E-Tutorial Grammar III Lilia SaborĂo Corrales Student: Stephanie ChavarrĂa Alvarado. Topics: Past progressive, Phrasal verbs review, Past unreal conditionals, Present perfect progressive and simple past.
Past Progressive
Past progressive • We use the past progressive to describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past. The action began before the specific time and may or may not continue after the specific time. • Ex: He was studying at the library.
Remember! Non-action verbs are not usually used in the progressive.
Past progressive • Use the past progressive with the simple past to talk about an action that was interrupted by another action. Use the simple past for the interrupting action. • Ex: They were driving when the accident occurred.
• Connect the two actions with: • While + past progressive • Or
• When + simple past
While he was skating, he fell. or
He was skating when he fell.
Past progressive • You can use the past progressive with while or when to talk about two actions in progress at the same time in the past. Use the past progressive in both clauses. • Ex: While Pamela was leaving the house, Carl was calling her mom. • When he wasn´t looking, she was changing into Supergirl.
Past progressive • Form
• Exceptions in spelling
Past Progressive
• Activity • Have a stack of cards with random words prepared. Each student will choose two. In rounds have them create a sentence for their pair of words, one word for the past tense clause and one for the past continuous clause. For example, they draw the two words, drive and monkey. A possible sentence could be: I was driving down the street when I saw a monkey in the road.
Phrasal Verbs review
Phrasal verbs: review • A phrasal verb (also called a two-word verb) has two parts: a main verb and a particle. • Ex: Let’s figure out this problem now. • Verb + Particle= Phrasal verb
• Particles and prepositions look the same, but they act differently. • Prepositions do not change the meaning of the main verb. Verb + preposition.
• Ex: He looked into the room. • (He was outside the room and looked in.)
• Particles often change the meaning of the main verb. Verb + participle
• He looked into the problem. • (He researched the problem.)
Phrasal verbs : review • The verb and the participle are usually common words, but their separate meanings are often very different from the meaning of the phrasal verb. • • • • • •
Phrasal verb Come back Figure out Look into Pick up Put up
Meaning Return Understand Research Improve Erect
• Usage note: Phrasal verbs are very common in everyday speech. • Be careful! Like other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning. • Ex: Please turn down the radio. The music is too loud. • (Please lower the volume.)
• Bill didn’t get the restaurant job. They turned down his application. • (The rejected his application.)
Phrasal verbs : review • Examples: • • • • •
Customers didn’t come back. We had to figure out the problem. We looked into feng shui. Business has picked up. He put up a new entrance.
Phrasal verbs: Review • Transitive Phrasal Verbs Its divided in two :
Phrasal verbs : review • Intransitive Phrasal Verbs • Those verbs do not have Object • Not separated
Phrasal verbs: review • Many phrasal verbs are transitive. They take objects. • Phrasal Verbs Meaning • • • • •
Call of something Pick out something. Take away something. Think up something. Work out something
cancel choose remove Invent solve
Phrasal verb + object • Let’s call of the meeting. • Pick out the chair you like best. • Take away the dishes. • He thought up good answers. • He worked out the problem.
Phrasal Verb: review • Most transitive phrasal verbs are separable. This means that noun Verb + particle + object objects can go. The tore down the entrance. • After the particle. • Or
• Between the verb and the particle.
or Verb + object + particle They tore the entrance down.
• Be careful! If the direct object is a pronoun, it must go between the verb and the particle. • Usage note: When the noun is a part of a long phrase, we usually do not separate the phrasal verb.
Phrasal verbs : Review • Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. They do not take an object. They are always inseparable. • • • • •
Phrasal Verb Catch on Go ahead Show up Sit down
Meaning Become popular Make progress Appear Take a seat
• Tina is getting ahead in her career. • The consultant showed up early.
Phrasal verbs: review • Students work in pairs or small groups and try to match phrasal verbs with their meanings using the dominoes cards. This might require pretty close monitoring to make sure appropriate cards get matched. • Once your students have completed the task it is time to use the verbs in context. In pairs / groups, students write 5 sentences using green definitions. Then they exchange their sentences with other groups so that everybody has a new set. Now they should rewrite the sentences using phrasal verbs. Example: When Tom was 5 he discovered he was adopted. –> When Tom was 5 he found out he was adopted. Students may slightly change the wording to get their meaning across. Example: John thought Mary was not as clever as him. –> John looked down on Mary.
Past unreal conditionals
Statements If Clause: Past Perfect Result Clause: Would (not) have + Past Participle If George had had money, He would have moved away. If he had not stayed His father’s business would have failed. home,
Yes/ no Questions Result Clause
If Clause
Would he have left
If he had had money?
Contractions Would have = would’ve Would not have = wouldn’t have
Wh- Questions Result Clause
If Clause
What would he have done?
If he had had money?
Short answers Affirmative Negative Yes, he would have. No, he wouldn’t have.
Past unreal conditionals • Use past unreal conditionals sentences to talk about past unreal conditions and their results. A condition and its result may be untrue, imagined, or impossible. • The if clause gives the unreal condition, and the result clause gives the unreal result of that condition. • Ex: If Sam hadn’t been born, many people’s lives would have been worse. • (But Sam was born, so people’s lives were better.) If clause
Result clause
• If he had died young, he wouldn’t have had children. • (But he didn’t die young, so he had children.)
Past unreal conditionals • Use the past perfect in the if clause. Use would have, might have, or could have + past participle in the result clause. • Ex: If the film had won an Academy Award, it would have become famous right away.
• Usage note: Sometimes speakers use would have in the if clause. However, many people think this is not correct. • Ex: If I had owned a DVD player, I would have watched the movie. • NOT If I would have owned…
Past Unreal conditionals • Use would have in the result clause if the result is certain. Do not use will in unreal conditional sentences. • Ex: If Clara had gone to college, she would have studied hard.
• Use might have or could have in the result clause if the result is not certain. Do not use may or can. • Ex: If Clara had gone to college, she might have become an architect. • Or
• If Clara had gone to college, she could have become an architect.
• You can also use could have in the result clause to express ability. • Ex: If Clara had become an architect, she could have designed a bridge.
Past Unreal Condiotionals • You can begin conditional sentences with the clause or the result clause. The meaning is the name. • Ex: If he had won a million dollars, he would have traveled around the world. • Or
• He would have traveled around the world if he had won a million dollars.
• Be careful! Use a comma between the two clauses only when the if clause comes first.
Past Unreal Conditionals • Past unreal conditionals are often used to express regret about what really happened in the past. • Ex: If I had known Mary lived alone, I would have invited her to my holiday dinner. (I regret that I didn’t have invited her.)
• Use wish + past perfect to express regret or sadness about things in the past that you wanted to happen but didn’t. • Ex: George wishes he had studied architecture. • (He didn’t study architecture, and now he thinks that was a mistake.)
Past Unreal Conditionals • Activity: • Students complete at least half of the partial sentences you give them (e.g. “I wish __________ at school” or “I really wish they had never __________”) with something that reflects their real feelings about their lives. They then read out just the part they have written (e.g. “I had studied English instead of French” or “thought of Big Brother” for the examples above) and the other students try to guess which sentence it has been written in.
Present Perfect Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive • Form of the present perfect progressive
• Exceptions in spelling
Present Perfect Progressive • The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action. • Use of Present Perfect Progressive • puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result) • Example: She has been writing for two hours.
• action that recently stopped or is still going on • Example: I have been living here since 2001.
• finished action that influenced the present • Example: I have been working all afternoon.
Present perfect progressive • Use the present perfect progressive to talk about things that started in the past but were not completed. These things continue up to the present and may continue into the future. • Ex: I’ve lived in Perth my whole life • Or
• I’ve been living in Perth my whole life. • (I was born in Perth, and I’m still living there today.)
• Remember! Non-action (stative) verbs are not usually used in the progressive.
Present perfect progressive • We often use the present perfect progressive with for and since. • Use for + a length of time to show how long a present condition has been true. • Ex: He’s lived in Sydney for two years.
• Use since + a point of time to show when a present condition started. • Ex: He’s lived in Sydney since 2004. • He’s been living there since he graduated.
Present perfect progressive • Activity: • Have each person the class research a celebrity. She should write ten statements describing that person using the present perfect progressive. For example, ‘She has been staring in films since she was four years old’. Students take turns reading their lists to the class until the class is able to guess the celebrity being described.
Simple Past
Simple past • Form of Simple Past
• Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’
Use of Simple Past •action in the past taking place once, never or several times • Example: He visited his parents every weekend. •actions in the past taking place one after the other • Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down. •action in the past taking place in the middle of another action • Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang. •if sentences type II (If I talked, …) • Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.
Simple Past. • Use the simple past to describe an action that was completed at a specific time in the past. • Ex: Marta moved to Paris in 1981
Simple Past • Use the simple past to talk about things that happened and were completed in the past. • Ex : I lived in Alajuela for two years. • ( I don’t live in Alajuela now.
• Use simple past with ago to show when something started. • Ex: I moved there two years ago.
Simple Past • Use the simple past with past time expressions. • Ex: She graduated in 2012
• Now Graduated • Past 2012 x Be careful! Don’t use specific time expressions with the present perfect except after since. Ex: He’s known his wife since 2010.
Future
Simple Past • Use the simple past for things that probably won’t happen again in that period. • Ex: He jumped three times this month. • (The month isn’t over, but he probably won’t jump again this month.)
Simple Past activity • As a class, brainstorm what makes a day great, and then make another list for what makes a day bad. • Have pairs of students ask each other questions and give answers about a day in the past. For example, one student might ask, “Did you spill your juice yesterday?” The other would answer, “No, I didn’t spill my juice yesterday.” This is a great way to practice questions and negative use of the simple past.
How I improve • I practice about the almost of the topics trying to practice even more in the topics that are difficult for me, I research in the internet and read the book every time that I had a doubt. This class was very important to me and make me improve as a future teacher, I know that I had a lot to learn but I’m excited about that.
Thank you!