – detonation o primary explosive Frame: 8 Delay: 15.000 us Exposure: 5 ns

Ignition – burning of pyrotechnic mixture

APPLICATIONS Electrostatic discharge is one of the most frequent and the least characterized causes of accidental explosions of energetic materials. Reliable data on the electrostatic spark sensitivity of energetic materials is thus critical for their manufacture, quality control, explosives processing, loading, transportation, storage, demilitarization and research and development of the new explosive materials.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Compact design  Allows for the measurement of both the total spark energy and the net initiation energy (energy transferred to the sample)  Applicable for all types of energetic materials including crystalline/ granular high explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics and primary explosives with different testing modes  Replaceable spark gaps  Several models of automatically operated testing stands according to different international standards including stands with fixed electrodes and with an approaching anode  Gas-tight protection cap allows simple collection of gaseous decomposition products for eventual chemical analysis  Modified designs of the spark gap assemblies according to the requirements of other standards or testing methods are available upon request.  External testing assemblies are designed for up to 500 mg explosive samples  Wide selection of capacitors in the capacitor bank for testing with wide ranges of spark energies

Approaching needle testing stand

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Sensitivity Tests

COMPLIANCE IANCE  EN 13938-2 Explosives for civil uses – Propellants and rocket propellants – Part 2: Determination of resistance to electrostatic energy  STANAG 4490  MIL-STD-1751A Safety and Performance Tests for the Qualification of Explosives – Methods 1031, 1032 & 1033

Winspark screenshots

Other available versions of spark testers

ESDEX 25™

Electrostatic discharge generator for testing of electro-explosive devices

ESD LS30™

Large-scale electrostatic discharge sensitivity tester

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Sensitivity Tests

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BFH Series BAM FALL HAMMER SERIES

The BAM Fall Hammer (also known as BAM Impact Tester or BAM Drop Hammer) is designed to determine the sensitivity of explosive materials to the impact stimuli by a falling drop weight in accordance with the BAM procedure. OZM Research has on offer four types of standard BAM Fall Hammers designed to measure impact sensitivity of solid or liquid energetic materials (i.e. high explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics or some primary explosives) and also other substances suspected to be sensitive to impact stimuli ranged from 0.25 J to 100 J. Sensitivity of the most sensitive substance such as primary explosives or highly sensitive pyrotechnics can be measured on offered small BAM Fall Hammer BFH-PEx. BFH 12A A

APPLICATION The sensitivity to impact stimuli is one of the most important characteristics of explosive and other dangerous materials defining their safety in handling, processing or transportation. Its determination is a necessary part of characterization of new explosives, modified formulations or manufacturing conditions, as well as for defining influences of impurities or ageing. It is also used in quality control of manufactured explosives, surveillance of in-service explosives and transport/storage classification of explosive materials.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Unique Drop Weight Exchange Window for safer, quicker and more convenient exchange of drop weights (BFH 12A and BFH 12 only)  Automated Lifting Mechanism remotely operates positioning, drop and collection of Drop Weight (BFH 12A only)  Protective housing as a standard accessory  Wide range of impact energies from 0.25 J to 100 J (six drop weights from 0.25 kg to 10 kg)  Drop weights are equipped with brass grooves to lower sliding friction  Wide range of accessories  Premium quality consumables at cost effective prices

COMPLIANCE OZM Research manufactures several modifications of this instrument in order to better fit different classes of explosive materials and different standards of testing, such as:  UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria – [Test 3(a)(ii)]  EN 13631-4:2002  Commission Directive 92/69/EEC, Method A14  GB/T 21567-2008  STANAG 4489  MIL-STD-1751A, Method 1015  EMTAP, Manual of Tests, Test No 43  AOP 7 Ed.2, 201.01.001 (BFH PEx only)  GOST 4545-88 (BFH R only)

Drop Weight Exchange Window

Drop weights for BFH 12

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Sensitivity Tests

BFH 12

BFH 10

BFH 12R

BFH PEx

BFH 12A AUTOMATED BAM FALL HAMMER The BFH 12A™ is the high-end version of BAM Fall Hammer supplied by OZM Research. It has design features of the innovated BFH 12 and furthermore it is equipped with automated remotely controlled lifting mechanism for positioning, drop and collection of the drop weight. The BFH 12A also introduces a unique Drop Weight Exchange Window for safer, quicker and more convenient exchanges of the drop weights.

BFH 12 IMPROVED BAM FALL HAMMER The BFH 12™ is an improved version of standard BAM Fall Hammer. It is equipped with a unique Drop Weight Exchange Window for safer, quicker and more convenient exchanges of the drop weights.

BFH 10 BAM FALL HAMMER The BFH 10™ is a standard BAM Fall Hammer for the customers who are looking for economic but still high-quality solution. The BFH 10 fully complies with all relevant international standards listed above.

BFH 12R BAM FALL HAMMER GOST TYPE The BFH 12R™ is modified version of standard BAM Fall Hammer. Its design and functionality fully complies with Russian standard GOST 4545-88. It is also equipped with a unique Drop Weight Exchange Window for safer, faster and more convenient exchanges of drop weights.

Other available versions of BAM Fall Hammer tester

BFH PEx Small BAM Fall Hammer for testing of highly sensitive materials as primary explosives and pyrotechnics.

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FSKM 10

BAM FRICTION APPARATUS

Designed in accordance with the BAM procedure to determine friction sensitivity in a wide range of friction loads (from 0.1 N to 360 N). Robust stainless steel design. Two interchangeable loading arms are available – for sensitivity testing of highly sensitive explosives as well as less sensitive explosives at one apparatus.

APPLICATIONS Friction of energetic materials between hard surfaces is one of the most frequent causes of accidental explosions. Friction sensitivity of explosive materials is determined in accordance with the standardized BAM procedure applied in this instrument.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Unique interchangeable loading arm mechanism – two interchangeable loading arms for testing of all types of energetic materials in one device in the range of friction loads from 0.1 N to 360 N.  Standard 6-position loading arm accompanied by two sets of weights generating loads from 0.5 N to 360 N  Lightweight 3-position loading arm, specially designed for testing of highly sensitive substances, accompanied by two sets of weights generating loads from 0.1 N to 60 N  Protective shield to protect personnel against potential fragments of porcelain plate or peg  Digitally controlled step motor for high precision movement of the porcelain plate carriage  Working table covered by conductive surface  Robust stainless-steel frame  Wide range of accessories  Premium quality consumables at affordable prices

COMPLIANCE  UN RTDG, Manual of Tests and Criteria, [13.4.2 Test 3(b)(i)]

Remote control

 EN 13631-3:2004  Commission Directive 92/69/EEC, Method A14  GB/T 21566-2008  STANAG 4487  AOP-7 Ed. 2, 201.02.001  MIL-STD-1751A, Method 1024  US ARMY TB 700-2, Section 5-3d  EMTAP, Manual of Tests, Test No 44 6-position loading arm BAM 6A (dismantled)

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Sensitivity Tests

FSA 12

BAM FRICTION APPARATUS

FSA 12™ is a portable version of the BAM Friction Apparatus FKSM 10, which can be placed and operated on a standard laboratory working table or supplied working table with conductive surface. FSA 12 is used to determine the friction sensitivity of all types of energetic materials in accordance with BAM procedure. Due to the unique design of two interchangeable loading arms, the applicable load can vary from 0.1 N to 360 N (from 0.01 kg to 36 kg).

APPLICATIONS The FSA 12 is equipped with, inter alia, hinged handles for easy moving and remote control for safe operation. Further parameters and compliance are the same as at the BAM Friction Apparatus FSKM 10 on the previous page.

COMPLIANCE     

UN RTDG, Manual of Tests and Criteria, [13.4.2 Test 3(b)(i)] EN 13631-3:2004 Commission Directive 92/69/EEC, Method A14 GB/T 21566-2008 STANAG 4487

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AOP-7 Ed. 2, 201.02.001 MIL-STD-1751A, Method 1024 US ARMY TB 700-2, Section 5-3d EMTAP, Manual of Tests, Test No 44

BIT 132

BALL DROP IMPACT TEST The Ball Drop Impact Test BIT 132™, developed by OZM Research, is designed to determine sensitivity to impact of not only primary explosives but also less sensitive substances such as high explosives and pyrotechnics.

APPLICATIONS The unique stainless steel design of the ball track allows to employ steel balls with diameter from 0.5 inch to 2 inch (8.35 grams to 534.7 grams) as the drop weights falling from heights up to 40 inches (100 cm).

COMPLIANCE  AOP-7 Ed.2; 201.01.002  MIL-STD-1751A, Method 1016

NEW INSTRUMENT

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MBP

MINIMUM BURNING PRESSURE APPARATUS

The MBP™ (Minimum Burning Pressure Apparatus) is used for the determination of the minimum burning pressure of emulsion explosives ignited by a hot wire in a closed vessel under high pressure conditions. The pressure and temperature of the sample are recorded. The MBP is a completely new approach to advanced stability and sensitivity testing of emulsion explosives, developed in cooperation between OZM Research and Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory (CERL).

APPLICATIONS While emulsion explosives are normally quite safe for handling, accidents connected with them are however still occurring and conventional methods of stability or sensitivity testing are not representative enough to discover their risky behavior. It has been found that most of the accidents happened during pumping, manufacturing and transporting of emulsion explosives when the materials were subjected to elevated pressures and temperatures. The determination of the minimum burning pressure has therefore become one of the most important safety characteristics of emulsion explosives. The MBP is primarily designed for testing of emulsion explosives during both their development and industrial manufacture. Small-scale tests with MBP can provide very important information about the emulsion explosive’s safe pumping pressure. The MBP can also be used for other explosives, which are likely to be subjected to pressure and temperature loads.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Certified closed vessel from noncorrosive material  Working pressure up to 500 bar (with remotely controlled pressure manifold)  Precise constant current power supply for thermal ignition of the sample  Measurement of time-to-decomposition, terminal pressure of decomposition and decomposition rate  Easy to handle, one-box design with simple connectivity and user-friendly software for data processing Additional equipment and consultation for the development and testing of emulsion explosives is available on request.

MBP Vessel basic scheme

MBP lid with sample holder

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Thermal Stability Tests

Heating Blocks FOR TESTING THERMAL STABILITY

Thermal and chemical stability is vital for the safe manufacture, storage, transportation and use of energetic materials. OZM Research offers a wide range of instruments for the determination of the thermal and chemical stability for all types of energetic materials. Whether concerning quality control, hazardous materials or in-service surveillance OZM Research has the most reliable and highest quality thermal stability testing equipment. ABT – Abel Heat Te Tester ester

APPLICATIONS Traditional tests for the determination of the chemical stability of energetic materials (mainly propellants) are based on heating samples at elevated temperatures and detecting their reactive decomposition products (NOx). This detection can be based on visual identification of colored gases above the sample (Heat Storage Test at 100 °C), a color change of indicator papers (Abel Test, Methyl Violet Test), the titration of acidity in a water extract of the gases (Bergmann-Junk Test) or the determination of weight loss (Holland Test). Heating at elevated temperatures is also used in the artificial aging of propellants (STANAG 4117, AOP-48). All these devices for testing thermal stability consist of temperature controllers and heating blocks, each containing multiple (4–45) holder holes of appropriate size. Customized glass test tubes are supplied with each instrument.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES

COMPLIANCE

 Customized heating blocks available on request

 STANAG 4117, 4178, 4527, 4541 and 4620  TL 1376-0600  UK M28/89  MIL-STD 286c  DEFSTAN 13-189/1  AOP 7 and 48

 High precision and accuracy of the heating block temperature  Fast operation time and proven testing procedures  Independent alarm circuit (limit controller) for additional temperature control

BeJu – Bergmann-Junk Tester

LIST OF AVAILABLE HEATING BLOCKS  ABT

ABEL heat apparatus

 BeJu

BERGMANN-JUNK apparatus

 MVT

METHYL VIOLET apparatus

 HBA

Heating block for accelerated aging

 HTEST

Dutch weight loss test (HOLLAND TEST)

 CH100

Instrument for heat storage test at 100 °C

Others upon request.

MVT – test tube

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STABIL® VI

VACUUM STABILITY TEST APPARATUS

The STABIL® (Modernized Vacuum Stability Tester) is used for the determination of the chemical stability and compatibility (reactivity) of energetic materials. Electronic pressure transducers allow for continuous measurement of the volume of gases evolved during the test. The unique design of the STABIL VI completely replaces old mercury-containing apparatuses with non-toxic, safe and easy-to-operate precise instrumentation. OZM Research continues with long and proud tradition of the electronic vacuum stability testers – the first generation of STABIL instrument was developed over 40 years ago in the Czech Republic. Today′s STABIL VI is the latest generation of this long innovation process and creates the standard of excellence in the VST testing equipment worldwide.

APPLICATIONS Vacuum stability test is frequently used for determination of chemical stability and compatibility of energetic materials and for quality tests of energetic ingredients. The test is able to discover chemical instability of energetic materials caused by the presence of destabilizing impurities, incompatibility with surrounding materials, or ageing, with high sensitivity, precision and reproducibility. Vacuum stability test finds its wide application in qualification, surveillance, manufacture, quality control and research & development of a wide range of energetic materials. The STABIL VI tester can also be used with minor modifications for other customer defined tests, such as long-term (weeks, months) stability tests at lower temperatures.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Continuous Pressure-Time Record and automatic calculation for Volume-Time Dependence  Automatic temperature calibration  1 to 20 independent sample measurements may be conducted simultaneously  Rate of pressure rise and overpressure inside test tubes are monitored by software as a part of the alarm functions  Independent alarm circuit for monitoring of temperature (to avoid overheating)  High precision and long term accuracy of pressure measurement  Measurements in 2 different temperatures may be conducted simultaneously with using of two heating blocks  Determination of rate of evolution or total volume of gases evolved by decomposition of the sample

Volume of decomposition gases at different temperatures

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Thermal Stability Tests

COMPLIANCE       

STANAG 4556 STANAG 4147 STANAG 4022/4 STANAG 4023 STANAG 4230 STANAG 4284 STANAG 4566

WINSTAB software – condition of test and sample parameters

STABIL – pressure transducers during experiment

WINSTAB software – comparison of different tests

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DTA 552-Ex

DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYZER

DTA 552-Ex™ (Differential Thermal Analyzer) was developed specifically for the evaluation of thermal stability, purity (melting point), compatibility and decomposition parameters of all types of energetic materials including primary explosives or other hazardous exothermic substances. Robust design of DTA 552-Ex makes the instrument the ideal choice for the characterization of explosive materials which explosions during the test would likely damage or destroy conventional thermal analyzers.

APPLICATIONS DTA 552-Ex detects and analyzes thermal changes (melting, polymorph transformation, evaporation and thermal decomposition) occurring in the sample and allows for the evaluation of the thermal stability, purity, compatibility and the thermal decomposition parameters of all types of energetic materials. DTA 552-Ex is an essential instrument for quality control of energetic materials or raw materials, characterization and qualification of new compounds, in-service surveillance, research and development and many other testing programs.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Robust design capable to withstand an explosion of up to several hundred milligrams of explosives  Variability of applicable substance forms (paste, liquid, foam and corrosive)  High sensitivity – direct contact of the thermocouple with the sample  User-friendly software for data acquisition, analysis and archiving  Low costs of investment and operation

COMPLIANCE  STANAG 4515

MEAVY software – evaluation of results

DTA 552-Ex – detail of furnace

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Thermal Stability Tests

AET 402

EXPLOSION TEMPERATURE APPARATUS

AET402™ (Automatic Explosion Temperature Apparatus) is used for the determination of the explosion (ignition) temperature of energetic materials submitted to the thermal load (heat).

APPLICATIONS AET402 is the most frequently used as a quality-control instrument in the manufacture of explosives, pyrotechnic mixtures and propellants. AET402 can also be used for the determination of time-to-explosion data (time needed for the ignition of a sample at a given constant temperature). AET402 provides a fast and simple evaluation of the thermal sensitivity of energetic materials with up to 5 samples simultaneously tested. Compared to “classic” explosion temperature instrumentation, AET402 incorporates an automatic detection of the explosion temperature by means of thermocouples, avoiding necessity of the operators to visually observe the test for the whole time of its execution.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Robust design capable to withstand an explosion of up to several hundred milligrams of explosives  Automatic detection of explosion or fast decomposition removing needs for visual observation and evaluation  User-friendly software for data acquisition, analysis and archiving  Low costs of investment and operation

COMPLIANCE  STANAG 4491

ADET software – evaluation of results

AET 402 – detail of furnace

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Performance Tests

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BCA® 500

OXYGEN CALORIMETER

BCA® 500 (High pressure bomb calorimeter) is an advanced combustion calorimeter designed for the rapid determination of the calorific values of solid and liquid samples. Compared to other commercial calorimeters, the BCA 500 incorporates a high pressure bomb allowing to safely determine combustion heats of energetic materials under a wide range of conditions. design by Jan ERMIS

SAMPLE MATERIALS  Energetic materials – combustible high explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics and other ignitable explosives  Fuels – oil, coal, wood etc.  Waste material – plastics, water containing samples, PVC and others  Polymers and other industrial materials  Metal powders and high energy composite materials with AP

APPLICATIONS The BCA 500’s robust and precise design allows its use in the most demanding applications for determination of combustion heat of energetic materials during their research, development, manufacturing quality control, in-service surveillance. The BCA 500 is however not designed for the testing of materials in a detonation regime – see our detonation calorimeters DCA 25 and DCA 100 for this application.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  The compact design affords a small footprint requiring less space than other standard devices  Easy operation with no special personnel requirements

Inbuilt water conditioning system

 Superb resolution of thermometers: 0.00001 K  The BCA 500 needs no water supply – all process water is stored inside inner tanks  Two tanks allow for non-stop testing and reduce the operation time  Advanced water management with integrated chillers provides conditioning and precise dosing  Easy to operate interface with LCD touch screen, wireless keyboard and mouse  Fully automated data acquisition, evaluation and management with remote access features

Calorimetric pressure vessels

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Performance Tests

DCA 25 / DCA 100 DETONATION CALORIMETERS

Detonation calorimeters determine the heat produced by the detonation of energetic materials. OZM Research DCA series utilize the standard constant volume arrangement combined with OZM Research’s durable bomb design.

design by Jan ERMIS

APPLICATIONS Detonation calorimeters DCA 25™ (5.3L volume, max 25 g of TNT equivalency) and DCA 100™ (32L volume, max 100 g of TNT equivalency) lency) are well suited for characterization of performance properties of high gh explosives or propellants in their research, development, manufacture and in-service surveillance.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Superb resolution of thermometers: 0.00001K  Superb reproducibility of calorimetric results: 0.1%  Built-in dynamic pressure sensors according to customers demand  High strength stainless steel detonation chamber for testing in vacuum, air, nitrogen, argon, oxygen etc.  Fully automatic operation, data acquisition and results evaluation  Built-in bomb manipulator and detachable cart for easy positioning

High frequency pressure record

DCA 25 bomb

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Performance Tests

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UWB

UNDERWATER PRESSURE WAVE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM STEM

UWB™ measurement system determines shock wave parameters generated by underwater explosions. The instrument is specifically designed for representative determination of working ability of industrial explosives with larger critical diameters, for which the classic Trauzl test or ballistic mortar tests are not applicable.

APPLICATIONS Compared to Trauzl test and ballistic mortar tests, the underwater explosion testt gives more reliable and representative results and allows the user to calculate value off th the explosive energy released with similar precision as when using a detonation calorimeter. Charge of the tested explosive and specially designed pressure sensors are placed underwater in specific distance and depth. Signal from pressure sensors is processed by means of precise high-speed data acquisition system after explosion and all calculations are handled by the supplied software. Explosion parameters are evaluated from recorded pressure – time plot. The measurement system is calibrated by detonation of standard explosives with known parameters, such as TNT, PETN or RDX.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  The compact and durable design  Sample size from 1 g to more than 100 kg – mainly determined by the testing water pool size  Sampling rate up to 800 kS/s  Fully automated data acquisition, evaluation and management with remote access features

BALLISTIC MORTAR Ballistic Mortar test is used to measure the explosive power (blasting strength) of high explosives.

APPLICATIONS Ballistic mortar serves for determination of strength of high explosives with low critical diameters, especially commercial dynamites. An explosive sample (from 2 g to 10 g) confined in a barrel of a mortar is initiated by a detonator and the maximum swing of the mortar after ejection of a steel projectile from the barrel is recorded. The value of the swing serves as a measure of the explosive power.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Robust design  Special design of the mortar allows exchange of the worn chamber liner without special tools or machinery

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Performance Tests

VOD 815

VELOCITY OF DETONATION TESTER

VOD 815™ is an instrument designed for measurement of detonation velocity of energetic materials. The detonation velocity is calculated using arrival times of light signals collected by a series of fiber optic probes and corresponding distances travelled by the detonation wave between the probes. The use of fiber optic probes principally provides full resistance against stray currents and electromagnetic disturbances, which allows the instrument to be safely used together with any other instrumentation.

APPLICATIONS VOD 815 is primarily designed for quality control in explosives manufacturing and mining industries, military explosives surveillance and education in the field of energetic materials. in these cases, simplicity of operation and evaluation of results are highly appreciated. The instrument is applicable for all high or low, military or civilian explosives. Typical examples of tested samples are:  Unconfined pressed, plastic bonded or cartridge explosives  Liquid or gaseous explosives confined in plastic or metallic tubes 

Industrial explosives in boreholes

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Jet velocity of shaped charges

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  8 plastic optical fiber probes  Shockproof protective case  Simple operation and data acquisition  Internal memory for 99 records  Battery powered

COMPLIANCE  EN 13631-14 Explosives for Civil Uses – High explosives, Part 14: Determination of Velocity of Detonation

VOD 815 in a shockproof case

Measurement setup for confined plastic explosive

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Performance Tests

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OPTIMEX 8

OPTICAL ANALYZER OF EXPLOSIVE PROCESSES

OPTIMEX™ 8 is a multipurpose instrument which uses 8 fiber optic probes to record light intensity signals in time. OPTIMEX 8 is in fact the next generation of VOD 815 velocity of detonation tester with completely redesigned optoelectronic acquisition system and advanced data evaluation features based on extensive research of explosives’ light output. The instrument keeps all abilities of its predecessor while offering several others. design by Jan ERMIS

APPLICATIONS OPTIMEX 8 is primarily designed for measurements of detonation velocity of energetic materials in industrial, military, educational or engineering applications. The instrument records full light intensity-time profiles at specific places within an explosive charge. Analysis of light emission profiles makes evaluation of such signals robust and reliable for all existing samples including non-ideal explosives. Explosive’s translucency, low light emissivity, afterburning, etc. will no longer spoil the measurement results. Tasks for OPTIMEX 8 may include determination of:  Detonation velocity  Detonation wave curvature  Shock velocities in inert materials

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  8 optical probes selected according to a customer’s application (plastic or glass fiber)  Full light intensity-time profiles available  Perforated Fiber Probes applicable  Automated data evaluation routines  Touch screen LCD display  Battery powered, internal memory, backup SD card  WiFi module (optional)

COMPLIANCE  EN 13631-14 Explosives for Civil Uses – High explosives, Part 14: Determination of Velocity of Detonation

Detonation velocity measurement of a blasting cap

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Performance Tests

OPTIMEX 64

ADVANCED OPTICAL ANALYZER OF EXPLOSIVE PROCESSES

OPTIMEX™ 64 is an advanced scientific instrument which uses from 16 up to 64 fiber optic probes to record and visualize light intensity signals generated by explosives in time. It is useful for determination of various detonation parameters of all kinds of explosive materials. The fiber optic probes principally provide full resistance against humidity and electromagnetic disturbances, which allows the instrument to be used together with any other instrumentation. design by Jan ERMIS

APPLICATIONS OPTIMEX 64 has all the application capabilities of OPTIMEX 8 and VOD 815 and many others. Using OPTIMEX 64, multiple charges may be measured at once or the detonation wave can be tracked in explosive charges of complex shapes. The probe count and type can be set according to the customer’s needs. With high number of fiber optic probes, the instrument’s capabilities resemble those of high speed streak camera. The typical tasks for OPTIMEX 64 may include measurements or observations of:  Detonation velocity  Burning velocity  Detonation wave curvature  Shock velocities in inert materials  Cylinder expansion

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Up to 64 optical probes selected according to the customer’s application (plastic or glass fibers or a combination thereof)  Full light intensity-time profiles available  Perforated Fiber Probes applicable

Detonation velocity measurement using glass and plastic fiber optic probes

 Touch screen LCD display  Automatic or manual data evaluation  WiFi module (optional)

COMPLIANCE  EN 13631-14 Explosives for Civil Uses – High explosives, Part 14: Determination of Velocity of Detonation

Shock velocity measurement in a plexiglass cylinder

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OPTIMEX PDV

NEW INSTRUMENT

PHOTONIC DOPPLER VELOCIMETER

Photonic Doppler Velocimeter is an instrument for measurement of continuous velocity-time profiles of moving objects. It can be used for determination of various detonation properties of energetic materials as well as for any other tasks where high precision in velocity or displacement measurements are crucial. OPTIMEX™ PDV is capable of tracking target velocities in the order of kilometers per second with nanosecond time resolution. The measurement procedure is simple and robust with practically no constraints regarding quality of the target surface.

APPLICATIONS OPTIMEX PDV is especially useful for civilian and military research and development of explosives and explosive devices. It may also find its use in quality control or qualification of ammunition. in the explosive’s research, the measurement of velocity profiles of explosively accelerated materials can be used for inferring key properties of high explosives such as detonation pressure, particle velocity, Gurney energy and parameters of Jones-Wilkins-Lee equation of state of detonation products. The testing procedures feasible using OPTIMEX PDV include:  Flyer Plate Test to determine Chapman-Jouguet detonation pressure  Cylinder Expansion Test to characterize metal acceleration ability of the explosive  Initial fragment velocity measurement  Impedance window experiments to look into the detonation reaction zone The use of the PDV system is of course not limited to characterization of explosives but includes ballistics, rocket motors, explosive welding, high energy physics, plasma physics, construction and engineering.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Up to 4 measurement channels  Maximum velocity limit tailored according to the customer’s needs (up to 10 km/s)  Various probes available for a wide range of applications  Optional advanced triggers for time synchronization with other instruments  Eye safety thanks to all-fiber design  Simple operation of the instrument and the software

IntMeter evaluation software

Cylinder expansion test assembly

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Computations

EXPLO 5

CALCULATION OF DETONATION PARAMETERS

EXPLO 5™ is a thermochemical computer program that predicts performance of high explosives (ideal and non-ideal), propellants, and pyrotechnic mixtures on the basis of chemical formula, heat of formation, and density. EXPLO 5 is a useful tool in synthesis, formulation and numerical modelling of energetic materials. The current version of EXPLO 5 (V6.04) has brought significant improvements over the previous ones. Since the V6.04 version, EXPLO 5 program includes kinetic detonation module, which allows to predict detonation properties of non-ideal explosives based on the Wood and Kirkwood slightly divergent detonation theory and a pressure dependent reaction rate model.

Current version: 6.04 the EXPLO 5 SOFTWARE IS DEVELOPED BY DR. MUHAMED SUCESKA

APPLICATIONS EXPLO 5 calculates equilibrium composition and thermodynamic state parameters of products species. These data, together with the Chapman-Jouguet detonation theory, enable calculation of detonation parameters such as detonation velocity, pressure and energy. Using the equilibrium composition and thermodynamic parameters of state along the isentropic expansion path, the program also determines coeﬃcients of Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equation of state and energy available for performing mechanical work. By combining thermodynamic properties of the products and conservation equations under constant pressure combustion conditions, the program predicts theoretical rocket performance (specific impulse, thrust coeﬃcient, flow velocity, etc.), as well as the specific energy (force) of gun propellants under constant volume combustion conditions.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  EXPLO 5 handles 38 elements including e.g. barium, tungsten or zirconium  Reactant’s database filled with over 400 reactants (explosives) and 660 products  Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson (BKW), modified BKW, EXP-6, Ideal gas, Virial, and Murnaghan equations of state are employed for description of detonation/burning products  Kinetic detonation module for non-ideal detonation calculations

Input window of Explo5

Calculated shock compression and isoentropic expansion curves

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Interior Balistic Tests

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TSV Series

NEW INSTRUMENT

TESTING CLOSED VESSEL

The Closed Vessels (Manometric Bombs) TSV™ series are used for the measurement of the ballistic parameters of gun propellants, other energetic substances or pyro-elements in closed vessel.

TSV 40 (40 cm3)

APPLICATIONS The TSV Testing Closed Vessels are used for measuring the burning pressure profile of not only energetic materials (gun, rocket or airbag propellants, booster and gas-generating pyrotechnics or other substances, etc.) but also igniters as electrical squibs or for other special testing purposes. Data obtained from the measurements in closed vessels are used for development of new products or their regular quality control.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Portable universal stainless steel testing closed vessel  Low-cost solution for testing of energetic materials or igniters  Working pressure up to 300 MPa  Standard volumes from 10 cm3 up to 100 cm3  EDA analyzer available for proper electric ignition and signal analysis  Pressure measurement by piezoelectric or robust stain-gauge transducers  Software calculation of the quickness and specific energy

For testing hazardous and dangerous substances see page 45 (TPT 3000).

TSV 40 with EDA Light measurement and control unit

TSV 15 (15 cm3)

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Interior Balistic Tests

RB Series

HIGH PRESSURE CLOSED VESSELS

The Closed Vessels (Manometric Bombs) RB™ series are new designed fully professional solutions used for the measurement of the ballistic parameters of different new or regular types of gun propellants in pyro-static laboratories. Advanced design and stainless steel material ensures easy cleaning of chamber.

APPLICATIONS The Closed Vessels RB Series are used for measuring the burning pressure profile of middle and large caliber gun propellants. Data obtained from the measurements in closed vessel are used for development of new propellants or their regular quality control.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Heavy duty stainless steel closed vessel for standardized testing procedures  Standard volumes from 40 cm3 up to 700 cm3  Working pressure up to 500 MPa  Unique robust design of the vessel enclosure with easy access for cleaning  EDA analyzer available for proper electric ignition and signal analysis  Software calculation of vivacity and force of the propellants

COMPLIANCE  STANAG 4115  MIL-STD 286

Software windows – vivacity evaluation graph in accordance with STANAG 4115

RB 100 vessel on support stand with Chiller unit and vessel parts: 1. Pressure vessel 2. Breech nut with lid 3. Electrical ignition 4. Water cooling jacket 5. Pressure transducer adapter 6. Gas release valves 7. Temperature sensor

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Interior Balistic Tests

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EDA

ELECTRO-EXPLOSIVE DEVICES ANALYZER

The electro-explosive devices analyzer EDA™ is a measuring and control unit used for the proper ignition and measurement of the burning pressure profile of energetic materials or pyrotechnic elements. The EDA allows precise adjustment of ignition current level and time. Maximum pressure, burning time, ignition delay time, current and voltage level, pressure gradient, pressure rise time and/or the burning rate may be recorded and evaluated.

APPLICATIONS The EDA analyzer is used usually together with closed vessel (TSV and RB series) for testing of energetic materials or electric igniters (fuse-heads, squibs, electric detonators, etc.). Maximum pressure, burning time, ignition delay time, current and voltage level, pressure gradient, pressure rise time and/or the burning rate may be recorded and evaluated.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Compact solution for both proper ignition and measurement  Four optional inputs for voltage, strain-gauge or dynamic piezoelectric transducers  Precise current source with guaranteed rise time  Adjustment of ignition current level and impulse duration  Software for calibration, measurement, control of pulse current source and evaluation  Customization available

There are two basic versions of EDA analyzer available: Version

EDA

EDA Light

Current rise time

≤ 20 μs

≤ 50 μs

Max output current and voltage

10 A / 20 V

11 A / 22 V

Measurement and recording of ignition current and voltage

YES

No of optional inputs

Current flow trigger signal

YES, adjustable from recorded signal

YES, ON/OFF only

Typical applications

Testing of electric igniters and detonators with measurement of ignition voltage and current

Testing of energetic materials by measurement of burning pressure in the closed vessels

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Interior Balistic Tests

COMPACT SOLUTION FOR PROPER IGNITION AND MEASUREMENT

COMPLIANCE  EN 13763-16  EN 13763-17  EN 13763-18

 EN 13763-19  EN 13763-20  EN 16265

 ISO 14451-2  SAE/USCAR 28

Burning pressure – time profiles of different smokeless powders in a closed vessel before evaluation

Evaluation of a delay time of an igniter – two pressure values, together with the ignition voltage and current

Evaluated dependence of Vivacity on the propellant burnt mass ratio

Evaluated dependence of the pressure gradient on pressure

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Rocket Propellants Tests

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Stojan Vessel® SV-2

SOLID ROCKET PROPELLANTS BURNING RATE MEASUREMENT

SV-2® (Stojan Vessel) is used for the time and cost saving measurements of the pressure dependencies of the burning rate of solid rocket propellants. SV-2 test is a single shot experiment saving lab time and material expenses. A single shot is suﬃcient for plotting burning rates in the whole pressure range. Samples are similar to that of a Subscale Rocket Motor. SV-2 can also be used for testing of propellants at constant volume conditions up to 50 MPa pressure limit. SV-2 is a simple-to-use instrument capable of fully replacing the old complicated Strand Burner equipment. SV-2 on a movable stand

APPLICATIONS SV-2 is used for research, development and the quality control of solid rocket propellants. Typically, the influence of components (catalysts, energetic additives etc.), homogeneity, initial temperature, etc. can be observed in the burning rate profile. Determination of the burning rate of solid rocket propellants is usually carried out in a Strand Burner or in a subscale rocket motor at constant pressures. With a Strand Burner, about 10 individual shots are necessary to get the required burning rate plot in the whole pressure range while using very complicated and expensive instrumentation. With SV-2, the sample is burnt in a constant-volume vessel while the pressure profile is measured. An advanced mathematical procedure based on the modern computational and ballistic procedures is then applied to calculate the pressure dependency on the burning rate from the single shot experimental data. Such mathematical procedures have been proven to be in a correlation with experimental results of multiple-shot measurements using the Strand Burner (Crawford Bomb) or a sub-scale rocket motor (such as LTRM and TRM 50).

Measurement and remote control unit

Pressing tools

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Rocket Propellants Tests

Detail of Stojan Vessel

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Quick and save assessment of burning rate  Stainless steel design, resistant up to 500 bar  Remote control

OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES OZM Research can also supply all the equipment and procedures necessary for sample preparation and conditioning of both the SV-2 and the LTRM instruments (hydraulic press, pressing tools, molds for casting, cutting machines, cutting tools, temperature chambers, etc.).

Measurement module with remote control section during data recording (after firing el. fuse-head)

Laboratory sub-scale rocket motor available for validation of measurement.

Burning pressure (p) – time (t) dependencies measured using Stojan Vessel

Comparison of burning rate/pressure curve obtained by Stojan Vessel (line) and by Small-scale Testing Rocket Motor (points)

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Rocket Propellants Tests

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LTRM

LAB-SCALE TESTING ROCKET MOTOR

The laboratory scale testing rocket motor LTRM™ is used as an auxiliary equipment to STOJAN VESSEL for determination of burning rate of solid rocket propellants in conditions simulating the full-scale rocket motor.

LTRM on stand tand

APPLICATIONS LTRM is a sub-scale rocket motor designed for laboratory measurements of the burning rate of solid rocket propellants as according to the recent testing standards. Maximum and mean pressure, pressure impulse, burning time, burning rate or temperature sensitivity coeﬃcient can be evaluated from the pressure – time profile. Stojan Vessel SV-2 with Lab-scale Testing Rocket Motor LTRM are recommended for R&D of new compositions, catalysts and additives or for quality control of manufactured rocket solid propellants.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Design and results closer to the full-scale rocket motor conditions  Stainless steel chamber up to 500 bar  Simple operation  Beneficially combined with Stojan Vessel SV-2 or analyzer EDA  High level of safety with using of two overpressure protection and stand with basket for catching of flying small particles of decomposition products

COMPLIANCE  STANAG 4672  STANAG 4673

Software screenshot

LTRM detail

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Rocket Propellants Tests

TRM 50

SUB-SCALE TESTING ROCKET MOTOR SYSTEM

The testing system TRM 50™ is designed for measurement of pressure and thrust profiles and evaluation of combustion parameters of solid rocket propellants in a sub-scale rocket motor.

Sub-scale Sub scale rocket motor is included

APPLICATIONS

TRM 50 is a sub-scale rocket motor measuring system designed for laboratory measurements of the burning rate of solid rocket propellants as according to the recent testing standards for determination of interior ballistic behavior of new or modified rocket propellant formulations in their research, development, testing and quality control. Maximum and mean pressure, pressure impulse, burning time, burning rate, specific impulse or temperature sensitivity coeﬃcient can be evaluated from the pressure – time profile. The TRM 50 can also be used as an excellent tool for verification of results obtained from the Strand Burner test and/or the Stojan Vessel test.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES

Measurement and control unit with PC

 TRM 50 provides more complex results and is more variable than LTRM  Precise measurement and control unit with electric ignition  Rocket motor chamber up to working pressure of 500 bar  Design and results closer to a full-scale rocket motor.  Simple operation

COMPLIANCE  STANAG 4672  STANAG 4673

Example of pressure and thrust profiles measured in the Testing Rocket Motor Burning rate vs. pressure dependence evaluated from the Testing Rocket Motor measurements

ENERGETIC MATERIALS l Rocket Propellants Tests

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RMM

UNIVERSAL CUSTOMIZED SYSTEM FOR TESTING OF ROCKET MOTORS

The RMM™ (Rocket Motor Ballistic Measurement) ment) is a system designed for the measurement of thrust and pressure profiles of different types of rocket motors (mounted on a test stand).

Rocket stand (rocket motor is not included)

APPLICATIONS The RMM is ideal for the research and development of different types of customized and user-specific rocket motors and pyrotechnic cartridges (cartridge actuated devices), for quality control in manufacture of rocket motors and their service life assessment. Maximum and mean pressure, pressure impulse, burning time, burning rate, specific impulse or temperature sensitivity coeﬃcient can be evaluated from the pressure – time profile.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Tailored modifications for fitting customers′ rockets and applications  Precise measurement and control unit with electric ignition  Simple operation and software evaluation of results  RMM system is tailored based on technical parameters of different rocket motors used by customer  Rocket motor IS NOT INCLUDED Measurement and control unit with PC

Examples of measured pressure and thrust profiles of two different rocket motors on a stand

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING TESTING EXPLOSIBILITY OF INDUSTRIAL FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

Unstable or sensitive explosive materials are not the only materials producing explosion hazard in process industries. Flammable materials in a form of gas, vapors, aerosols, liquids or dusts could under specific conditions create explosive atmospheres capable of causing devastating effects after accidental ignition. OZM Research produces instruments applied for characterization of physical properties and explosion parameters of flammable and explosible materials used in process industries. These tests are very important for safe production, handling, transportation and storage of industrial materials together with implementing measures preventing and mitigating consequences of industrial explosions. These instruments are designed in accordance with the appropriate standards of testing.

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING

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INSTRUMENTS FOR FLAMMABLE MATERIALS AND SAFETY ENGINEERING Applicable



Limited usage

Solid, Dust

High Pressure Autoclave

HPA

Time Pressure Test

TPT

Auto-Ignition Temperature

AIT 551



Dust Layer Ignition Temperature

LIT 400

Minimum Ignition Temperature

MIT 1000

Relative Self-Ignition Temperature

RSIT 400



Sustained Combustibility Test

SCT 100

Self Heating Substances Test

SHT 150



Thermal Stability Determination at 75 °C

TST 75

Concentration limits of flammability

FRTA I

Minimum ignition energy of dust dispersions

MIE-D 1.2

Maximum explosion pressure

CA 20L, CA 1M3 chamber

Maximum rate of pressure rise

CA 20L, CA 1M3 chamber

Flammability limits measurement

CA 20L, CA 1M3 chamber

Limiting oxygen concentration measurement

CA 20L, CA 1M3 chamber

Equipment′s compliance for use in explosive atmospheres

ATEX chamber

*) High viscosity

ATEX

OZM INSTRUMENT

Gas

TEST METHOD

Liquid

Hybrid Mixtures

Not applicable

Transport (ADR, RID, ADN)

APPLICATIONS GHS and CLP (using and storage)

STATE OF THE SUBSTANCE

+ + +

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Hazardous Materials

HPA 1500

NEW INSTRUMENT

HIGH PRESSURE AUTOCLAVE

High Pressure Autoclave HPA 1500™ is an instrument designed to measure a specific energy of substances for their hazard classification according to UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Tests.

APPLICATION High pressure autoclave HPA 1500 P apparatus is used to measure the specific energy of dangerous substances, an important parameter for their hazard assessment. Varying quantities of a substance are heated in a sealed vessel and the maximum pressure rise obtained for each sample size is measured. The specific energy is the function of the maximum pressure rise. Maximum working temperature of the vessel is 200 °C. Obtained results (max. pressure, pressure rise time, burning rate, etc.) can serve for the safety classification of energetic materials. Software screenshot – example of evaluation module HPA

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Testing stainless steel vessel with volume of 96 cm3, resistant up to 1,500 bar at 200 °C or 2,000 bar at 21 °C  Measurement of pressure vs. time profile by a strain-gauge pressure transducer or by piezoelectric transducers (with vessel modification HPA 1500 P).  Ignition unit included if using TPT-MCU (with strain gauge conditioner) or EDAL (with dynamic piezoelectric amplifier) units  Simple operation and evaluation of results  Modification upon customer’s requests (adapters for transducers, firing module, evaluation procedures, etc.)

COMPLIANCE  UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, United Nations, New York, 2015 – Test F.5 High Pressure Autoclave

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Hazardous Materials

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TPT Series 2

TIME-PRESSURE TEST APPARATUS / TEST FOR OXIDIZING LIQUIDS

The TPT Series™ (Testing Pressure Vessel Series) is used for the classification of hazardous and dangerous substances (flammable and energetic materials) as required by UN testing standards by the means of the measurement of the pressure rise time inside a defined vessel.

APPLICATIONS The TPT Series is used for the classification of hazardous and dangerous substances (flammable substances and energetic materials), as required by UN or EU testing standards, by measurement of the pressure rise time inside a defined semi-closed or closed vessel. Its modified version TPT 3000 extends capability of the apparatus to high pressures up to 3,000 bar for determination of specific energy and burning behavior of energetic materials in a constant volume.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Universal testing pressure vessel resistant up to 100 bar provided with a set of adapters for varying standardized testing procedures or with high pressure (HP) parts for tests up to 3,000 bar  Current ignition (for using electric fuse or hot wire) and robust strain-gauge pressure/time data acquisition using Measurement and Control Unit (TPT-MCU)  Simple operation and evaluation of results – software for control, measurement, calibration and results evaluation  Customized testing vessels for specialized purposes are available upon request – different bursting membranes, smaller nozzles, etc. There are two versions of TPT Series vessels available: Version

(Standard) TPT vessel

TPT 3000 vessel

Maximum working pressure

100 bar

3,000 bar

Vessel design

Semi-closed

Semi-closed or closed

Testing according to UN/EU standards

YES

Standard TPT vessel parts

TPT 3000 vessel parts: LP up to 100 Bar • HP up to 3,000 Bar

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Hazardous Materials

COMPLIANCE  UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, United Nations, New York, 2015 – Test 1(c)(i), Test 2(c)(i), Test C.1: Time/pressure Test, or Test O.2: Test for Oxidizing Liquids  European Commission Directive 2004/73/EC –The Classification, Packing and Labeling of Dangerous Substances, Method A.21: Oxidizing properties (Liquids)

 UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, United Nations, New York, 2015 – Appendix 7: HSL Flash Composition Test  UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, United Nations, New York, 2015 – Test O.1: Test for Oxidizing Solids

Measurement window in software TPT-SW3

Evaluation procedure for Oxidizing Liquids Tests in software TPT-SW3 – Graph and Table

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Dust Dispersion

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MIE-D 1.2

MEASUREMENT OF MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGY OF DUST DISPERSIONS

MIE-D 1.2™ is an apparatus for measurement of minimum ignition energy of dust dispersions according to EN 13821. The minimum ignition energy (MIE) of a combustible substance is the lowest value of the electrical energy stored in a capacitor, which upon discharge just suﬃces to ignite the most readily ignitable fuel/air mixture of the tested material (fuel) at the atmospheric pressure and room temperature.

APPLICATIONS The minimum ignition energy of dust dispersions is one of the key parameters for an assessment of the hazard situation in process plants. The MIE test determines the amount of energy required for an electric spark to cause ignition of dispersed dust sample. This testing method is an essential part of a standard set of tests used by certified bodies, Universities and other research organizations to characterize the dust explosibility.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Standard measurement on seven pre-set energy levels up to 1 J, but optionally also on any user specified levels in the range of 1 mJ to 10 J with 1 mJ step  Three modes of spark triggering: high-voltage switch, moving electrode or triggering by dust cloud itself  Automatic operation – pneumatically driven opening of the tube and withdrawal of the electrodes  Automatically controlled and pneumatically operated instrument  User interface with TFT panel  Resistant stainless-steel case  Optionally, the instrument can be equipped for Lower Explosive Concentration (LEC) measurement  Optionally, stainless-steel version for explosion pressure determination suitable for non-standard measurements with small sample amounts can be delivered

COMPLIANCE  EN 13821  ASTM E 2019  IEC 61241-2-3 - replaced by ISO/IEC 80079-20-2:2016  ISO/IEC 80079-20-2:2016

MIE-D experiment after ignition of a sample

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Dust Dispersion

Screenshot of the control window

Spark ignition of dried milk

Burning of dried milk

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Flammable Gas, Dust Dispersion, Vapours

CA 20L / CA 1M3

EXPLOSION CHAMBERS FOR GASES AND DUSTS

Explosion chambers are used for measurement of explosion characteristics of flammable dusts, gases, vapors and hybrid mixtures, such as maximum explosion pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, lower and upper explosibility limits and limiting oxygen concentration. There are two standardized sizes of the explosion chambers for testing dust explosions – 20 liters (our CA 20L™) and 1 m3 (our CA 1M3™). The explosion chamber for gases and vapors has to be larger than 5 liters, so our CA 20L is recommended for this purpose.

APPLICATIONS Testing methods using the explosion chambers are an essential part of a standard set of tests used by certified bodies, universities and other research organizations to characterize the hazard properties of dusts, gases and vapors. The information received from these tests is critical for design of mitigating and protective measures, such as explosion venting devices, automatic suppression or partial inertization.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Manual or fully automatic operation  Robust design with working pressure up to 30 bar, test proofed up to 40 bar  Three types of ignition systems: chemical igniter, adjustable capacitive spark up to 10 J and adjustable permanent spark  Automatic procedure for dosage of gas samples  Large opening for easy cleaning of the chambers  K-type thermocouple embedded in the chamber  Two dispersion systems embedded in 1 m3 chamber  Optical probe for flame light intensity measurement  Optionally equipped for operation with elevated initial temperatures up to 200 °C  Instrumentation suitable for measurements of hybrid mixture explosions

COMPLIANCE  EN 14034 (1-4)  VDI 2263  ISO/IEC 80079-20-2: Part 20-2  ASTM E1226  ASTM E1515  EN 15967  EN 14756  EN 1839

Downward spreading of the flame for 6 % by vol. of methane in air

Afterburning of 9.5 % by vol. of methane in air

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Flammable Gas, Dust Dispersion, Vapours

CA 20L

CA 20L explo osion chamber

Technological window used for monitoring and/or control of test setup

Evaluation of measured pressure-time curve (upper window) and dp/dt-time plot (lower window)

CA 1M3 explosion chamber

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Flammable Liquids, Solid

AIT 551

MEASUREMENT OF AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE OF CHEMICALS

Autoignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which a substance will self-ignite in the absence of an external source of ignition (spark or flame). Auto-Ignition Temperature Tester AIT 551™ is used for determination of the auto-ignition temperature of both liquid and solid samples using visual observation and temperature measurement.

APPLICATIONS Measurement of the autoignition temperature of substances is essential for industries and technologies processing chemicals at elevated temperatures. Its results are used for the classification of temperature classes of flammable materials.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Automatic detection of ignition of the sample in the flask  Specially designed oven door for easy handling of the flask  Software evaluation of temperature records  Corrosion resistant stainless steel case

COMPLIANCE  ASTM E659-78: Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals  EN 14522 and EN 15188

AIT-LAB software – measurement of auto-ignition temperature

 NFT 20-036 Chemical products for industrial use. Determination of the relative temperature of the spontaneous flammability of solids

AIT-LAB software – Results of measurements

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FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Dust Dispersion, Dust Layer

MIT 1000

MINIMUM IGNITION TEMPERATURE TESTER

MIT 1000™ (Minimum Ignition Temperature Tester) is used for determination of minimum temperature of a hot surface which leads to thermal degradation or ignition of suspended dust particles.

design by Jan ERMIS

APPLICATIONS Knowledge of minimum temperature of a hot surface which will lead to a dust cloud ignition provides important information for risk analysis, safety planning and prevention of fires or explosions in industries where flammable dusts can be found together with sources of heat.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Robust stainless-steel case  Special dust sample container  Automatic electronic system and control software  Flexible mirror for identification of the ignition of dispersed dust  Recording, archiving and data analysis on PC

COMPLIANCE

Special dust sample container

 EN 50281-2-1 Methods of determining minimum ignition temperature

MIT device with remote controller and jet air

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Dust Dispersion, Dust Layer

LIT 400

DUST LAYER IGNITION TEMPERATURE E TESTER

LIT 400™ (Dust Layer Ignition Temperature Tester) is used for determination of minimum temperature of a hot surface leading to thermal degradation or ignition of dust layers of a defined thickness.

design by Jan ERMIS

APPLICATIONS Spontaneous ignition of dust layers is a great risk in industries stries where flammable dust particles can get accumulated. Knowledge of minimum um temperature of a hot surface which will lead to dust layer ignition provides important information ation for risk analysis, safety planning and prevention of fires or explosions in process industries.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Hot surface working temperature range up to 450 °C  Stable temperature conditions ± 2 °C  Hotplates designed with a non-corrosive abrasion-resistant surface or aluminum plate  Four types of stainless steel rings as sample holders for the dust layers  Stainless steel set for easy dosing and cleaning  Recording, archiving and data analysis on PC  Robust stainless steel case

COMPLIANCE  EN 50281-2-1 Methods of determining minimum ignition temperature  ASTM E2021

Measurement of temperature uniformity on the hotplate

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FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Solid, Liquids

SHT 150

SELF-HEATING SUBSTANCE APPARATUS

SHT 150™ (Self Heating Substances Tester) is used for determination of a substance’s self-heating characteristics. SHT 150 analyses exothermal decomposition of a sample being directly exposed to hot air. Substances with self-heating potential can self-ignite even at moderate temperatures when stored in large amounts over long periods of time.

APPLICATIONS SHT 150 is applied for the characterization of flammability of solid substances and/or mixtures, necessary for their transport classification according to the UN standards.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES

COMPLIANCE

 Reusable testing container

 UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, United Nations, New York, 2015 – Test L.2

 Stand for mounting the thermocouple in a defined position in the container  Accuracy of temperature: ± 2 °C  Different sample volumes: (typically 15.63 cm3 and 1,000 cm3)  An observation port in the oven allows for optical control  Software evaluation of temperature records

 European agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by inland waterways (ADN) (2013)  Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF) Regulations concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by rail (RID) (2013)

TST 75

THERMAL STABILITY TEST AT 75 °C Thermal stability test using TST 75™ characterizes materials to thermal shock. This test detects exothermal heated in an oven at a constant temperature of 75 °C.

resp response spon on o nse o off een energetic neerrrge ner gettiic ge decomposition decomp mp m pos osit itio on o off a ssample aam mpl pe

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES

COMPLIANCE

 Stand for mounting the thermocouple in a defined position in the container

 UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, United Nations, New York, 2015 – Test 3(c)  EN 13631-2

 An observation port in the oven allows for optical control  Software evaluation of temperature records  Robust stainless steel case

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Solid, Flammable Liquids

www.ozm.cz

RSIT

MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE SELF-IGNITION TION TEMPERATURE FOR S SOLIDS OLIDS

RSIT™ (Relative Self-Ignition Temperature for Solids) device is used to measure self-ignition temperature of solid substances – the lowest possible ambient temperature at which a substance will spontaneously self-ignite.

APPLICATIONS Self-ignition temperature of a substance is a very important parameter for carrying risk analysis of handling, storing and transporting solid materials.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  External stand for a simple sample application  The possibility of forced ventilation  Reusable testing container designed from resistant steel  Safety features ensure a high level of safety in operation  Software evaluation of temperature records

COMPLIANCE  Regulation (EC) no 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on classification, labeling and packaging of substance and mixtures  NFT 20-036 – Chemical products for industrial use. Determination of the relative temperature of the spontaneous flammability of solids

 Robust stainless steel case

SCT 100

SUSTAINED COMBUSTIBILITY TESTER SCT 100™ (Sustained Combustibility Tester) determines the ability of a substance to sustain combustion after its ignition by approaching flame when preheated to a specified temperature.

APPLICATIONS SCT 100 is used to test paints (including water-borne paints), varnishes, paint binders, solvents, adhesives, fuels, petroleum or related products for classification of their flammability.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES

COMPLIANCE

 Measuring range for the flammability of liquids: 25–75 °C

 UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, United Nations, New York, 2015 – Test L.2

 Safe remotely controlled ignition and movement of the testing burner  Robust stainless steel surface

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Flammable Liquids

FRTA I

INSTRUMENT FOR DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION TRATION LIMITS OF F FLAMMABILITY L A MMABILITY

FRTA I™ (Instrument for Concentration Limits of Flammability Determination) is designed to determine both the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) and the Upper Flammability Limit (UFL) of various flammable gases or volatile liquids. FRTA I applies high voltage electrical ignition and visual observations of flame propagation.

APPLICATIONS FRTA―I is used to measure lower and upper flammability limits of gases and vapors in the air at defined temperatures and pressures. The flammability limits are necessary for preparation of guidelines for safe handling of flammable chemicals and their fire hazard assessment.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Precise settings of experimental conditions (high voltage, pressure and temperature)  Recording and display of pressure time curve after ignition for easy evaluation of results  Safe operation of FRTA equipped by safety glass window and bursting membrane for the evacuation of fragments and pressure wave generated by explosion/implosion of glass testing vessel  Remotely controlled firing (high voltage spark ignition)  The maximum operating temperature of FRTA is 150 °C  Autonomous operation not needing an external computer

COMPLIANCE  ASTM E 681-09

FRTA-I electrodes

Results of the flammability test – pressure-time record

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS & SAFETY ENGINEERING l Equipment Protection by Flameproof Enclosure

ATEX Chambers

TESTING ELECTRICAL DEVICES USED IN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE

Chamber for the testing of an electrical device′s compliance with EN 60079-1 an European standard which lays down the requirements for electrical installations which might be used in an explosive atmosphere.

APPLICATIONS ATEX Chambers™ (CA ATEX) are a technology designed for testing suitability of the customer′s equipment (typically electrical devices or machinery) for use inside explosive gas atmospheres according to EN 60079-1. It is used by certification bodies or by manufacturers themselves during development and testing of the electrical devices or machinery.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Different chamber sizes available: 1–1.4 m3, 1.7–3 m3 and 10–20 m3, or according to customer′s specifications  Robust chambers with working pressure up to 50 bar and testing pressure of 70 bar  Resistant to gas detonations at initial atmospheric pressure  Fully automated operation  Possibility of multi-component flammable mixture preparations  Working table with limited movement preventing damage of cables and supply lines

COMPLIANCE  EN 60079-1 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres – Part 1: Flameproof enclosure “d”

Screenshot of technological window for chamber and test control

SAFE STORAGE & TESTING IN LABORATORIES

SAFE STORAGE AND TESTING IN LABORATORIES SAFE STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES FROM SMALL SAMPLES TO LARGER STOCKS

Handling sensitive and/or potentially unstable explosive materials always brings inherent risks of accidental explosions. Testing primary explosives and sensitive pyrotechnics, synthesis and characterization of new explosive materials of unknown properties or handling explosive samples after long-term stability tests are the typical examples of the operations with elevated risks. In order to minimize the risks, OZM Research delivers special equipment for safe storage, handling, performance testing and disposal of the explosive samples.

SAFE STORAGE & TESTING IN LABORATORIES l Storage Containers

www.ozm.cz

Portable Containers Portable containers are gas-tight explosion-resistant vessels that allow to safely store and transport up to 500 grams of highly sensitive or unstable explosive materials without any risks to the surroundings. J-025G

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  All explosion effects contained inside, no release of shock wave, fragments, flame or toxic gases  Overpressure safely released through manually opened valves  Full protection of life and property in case of accidental explosion of stored explosive samples  Zero safety distances: they can be stored directly inside laboratories  Portable for transport of the explosive samples outside laboratories  Interior made of antistatic rubber for eliminating risks of friction or spark discharge  Quick opening and closing mechanisms  J-025G and J-500G are certified for international transport of dangerous goods according to ADR/RID treaties

Product name

J-025G

J-120G3

J-500G

Capacity [g TNT]

120

500

Weight [kg]

400

188 × 188 × 442

373 × 338 × 575

1,250 × 792 × 852

170 × Ø 40

302 × Ø 140

500 × 300 × 300

Outside dimensions L×W×H [mm] Internal space L×W×H [mm]

Storage Modules Storage modules allow to expand the capacity of the storage rooms for explosive samples.

Storage modules provide protection against sympathetic explosion among modules, allow for common storage of otherwise incompatible classes of energetic materials and minimize the maximum explosion event to the content of a single module (max. 2.5 kg TNT).

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  Safety distances corresponding to the content of one module only (up to 2.5 kg TNT) despite total stored amount in the storage room (up to several tons)  Minimization of safety distances / maximization of storage capacity of existing storage rooms  Modules designed for mounting to sets with variable heights and widths  Non-sparking and water-tight lids, antistatic rubber seals

SAFE STORAGE & TESTING IN LABORATORIES l Protection Equipment

Explosives Handling Workbench A workbench with adjustable height, designed for safer sampling and processing highly sensitive explosive substances and devices.

The reinforced steel working table structure and the front ballistic safety glass are protecting the head, body and legs of the operators against explosion and fragmentation effects of up to 10 g TNT eq. The table also provides the ESD protection necessary for safe handling the sensitive explosive materials.

Protective Testing Container Stainless steel protective container with the free volume of about 50 liters, resistant to explosion of up to 10 g TNT.

It is designed for safe execution of ballistic tests (small-scale rocket motors testing, closed vessel tests) with elevated risks of testing vessel rupture and for disposal of explosive samples by burning. It is equipped with explosion-proof windows, bushings for firing cables and measuring cables, ports for inert gases and the output chimney for convenient execution of the experiments.

Pollution Abatement System (PAS) Autonomous system for treating off-gases from experiments in detonation chambers and ballistic vessels before their releasing to the outside air, for the environmental protection and occupational hygiene.

Four-step gas filtration process involving separation of coarse particles, filtration of fine particles, sorption of sub-micron particles and acid gases, adsorption of semi-volatile organic compounds and/or mercury vapors. PAS design was proven in industrial operations at multiple installations since 2003 for serial disposal of ammunition elements with heavy metal content. Filtration effectiveness >99.9 % for heavy metals, >95 % for acid gases. Containerized version available, built-in a 20’ HC shipping container.

SAFE STORAGE & TESTING IN LABORATORIES l Detonation Chambers

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Detonation Chambers LABORATORY AND INDUSTRIAL DETONATION CHAMBERS

Detonation chambers allow to safely carry out detonation experiments directly inside explosives laboratories. They can be used for scientific and forensic investigations, research, development, testing or quality control in the area of energetic materials, confined explosions and related applications such as explosive forming of metals or safe and environmentally friendly disposal of explosive wastes. Service life of the detonation chambers can reach 10,000s shots. KV 2S (2 kg TNT)

KV-250M4 (250 g TNT)

LDC 25 (25 g TNT)

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES  The chambers are equipped with multiple ports, which can be used for installing various optical or electrical measuring instruments for investigations of the detonation processes.  Gas-tight valves on the chamber body enable creating different gas atmospheres within the chamber, as well as sampling, evacuation and flushing of the post-explosion gases.  Blasting safety is ensured with several independent interlocks.

TYPES OF CHAMBERS OZM Research makes various types of detonation chambers fitting different customer needs and budgets:  LDC detonation chambers (25–100 g TNT eq.) are the simplest stainless-steel detonation vessels with manual operation, with charges hanging in the chamber lid.  KV 250M4 (250 g TNT eq.) is an easy-to-use laboratory detonation chamber with manual operation, equipped with a well-accessible working table and bayonet lock lid.  KV 2S (2 kg TNT eq.) is an industrial vertical detonation chamber with fully automated remotely controlled operation for the most demanding testing and processing applications.

Control panel of the detonation chambers

 Horizontal detonation chambers KVG 8 and KVG 16 (8–16 kg TNT) are industrial fully automated chambers designed for special manufacturing operations such as explosive metalworking (hardening, welding, cutting, cladding) with elongated explosive charges.

Product name

LDC 25

LDC 100

KV 250M4

KV 2S

KVG 8

KVG 16

Capacity [g TNT]

100

250

2 000

8 000

16 000

Working table dimensions [mm]

–

Ø 300

Ø 700

5,000 × 800

10,000 × 800

Weight [ton] Total dimensions L ×W×H [m]

0.07

0.3

2.2

0.3 × 0.3 × 0.4

0.5 × 0.5 × 0.6

1.4 × 1.4 × 1.8

2.9 × 1.8 × 2.8

16.3 × 2.2 × 2.5

27.2 × 2.2 × 2.5

TRAINING & EDUCATION

TRAINING & EDUCATION TRAINING AND EDUCATION CENTRE

Due to the extensive safety risks connected with handling with explosives, responsible personnel should have a profound knowledge of the properties and safety characteristics of these dangerous materials. Therefore, we offer unique training courses combining theoretical lectures with practical exercises. These courses are conducted by qualified experts and specialists from academia and explosives industry. The content of each course is tailored in close cooperation with customers to meet all their needs and expectations. We offer all educational levels of the training, both basic and advanced.

TRAINING & EDUCATION

www.ozm.cz

OVERVIEW We offer comprehensive training courses combining theoretical lectures with practical laboratory exercises. This idea to combine both forms of education allows us to provide a world-class unique experience to our customers. Our training courses are conducted by qualified experts and specialists from explosives industry and by university professors, who possess extensive experience and long-term research praxis in the field of theory and technology of explosives.

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The courses are designed especially for researchers and technologists with only general knowledge of manufacture and application of energetic materials. Young Ph.D. students and scientists at the beginning of their professional career can also take part in them to enhance their expertise and support their further professional growth.

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The basic courses will give the participants a comprehensive overview of the field of chemistry and production technology of the whole range of industrially manufactured explosives, theory of explosion and detonation, explosion effects, characterization of energetic materials and safety and risk analysis. We also offer advanced training courses for specific subjects, e.g. advanced interior ballistics, stability of explosives, etc. The list of our basic and advanced courses is given below.

5 DAYS / 40 HOURS Our training courses are scheduled in five-day blocks (40 hours) and detailed content of each block is tailored in close cooperation with our customers. The philosophy of our courses is to prepare remarkable educational package for the customerâ&#x20AC;˛s employees, therefore only small group of attendees (4â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6) is involved in each block. This ensures the individual approach to each course participant.

THEORY & PRAXIS Approximately half of the course duration includes a theoretical training and then, in the second half of the course, the participants can personally apply obtained theoretical knowledge during experimental laboratory training. These practical exercises give the participants a great opportunity to quickly improve their knowledge and practical skills to ensure a better understanding of all aspects of handling, processing and applications of explosive materials.

LIST OF TRAINING COURSES BASIC TRAINING COURSES 1

Chemistry of Explosives

5 days

The Chemistry of Explosive Compounds ď Ž Secondary Explosives: Basic Properties ď Ž Primary Explosives: Basic Properties ď Ž New Energetic Materials ď Ž Laboratory Training (Synthesis of Primary Explosives, Basic Analysis and Testing of the Selected Explosives)

Propellants â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Theory and Technology of Gun Propellants

5 days

Propellants â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Technology of Ball Powders

5 days

Propellants â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Technology of Cast Double-Base Propellants

5 days

Propellants â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Theory and Technology of Pressed Solid Rocket Propellants

5 days

Ballistic Cycle ď Ž Chemistry of Propellants ď Ž Principles of Production ď Ž Thermochemistry ď Ž Pyrostatics and Basic Interior Ballistics ď Ž Chemical Stability of Propellants ď Ž Propellant Examination and Testing ď Ž Future Trends in R&D of Propellants ď Ž Laboratory Training (Calculation of Propellant Thermodynamical Properties, Preparation of Propellant Samples, Dimension Measurements, Density and Bulk Density, Closed Vessel Examination and Burning Rate Examination, Evaluation of Results)

Initiation Technology and Associated Energetic Materials Introduction and Theory of Initiation in Practice ď Ž Auxiliary Initiators Characteristics and Application ď Ž Basic Initiators (Non-Electric) ď Ž Electroexplosive Devices: Main Types ď Ž Laboratory Training (Demonstration of Different Initiators, Non-Electric Initiation and Detonators)

5 days

TRAINING & EDUCATION

Theory of Explosion

5 days

Basic Principles  Energetics of Explosives  Calculations of Thermochemical Properties of High Explosives  Detonation: General Observation and Real Effects in Explosives  Laboratory Training (Measurements of Detonation Velocity, Measurement of Detonation Front Curvature, OPTIMEX)

Explosion Effects

5 days

Shock Waves and Detonations  Explosions in Air  Underwater Explosions  Fundamentals of Shaped Charges  Laboratory Training (Measurement of Incident Blast Wave and Determination of TNT Equivalency, Gurney Velocity Measurement, EXPLO 5 Calculation)

Technology of Explosives

5 days

Categories of Explosives by Chemical Types  Nitro Compounds  Nitric Esters  Nitramines  Primary Explosives  Multicomponent Explosives  Technology of Manufacture of Selected Explosives and Explosive Charges for both Industrial and Military Applications  Laboratory Training (Preparation of Selected Types of Explosive Charges)

Testing of Energetic Materials

5 days

Testing Standards and Procedures  Sensitivity  Characterization of Detonation Properties  Stability  Laboratory Training (Impact, Friction and Spark Sensitivity, Thermal Analysis, Stability and Reactivity Tests, Bomb Calorimetry, etc.)

Testing of Gun Propellants and Rocket Propellants

5 days

Ballistic Cycle  Chemistry of Propellants  Principles of Production  Pyrostatics and Basic Interior Ballistics  Chemical Stability of Propellants  Propellant Examination and Testing  Future Trends in R&D of Gun Propellants and Rocket Propellants  Laboratory Training (Dimension Measurements, Density, Bulk Density, Calorimetry, Burning Rate and Closed Vessel Examination, Evaluation of Results)

Characterization of Hazard Properties of Flammable Materials. Gas, Vapor, Dust and Hybrid Mixtures

5 days

Explosions in Process Industry  Introduction into Gas and Dust Explosions  Influence of Gas/Vapor Cloud and Dust Cloud Properties  Hybrid Mixtures  Methods for Measurement of Explosion Parameters  Methods for Measurement of Gas Clouds, Flammable Liquid and Dust Cloud Properties  Laboratory Training (Testing of Hazardous Properties of Flammable Materials, Ignition Temperature, Minimal Explosive Energy and Concentrations, etc.)

Theory of Explosive Processing of Metallic and Non-Metallic Materials

5 days

Explosive Welding  Explosive Depth Hardening  Explosive Compaction of Powder Materials  Explosive Forming  Other Application of Explosive Processing  Laboratory Training (Demonstration of Explosive Welding and Explosive Hardening, Quality Control Testing)

Safety and Risk Analysis in Explosives Industry

5 days

Safety in Explosives Laboratories and Industry  Risk Analysis  Standards and Regulations for the Construction and Operation of Explosives Industry  Recommendations and Requirements for Workers

Mining Works and Destruction

5 days

Blasting Techniques  Industrial Explosives  Design of Charges  Basic Principles of Mining Works  Basic Knowledge of Destruction  Safety Rules  Laboratory Training (Quarry visit, Practice with Chief Blaster – Handling Explosives into Boreholes, Drilling Works – visit, Blasting in a quarry, Analysis of the Blast, Grains of Rock and Visual Inspection)

ADVANCED TRAINING COURSES We also offer several specialized advanced training courses for experts from explosives industry, military or academia, focused on selected aspects of energetic materials R&D, production and applications. Detailed content and duration of our advanced courses will be fully tailored according to requirements of each customer to meet all their needs and expectations.  Advanced Chemistry of High-Energy Materials

 Applied Interior Ballistics for Practice

 Advanced Optical Measurement of Explosion Parameters

 Detonation Physics

 Advanced Stability Testing of Explosives

 Hazard Assessment in Explosives Industry

 Analysis of Energetic Materials

 Mechanical Properties of Propellants