In Ciad il progetto di Francesco Vitali del Cetamb

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon) Francesco Vitali CeTAmb (Research Centre on Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Management in Developing Countries) Università degli Studi di Brescia

Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 Smart Cooking International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Impacts of traditional solid fuel (wood, biomass) use

2 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Household energy interventions: range of objectives

Reduced levels of IAP and human exposure

Increased fuel efficiency (combustion and heat transfer)

Reduced time spent in collection fuel and cooking

Reduced stress on the local environment (forest cover, erosion and soil fertility)

Reduced global warming emissions

Increased opportunities for income generation Bruce NG, Rehfuess EA and Smith KR, (2011) Household Energy Solutions in Developing Countries.

In: Nriagu JO (ed.) Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, v 3, pp. 6275 Burlington:Elsevier, 2011.

Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

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Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Why an improved stove?

4 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Why an improved stove?

5 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Project and study area

Project location: Bongor and Yagoua (rural area) in the river Logone valley

Partner: ACRA NGO (Milan)

Projet de gestion participative des ressources forestieres dans la vallee du Logone ENV/2006/114-­‐747 funded by EU Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

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Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

The issue

Deforestation of the rural areas at the border between Chad and Cameroon 7 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

The household energy crisis in Chad

Since January 2009 the government banned the production and sale of charcoal (primary household energy source)

Alternatives available in Chad are wood and gas

Gas is too expensive for most of the users (both for investment costs and usage costs), it is not appreciated (it does not fit the local cooking practices) and it is not enough to supply all the needs (available only in urban areas)

Wood comes from the same production chain of charcoal, but its price is continuously growing (reduced offer, increasing demand) 8 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

The household energy crisis in Chad Collection and transport

Sale at local markets Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

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Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

The household energy crisis in Chad

Combustion in low efficient and smoky stoves

10 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

The household energy crisis in Chad Survey among 161 households using questionnaires: 115 rural/ 46 urban, 9 people per family monthly average income: 63000 francs CFA

156 use wood, 58 use also biomass (crop residues) in 91% cases woman is responsible for fuel supply 111 use a 3 stone fire or a rudimental fireplace monthly fuel expenditure: 9000 francs CFA (14%) 96 cook indoor (154 during the rainy season)

Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

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Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

The household energy crisis in Chad Within the project, the activities aim at the reduction of wood consumption at household level by means of dissemination of appropriate technologies

In particular the study deals with: Increasing the efficiency of traditional cooking systems, comparing different technology options Experimentation of new technologies for the recovery of wasted materials as alternative energy sources

12 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

The Centrafricain stove Stove supports Combustion chamber

Insulation belt

Fuel feeding opening

Air inlet

External drum 13 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

The Centrafricain stove

Profiles provided to the trained handicrafts in order to guarantee an easy reproduction and a standardized sizing of the stove 14 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Activities -­‐ project Improved stove dissemination Main project results:

2 stove models (ceramic and Centrafricain) introduced and tested by CeTAmb; writing of production manuals

36 handicrafts (directly) trained

3724 improved stoves sold

15 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improves stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Activities -­‐ project

Awareness of the population and trainings for local handicrafts Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

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Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Activities -­‐ research Comparison (according to recognized scientific methods) of the performances of several stove models for household cooking

Water Boiling Test Controlled Cooking Test Kitchen Performance Test

17 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco  Vitali Â

The  Centrafricain  improved  stove  as  appropriate  technology   for  household  cooking  in  the  Logone  Valley  (Chad-­â€?Cameroon) Â

Activities  -­â€?  research Â

Water boiling tests comparing traditional and improved stove models Bongor 1Âś'MDPHQD &KDG Yagoua (Cameroun) 18 Varese  ʹ  6-­â€?30-­â€?2011  -­â€?  Smart  Cooking  -­â€?  International  Workshop  on  Improved  stoves,  Gasifier  stoves  and  other  cooking  technologies  for  cooperation  projects Â

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Results: Water Boiling Tests units

Fuel used 1. High power (cold start) Time to boil Burning rate Thermal efficiency Specific consumption Power 2. High power (hot start) Time to boil Burning rate Thermal efficiency Specific consumption Power 3. Low power (simmering) Burning rate Thermal efficiency Specific consumption Power

improved stove

Ceramic improved stove

Gas stove

Ganoum traditional fire

Wood

Wood

Butane gas

Doum nut

3-stone fire

Centrafricain

Wood min g/min % g/L watt

23 39 17 196 12066

24 32 16 159 9721

24 31 18 161 9438

19 5 61 22 4284

25 31 18 158 7314

min g/min % g/L watt

20 43 16 179 13247

18 40 17 153 12470

19 44 16 161 13641

20 4 75 13 3024

-

g/min % g/L watt

19 17 245 5696

13 26 166 3897

11 27 157 3499

3 58 32 2285

14 46 150 3171

Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

19

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Results: Water Boiling Tests

C. Collivignarelli, A. Mazzù, M. Vaccari, F. Vitali (2010) Comparison of biomass stoves as appropriate technologies for household energy in developing countries. In Proceedings Venice 2010, Third International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy; 8-11 November 2010.

Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

20

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Results: Controlled Cooking Tests

21 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improves stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Results: Controlled Cooking Tests

-15000 FCFA per year

22 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Results: Kitchen Performance Tests Paired-­‐sample test in 8* households.

On the field main finding:

Standard Per capita consumption Per capita consumption adults* (3stone fire) (foyer Centrafricain)

(p) (kg/ p d) (kg/ p jd) Average 6.5 1.04 0.47 * According to FAO guidelines, male adult = 1 person , female adult = 0.8 person, child = 0.5 person Centrafricain stove vs 3stone fire

-­‐55% wood consumption * Sample size required to show statistically significant reductions in per capita fuel consumption (95% confidence) 23 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Results: IAP monitoring 24h monitoring of CO and PM in 4 selected households Average 1h CO Concentration 3stone fire (3p) vs Centrafricain stove (FC)

24 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Results: CO2 emission savings Woodfuel savings per stove 1.9 tonnes/year

CO2 emission avoided per stove 1.8 tonnes/year

AMS-II.G.: Energy efficiency measures in thermal applications of non-renewable biomass 25 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improves stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Main findings Huge lacks in energy access at household level have critical impacts on family income, indoor air quality due to poor combustion devices, indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources High participation of users once the effectiveness of the stove has been proved by the daily use (reduced wood consumption = money saving)

Scarce dissemination in rural areas (where wood is collected) Self-sustainable market: trained handicrafts producing and selling stoves without incentives; self±organized trainings in other regions Reduced interest of EU organizations and donors in cook-stove programs (shifting towards renewable energies); renewed interest from international bodies (WHO, UNEP, WB, GACC) and carbon market 26 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Francesco Vitali

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon)

Bibliography Bruce NG, Rehfuess EA and Smith KR. (2011) Household Energy Solutions in Developing Countries. In: Nriagu JO (ed.)

Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, v 3, pp. 6275 Burlington: Elsevier, 2011.

Collivignarelli C, Mazzù A, Vaccari M, Vitali F (2010) Comparison of biomass stoves as appropriate technologies for household energy in developing countries. In Proceedings Venice 2010, Third International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy; 8-­‐11 November 2010.

International Energy Agency, UNDP and UNIDO (2010) Energy Poverty: how to make modern energy access universal?

Available online.

IPCC (2011) AMS-­‐II.G. Energy efficiency measures in thermal applications of non-­‐renewable biomass -­‐ Version 3.0. In CDM Methodologies. Available online.

Madine T, Mazzù A, Vaccari M, Vitali F (2010) Foyer modele Centrafricain. Fiche tecnique de realisation. In press.

PCIA (2011) Stove Performance Testing Protocols. Partnership for Clean Indoor Air. Available online Practical Action (2010) WŽŽƌ WĞŽƉůĞ͛Ɛ ŶĞƌŐLJ KƵƚůŽŽŬ ϮϬϭϬ. Rugby, UK. Available online.

Rehfuess EA, Bruce NG and Smith KR. (2011) Solid fuel use: Health Effect. In: Nriagu JO (ed.) Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, v 5, pp. 150161 Burlington: Elsevier, 2011.

Sanchez T (2010) dŚĞ ŚŝĚĚĞŶ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĐƌŝƐŝƐ͘ ,Žǁ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĨĂŝůŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͛Ɛ ƉŽŽƌ͘ Practical Action Publishing.

World Bank (2011) Household Cookstoves, Environment, Health and Climate Change. A new look at an old problem.

Available online.

27 Varese ʹ 6-­‐30-­‐2011 -­‐ Smart Cooking -­‐ International Workshop on Improved stoves, Gasifier stoves and other cooking technologies for cooperation projects

Thank you for your attention. For further information: francesco.vitali@ing.unibs.it http://www.ing.unibs.it/~cetamb/

Improved stove Workshop Yagoua (Cameroon)

The Centrafricain improved stove as appropriate technology for household cooking in the Logone Valley (Chad-­‐Cameroon) Francesco Vitali CeTAmb (Research Centre on Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Management in Developing Countries) Università degli Studi di Brescia