ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ ¼Hkkx ,d½
laiknd veu dqekj nhid dqekj xksaM vkdka{kk HkV~V
ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d) ¼leh{kk½ laiknd % veu dqekj nhid dqekj xksaM vkdka{kk HkV~V © laiknd vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 çdk'kd ifjys[k çdk'ku okfy;k ekdsVZ ] fudV lkgw tSu dkWyt s ] dksrokyh ekxZ] uthckckn& 26763] fctukSj ¼m-ç-½ eks- + 91 9897742814] + 91 9837120022 bZ-esy % parilekhprakshan@gmail.com 'kCn la;kstu rUe; R;kxh eqæd ds-oh-vkj- fizaVj] esjB vkoj.k veu çFke laLdj.k % 2017 ewY; % 150 ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@2
leiZ.k Jh;qr izkQ s l s j _"kHknso 'kekZ vkSj MkW- xqjeZ dksM a k uhjtk dks] ftuls fnO; lacy izkIr fd;kA
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@3
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@4
laikndh; bjknk rks 'kks/k tuZy izdkf'kr djus dk Fkk exj le; ij jftLVâ„¢s'ku u fey ikuk gekjs fy, leL;k gks x;k FkkA ys[kdksa ls ppkZ gqbZ] D;k izkIr ys[kksa dks iqLrd :i esa izdkf'kr djuk mfpr jgsxk\ rc nhid dqekj xksaM vkSj vkdka{kk HkV~V us laiknu dk;Z esa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk trkdj gekjh leL;k dk funku dj fn;kA 'ks"k ys[kdksa us Hkh Lohd`fr ns nh rks iqLrd ;kstuk vey esa ykbZ xbZA tEew ls f'ko dqekj [ktwfj;k us Mksxjh Hkk"kk dk ys[k nsoukxjh fyfi esa Hkstk rks ,d u;k iz;ksx dks Hkh cy feykA gekjk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks ysdj izkjaHk fd;k x;k vfHk;ku esjh chekjh ds dj.k Fke lk jgk Fkk] ftls HkkbZ f'ko dqekj [ktwfj;k ds dkj.k ubZ mtkZ izkIr gqbZ vkSj fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij ys[k izdkf'kr djrs gq, geus eu cuk;k fd Hkkjr dh vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds nsoukxjh fyfi esa ys[k eaxkdj mUgsa Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k tk,A ejkBh vkSj Mksxjh ds ys[k izkjafHkd rkSj ij izdkf'kr fd, tk jgs gSaA vkxkeh iqLrd esa Hkh blh izdkj ys[k ekaxdj rsyqxw] rfey] mfM+;k] dUuM] vleh vkfn Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds ys[k nsoukxjh esa izdkf'kr fd, tk,axsA gesa vk'kk gS fd nsoukxjh ds cgkus Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,a ,d nwljs dks Lusglw= esa cka/kdj u, Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k esa lg;ksxh cu ldsaxhA &veu dqekj
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@5
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@6
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
vuqØe 1- Lora=rk iwoZ fganh Hkk"kk vkanksyu vkdka{kk HkV~V 2- fof/k ,oa U;k; ds {ks= esa fganh Hkk"kk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk [;kfr lksuh 3- dchj&dkO; esa lkekftd lanHkZ 'kcue rCclqe 4- O;kseds'k njos'k % la?k"kZ] g"kZ vkSj la?k"kZ dh dgkuh vo/ks'k dqekj 5- fir`lRrkRed lekt esa L=h l'kfDrdj.k MkW- Hkkjrh vxzoky 6- gncafn;ksa ds ?ksjs ls ckgj dk foe'kZ MkW- paÊdyk 7- L=h dk jktuhfrdj.k vkSj e`nqyk xxZ vt; dqekj lko 8- MkW- vacsMdj] lafo/kku ,oa nfyr eqfDr&psruk MkW- latho dqekj fo'odekZ 9- Hkkjrh; fdlku dh orZeku n'kk % leL;k,a vkSj lekËkku MkW- fnfXot; 'kekZ 10- Ásepan vkSj mudh ^iwl dh ,d jkr* esa fdlku dksey flag 11- iw.kZ ÿkafr dh e'kky Fkk ^Lojkt* v[+kckj vfHk"ksd dqekj@vjfoUn dqekj flag 12- x+t+y lezkV % nq";ar dqekj veu dqekj@vkyksd dqekj 13- Okkfpd vkykspuk ds izfreku vkSj ukeoj flag nhid dqekj xksaM 14- /kkfeZd (vk/;kfRed) ifjÁs{k; esa laxBukRed ÁcaËku dh egRrk fonq"kh 'kekZ 15- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk* dh x+t+yksa esa lkekftd ;FkkFkZ eatq flag
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@7
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vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ejkBh lkfgR; 16- Ekgkjk"V™ dh iwoZ xqugxkj ?kksf"kr ^ikj/kh* tutkfr dh leL;k,° MkW- lat; tk/ko Mksxjh lkfgR; 17- Mksxjh Dgkfu;sa p ctqxsZa nh vlekftd izo`fRr f'ko dqekj [ktwfj;k 18- Mksxjh yksd&lkfgR; nh /kkfeZd EgRrk MkW- izhfr jpuk leL;k 19- Hkkjr ikfdLrku laca/k % tEew&d'ehj txnh'k flag
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@8
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vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Lora=rk iwoZ fganh Hkk"kk vkanksyu vkdka{kk HkV~V fganh Hkk"kk ,d ,slh Hkk"kk gS ftls vius gh ns'k esa lkekftd Lohd`fr izkIr djus ds fy, vusd dfBukbZ;ksa ,oa la?k"kksaZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA MkW- fo'oukFk f=ikBh dk dguk gSa fd ^^fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk vrhr HkfDr&vkanksyu vksj Lok/khurk vkanksyu ls tqM+k gSA og xkSjoe; gSA fganh ds lkfgR;dkjksa vkSj izpkjdksa us lksus ds dkSj [kkdj fganh&lsok ugh dhA mls ns'kHkfDr dh riL;k vkSj lk/kuk dk gh ,d vax le>k gSA vius ns'k vkSj {ks= es mis{kk dk Hkko lgk gSA vaxzsth i<+kus okys v/;kidksa ds lkFk os ^czkg~e.k lekt es T;ksa vNwr* dk O;ogkj ikrs jgs gSaA**1 orZeku le; es fganh Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk o jk"V™Hkk"kk nksuksa gh :i es LFkkfir gS fQj Hkh mlds vfLrRo ij vU; Hkk"kkvksa dk ncko yxkrkj cuk gqvk gSA fganh dk bfrgkl fganh Hkk"kk ,oa nsoukxjh fyfi rFkk Hkkjr ij vkjksfir fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa ,oa fyfi;ksa ds fo:n~/k viuh Hkk"kk] fyfi] jk"V™h; psruk ,oa jktdh; O;ogkj ds fy, fd, x, la?k"kZ dk bfrgkl jgk gSA vius vfLrRo ds fy, bl izdkj dk la?k"kZ vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks uke ek= dk gh djuk iM+kA tcfd fganh dks ;g la?k"kZ vkt rd djuk iM jgk gSA eqxy 'kklu ds igys ds vf/kdka'k bLykeh fotsrk ;k rks vkÿe.k djds ykSV tkrs Fks ;k ns'k ds NksVs&NksVs Hkw&Hkkxksa ij dqN le; ds fy, gh 'kklu dj ikrs jgs FksA bl izdkj ds fNViqV vkÿe.kksa vkSj 'kk"kdksa ds d`R; us ns'k dh Hkk"kk o laLd`fr ij dqN egRoiw.kZ izHkko ugha MkykA eqlyekuksa ds vkus ds cgqr igys ;wukfu;ksa ds vkÿe.k ds Bhd ckn xzhd Hkk"kk ds izHkko ls Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh fod`r gks tkus dk FkksM+k cgqr ladV vo'; eaMjkus yxk FkkA ijarq rn~dkyhu lekt ds cqn~f/kthoh viuh Hkk"kk ,oa laLd`fr ds bl [krjs ds izfr iw.kZ ltx FksA os ;g Hkyh& Hkkafr tkurs Fks fdlh ns'k dh Hkk"kk ;fn fod`r gks tk, rks og ns'k vo'; gh u"V gks tk,xkA fganh Hkk"kk dk vkanksyu vius Li"V :i es eqxy oa'k ds vafre fnuksa esa [kqy dj lkeus vk;kA ujs'k esgrk dk er gS fd ^^eqxy lkezkT; u dsoy Hkkjr dk gh] cfYd rn~dkyhu lalkj dk lcls cM+k lkezkT; ekuk tkrk gSA vU; eqlyeku fotsrkvksa dh Hkkafr buds ikl Hkh ogh bLykeh /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk] thou n`f"V ds izfr ladh.kZrk] Fkh] ijarq buds ikl Qkjlh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk vfrfjDr oSHko Hkh Fkk] ftlds dkj.k dkykarj esa bl ns'k esa eqfLye&lH;rk] eqfLye lkfgR; vkSj eqfLye eukso`fRr dk tUe gqvk] tks fd le; ds lkFk mRrjksRrj Hkkjrh;rk es lejl gksus ds LFkku ij izfr'kfDr ds :i esa fodflr gq,A**2 Qkjlh ds jktHkk"kk gksus ij Hkh bl dky ds eqxy njckj esa tuHkk"kkvksa ds fy, Hkh FkksM+k cgqr vknj dk Hkko t:j Fkk] ysfdu og lk/ku dss :i esa u fd lk/; ds :i esA vFkkZr og bl ckr ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpRr Fks fd jkT; vkSj turk ds chp O;ogkj dh Hkk"kk ;fn ,d u gks rks bldk nwjxkeh ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@9
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ifj.kke Lo;a iz'kklu dks gh Hkqxruk iM+sxkA eqxy lkezkT; ds jktuhfrd fo?kVu dk izeq[k dkj.k vkSjaxtsc dh i`Fkdrkoknh uhfr FkhA ftlus fons'kh Hkk"kk Qkjlh ds izfr lEeku j[kk tcfd Hkkjrh; tuHkk"kkvksa ds izfr mis{kk dk Hkko j[kkA bl lanHkZ es ujs'k esgrk dk ekuuk gS fd ^;s igys fons'kh Fks] tks Hkkjrh; lH;rk] laLd`fr vkSj lekt esa foyhu gksus ds mn~sn'; ls ugha vk, Fks] cfYd fo'kky eqfLye lekt esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dks foyhu djus ds fy, vk, FksA blds iwoZ rd fdlh Hkh fons'kh tkfr us ;gk° LFkkbZ lkezkT; LFkkfir ugha fd;kA bfrgkl esa igyh ckj Hkkjrh;ksa dh mnkjoknh n`f"V dks bLyke dh bl izfr'kfDr us thou ds gj {ks= esa pqukSrh nhA* fganh e/; ns'k dh Hkk"kk gS ftls Hkkjrh; /keZ] n'kZu rFkk bfrgkl dk es:naM ekuk tkrk jgk gSA fganh Hkk"kk dks iwjs ns'k esa QSykus dk Js; e/;dky ds O;kikjh oxZ dks Hkh tkrk gSA vc ;g iz'u mBrk gS fd vkf[kj fganh Hkk"kk dc ls O;ogkj dh Hkk"kk ekuh tkus yxh\ D;ksafd fganh ds O;ogkj ds izek.k eqlyeku tc Hkkjr ds laidZ esa vk,] rc ls izkIr gksus 'kq: gq,A bZlk dh vkBoha 'krh esa tc eqgEen fcu dkfle us fla/k ij vf/kdkj fd;k] ml le; rd ogk° dk lkjk jkt&dkt fganh esa gksrk FkkA lu~ 1420 bZ0 esa d'ehj ds 'kkld ^tSuy vkc nhu* us vius ;gk° Qkjlh ds lkFk&lkFk fganh dks Hkh egRo fn;k FkkA b/kj lkfgR; esa Hkh ukFk iafFk;ksa vkSj oS".ko vkanksyuksa ds dkj.k iwjs ns'k esa fganh dk O;ogkfjd Lo:i lkeus vk jgk FkkA blds i'pkr Hkkjr esa bZLV bafM;k daiuh dk vkxeu okLro es mnwZ vkSj vaxzsth nks fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa dk vH;qn; dky Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA fuf'pr rkSj ij ;s nkuks gh Hkk"kk,a fganh dh izfr'kfDr ds :i es fodflr gqbZaA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk ladV nwj rks ugha gqvk ysfdu gka ;s dg ldrs gSa fd vkSj vf/kd l?ku t:j ls gks x;kA vaxzstksa us dkykarj esa vnkyrh Hkk"kk rks Qkjlh gh jgus nh ijarq cgqr gh lw>&cw> ds lkFk dqN foHkkxksa esa nwljh Hkk"kk ds :Ik esa fganh dks LFkku ns fn;k x;kA ftl fganh dks nwljh Hkk"kk dk :i vaxzstksa us fn;k mls fdlh Hkh ekinaM ds Lrj ij Hkk"kk rks gjfxt ugha dgk tk ldrkA og iw.kZr;k Hkk"kk dks fod`r djus dh lkft'k t:j FkhA Lku~ 1857 ds igys gh Lok/khurk dh Hkkouk yksxksa esa tUe ys pqdh FkhA blds lkFk gh Lok/khu Hkkjr dh dsanzh; Hkk"kk dk iz'u Hkh rRdkyhu fopkjdksa vkSj lekt lsfo;ksa ds lkeus vk pqdk FkkA ^fganh Hkkjr dh ,d ek= loZekU; jk"V™Hkk"kk gS*A jes'kpanz 'kkg fganh Hkk"kk ltZukRed ifjn`'; 'kh"kZd vkys[k es fy[krs gSa&^^fganh dks jk"V™Hkk"kk cukus dh ekax loZizFke fganh izns'k es ugh] fganhrj izns'kksa ls Hkkjr ds nks egkuxjksa] eqqacbZ vkSj dksydkrk ls mBh FkhA**3 Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh o jktk jkeeksgu jk; vfganh Hkk"kh gksus ds ckotwn fganh Hkk"kk ds i{kËkj FksA jktk jkeeksgu jk; ls dgha vf/kd izcy ;k lkFkZd :i es Lokeh n;kuan us fganh ds fy, izpqj vkanksyu fd;kA muds n~okjk LFkkfir vk;Z lekt us fganh Hkk"kk ds izfr iwjk leiZ.k Hkko j[kkA ml le; Qkjlh Hkk"kk dk opZLo gksus dh otg ls xhrk] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] xk;=h ea= ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@10
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
vkfn lHkh Qkjlh fyfi es i<+s&fy[ks tkus ds fy, foo'k FksaA Lokeh th us vk;Z lekt ds lgkjs lkjs mins'k] Hktu] dhrZu ds lkFk&lkFk i= O;ogkj] cksy&pky vkfn lHkh ds fy, fganh vfuok;Z djus ij cy fn;kA blh izdkj lukru /keZlHkk] caxky esa czg~e lekt ftles ds'kopanz lsu] jktukjk;.k cksl] Hkwnso eq[kthZ rFkk uohupan jk; us fganh ds i{k dks rdZiw.kZ :i ls izLrqr fd;kA ;s Hkkjr ds dbZ {ks=ksa iatkc] eqacbZ] enzkl vkfn LFkkuksa ij Lo;a tkdj fganh ds ek/;e ls lekt lq/kkj dk dk;Z fd;k djrs FksA gkykafd bu lHkh /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa ds chp ijLij vkilh varjfojks/k cuk jgk] fQj Hkh bu lHkh us fganh ds izpkj&izlkj es egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA vr% ,d rjQ jk; lkgc ds vkanksyu dks vk/kqfud dgk x;k ogha Lokeh th ds vkanksyu dks izfrfÿ;koknh ;k iqu#RFkkuoknh ladh.kZ vkanksyu ekuk x;kA dqy feykdj bu fofHkUu vkanksyuksa us tgk° ,d rjQ ns'k dh ,drk ds fy, ,d Hkk"kk vFkkZr fganh dks loZlEefr fnykus dk iz;kl fd;k rks nwljh rjQ vU; fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa dks fNViqV Lohdkj o vLohdkj nksuksa fd;k ftlds QyLo:i vaxszth ljdkj dks ,d O;ofLFkr jktlRrk LFkkfir djus dk ekSdk fey x;kA vaxzsth ljdkj ds LFkkfir gks tkus ds ckn lu~ 1813 es vaxzsth ljdkj us f'k{kk ds fy, izfro"kZ ,d yk[k #i, [kpZ djus dk izkfoËkku cuk;kA mUgksus Lokeh n;kuan rFkk vU; vaxzsth fon~okuksa dh ekU;rk ds vkËkkj ij laLd`r Hkk"kk ds egRo ,oa izpqj Kku&foKku dh iqLrdksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, iz;kl fd;kA lu~ 1821 esa dydRrk esa laLd`r dkyst dh LFkkiuk bUgha mn~ns';kas dks /;ku esa j[kdj dh xbZA ftldk ?kksj fojks/k jk; lkgc us fd;k vkSj rdZ ;g fn;k fd ;fn f'k{kk dk ek/;e rFkk in~/kfr laLd`r ijaijk dh jgsxh rks ;g ns'k fQj ls va/kdkj esa Mwc tk,xk vaxzsth ek= ,d ,slh Hkk"kk rFkk ek/;e gS ftlds n~okjk ;fn f'k{kk nh xbZ rks ;g ns'k vf/kd vk/kqfud] KkulaiUu rFkk oSKkfud cu ldsxkA lu~ 1816 bZA esa dydRrk es fganw dkyst dks LFkkfir djuk okLro es ;g lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl gh Fkk fd ;fn ns'k es vaxzsth Hkk"kk vkSj ;wjksih; f'k{kk in~/kfr viukbZ tk,xh rks Hkkjr ds yksx dgha HkM+d u tk,a ysfdu ,slk ugha gqvkA bl lQy j.kuhfr ds nks o"kZ ckn iqu% vkxjk esa dkyst dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ljdkj vc /khjs&/khjs dpgjh vkSj vnkyrksa dks NksM+dj ckdh foHkkxksa es vaxzsth ds gh iz;ksx esa cy nsus yxhA bl rjg lekt ds lk/kkj.k yksxksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks udkjdj vaxzsth dk izHkqRo fnuksfnu c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk jgkA blh lanHkZ es ujs'k esgrk dgrs gSa fd ^ykMZ eSdkys dh flQkfj'k ij vaxzst ljdkj us ges'kk ds fy, ;g eku fy;k fd Hkkjr ds yksxksa es ;wjksih; lkfgR; rFkk foKku dk izlkj djuk vaxzsth ljdkj dk egku /;s; gksuk pkfg,A**4 bl ns'k dh Hkk"kk ds lkFk ,d ckj iqu% fo'okl?kkr gqvkA eqxy dky esa lezkV vdcj ds le; rd Qkjlh dk Kku] jkt& dkt esa vfuok;Z ugha Fkk ijarq muds vFkZea=h jktk VksMjey dh d`ik ls fganqvksa ds fy, Hkh Qkjlh i<+uk t:jh gks x;k FkkA blh dkj.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,a fn~orh; Js.kkh dh dj nh xbZ FkhaA iqu% tc vaxzst 'kkld Lo;a ;gk° dh Hkk"kk dks iquthZfor djuk pkgrs Fksa rc jktk jkeeksgu jk; ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@11
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dh d`ik ls ;g liuk ,d ckj fQj ls VwV x;kA* chloha 'krh ds vkjaHk esa tc LokËkhurk vkanksyu fodflr gks jgk Fkk] 1905 esa rRdkyhu ok;ljk; ykMZ dtZu us caxky dh jk"V™h; psruk esa igyh ckj fganw eqfLye Hksn dks cax& Hkax ds n~okjk jktdh; Lo:i fn;kA ;g og dky Fkk tc vaxzstksa dks iwohZ Hkkjr ds eqlyekuksa ls okgkch vkanksyu ds dkj.k Hk; yxus yxk FkkA 1857 ds fonzksg ds ckn eqlyekuksa dh ;g viuh O;fDrxr ps"Vk Fkh fd fdlh Hkh izdkj Hkkjrh; lkezkT; dks iqu% izkIr fd;k tk;A eqlyekuksa dh jktuhfr dh ;g le> e/; dkyhu Fkh] bl dkj.k vaxzst tks fd vk/kqfud jktuhfr ds fon~oku Fks] blls fuiVuk tkurs Fks vkSj blds fy, mUgksaus ,d LFkkbZ uhfr cuk yh fd fganw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa dks jk"V™h; ,drk dh psruk ds Lrj ij dHkh ,d u gksus fn;k tk;A cax&Hkax mudk igyk dkjukek FkkA 'kfDr larqyu dh bl dwVuhfr dk rRdky urhtk Hkk"kk ds {ks= esa rFkk fganh izns'k esa ;g gqvk fd 1873 esa gh fcgkj esa fganh Hkk"kk vkSj ukxjh fyfi nksuksa dks iz'kkldh; ekU;rk ns nh xbZA ,slk djus ds ihNs ogkch vkanksyu ,d dkj.k FkkA ftldk lw=ikr fcgkjh eqlyekuksa us fd;k FkkA vr% fcgkj ds eqlyekuksa dks naM nsus ds fy, vaxzstksa us fganh dks ;g ekU;rk nh FkhA tcfd blds foifjr Ikf'peksRrj izkar esa fganh dks iz'kkldh; ekU;rk ugha nh xbZA D;ksafd bl izkar esa vaxzst] caxky ds ÿafrdkjh fganw vkanksyu ds QyLo:i os ;gk° ds fganqvksa dks naM nsuk pkgrs FksA 1857 dh ÿkafr ds ckn ns'k ij ls daiuh ljdkj dk 'kklu lekIr gks x;k vkSj Hkkjr] baXySaM ds lezkV ds v/khu gks x;kA baXySaM ds lezkV ds lkeus fganw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa gh leku iztk FkhaA bl dky esa cgqr ls fganw fon~;kFkhZ Ikf'peh f'k{kk ds dkj.k fons'k ;k=k ds fy, x,A ftl dkj.k muesa LojkT;] Lok/khurk] x.kra=] tuer] tuvf/kdkj vkfn vk/kkjHkwr ckrksa ds izfr ltxrk mRiUu gqbZ vkSj blh dk urhtk ;g gqvk fd Hkkjr esa Lok/khurk vkanksyu dk tUe gqvkA mUuhloha 'krh ds vkBosa n'kd esa ,d vksj jktuhfrd psruk mRiUu gksus yxh Fkh rks nwljh vksj Hkk"kk ds egRo dks Hkh HkyhHkkafr u dsoy le>k gh tkus yxk] cfYd 'kklu ds lEeq[k bl vkxzg dks fofHkUu yksxksa] if=dkvksa rFkk laLFkkvksa ds n~okjk izLrqr fd;k tkus yxkA vHkh Hkk"kk ds vkanksyu ds fy, fdlh laLFkk dh uhao ugh j[kh xbZ Fkh ijarq jktuhfrd Lokra= ds lkFk&lkFk Hkk"kk ds LoRo&Lokra= dh psruk ykxkrkj txus yxh FkhA bl psruk ds :i esa Hkkjrsanq dk uke lcls igys vkrk gSA buds vHkko esa mUuhloha 'krh ds Hkk"kkbZ tkxj.k dk LoIu okLro es fujk/kkj lk izrhr gksrk gSA bl lnh ds mRrjkn~ËkZ rd vkrs&vkrs ^^mRrj Hkkjr ds f'kf{kr fganqvksa n~okjk [kM+h cksyh fganh dks viuh lkoZtfud Hkk"kk ds :i es viukuk ,d ,sls lkaLd`frd vkanksyu ds mQku dk n~;ksrd cuk ftls mnwZ cqn~fËkthoh le> u ikus dh otg ls gSjku gks x, FksA**5 varr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkk"kk dk iz'u yxHkx mUuhloha 'krh dh lekfIr rd fofo/k /kkfeZd vkanksyuksa] lkektlq/kkjdksa] lkfgR;dkjksa] NqViqV fganh lsoh laLFkkvksa rFkk lkfgfR;d i=&if=dkvksa ls gh laca/k j[krk FkkA Hkkjrsanq dk tks lfÿ; lg;ksx bl vkanksyu ds ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@12
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
fy, vko';d Fkk og mudh vYik;q ds dkj.k lekIr gks x;kA mUuhloha 'krh ds lekIr gksrs&gksrs Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; dkaxzsl dk tUe gks pqdk FkkA ljdkj vc vafre :i ls jktdkt esa u dsoy vaxzsth dks gh izeq[krk nsus dks lksp jgh Fkh cfYd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds fy, Hkh ,d lkekU; fyfi ds uke ij jkseu fyfi izpkfjr djus dk iz;kl dj jgh FkhA ml le; ;fn ;g "kM~;a= lQy gks tkrk] rks Hkkjrh; vfLerk lnk ds fy, frjksfgr gks tkrhA bl "kM~;a= ds vlQy gksus esa rn~dkfyu fganh lsoh laLFkkvksa dk ;ksxnku vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA izR;sd laLFkk dk vius&vius {ks= esa foy{k.k o fof'k"V ;ksxnku Hkh jgk gSA ftlds dkj.k fganh fujarj la?k"kZ djrs gq, vkxs c<+hA cM+s la?k"kZ ds ckn gh ukxjh esa fyf[kr fganh dks vnkyrksa esa fczfV'k ljdkj dks 18-04-1900 dks fganh ds i{k esa vkns'k fudkyuk iM+kA tks bu fofHkUu la?k"kZjr vkanksyuksa ds dkj.k lfÿ; gks ik;kA lanHkZ 1- lHkkifr;ksa ds Hkk"k.k&Hkkx 4] la- foHkwfr feJ] i`- la 262 2- fganh lkfgR; lEEksyu dk bfrgkl&izFke [kaM] ys[kd ujs'k esgrk] i`- la 15 3- fganh dh fodkl ;k=k vkSj fganh lsoh laLFkk,a] la- foHkwfr feJ] i`- la 28&29 4- fganh lkfgR; lEesyu dk bfrgkl&fn~orh; [kaM] ys[kd xaxklkxj frokjh] i`- la 23 5- fganh dk yksdo`Rr&QzakpsLdk vkalhZuh] vuqokn&uhykHk] i`- la 21
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@13
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
fof/k ,oa U;k; ds {ks= esa fganh Hkk"kk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk [;kfr lksuh euq"; ,d fparu'khy izk.kh gSA euq"; ds Hkkoksa] vkSj fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr lk/ku gS Hkk"kkA ?kj&ifjokj esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk dk ekuo thou ij v{kq..k izHkko iM+rk gS bls gh ekr`Hkk"kk dgrs gSaA Hkk"kk euq"; ds fy, bZ'oj dk loksZRre ojnku gSA Hkkjrh; euh"kk bZ'oj dk Lrru dj blh ojnku dh izkfIr ds fy, djrh gS& ^^ewda djksfr okpkya** ewd dk okpky gksuk euq"; dk Hkk"kk esa le`n~/k gksuk gSA Hkk"kk Kku foghu euq"; viw.kZ gS] vfHk'kIr gSA dnkfpRr blfy, lh[kus dh izfÿ;k esa euq"; vius 'kS'kovoLFkk ls gh izFker% Hkk"kk lh[krk gSA vr% Hkk"kk lalkj ,oa lekt esa euq"; dk igyk ifjp; djkus esa lgHkkfxrk djrh gSA l`f"V esa tgk°&tgk° ekuo lekt gS] ogk°&ogk° Hkk"kk leqifLFkr gSA ftl izdkj izd`fr dk Lo:Ik lHkh LFkkuksa ij fHkUu gksrk gSA mlh izdkj i`Foh ij lekt] Hkk"kk vkfn miyfC/k;k° Hkh izk;% fHkUu gS] fdarq ftl izdkj leLr laLd`fr tho&txr esa HkkoukRed& ckSn~fËkd psruk dk ,d rkj loZ= O;kIr gS] mlh izdkj laLd`fr&cks/k ,oa Hkk"kk esa Hkh ,d xgjk var%laca/k gSA ;gh laLd`fr cksËk ,oa lqlaLd`r euq"; feydj lekt dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA lekt dk fuekZ.k ek= dqN euq"; ds leqPp; ls ugha gksrk gS cfYd lekt ekuo&thou dh og ‹k`a[kyk gS ftlesa vius dqN fu;e] vkpkj&fopkj ,oa O;ofLFkr thou thus dh lafgrk gksA vkSj blh O;ofLFkr ,oa fu;ecn~Ëk thou dh vk'kk ls gh fof/k ,oa U;k;ky;ksa ls euq"; dk ifjp; gksrk gSA U;k; dh ladYiuk ekuo ds fodkl dk og vk;ke gS] ftlesa og ekuork dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ ekuoh; fodkl dk mPpre f'k[kjA U;k; dk fln~/kkar ;g izfrikfnr djrk gS fd ,d O;fDr dk nwljs O;fDr ds lkFk fdl izdkj dk O;ogkj gks\ vkSj ;fn og O;ogkj mfpRr ugha gS rks fdlh rhljs O;fDr dks ;g r; djus dk vf/kdkj gksxk fd foospu dj ;g r; djs fd dfFkr O;ogkj mfpRr Fkk ;k ugha\ vkSj ;gha ls U;k;&izfÿ;k dk vkjaHk gksrk gSA :lks ds vuqlkj & ^^og O;fDr] ftlus lcls igys fdlh tehu ds VqdM+s dks ?ksjdj dgk gksxk fd ^;g esjk gS* og lH; lekt vFkkZr fu;e] dk;ns&dkuwu ls c°/ks lekt dk tUenkrk FkkA**1 euq"; tc taxyksa esa jgrk Fkk] izd`fr ls izkIr Qy] Qwy] ekal dk Hk{k.k dj viuk thou;kiu djrk Fkk] rc izd`fr ds leLr lalk/kuksa ij lHkh dk leku :Ik ls vf/kdkj ,sls fdlh izdkj ds vkilh fookn gksus dh laHkkouk vR;ar U;wu jgrh Fkh] fdarq tSls&tSls euq"; dk fodkl gqvk] mldk thou lkekftdrk dh vksj c<+rk pyk x;kA bl lkekftd esa ,d euq"; dk O;ogkj ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@14
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
nwljs euq"; ds lkFk dSlk gksxk\ bl rF; dks fu;fer vkSj e;kZfnr fd, tkus dh vko';drk izrhr gksus yxhA ekuoh; O;ogkj esa tSls&tSls tfVyrk vkus yxh] oSls&oSls dkuwu ,oa fu;eksa dh ‹k`a[kyk Hkh c<+rh pyh xbZA izkjafHkd voLFkk esa dkuwu dk mn; lkekftd e;kZnkvksa] ijaijkvksa ,oa yksd&O;ogkj ds vk/kkj ij gh gqvk FkkA vkt Hkh tks lekt viuh ijaijkvksa ,oa lkekftd O;ogkj ds izfr vR;ar laosnu'khy gS] vfyf[kr lafo/kku ds ek/;e ls ns'k dk lapkyu djrk gSA tgk° ijaijkvkas dh tM+sa mruh xgjh ugha Fkh] ogk° fyf[kr lafo/kku dh vko';drk eglwl dh tkus yxhA ;gk° ls dkuwu dk mn; gqvkA ;fn ijaijk,° dkuwu ds e/; esa gSa rks ;g fuf'pr gS fd lekt dks ck°Ëkus okyh O;oLFkk Hkh mlds e/; esa ls tueh Hkk"kk dk iz'u Hkh izklafxd gSA vr% ;g ijeko';d gS fd U;k; dh O;oLFkk dks euq"; ds lkekftd thou ds lokZfËkd fudV gksuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh; U;k;&iz.kkyh fo'o dh izkphure U;k;&iz.kkfy;ksa esa ls ,d gS] tks ^dkuwu dk jkT;* ds fln~/kkar ij dk;Z djrh jgh gSA Hkkjrh; U;kf;d O;oLFkk dk ;g ges'kk ls vkn'kZ jgk gS fd vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx lnSo drZO;kas ds fuokZgu ds ckn gh laHko gSA bl ns'k esa igys 'kklu O;oLFkk jktk ds gkFk esa Fkh tc Hkh jktk dh U;k;&iz.kkyh yksdfgr dks loksZifj ekurh FkhA jktk dkuwu ls ≈ij ugha ekuk x;kA dkuwu ijaijkvksa ls ≈ij ugha] cfYd ijaijkvksa ls gh lapkfyr gksrk FkkA ^jkt O;oLFkk^ esa jktk dk LFkku loksZPp Hkys gh Fkk] ij U;k;/kh'kksa dks lnSo Lora= j[kk x;kA 'kqÿuhfr esa fy[kk gS& ^^jktk n~okjk rSukr fd, tkus okys U;k;Ëkh'kksa ds U;k;&izfÿ;k dk tkudkj] yksd Hkk"kk dk Kkrk] cqn~f/keku] lR;oknh] lPpfj=] e`nqHkk"kh] fe=&'k=q nksuksa ds izfr leHkko j[kusokyk] ÿksËk] ykyp ,oa bPNk ls eqDr gksuk pkfg,A**2 vr% fu"d"kZ :Ik esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd U;k;ky; esa U;k; dsoy fyf[kr dkuwu ds vk/kkj ij uk djds cfYd lkekftd ijaijkvksa] ekU;rkvksa ,oa loZtufgr o dY;k.k dh Hkkouk dks /;ku esa j[k dj djuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh; U;k;iz.kkyh vius vanj blh xq.kksa dks lekfgr djus dk ;FkksfpRr iz;kl djrh gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku us Hkh fofHkUu ns'kksa ls blds L=ksr fy, gSaA tSls%& ^^ewy vf/kdkj] U;kf;d iquoZyksdu dh 'kfDr] jk"V™ifr ij egkfHk;ksx mijk"V™ifr ds laca/k esa fu.kZ;&vesfjdk ls] jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rRo & vk;jySaM ds lafo/kku ls] jkT;lHkk esa fo'ks"k O;fDr;ksa dk euksu;u vkikr mica/k & teZuh ds lafoËkku ls] la?kkRed O;oLFkk] vof'k"V 'kfDr;k° & dukMk ds lafo/kku ls] lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh izfÿ;k & nf{k.k v›hdk ds lafo/kku ls] lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk] ,dy ukxfjdrk (laln rFkk fo/kku&eaMyksa ds fo'ks"kkfËkdkj ,oa mUeqfDr & fczfV'k lafoËkku ls] ewy drZO; & iwoZ lksfo;r la?k ds lafo/kku ls] lafo/kku dh mn~nsf'kdk & vkLVs™fy;k ds lafo/kku ls] x.kra=kRed 'kklu iz.kkyh & ›kal dk lafo/kku ls] dsanz ,oa izkarksa eas 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu ,oa lwfp;k° & Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1935 lsA**3 ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@15
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
fofHkUu ns'kksa ds lafo/kku ds dqN fgLlksa dks lkFk esa ysdj Hkh Hkkjrh; lafo/kku U;k;iz.kkyh esa vius vyx igpku j[krk gS lkFk gh viuh bl mn~nsf'kdk ^^ge Hkkjr ds yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d laiw.kZ izHkqRo&laiUu lektoknh iaFk fujis{k yksdra=kRed x.kjkT; cukus ds fy, rFkk mlds leLr ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd U;k;] fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] /keZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora=rk] izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk izkIr djus ds fy, rFkk mu lc esa O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj jk"V™ dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk lqfuf'pr djus okyh ca/kqrk c<+kus ds fy, gB ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafo/kku lHkk esa vkt rkjh[k 26 uoacj 1949 bZ- dks ,rn~n~okjk bl lafo/kku dks vaxhd`r] vf/kfu;fer vkSj vkRekfiZrk djrs gSaA**4 viuh mn~nsf'kdk dks /;ku esa j[kdj Hkkjrh; U;k; iz.kkyh ns'kfgr] lektfgr] yksdfgr o yksdrkaf=d tufgr ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk dkuwu o U;k; dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk iznku djrh gSaA U;kf;d izfÿ;k esa Hkk"kk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh l{ke U;kf;d izfÿ;k dh n`<+rk bl rF; ls Kkr gksrh gS fd og fdruh dkjxj gS vkSj lkekU; tu dh U;k;ky; rd igq°p fdruh gS\ U;k; fdruk Rofjr gks jgk gS\ lkekU; tu dh dkuwu ds izfr fdruh ltxrk gS\ U;k;ky; rd lkekU; O;fDr dh igq°p dkuwu dh le`n~/k djus dk l'kDr :i gS] tks Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls gh iwjk gksrk gSA fcuk loZxzkg~; Hkk"kkvksa ds ;g dk;Z laHko ugha gSA U;kf;d izfÿ;k ds rhu eq[; pj.k gksrs gSa& U;k;ky;ksa rd igq°p] izHkkoh fu.kZ;kRed 'kfDr rFkk fu.kZ; dk fÿ;kUo;u bu rhuksa ds ewy esa Hkk"kk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA ;fn U;k;ky; fdlh ,slh Hkk"kk esa dk;Z djrk gS] ftlesa oknh vufHkK gS rks og vnkyr tkus ls drjk,xkA ;fn fu.kZ; fdlh ,slh Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k gS] tks fd ,slh Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k gS] tks fd i{kksa ds fy, vufHkK gS rks fu.kZ; dh O;k[;k ds fy, og nwljksa ij vkfJr jgsxk tc fu.kZ; le> esa gh ugha vk,xk rks mldk fÿ;kUo;u Hkh fdlh nwljs dh O;k[;k ds v/khu jgsxkA bl izdkj U;k; izfÿ;k nwf"kr vkSj fujFkZd gks tk,xhA blfy, fganh Hkk"kh izns'kksa esa fganh vkSj vU; izkarksa esa U;kf;d izfÿ;k mu izkarksa dh Hkk"kk eas gh pyuh pkfg,A ns'k esa vf/kdka'k fof/kd egkfon~;ky; vaxzsth ek/;e ls gh f'k{kk nsrs gSaA ;fn ;gh fof/kd f'k{kk fganh ek/;e ls miyC/k gks tk, rks vf/koDrk vius eqdneksa ds rF;ksa dks fganh esa izLrqr dj ldsxkA og oknh ls mldh Hkk"kk eas ckr dj ldrk gS rFkk viuh ckr dks ljyrk ls le>k ldrk gSA blh izdkj ;fn U;k;ky; viuh dkedkt dh Hkk"kk fganh ;k vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa lapkfyr djrk gS rks oknh&izfroknh i{kksa dks Kkr gks ldsxk fd muds okn dh U;kf;d fLFkfr D;k gS\ vf/koDrk mudk i{k dq'kyrkiwoZd U;k;ky; ds le{k izLrqr dj ik jgk gS ;k ugha\ mnkgj.k ds fy, tks eqdnek fdlh ds fy, thou&e`R;q dk iz'u gS] ;fn mldh dkjokbZ ,d ,slh Hkk"kk esa gks ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@16
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
jgh gks] tks mldh le> eas uk vk jgh gks ;k og ml Hkk"kk ls vufHkK gS rks ml O;fDr dks fdruh ekufld ihM+k gksxhA og U;k;ky; esa mifLFkr rks gksxk ijarq ekufld ;a=.kk ls xqtj jgk gksxk ,slh fLFkfr esa fd;k x;k QSlyk U;k; dh Js.kh esa vkus ij lafnXËk jgsxkA vxj mls Hkk"kk dk Kku jgsxk rks og viuk odhy cnydj /ku ,oa le; dh cpr dj ldsxk rFkk U;k; izkfIr ds vf/kdkj dks izkIr dj ldsxkA D;k ge Hkk"kkbZ xfrjks/k ds dkj.k bl ns'k dh cgqla[;d turk ds lkFk vfHkO;fDr ds ekSfyd Lora=rk dk guu ugha dj jgs\ bu Toyar iz'ukas dk mRrj rHkh fey ldrk gS] tc U;kf;d izfÿ;k izknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksa esa gh iw.kZ dh tk,A viuh cksyh] viuh Hkk"kk esa gh izkIr U;k;] U;k; tSlk izrhr gksrk gSA blfy, Hkh U;kf;d izkfÿ;k i{kdkjksa dks le> esa vkus okyh Hkk"kk esa gh lapkfyr dh tkuh pkfg,A rkfd ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dks muds uSlfxZd vf/kdkj lgt :i ls izkIr gks ldsaA rHkh yksdra= ds lcls egRoiw.kZ LraHk ,oa vke ukxfjdksa ds vafre vkJ; ^U;k;ky;* eas Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh vkLFkk n`<+ gksxhA vkt ns'k esa fof/k dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh fuekZ.k dk dk;Z iwjk fd;k tk pqdk gSA fof/k ea=ky; ds jktHkk"kk (fo/kk;h) [kaM us ^fof/k 'kCnkoyh^ rS;kj dh gS vkSj vc rd blds Ng laLdj.k izdkf'kr gks pqds gSaA ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh fuekZ.k fujarj pyus okyh izfÿ;k gS vr% ljdkj o fof/k ea=ky; dks ;g fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd blds u, laLdj.k miyC/k gksrs jgsA ns'k ds fofHkUu mPp U;k;ky;kas eas fganh esa dke djus dh vuqefr nh gSA bykgkckn] iVuk] e/;izns'k vkSj jktLFkku jkT; gSa tgk° fganh esa dk;Z gksrk gSA ijarq bu lc iz;klksa ds ckn Hkh U;k; izfÿ;k lqxe ,oa laxfBr gksxh tc bldh igq°p vafre O;fDr vFkkZr vke turk rd gksxh vkSj blds fy, vko';d gS fd ,d Hkk"kk tks lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds n~okjk i<+h o le>h tkrh gks mlesa fof/k ,oa U;k; iz.kkyh dk dk;Z fd;k tk,A vkSj og Hkk"kk fganh gh gks ldrh gS D;ksafd fganh viuh yphys ,oa lgt] ljy o oSKkfud iz.kkyh ls fufeZr gksus ds dkj.k vklkuh ls lh[kh o le>h tk ldrh gSA blfy, U;k;iz.kkyh dks lqn`<+ cukus esa fganh Hkk"kk ds ;ksxnku dks Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrk vkSj fganh Hkk"kk vaxzsth dk ,d csgrj fodYi gSA lanHkZ 1- la- euksgjiqjh] Lekfjdk (fo'o fganh lEesyu) foey dqekj nqcs] i`- 186 2- ogh] i`- 187 3- MkW- t;ukjk;.k ikaMs;] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku u;k fylgh laLdj.k izdk'kd lsaV™y ykW ,tsalh] i`- 18 (v/ ;k;&2) 4- ogh] 35 (v/;k;&4)
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@17
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dchj&dkO; esa lkekftd lanHkZ 'kcue rCclqe fganh lkfgR; ds iwoZ e/;dkyhu HkDr lk/kdksa] dfo;ksa ,oa lekt lqËkkjdksa esa dchjnkl dk LFkku vU;re gSA dchj dk izknqHkkZo ,sls le; esa gqvk Fkk] tc lekt vusd cqjkb;ksa ls xzLr FkkA va/kfo'okl] :f<+okfnrk] NwvkNwr] fgalk] lkaiznkf;drk] ckg~;kMacj] tkfr&ik°fr] ≈°p&uhp vkfn lHkh ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa us eË;dkyhu lekt dks tdM+ j[kk FkkA /kkfeZd ik[kaM viuh pje lhek ij Fkk vkSj /keZ ds Bsdsnkj vius LokFkZ dh jksfV;k° /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk ,oa mUekn ds pwYgs ij lsadus esa O;Lr FksA ,sls gh le; esa dchj ,d vorkj ds :Ik esa vorfjr gq,A dchj us ;qx&;qx ls misf{kr turk dks lEeku fn;kA nhu&ghu uj&ukjh] nfyr&vLi`'; lHkh tks lekt ds rFkkdfFkr fiNM+s gq, yksx Fks] dchj dkO; ds fo"k; cusA dchj us lekt dh fofo/k xfrfof/k;ksa dk lw{e fujh{k.k fd;k] tks muds dkO; esa iw.kZr;k ifjyf{kr Hkh gksrk gSA muds O;fDrRo esa tks iz[kjrk] LoHkko esa lgtrk ,oa lk/kuk] pkfj= esa fueZyrk Fkh] mldh ljkguk muds leFkZdksa rFkk fojksf/k;ksa us leku :i ls dhA dchj us tgk° ,d vkSj euq"; dks txr ls fojkx rFkk lalkfjdrk ls foeq[k gksus dk mins'k nsrs Fks] ogha nwljh vkSj muesa lekt fuekZ.k dh Hkkouk Hkh fon~;eku FkhA MkW- vk;Zizlkn f=ikBh dk ekuuk gS fd ^^dchj O;fDrxr lk/kuk ds izcy fgek;rh Fks] fdarq mudh O;f"Vijd euh"kk] lef"Vxr ifj"dkj ,oa loZ/keZ leUo; ds O;ogkfjd iz;ksxksa dh mis{kk ugha djrhA dchj dh HkfDr O;fDr dks lnkpj.k rFkk lgt'khy n~okjk mlds O;fDrRo esa fodkl djds mls yksd laxzgkFkZ fu"dke deZ djus dh izsj.kk nsrh gSA**1 dchj ;qxhu lekt xfr'khy ugha FkkA mUgksaus ns'k ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa QSyh gqbZ lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj djus dk Hkjiwj iz;kl fd;k] ij mudk ;g iz;kl izgkjkRed FkkA mUgksaus lekt dh lHkh cqjkb;ksa ij izgkj fd;kA mUgksaus viuh ckr iwjh fuHkhZdrk ds lkFk izdV fd;k vkSj fganw eqlyekuksa dks MVdj QVdkjkA oLrqr% dchj lgh vFkksZa esa lektlq/kkjd igys Fks] HkDr dfo ckn esaA mudh dforkvksa esa lekt lq/kkj dh tks Hkkouk ns[kus dks feyrh gS] ;g Hkkouk gh muds lkekftd lanHkZ dks O;Dr djrs gSaA dky dh dBksj vko';drk,° gh egkRekvksa dks tUe nsrh gSA dchj dk tUe Hkh bUgha vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, gqvk FkkA vr% mUgksaus lekt dh laiw.kZ ladh.kZrkvksa ij ew[; :Ik ls izgkj fd;kA dchj us /keZ ds ijaijkxr :Ik ij izgkj fd;kA /keZ dks eq[; :Ik ls euq"; rFkk lekt dh lqO;oLFkk vkSj fodkl ds fy, lgk;d ekuk tkrk gSA ^^ËkeZ thou esa ijaijkxr <axksa dk leFkZu djds lkekftd O;oLFkk dks n`<+rk iznku djrk gS] ftlls ,drk LFkkfir gksrh gSA**2 iwoZ esa tks /keZ lkekftd ,drk dk ifjpk;d Fkk] og dchj ;qx esa ;g vusd cqjkb;ksa ls xzLr gks ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@18
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
pqdk FkkA vr% mUgksaus fganq&eqlyeku nksuksa ds /kkfeZd ik[kaMksa dk [kqydj [kaMu fd;k rFkk mUgsa lPps ekuo /keZ dks viukus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA fganqvksa ls dgk& ^^dLrwjh dqaMfy clS] e`x <w<S cu ek°fgA@,sls ?kfV ?kfV jk°e gSa] nqfu;k° ns[kSa uk°fgAA**3 mUgksaus fganqvksa dks gh ugha] cfYd eqlyekuksa n~okjk efLtn esa fpYyk&fpYyk dj vt+ku nsus dk Hkh fojks/k fd;k& ^^eksdks dgk° <wa<S cansa] eSa rks rsjs ikl esaA@uk eSa nsoy uk eSa elftn u dkcs] dSykl esaAA**4 dchj lR; dks /keZ ekurs gSa] tks fd lHkh /keksaZ esa gSA ftls /kekZpk;ksZa us vius&vius LokFkZ dh iwfrZ ds fy, mls vyx&vyx :Ik ns fn;kA /kkfeZd lqËkkj vkSj lekt lq/kkj dk ?kfu"B laca/k gSA lektlq/kkjd dks /keZlq/kkjd Hkh gksuk iM+rk gSA vr% dchj us lekt lq/kkj ds fy, viuh ok.kh dk mi;ksx fd;kA mudh ok.kh esa mudk loZt;h O;fDrRo fojktrk FkkA vr% dchj dh ok.kh dk vuqdj.k ugha gks ldrkA ^^Hkk"kk ij dchj dk tcjnLr vf/kdkj FkkA os ok.kh ds fMDVsVj FksA ftl ckr dks mUgksaus ftl :Ik esa izdV djuk pkgk gS] mls mlh :Ik esa Hkk"kk ls dgyok fy;k& cu x;k gS rks lh/ks&lh/ks] ugha rks njsjk nsdjA**5 dchj us ckg~;kMacjksa rFkk ck„pkjksa dk Hkh fojks/k fd;kA mUgksaus jkstk] uekt] fryd] ekyk] xaxkLuku] rhFkkZVu] gt vkfn dk eq[; :Ik ls fojks/k fd;kA dchj vKkuh HkDrksa] va/kfo'okl rFkk deZdkaM esa Qals tuekul ij dVq O;aX; djrs gq, dgrs gSa & ^^dk uk°xs dk ck°/ks pke] tkS ugha phUgfl vkre jkeA@ Ukkaxs fQjsa tksx ts gksbZ] cu dk e`x eqdqfr] x;k dksbZAA@ ew°M+ eqM+k;S tkS flf/k gksbZ] LoxZ gh HksM+ u igq°ph dksbZAA**6 dchj dgrs gSa fd ckg~;kpkj esa D;k j[kk gS\ fganw vius nsorkvksa dks iwt&iwt dj ej x;k vkSj eqfLye gt ;k=k djds ej x;k ;ksxh tVk,° ck°/kdj ej x;k] ijarq buesa ls fdlh dks jke ugha feyk& ^^nso iwft fganw Hk;s eq;s rqjd eq;s gt tkbZA@tVk ckaf/k ;ksxh eq,] jke fdugw ufga ikbZAA**7 dchj us ewfrZ iwtk dk [kaMu fd;kA mudk ekuuk ;k fd yksxksa dks vius eu&eafnj esa gh bZ'oj dks <w<+uk pkfg,] D;ksafd bZ'oj dk fuokl gekjs vanj gSA ewfrZ&iwtk /keZ ugha cfYd Hkze gSA O;fDr thfor euq"; dh lsok ugha djrk gSA vius cM+ksa dk vuknj djrk gS vkSj iRFkj dh ewfrZ ds lEeq[k le`n~f/k dk dkeuk djrk gS& ^^ikga.k dsjk iwryk] dfj iwtS djrkjA@ bgh Hkjks ls ts jgs] rs cwM+s dkyh /kkjAA**8 dchj us tkfr&ik°fr dh /kkj.kk dk [kqydj fojks/k fd;kA tkfr&ik°fr dh Ëkkj.kk O;fDr dh ekufld ladh.kZrk dk ifj.kke gSA e/;dkyhu lekt tkfr&ik°fr dh dqfRlr Hkkouk ls cqjh rjg xzLr FkkA euq"; dh mPprk ,oa fuEurk dk ekinaM o.kZ ,oa tkfr ds vk/kkj ij gksrk FkkA mPp tkfr;k° fujarj fuEu tkfr;ksa dk 'kks"k.k djrh FkhA fuEu tkfr;ksa dk viuk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha Fkk vkSj og vius leLr vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr FkhA bl fopkj/kkjk ij dchj us dM+k izgkj fd;kA os dgrs gSa& ^^dkgs dks dhtSA ikaMs Nksafr fopkjkA@Nksfrgha rS miukA lc lalkjkAA@gekjs dSls yksgwA rqEgkjs ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@19
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dSls nw/kAA@rqEg dSls czk„.k ikaMsA ge dSls lwnAA**9 vr% tkfr&ik°fr esa Hksn dSls laHko] tcfd ge ,d gh bZ'oj dh larku gSA e/;dkyhu lekt esa ≈°p&uhp dh Hkkouk Hkh n`<+eku FkhA dchj tkfr;rk ds vk/kkj ij ≈°p&uhp ds Hksn dks ugha ekursA dchj dgrs gSa fd ≈°ps dqy esa tUe ys ysus ls ge mPp ugha gks tkrsA ≈°p&uhp euq"; vius deksZa ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gS& ^^≈°ps dqy D;k tufe;k°] ts dj.kh ≈°p u gksbZAA@ Lkksou dyl lqjs Hkj~;k] lk/k°w fuan~;k lksbZAA**10 dchj us lekt dk /;ku ekSfyd ,drk ,oa lekurk dh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k rFkk mPp tkfr dk izn'kZu djus okyksa ij dVq dVk{k fd;k& ^^ts rw° ckHku cHkuh tk;k] rks vk°u ck°V gS dkgs u vk;kAA**11 dchj us fgalk dk fojks/k gj Lrj ij fd;kA Oks tho gR;k dks lcls cM+k iki ekurs Fks] D;ksafd izR;sd tho esa bZ'oj dk fuokl gksrk gS] fQj tho gR;k D;ksa\ mudk dguk Fkk fd fganw&eqfLye nksuksa us gh n;k NksM+ nh gS vkSj fgalk ds iqtkjh cu x, gSaA varj cl bruk gh gS fd ,d tho dks >Vdk rks nwljk mls gyky djrk gS& ^^fganw dh n;k esgj rqjdu dhA nwuksa ?kV lksa R;kxhAA@ bZ gyky oSa >Vdk ekjSaA vkfx nwuksa ?kj ykxhAA12 NwvkNwr vkSj vLi`';rk dks xk°/khth Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt ds fy, dks<+ ekurs FksA mUgksaus psrkouh Hkh nh fd ;fn vNwrksa ds lkFk NwvkNwr ds uke ij vU;k; fd;k tk,xk rks fganqvksa dk uk'k gks tk,xkA e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk lekt NwvkNwr ds pjeksRd"kZ ij FkkA dchj us vius le; esa QSyh NwvkNwr dh Hkkouk dk rh[kk fojksËk fd;kA dchj dk ;qx lkekftd fo‹k`a[kyrkvksa dk ;qx FkkA bl le; czk„.k vius dks ≈°pk ,oa 'kwnzksa dks uhpk ekudj] lekt esa NwvkNwr dh izFkk pyk j[kh FkhA dchj dgrs gSa] ftldh djuh vPNh gks ogh] ≈°pk gSA flQZ ≈°ps dqy esa tUe ys ysus ek= ls dksbZ ≈°pk ugha gks tkrk gS& ^^ikaMs cwf> fi;gq rqe ikuhA@Uksfg efV;k ds ?kj ek° cSBsA rkes fL=f"V lekuhAA@NIiu dksfV tknkS tga HkhatSA eqfutu] lgl vBklhAA@iSx iSx iSxacj xkM+sA lks le lfj HkkSa ekaVhAA**13 dchj lekt ds mu reke yksxksa dks Hkh cpkuk pkgrs Fks] tks lekt esa rFkkdfFkr uhp le>s tkrs Fks vkSj vR;f/kd misf{kr ,oa ?k`f.kr thou O;rhr dj jgs FksA johanzukFk feJ dgrs gaS& ^^dchj igys balku gS] ftUgksaus fofHkUu ËkeksaZ laiznk;ksa] tkfr;ksa vkSj o.kksZa dks udkj dj ,sls lekt dh LFkkiuk dk iz;kl fd;k] ftlesa /keZ] laiznk;] ≈°p&uhp rFkk HksnHkko ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA**14 dchj ,sls 'kkL= rFkk iqLrdh; Kku dk [kaMu djrs gSa tks lekt esa viuk opZLo cuk, j[kuk pkgrs gSaA os vkpj.k dh 'kqn~/krk rFkk lnkpj.k ij cy nsrs gSa] ftlls yksxksa dh dFkuh ,oa djuh esa ,d:irk yk,a& ^^dFk.kh dFkh rks D;k Hk;k] ts dj.kha uka BgjkbZA@dkycwr ds dksV T;wa] ns'krgh <fga tkbZAA**15 lkekftd lanHkZ dh n`f"V ls dchj us dqlaxfr] diV vkSj n~os"k dh fuank dhA bls ekuoh; rFkk lkekftd thou ds mUufr esa ck/kd crk;kA mUgksaus laiw.kZ ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@20
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
lekt dks ,drk ds lw= esa ck°/kus dk iz;kl fd;kA mUgksuas jke] jghe] ds'ko] egknso vkSj eksgEen dh ,drk ij cy fn;k& ^^gWekjS jke jghe djhek dslks] vykg jke lfr lksbZA fclfey esfV fclaHkj ,dS] vkSj u nwtk dksbZAA**16 dfo ns'k ,oa okrkoj.k ls izHkkfor gksdj gh dkO; jpuk djrk gSA og dsoy ijaijk dk ikyd gh ugha gksrk gS vfirq og vius vkRekuqHkwr fu.kZ;ksa ,oa LokËkhu fparu ds n~okjk bfrgkl dh xfr dks eksM+rk gqvk ubZ ekufldrk dk tUenkrk Hkh gksrk gSA dchj us vuqHko ,oa vkReKku ij Hkh cy fn;k] ftlds ekË;e ls lekt esa ifjorZu yk;k tk ldsA dchj ,d vkn'kZ lekt dh dYiuk djuk pkgrs FksA blds fy, lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd rFkk lkaLd`frd lHkh n`f"V;ksa ls lekurk gksA e/;dkyhu vkfFkZd <k°pk O;fLFkr ugha FkkA ledkyhu dfo;ksa ds lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls lekt dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk Hkh irk pyrk gS fd x+jhc vkneh] fdlku] rFkk etnwjksa ds fy, thfodksiktZu dfBu gks jgk FkkA dchj vkfFkZd vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, iz;Ru'khy fn[kkbZ iM+rs gaSA mUgksaus lkekftd vFkZO;oLFkk ij fonzksgkRed :Ik esa izgkj fd;k& ^^xHkZ ckl efg dqy ufga tkrhA cz„ fcna rs lc mrikrhAA dgq js iafMr ckeu dc d gks;sA ckeu dfg dfg tue efr [kks;sAA tkS rw czk„.k czk„.kh tk;kA rkS vku ckV dkgs ugha vk;kAA**17 'Change is the law of nature' vFkkZr~ ^ifjorZu izd`fr dk fu;e gSA* lalkj esa dksbZ Hkh ,slh oLrq ugha gS tks fLFkj jgrh gS] mlesa cnyko vkuk vo';aHkkoh gSA lkekftd ifjorZu dh n`f"V ls HkfDr vkanksyu ,d liz;kl ifjorZu Fkk] tks lkËkkj.k turk ds fy, ,d ojnku FkkA lar foosdkuan vkpk;Z dk ekuuk gS fd ^^e/;dky dk HkfDr vkanksyu lkekftd iforZu dk lcls cM+k vkanksyu gSA**18 bl vkanksyu ds ek/;e ls lar dfo;ksa esa loZizFke dchj us lkekftd cnyko dh vkdka{kk izdV dh] D;ksafd ;g lekt 'kks"k.k] vR;kpkj rFkk ik[kaM ls ;qDr FkkA os ,slk lekt pkgrs Fks] ftlesa tkr&ik°r gks gh ugha] lekkftd&vkfFkZd lekurk gks vkSj euq"; ds pfj= ,oa O;fDrRo dFkuh&djuh ds Hksn ,oa ik[kaM ls eqDr gksA euq"; dks euq"; cukus ds fy, dchj us iw.kZ iz;Ru fd;k bl rjg mUgksaus ^fo'oca/kqRo* dk ukjk cqyan fd;k ^^dchjnkl dk ;fn dksbZ lekt n'kZu gS rks og euq"; ds ck„ thou ds uSfrd vkpj.k dh e;kZnk esa ck°Ëkus okyk] mlds eu dk ifj"dkj djus okyk vkSj mldh vkRek dks fo'okRek esa y; djds mls lPps ekuo/keZ dh ≈°pkbZ rd igq°pkus okyk gSA**19 dchj fganh ds mu egku dfo;ksa esa ls ,d gS tks vkt Hkh izklafxd gSA mRrj Hkkjr esa fganh Hkk"kh turk esa rqylh ds mijkar ;fn fdlh vU; dfo dk dkO; yksxksa dks daBLFk gS] rks og dchj gh gSA vkt ls dbZ lkS o"kZ iwoZ dchj us /keZ] o.kZ] tkfr dks udkj dj lkekftd lekurk ds lanHkZ esa tks lkfRod T;ksfr dks izTtofyr fd;k Fkk mldh jks'kuh vkt Hkh dk;e gSA dchj dkO; vkt Hkh mruh gh izklafxd gS] ftruk ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@21
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
rRdkyhu lekt esa Fkk] cfYd ;g dguk T;knk mfpRr gksxk fd 21oha lnh ds ewY;ghurk ds nkSj esa dchj dkO; dh vko';drk vkSj vf/kd eglwl gks jgh gSA vkt Hkh lekt esa ik[kaM O;kIr gS] nqjkpj.k igys ls T;knk c<s+ gSa] Ny&diV] lkaiznkf;d fgals] jktuhfr rFkk fon~os"k us lekt dks iwjh rjg ls [kks[kyk dj fn;k gSA uSfrd ewY;ksa dk {kj.k mruh gh rhozrk ls gks jgk gSA lkekftd ewY;ksa dk tks fo?kVu lekt esa O;kIr gS] mldk izHkko de djus ds fy, dchj dh f'k{kk rFkk veër ok.kh izHkkoh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA vkt muds fonzksgh :i rFkk izgkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk vkSj Hkh c<+ xbZ gSA fu%lansg e/;dkyhu fganh lkfgR; esa dchj dkO; dk lkekftd lanHkZ vR;fËkd egRoiw.kZ gSA dchj dkO; dh ftruh vko';drk rRdkyhu ;qx esa Fkh] mlls dgha vf/kd orZeku esa gS] D;ksafd mlesa vuqHkwfr dh lPpkbZ ,oa vfHkO;fDr dk [kjkiu fon~;eku gSA lanHkZ 1- MkW vk;kZ izlkn f=ikBh] ^dchj lkfgR; dk lkaLd`frd v/;;u*] ljkst izdk'ku] bykgkckn laLdj.k 1974] i`- 477 2- MkW- johanz dqekj flag] ^lar dkO; dh lkekftd izklafxdrk*] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh laLdj.k 1994] i`27 3- MkW- ';ke lqanj nkl (laik)] ^dchj xzaFkkoyh*] ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh 24okW laLdj.k&la 2061] i`&64 4- v;ks/;k flag mik/;k; gfjvkS/k] ^dchj jpukoyh*] ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh] 12okW laLdj.k&la 2021 fo-] i`- 180 5- vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh] ^dchj*]jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh rsjgoha vko`fRr&2013] i`- 170] 6- MkW- ';ke lqanj nkl] ^dchj xzzaFkkoyh*] i`- 99 7- Okgh] i`- 146 8- Okgh] i`- 34 9- vkpk;Z egar xaxk'kj.k 'kkL=h (la-)] ^egkohtd*] dchj ok.kh izdk'ku dsanz] okjk.klh laLdj.k&laor 2015 fo] i`- 438 10- MkW- ';ke lqanj nkl (la)] ^dchj xzaFkkoyh*] i`- 37 11- Okgh] i`- 79 12- vkpk;Z egar xaxk'kj.k 'kkL=h (laik-)] ^egkohtd*] i`-&34 13- Okgh] i`- 45 14- MkW- dkerk deys'k (laik-)] ^fganh vuq'khyu* la;qDrkad] ekpZ] twu flrEcj] fnlacj 1999] Hkkjrh; fganh ifj'kn] bykgkckn i`- 213 15- MkW- ';ke lqanj nkl (laik-) ^dchj xzaFkkoyh*] ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh laLdj.k&la 2013] i`-&38 16- MkW- ';ke lqanj nkl (laik-) ^dchj xzaFkkoyh*] 24okW laLdj.k&la 2061 fo0] i`-&15 17- Okgh] i`- 214 18- MkW- jke'kj.k xkSM+ (laik-)] bUnzizLFk Hkkjrh] vizSy&twu 2000] fganh lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh i`- 162 19- MkW- jkepanz frokjh] ^dchj ehekalk laLdj.k*] 2007] yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn i`- 122
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@22
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
O;kseds'k njos'k % la?k"kZ] g"kZ vkSj la?k"kZ dh dgkuh vo/ks'k dqekj ^O;kseds'k njos'k* uke gh viuh fof'k"Vrk dks lesVs gq, gSA ftlds uke ek= ls gh ‚n; esa dkSrqgy meM+us yxrk gSA O;kseds'k njos'k] vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh ds thou dk izkekf.kd o laLej.kkRed o`rkar gSA blesa vkpk;Z th ds tUe ls ysdj egkizLFkku rd dh thou&;k=k dks muds gh vkReh; f'k"; iafMr fo'oukFk f=ikBh th us ,d vfoLej.kh; xzaFk dk :i iznku fd;k gS] ftldk la?k"kZe;h ,oa vkn'kZoknh ;ksxnku fganh lkfgR; txr esa ljkguh; gSA bl d`fr esa vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh ds tUe] f'k{kk] f'k{kdh; thou dk fuokZg rFkk muds O;fDrRo dk fooj.k Le`fr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA jpukdkj fo'oukFk f=ikBh us ^O;kseds'k njos'k* ds ek/;e ls laLd`r vkSj fganh ds izdkaM fon~oku] T;ksfr"kkpk;Z] lkfgR;dkj] bfrgkldkj] miU;kldkj] fuca/kdkj] dgkuhdkj ,oa eeZ vkykspd vkpk;Z iafMr gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh ds thou dh leLr xrfof/k;ksa O;fDrxr] O;kogkfjd] ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] dwVuhfrd] f'k";or~] fe=or~] xq#or~] d`frRo] xq.k&nks"k rFkk Lo;a dh oSpkfjd fln~/kkarksa ij izdk'k Mkydj mls izkekf.kd o jpukRed <ax ls mn~/k`r fd;k gSA bl d`fr esa dFksRrj lkfgR; dh yxHkx lHkh foËkkvksa laLej.k] thouh] vkRedFkk] Mk;jh vkfn ds xq.k ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA jpuk ds laca/k esa jpukdkj [kqn l'kafdr gS fd bls fdl dFksRRkj fo/kk dk uke nw°! okLro esa ;g jpuk vU; dFksRrj lkfgR;ksa ls viuk ,d vyx eqdke j[krh gSA blesa fdlh ,d xq.k dk lekos'k ugha] cfYd cgqxq.kh #iksa esa O;kIr gSA bl d`fr dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd dFksRrj lkfgR; dk ,d ekunaM Lor% gh nwljs ekunaM dks volj nsrk gS rFkk [kqn vius gh ekunaM dks vkaf'kd :i ls [kkfjt dj nsrk gSA ;n~;fi ;g fofHkUu ekunaMksa ij [kjh Hkh mrjrh gS] pkgs og laLej.k gks ;k thouh] vkRedFkk gks ;k Mk;jh vkfn fo/kkvksa ds ekinaM ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA jpukdkj] jpuk dh ekSfydrk dks c[kwch <ax ls cjdjkj fd, gq, gSaA jpuk fcuk fdlh ckgjh insZ ds vius ekSfyd vkSj ltho ?kw°?kV dks vks<+h gqbZ gSA okLro esa ;gh ekSfyd lknxh vkSj lkjxfHkZr lkSE;rk gh bl d`fr dh fof'k"Vrk gSA vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh ewyr% T;ksfr"k rFkk laLd`r ds fon~;kFkhZ jgsA lkfgR; ls mudk csgn yxko gksus ds dkj.k fganh lkfgR; esa Hkh mudh xgjh #fp FkhA Qyr% fganh lkfgR; ds lkxj esa Mqcdh yxkbZ vkSj egkjr gkfly dhA bl lanHkZ esa budh lkfgfR;d d`fr;k° gh Lo;a izek.k gSA vkpk;Z th dk O;fDrRo lk/kkj.k] la;eh vkSj LokHkhekuh FkkA la?k"kksZa vkSj fojks/kksa ds ckotwn Hkh thou esa /kS;Z ds lkFk lgu'khy gksdj viuh foYk{k.k izfrHkk rFkk d`frRo lsok ds n~okjk fganh lkfgR; esa lw;Z dh rjg nsnhI;eku gSaA vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh th dk tUe 19 vxLr 1907 bZ0 dks ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@23
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
cfy;k ls djhc 15 fdyksehVj nwj] iwoZ dh vksj clfjdkiqj dLcs dh lM+d ds nwljh rjQ vks>ofy;k xk°o ds iqjok vkjr nwcs dk Nijk gS] tgk° vHkh rd n~foosnh ifjokj dk iq'rSuh edku gSA vkjr nwcs dk Nijk xaxkrV ds fdukjs ij fLFkr gS] tgk° ifo= ikouh ^xaxk* dh vfojy /kkjk n~foosnh ifjokj ds bl iq'rSuh edku dks Li'kZ djrh gSA vkpk;Z th ds iwjs thou dky esa buds uke dh vn~Hkqr xaxk cgh] tks fHkUUk&fHkUUk le;ksa esa u,&u, :i /kkj.k djrs x,A ns[kk tk; rks buds cpiu dk uke cStukFk (cSn~;ukFk) n~foosnh FkkA buds ppsjs HkkbZ iafMr fo'oukFk n~foosnh ds vuqlkj HkksykukFk n~foosnh FkkA buds uke esa ,d jgL; fNik gqvk gS] ftlds laca/k esa ;g izlax gS fd buds ukuk dh xkthiqj dpgjh esa ,d eqdnes esa gt+kj #i, dh fMxzh gksus ds dkj.k] eqdnes ds fot; dk Js; bu ij x;k] ftlls budk uke ^gt+kjh* iM+ x;kA blh izdkj ^O;kseds'k 'kkL=h* uke ds jgL; ds ckjs esa KkrO; gS fd 'kkafrfudsru eas ^O;kseds'k 'kkL=h* izPNUu uke ls vius xq: T;ksfr"kkpk;Z iafMr jke;Ru vks>k ds er dk [kaMu fd, Fks] ftlds dkj.k ^O;kseds'k 'kkL=h* iM+kA vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh ds thou ds ckjs eas dgk x;k gS fd& ^^cfy;k dh eksVh feV~Vh us ;g v'kksd dk Qwy mxk;kA vpjt D;k tc ?kksj nk'kZfud jl dh pje ewfrZ cu vk;kAA viuh dFkk vej dj Mkyh ck.kHkV~V dh vkRedFkk dh xkFkk xkdjA T;ksfr"k ls D;k tku fy;k Fkk fut Hkfo"; Qy xf.kr yxkdjAA 'kCn rqEgkjs cus Hkko&lj] Hkko rqEgkjs ;'k ds dsruA eu esa fparu 'kkafr fy, rqe Lo;a cus gks 'kkafrfudsruAA**1 buds firk dk uke iafMr vueksy n~foosnh rFkk ekrk dk uke Jherh T;ksfr"erh Fkk] tks caxky ds Qjhniqj ftys esa cjgexat fLFkr Jh jktfcgkjh ckcw ds twV xksnke esa ÿ;&foÿ; dk;Z ds fy, vf/kdkjh fu;qDr FksA budk fookg mik/;k; ifjokj dh dU;k Hkxorh nsoh ds lkFk 17 vxLr 1927 bZ0 esa gqvk FkkA HkkbZ;ksa esa iafMr jekukFk n~foosnh] i`Foh ukFk n~foosnh ,oa johanzukFk n~foosnh FksA ;gk° mRlqdrko'k ;g crkuk pkgrk gw° fd vk/kqfud le; dh pfpZr lkfgR;dkj MkW- vYiuk feJ iafMr johanzukFk n~foosnh dh iq=h ,oa vkpk;Z th dh Hkrhth gSa] tks ikfjokj dh lkfgfR;d ihB dks izTTofyr fd, gqbZ gSaA vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh ds iq=ksa esa Jh txnh'k n~foosnh (ccqvk)] Jh eqdqan n~foosnh (ykyth)] Jh flnkFkZ n~foosnh (fxIih)] Jh vkuan (iqV~Vw) rFkk iq+=h;k° Jherh banqerh vks>k (iqrqy)] ekyrh (frfry)] eqUuw (Hkkjrh feJ) gSaA vkpk;Z th ds O;fDrRo esa xk°o&tokj] feFk] fdaonafr;k°] yksdokRkkZ,a rFkk vkpkj&fopkj lekfgr Fkk] ftlds dkj.k budh jpukvksa eas l`tukRedrk dk u;k vk;ke fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA buds ckjs esa yksxksa dk dguk Fkk fd nsonk: okys iafMr th dk O;fDrRo rks ,slk gS fd ;fn ckyw Hkh mUgsa vPNh yx tk, rks os mlls Hkh rsy fudkyus dk gkSlyk j[krs FksA vrhr] orZeku] Hkfo"; lc esa mudh dYiuk dk jFk ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@24
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
vck/k pyrk Fkk vkSj lkekU; ckrphr esa Hkh og vius dke dh pht fudky ysrs FksA vkpk;Z th dh izkjafHkd f'k{kk izkFkfed fon~;ky; jsiqjk ls ,oa fefMy dh ijh{kk clfjdkiqj ls mRRkh.kZ dhA dqN le; rd ;s vius firk ds lkFk caxky ds ,d futh gkbZ Ldwy esa caxyk ek/;e ls Hkh i<+s vkSj ogha ij budks caxyk Hkk"kk dk vPNk Kku Hkh gqvkA ;g og le; Fkk tc Hkkjr vaxzstksa dh xqykeh dh tathj esa tdM+k gqvk FkkA =Lr vkSj ijs'kku Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ekr`Hkwfe dh vktknh ds fy, cspSu FksA lu~ 1921 bZA esa egkRek us ^Ldwy NksM+ks vkanksyu* NsM+ fn;k] ftlls lkjs vaxzsth Ldwy Nk=foghu gksdj can gksus yxs vkSj budks ykpkj gksdj cfy;k vkuk iM+kA caxky ls ykSVus ds i'pkr dqN fnuksa rd f'k{kk ds fy, HkVdrs jgsa rFkk dqN fnu ckn gh xk°o ds lehi flagkdqaM xk°o esa ijk'kj cz„p;kZJe esa v/;;u djus yxsA dkykarj laLd`r dh i<+kbZ ds fy, dk'kh vkuk iM+k vkSj j.kohj laLd`r ikB'kkyk dePNk esa laLd`r i<+us yxsA T;ksfr"k dh i<+kbZ djus ds fy, bUgksaus viuk nkf[kyk dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; esa djok;kA ftlds laLFkkid iafMr enu eksgu ekyoh; FksA buds uke ds ckjs esa izpfyr gS fd ^en u] eksg u&og enueksgu* vFkkZr ftlesa en u gks] eksg u gks oks gS enu eksgu ekyoh;A ekyoh; th us dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; ds fodkl ds fy, viuk laiw.kZ thou lefiZr dj fn;kA ns'k&fons'k ds [;kfryC/k fon~okuksa ds lg;ksx ls dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; loZfon~;k dh jkt/kkuh cuh gqbZ gS] ftlds Kku dh T;ksfr ls lkjk fo'o izdk'keku gSA ekyoh; th fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks izk;% ;g izfln~/k mfDRk lqukrs Fks& ^^lq[ka ok ;fn oknq[ka] fiz;a ok ;fn ok∑fiz;e~ izkIra izkIreqiklhr ‚n;sukijkftr%**2 lq[k gks ;k nq%[k] fiz; gks ;k vfiz;] tks fey tk, mls izlkn :i esa xzg.k dj ysuk pkfg, ysfdu lnk ‚n; ;k eu ls vijkftr jgdjA vkpk;Z th us bl ewy ea= dks vius thou esa lgt gh lekfgr fd;kA fon~;k dh bl jktËkkuh esa izdkaM T;ksfr"kkpk;Z iafMr Jh jke;Ru vks>k ls T;ksfr"k dh f'k{kk izkIr dhA ml le; vks>k th ds ;'k dh dhfrZ nwj&nwj rd QSyh gqbZ FkhA dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; ls T;ksfr"k dh i<+kbZ ds mijkar vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh dk v/;kidh; thou 'kkafrfudsru (caxky) ls izkjaHk gksrk gSA mu fnukas ;g Kku dk le`n~/k laLFkku Fkk] ftlds laLFkkid johanzukFk VSxksj FksA 'kkafrfudsru esa laLd`r vkSj fganh ds v/;kid ds :i esa fu;qDr gq, vkSj ;gha ij buds lkfgfR;d O;fDrRo dk fodkl gqvkA jfo Bkdqj] nhuca/kq ,aM™;wt+] f{kfreksgu lsu] uanyky cksl] misu nk] jkefdadj tSls yksxksa dk bUgsa vkReh; Lusg feykA Kku ds bl fudsru esa mUgksaus v'kksd ds Qwy] vke fQj ckSjk x,] uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa] ck.kHkV~V dh vkRedFkk] dchj] ukFk laiznk; tSlh d`fr;ksa dh jpuk dhA vkpk;Z n~foosnh dks 'kkafrfudsru ds lqjE; ,oa l`tukRed okrkoj.k us lkfgfR;d vkSj lkekftd {ks= esa vikj ;'k vkSj dhfrZ fnykbZ vkSj budk thou g"kksZYykl ls Hkj mBkA bUgksaus thou esa deZ dh lPph vuqHkwfr ls ekuo thou&n'kZu dks js[kkafdr ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@25
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
fd;kA 'kkafrfudsru esa vkpk;Z th dks dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; esa fganh foHkkxkË;{k in gsrq cqykok i= Hkstk tkrk gSA 'kkafrfudsru ls yacs le; ds ckn vkpk;Z th cukjl vkrs gSaA dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; ds fganh foHkkx esa foHkkxk/;{k ds in ij fu;qDr gksdj 10 o"kksZa rd lkfgR; lsok dhA mu fnuksa dk'kh] fganh lkfgR; dk vn~Hkqr dsanz cuk gqvk FkkA dk'kh esa gh jgdj bUgksaus fganh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk] fganh lkfgR; dk vkfndky] fganh lkfgR; dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl dh jpuk dhA ukxjh izpkfj.kh laLFkku esa fganh lkfgR; ds fodkl esa budk vn~forh; ;ksxnku jgkA vkpk;Z th us viuh ekr`&laLFkk esa 'kkafrfudsruh fopkj/kkjk ysdj dk'kh vk rks x, ysfdu dk'kh muds fy, deZLFkyh dh vis{kk j.kLFkyh T;knk cuh jghA bl 'kgj ds ckjs esa fdaonafr;k° jgh gSa fd dk'kh ds yksx fdlh dks lEekfur djuk de tkurs gSa ysfdu lEekfur gksus esa mudh #fp vf/kd gksrh gSA bl ckr dh iqf"V yksdoknh dfo rqylhnkl us dk'kh izokl ds nkSjku fy[kk Fkk fd ^cgqr izhfr iqtkbcs dh iwftcs dh Fkksj*A ^^dk'kh esa fon~ork vkSj dqfVy ncaxbZ dk vn~Hkqr laxe gSA dqfVyrk] dwVuhfr] vks>kiu] LokFkZ&vkfn dk lekos'k ;gk° ds fon~okuksa dh fon~ork esa vk tkrk gSA dk'kh esa izfrHkk ds lkFk ijnq[kdkrjrk] LokfHkeku vkSj vuar rstfLork dk Hkh esy gS tks dchj] rqylh] Hkkjrssanq] izsepan vkSj izlkn vkfn esa fn[kykbZ iM+rk gSA dk'kh esa izk;% mRrj Hkkjr eq[; :i ls fganh {ks= ds lHkh rhFkZ LFkyksa ij ijkUu Hkksth] ik[kaMh iaMksa dh Hkh laLd`fr gS tks fonX/k] pkyw] cqn~f/keku vkSj voljoknh dqfVyrk dh ewfrZ gksrs gSaA**3 dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; esa vkpk;Z th dks fojks/kksa o la?k"kksZa dk ?kksj lkekuk djuk iM+kA buds fojks/kh buds mij NhVsa dlrs fd budks dqN ugha vkrkA os jktuhfrK gSa] T;ksfr"kh gSa] dFkkokpd gSa ij fganh ds eeZK ugha gSaA buds ckjs esa rjg&rjg dk nq"izpkj fd;k tkus yxk vkSj bu ij vkjksi yxkdkj ykxksa us bUgsa ukSdjh NksM+us ij foo'k dj fn;kA ^^fdlh us fQj u lquk nnZ ds Qlkus dks esjs u gksus ls jkgr feyh tekus dksA**4 dk'kh ds vf/kdrj yksx n~foosnh th dks czk„.k fojks/kh ekurs FksA lp rks ;g Fkk fd u rks os czk„.k fojks/kh Fks vkSj uk gh os czk„.koknh gh Fks] cfYd os ,d vPNs lgt] ljl vkSj lkSE; balku FksA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd caxky ls cukjl vkus ds ckn dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; esa buds thou&la?k"kZ dk n~forh; pj.k izkjaHk gksrk gSA gkykafd igyk la?k"kZ rks budk fon~;kFkhZ thou dky Fkk] tks fdlh rjg dk'kh esa O;rhr dj jgs Fks vkSj Kku :ih deZ vFkkZr dFkkokpu ds ek/;e ls viuk rFkk vius ifjokj dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk djrs jgsA thou dk nwljk la?k"kZ Hkh iqu% dk'kh ls gh izkjaHk gksrk gSA 'kkafrfudsru us rks mUgsa ;'k vkSj g"kZ dk izlkn fn;k] ysfdu dk'kh us Ny fd;k] ftlls foo'k gksdj iqu% la?k"kZ dh lh<+h ij p<+uk iM+kA os dk'kh ds fon~okuksa ds ckjs esa dgrs Fks fd buesa ikafMR; ds lkFk pkafMR; Hkh gksrk gS&pkafMR; LoHkko cu x;k FkkA os vkil esa Hkh ijLij bls cjrrs FksA v/;kidksa ds dk;Z ij jks"k ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@26
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
esa vkdj dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; esa n~foosnh th us dgk& ^MkW- lkgc ge v/;kid yksx dqfVy jktuhfr djsaxs vkSj os ftudk fnu&jkr dk dke dqfVy jktuhfr ls gh djuk gSA lR; U;k; ds ekxZ ij py jgs gSaA* dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; ds fganh foHkkx ds v/;{k in ls gVk, tkus ds ckn n~foosnh th paMhx<+ fo'ofon~;ky;] iatkc esa fganh foHkkxk/;{k in ij fu;qDr gksrs gSaA thou ds bl la?k"kZ esa buds fiz; lkFkh banzukFk enku] uxsanz RkFkk vKs; us dkQh lg;ksx fd;kA dk'kh us mUgsa [knsM+k vkSj iatkc us mudh xfjek dks le>k vkSj vius ;gk° LFkku nsdj izseiwoZd Lohdkj fd;kA n~foosnh th us iatkc ds ckjs esa dgk& ^^iatkfc;r fdruh vdqaB thounkf;uh vkSj fu'Ny gSA vius {ks= iqjfc;kiu (dk'kh) esa ,d [kkl rjg dk ?kqUukiu gksrk gS] og iatkc esa de gSA yksx ifjJeh gSa] lh/ks ckr djrs gSa vkSj thou dk vkuan ysrs gSaA iatkc dk O;ogkj] iqjfc;ksa ls fHkUu&fHkUUk ugha] fcYdqy foijhr FkkA**5 n~foosnh th cMs+ la?k"kZ'khy vkSj tq>k: FksA ys[kuh gh mudh j.kLFkyh FkhA iatkc fo'ofon~;ky; esa os dqVt] nsonk# tSlh vn~Hkqr d`fr dks tUe fn,A ik'pkR; lkfgR; dks i<+us ds fy, jes'k dqary es?k us mudks mRlkfgr fd;k] ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i os lwlku ds ySaxj] vuZLV dSlkbjj] xzksfEcp ekxZsV ehM+] gcZVZ jhM] ,fjd U;wVu] lkL;wj] dSfljj] Vkel equjks vkfn dks Hkh i<+kA mudk ledkyhu fopkj vkËkqfudhdj.k gksrk x;k ftldk izek.k iquuZok esa Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA fQj cSryok mlh Mkj ij vFkkZr vkpk;Z th dks ,d ckj fQj dk'kh ds viusiu ds eksg us [khap fy;k vkSj os iatkc ls dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; vk x,A ysfdu] bl ckj mUgsa foHkkxk/;{k u cukdj dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; esa iz'kklfud in (jsDVj) ds dk;ZHkkj dk nkf;Ro feyk FkkA dk'kh fganw fo'ofon~;ky; ls gVk, tkus ds ckn tks'kh us mUgsa lRrk ds fojks/k ds ckotwn vius ;gk° lEekuiwoZd izfrf"Br fd;kA dqyifr ds u jgus ij n~foosnh th dk;Zdkjh dqyifr dk dk;Z ogu djrs FksA fo'ofon~;ky; okrkoj.k ls {kqC/k gksdj n~foosnh us okrkoj.k dks 'kqn~/k djus dk ladYi fy;kA fo'ofon~;ky; dks Bhd djus ds fy, vu'ku ij cSB x, FksA fo'ofon~;ky; dh fofHkUu folaxfr;ksa ,oa fojks/kksa ds ckn mUgsa bl in ls Hkh gVuk iM+k ysfdu lkfgR; lsok ls izse mudk ugha NwVkA y[ku≈ esa mRrj izns'k fganh laLFkku ds mik/;{k in ij fu;qDr gksdj vkthou fganh lkfgR; dh lsok eas la?k"kZjr jgsaA vkpk;Z th dk LokLF; 'kkafrfudsru ds le; ls gh vDlj [kjkc jgrk FkkA xkSj ls ns[kus ij irk pyrk Fkk fd ∂ySV QwVsM Fks] ftlls nnZ ds dkj.k os nkfguk iSj FkksM+k ?klhV dj pyrs FksA mUgsa lkbfVdk Hkh Fkk ftls os fouksn esa lkfgfR;dk ;kuh lkfgR;dkjksa dk jksx dgrs FksA ^guqeku ckgqd* eas rqylhnkl th dks ftl ckgq&ihM+k dh O;Fkk Fkh mlds vk/kkj ij og lkbfVdk gh FkhA /khjs&Ëkhjs vkpk;Z th vLoF; gksrs pys x, vkSj 19 ebZ lu~ 1979 bZ dks fganh txr ds izdkaM fon~oku rFkk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkSj jk"V™h;rk ds ije iks"kd] vfizre miU;kldkj o fuca/kdkj] lar lkfgR; ds ije HkDr] mRd`"V dFkkykspd] ljy O;fDrRo o cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ds /kuh vkpk;Z ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@27
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh dk fnYyh esa budk nsgkolku gks x;kA thou ds vafre le; esa muds eq[k ls ;g mfDr vDlj lquk tkrk Fkk& ^^i<+k i<+k;k fy[kk fy[kk;k] vc D;k djuk ckdhA O;kseds'k njos'k pyks xaxk ds rV ,dkdhAA**6 ns[kk tk; rks vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn dk laiw.kZ thou] g"kZ vkSj la?k"kZ dh dgkuh gS] tks ekuo&thou ds fofo/k igyqvksa dks O;k[;kf;r djrh gSA ;g gesa thou thus dh dyk fl[kkrh gS fd O;fDRk dks ?kksj ladV esa Hkh /kS;Z ugha NksM+uk pkfg,] cfYd deZjr jgdj thus dh ubZ jkg ryk'k djuh pkfg,A ekuo&ewY; ,oa ns'kfgr esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A okLro esa ;g dgkuh ge Hkkjrh;ksa ds HkkjrhRo ij iz'ufpUg [kM+k djrh gS fd ge lc Hkkjrh;ksa dk lcls cM+k nqHkkZX; ;g jgk gS fd gesa vius ns'k] viuh laLd`fr ds ckjs tkuus ds fy, fonsf'k;ksa dh fdrkcsa i<+uh iM+rh gSaA bldk vuqHko vkpk;Z n~foosnh th ds ;gk° Hkh feyrk gSA ^^'kkafrfudsru eas n~foosnh th izksdksfyUl ls iwNus x,&D;k d:°\ eq>s voKk ls ns[krs gq, izksQslj us iwNk&rqEgkjs ns'k] rqEgkjh Hkk"kk] rqEgkjs jLe&fjokt] esys&Bsys] R;kSgkj] ozr] miokl] jgu&lgu] oL= fdl fo"k; ij dke gqvk tks eq>ls dke IkwN jgs gksA rqEgsa rks vius ns'k ds ckjs tkuus ds fy, fonsf'k;ksa dh fdrkcsa i<+uh iM+rh gSaA**7 ;fn ge vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn ds lSn~/kkafrd thou dh ckr djsa rks yksd dY;k.k o uSfrd fodkl ds mRFkku ds izfr budk thou iw.kZ lefiZr FkkA nwljh rjQ ns[kk tk; rks L=h&psruk ds izfr budh xgjh laosnuk FkhA bUgksaus viuh jpukvksa esa L=h&iq#"k ds laca/kksa ij ekSfyd fopkj vfHkO;Dr fd, gSaA os fy[krs gSa ^L=h dh 'kfDr iq#"k dks ck°/k ysus esa gS vkSj lkFkZdrk iq#"k dks eqDr dj nsus esaA* os ukjh 'kjhj dks nso&eafnj dgrs FksA ^ck.kHkV~V dh vkRedFkk* esa fy[krs gSa fd ftu fL=;ksa dks dqyVk le>k tkrk gS] muesa ,d izdkj dk nSohRo gksrk gSA gkykafd ;g ckr lkekU;r% le> esa ugha vkrh gSA L=h dh mnkjrk dks gh izk;% dqyVRo le> fy;k tkrk gSA bl ekeys esa laLd`r ds euh"kh vkpk;Z HkoHkwfr budh ckrksa dh iqf"V djrs gSa& ^^;Fkk L=h.kka rFkk okpka lk/kqRos nqtZuks tu%A** oLrqr% vkpk;Z th ds eu esa ukjh ds izfr vikj Jn~/kk FkhA iafMr fo'oukFk f=ikBh us buds ukjh n`f"V dks bl izdkj js[kkafdr fd;k gS fd yM+fd;k° vkSj efgyk,° muls vkReh; <ax (?kqy&feydj) ls ckras djrh FkhaA mudh vka[kksa esa okluk dh ygj ugha FkhA os jaHkk] moZ'kh ds ekFks ij gkFk j[kdj vk'khokZn ns ldrs FksA efgyk,° mu ij cgqr fo'okl djrh FkhaA os muls viuh cgqr ckrsa] leL;k,° crkrha FkhA os mudh leL;kvksa dks /kS;ZiwoZd lqurs Fks] ckn esa ijke'kZ nsrs FksA lqanj efgykvksa ls vk°[ksa pqjkdj] ifo=rk dh j{kk ds fy,] nwljh rjQ ns[krs gq, Hkh ns[kk ik;k x;kA os xq#] ckck] fir] HkkbZ ds leku muls O;ogkj djrsA bldk lqanj mnkgj.k ;g gS fd tc os jktHkk"kk vk;ksx ds lnL; ds :i esa Fks rks dbZ LFkkuksa ij Hkze.k djrs gq, d'ehj x,A ogk° ij L=h&lkSan;Z ds izfr muds lPps Hkko dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@28
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
^^yM+fd;ka bruh lqanj] bruh lqanj dh D;k dgw°A bruh lqanj fd'kksfj;k°&bruh lqanj! Lkk{kkr~ ikoZrhA**8 mijksDr dFku esa muds fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa dks le>k tk ldrk gS fd mUgsa lqanj yM+fd;ksa esa lk{kkr~ ikoZrh dk :Ik fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh lkeftd :f<oknh ijaijkvksa dks [kkfjt djus dk nqLlkgl Hkh djrs utj vkrsa gSaA os tkfr&ikfr ds ca/kuksa dks rksM+dj NksVs iq= fxIih (fln~/kkFkZ) vkSj vuqjk/kk ds izes fookg ij jkth gks tkrs gSAa ;gk° mudh izxfr'khyrk dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA okLro esa mUgksaus ikjaifjd laLdkjksa dks nckdj vius rdZoknh fopkjksa dks izcyrk nhA budk er Fkk fd fopkjksa dk izxfr'khy gksuk ,d vyx ckr gS] fdarq mls O;ogkj esa mrkjuk fcYdqy vyx ckr gSA vFkkZr izxfr'khy gksuk vkSj izxfr'khy cuuk nksuksa vyx&vyx ckrsa gSA fxIih dk varjtkrh; fookg djds vkpk;Z th us izxfr'khy gksus dk O;kogkfjd ifjp; fn;kA vkpk;Z th dks fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa tSls&ikfy] izkd`r] viHkza'k] laLd`r] caXyk] fganh lkfgR; ds lkFk&gh&lkFk ik'pkR; lkfgR; dk Hkh Kku FkkA os laLd`r ds fon~oku gksrs gq, Hkh xksLokeh rqylhnkl dh ijaijk dk ikyu djrs gq, laLd`r lkfgR; ls fganh lkfgR; esa vkdj fganh lkfgR; lkxj esa vn~forh; ;ksxnku fn;kA buds fiz; dfo;ksa esa dkfynkl] johanzukFk Bkdqj rFkk ik'pkR; ys[kdksa esa ›stj] esfVjfyad] ,axsYl] ,fjd U;wVu vkfn FksA vkpk;Z th ij ckSn~/k er vkSj oS".ko er dk izHkko Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA buds fljgkus ij Hkxoku Jhd`".k dk fp= yxk jgrk Fkk] tks d`".kHkfDr ds izfr fo'ks"k vuqjkx dks izdV djrk gSA dfo eaMu dk ;g loS;k mudh HkfDr dks js[kkafdr djrk gS& ^^vfy gkSa rks xbZ tequk ty dks lks dgk dgkSa ohj foifRRk ijhA ?kgjk; dS dkjh ?kVk mubZ brusbZ esa xkxj lhl /kjhAA jiV~;ks ix ?kkV p<~;ks u x;ks dfo eaMu g~oS dS fcgky fxjhA fpj thogq uan dks ckjks vjh xfg ck°g x+jhc us Bk<+h djhAA**9 fu"d"kZr% vkdk'k/kekZ xq# vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh fganh vkykspuk ds 'kykdk iq#"k o fganh txr ds Hkh"e firkeg jgsA budks 'kklu laca/kh Kku de Fkk ysfdu mnkj ,oa fof'k"V izfrHkk ds /kuh FksA dk'kh dh dwVuhfr] "kM~;a=ksa] viekuksa fojks/kksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh vius /kS;Z dks ugha NksM+kA vË;kidh; thou ds nkSjku viuh d`fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls ekuho; eqn~nksa dks cy nsrs gq, mldk etcwr usr`Ro iznku fd;k gSA mUgksaus vius O;fDrRo] d`frRo o Je ds n~okjk fganh txr esa vn~forh; ;ksxnku fn;kA vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn n~foosnh th ds lkfgfR;d fuCka/k ^v'kksd ds Qwy*] ^vke fQj ckSjk x,*] ^uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa*] ^nsonk#*] ^dqVt* ,oa miU;klksa esa ^ck.kHkV~V dh vkRedFkk*] ^pk#panz ys[k*] ^iquuZok*] ^vukenkl dk iksFkk* rFkk bfrgkl xzaFkksa esa ^fganh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk*] ^fganh lkfgR; dk vkfndky*] ^fganh lkfgR; dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl* gSA budh vU; lkfgfR;d jpuk,° dchj] ukFk laiznkvksa ,oa lkfgfR;d laLFkkvksa vkfn esa vius dk;Z ds ek/;e ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@29
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ls vkthou fganh lkfgR; dh lPph lsok djrs jgsA vkpk;Z n~foosnh th ukFk&fln~/kksa dk lkfgR;] ra=&ea=] osn&iqjk.k] egkHkkjr] jkek;.k] laLd`r lkfgR;] T;ksfr"k xzaFk] ikfy] izkd`r] viHkza'k] caxyk lkfgR; ds vfrfjDr vaxzsth lkfgR; ,oa if'peh dkO;'kkL= dh iqLrd i<+s Fks vkSj mlds eeZ dks thou esa mrkjkA n~foosnh th dh jpukvksa esa ekuork vkSj izd`fr dk vfizre lkSUn;Z lekfgr gSA lkFk gh] fuxZq.k HkfDr&fparu esa budk fof'k"V ;ksxnku gSA thou ds vafre le; esa mRrj izns'k fganh laLFkku ds mik/;{k in ij fu;qDr gksdj vkthou fganh lkfgR; dh lsok djrs jgsA ;s vPNs iz'kkld :i ls lnSo vkReh; laca/kksa ls vkgr jgs] fQj Hkh thou esa lkfgR; lsok ls dHkh inP;qr ugha jgsA vkpk;Z th us fon~oku dh fon~ork ij iz'ufpUg [kM+k djrs gq, dgk gS fd ^fon~oku cuus ds fy, xngs dk /kS;Z pkfg,A* lkfgR; ds izdkaM fon~oku gksdj Hkh] vius xaHkhj ikafMR; dks vR;Ru lkSE;rk ds lkFk ogu fd;kA n~foosnh th ,d ys[kd gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ,d lQy oDrk Hkh jgsasA os fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij xgjkb ds lkFk v/;;u djrs Fks vkSj iqu% fo"k; oLrq ij cksyrs FksA budh lcls cM+h 'kfDr mudh ys[kuh] okd~{kerk] lkekftd bZekunkjh rFkk mudk 'khy LoHkko FkkA budh jpukvksa esa izd`fr] bfrgkl] dYiuk vkSj ekuork dh >Ykd fn[kyk;h iM+rh gSA budk n`f"Vdks.k izxfr'khy] mnkjoknh] ukjhoknh rFkk ekuorkoknh jgk gSA budk eu ltZuk dh vFkd dk;Z'kkyk Fkk vkSj buesa dkjf;=h vkSj Hkkof;=h nksuksa gh izfrHkk,° fon~;eku FkhA vkpk;Z n~foosnh fganh txr ugh] Hkkjrh; lkaLd`frd txr dh mu foHkwfr;ksa esa ls Fks ftUgksaus vius le; esa vkus okysa yksxksa ij vius xgu v/;;u] fon~oRrk] lgtrk] jk"V™h;rk vkSj Lusfgy O;fDrRo dh Nki Mkyh gSA budh fiz; lwfDr&^pf<+, gkFkh Kku dks lgt nqyhpk Mkj* vkSj fiz; vkn'kZ okD;&^mn~/kjsr vkReukReue~* jgkA lkfgR; txr esa buds vuqie ;ksxnku dks dHkh foLe`r ugha fd;k tk ldsxkA lanHkZ 1- O;kseds'k njos'k] iafMr fo'oukFk f=ikBh] jktdey izdk'ku izk-fy-] 1&ch] usrkth lqHkk"k ekxZ] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002] igyk laLdj.k 2012] igyh vko`fRr 2014] Hkwfedk] i`- 09 2- ogh] i`- 310 3- ogh] i`- 136 4- ogh] i`- 253 5- ogh] i`- 261 6- ogh] i`- 282 7- ogh] i`- 83 8- ogh] i`- 235 9- ogh] i`- 424
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@30
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
fir`lRrkRed lekt esa L=h l'kfDrdj.k MkW- Hkkjrh vxzoky fir`lRrkRed lekt esa L=h l'kfDrdj.k dh ogh fLFkfr gS tks Hkkjr esa vaxzsth ds c<+rs opZLo ds chp fganh dhA reke ukjksa] c;kuckft;ksa] lkfgR; foe'kZ vkSj dqN l'kDr efgykvksa ds uke fxuk fn, tkus ds ckotwn L=h l'kfDrdj.k ypj vkSj cngky gS] ftldh rqf"Vdj.k ds fy, ,d fnol] dqN laLFkk,°] dHkh u [kRe gksus okys dqN eqn~ns ns fn, tkrs gSaA L=h l'kfDrdj.k dk lp ;k fdlh Hkh oxZ] tkfr] lewg dk lp mldk O;okgfjd :i] mlds lekt esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ^,aikWojesaV vkWQ oqesu* dk lp v[k+ckj dh lqf[kZ;ksa esa [kqyrk gS tgk° vkrk gS fd dke ls vk/kh jkr xkM+h ls vius ?kj vkrh ;qorh dh gR;k] laHkzkr bykds ds flrkjs tM+s gksVy esa vkËkqfud ;qok oxZ dks efnjk ijkslrh lqanjh dh [kqysvke xksyh ekj dj gR;k vFkok esfMdy dkWyst dh Nk=k dks HkhM+&HkkM+ okyh lM+d ds fdukjs viekfur dj ekj Mkyk ;k Ldwyh yM+fd;ksa ds ,e-,l-,l- cuk dj lkjs 'kgj ds ;qodksa us pV[kkjs fy,&,slh u tkus fdruh [k+cjs v[k+ckj Vhoh esa mHkjrh gSa vkSj mlls Hkh dgha T;knk xqeuke jg tkrh gSaA L=h l'kfDrdj.k ds varxZr ftl L=h foe'kZ dh ppkZ dh tkrh gS tks dsoy egkuxjksa dh pdkpkSa/k ls pkSa/k;krh ukjh vFkok ukVd] dgkuh] miU;kl esa of.kZr L=h dk foe'kZ ugha gS cfYd og ehfM;k ls ysdj gkbZ&ÁksQkby lkslkbVh dh misf{krkvksa vkSj mlls Hkh vkxs xk°oksa] dLcksa dh can va/ksjh xfy;ksa esa L=h gksus dk vfHk'kki Hkksxrh fL=;ksa dk foe'kZ gSA tgk° mls viuh 'krksaZ ij thus dk [k+kfe;ktk mBkuk iMrk gS- leku vf/kdkjksa dh nqgkbZ nsus okyk enZoknh lekt dsoy dqN ukeksa ;k /kkjkokfgdksa ds L=h ik=ksa dks fxuk nsus ls L=h foe'kZ dks Hkzfer ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd Ëkkjkokfgd esa fn[kkbZ xbZa l'kDr ik= dsoy ,d Áfr'kr gSaA bafnjk xk°Ëkh] lksfu;k xk°/kh] ÁfrHkk ikfVy] dYiuk pkoyk] fdj.k csnh tSls dqN uke L=h l'kfDrdj.k ds uke ij fxuk fn, tkrs gS vkSj bu ukeksa dks fxukrs le; djksM+ks ,slh fL=;ksa ds uke Hkqyk fn, tkrs gS ;k vuns[ks vulqus dj fn, tkrs gSa tks viuksa ds gh n~okjk ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd ÁrkM+uk lgrh gSaA L=h l'kfDrdj.k dks ;fn oSf'od Lrj ij ns[kk tk, rks pkgs ,sf'k;kbZ Hkkjrh; L=h gks ;k ;wjksih; L=h nksuksa dh fLFkfr esa dekscs'k dksbZ QdZ ugha fn[kkbZ nsrkA ^^vkSjr ds thou dks tjk lk [kqjspksa nnZ ihM+k vkSj =klnh dk fpj&ifjfpRr nfj;k cgrk feysxk**1 vHkh gky gh esa baVjusV ij fofM;ks fn[kk;k tk jgk gS fd ?kjsyw fgalk dh f'kdkj efgyk,° esdi ls 'kkjkfjd pksV ds fu'kkuksa dks fdl rjg Nqik ldrh gS tks lh/kk&lh/kk ;s crkrk gS fd y{ehckbZ] egknsoh oekZ] ehjk ckbZ dk L=h foe'kZ ysa ;k fQj fleksu] tesZu xzh;j dk lcdh nq[krh uCt ,d gh gS iq#"k Á/kku lekt ds gkFkksa ÁrkM+ukA bl ihM+k] nq[k ds fojks/k esa mitk vkÿks'k tgk° lheksu ds ^L=h misf{krk* ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@31
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ogha tesZu xzh;j Hkh ^foÊksgh L=h* esa foÊksgh rsoj viukrs gq, fir`lRrkRed lekt dks /oal djus dh ckr dgrha gSaA lheksu ^misf{krk L=h* esa ;g Li"V djrh pyrh gS fd ^^yM+kbZ ml iq#"k ls gS tks euksjksxh gS] L=h dks vf/kdkj nsus ls mlds vga dks pksV yxrh gS] og ml iq#"k ls yM+kbZ ugha yM+rh tks LoLFk gS] ftlesa fdlh Ádkj dh xzafFk ughaA**2 ;g fLFkfr dkYifud yxrh gS D;ksafd tesZu xzh;j ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh ,slk iq#"k ugha tks L=h dks mldk Lisl ns lds D;ksafd L=h n;k] Hkh[k ugha lEeku pkgrh gS vius vfLrRo dh igpku pkgrh gSA viuh bl igpku ds Qsj dbZ ckj os fnxHkzfer gks tkrh gS vkSj Lo;a 'kks"k.kdrkZ cu tkrh gSA mls yxrk gS 'kkflr iq#"k dh Áo`fRr] LoHkko] igukok] vkpj.k viuk dj lekt esa viuh igpku] viuk :vkc iq#"k ds leku cuk ysxhA L=h foe'kZ ,slh fL=;ksa ds fojksËk esa Hkh [kM+k fn[kkbZ nsrk gS blfy, ;g iwokZxzg fd L=h foe'kZ iq#"kksa dk fojks/k djrk gS ,dne fujk/kkj gSA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; if=dk esa ohjy{eh nsoh fy[krha gSa& ^viuh nklrk&eqfDr vkSj Lora= O;fDrRo fuekZ.k ds fufeRr ,d gh le; esa fd, tkus okys ckg~; vkSj vH;karj ;qn~/kksa ds fy, fL=;ksa n~okjk fd;k tkus okyk mn?kks"k gh L=hokgh lkfgR; gS blesa iq#"kksa esa fufgr nkl&o`fRr ds Áfr {kksHk gS] dksbZ n~os"k Hkko ughaA tc iq#"k ;g le> ysxsa fd fL=;k° muds vgadkjh LoHkko vkSj gqdwer djus dh Áo`fRr ls gh n~os"k djrh gS vkSj mudks Hkh pkfg, fd Lo;a bu Áo`fRr;ksa ls n~os"k djds vius vnaj ls mudks fudky ckgj djsa rHkh L=h foe'kZ dk y{; iwjk gksxkA**3 fL=;ksa dh ;g yM+kbZ dsoy ckgj ugha gS cfYd ckgj&vanj nksuksa ekspksaZ ij gSA mUgs ,d lkFk firk] HkkbZ] ifr] iq=] nksLr tSls enZoknh fj'rksa dh HkhM+ esa vius fy, LFkku cukuk gSA mls crkuk gksxk fd og ek= nsg Hkj ugha gS u gh ^fV'kq isij* ftls tc pkgk ;wt fd;k vkSj tc pkgk Qsad fn;k] ftlds fy, mls viuk deZ{ks= vkSj dk;kZ'kkyk nksuksa dks foLrkj nsuk gksxk tc og lk/ku&laiUu gksxh] vkfFkZd Lo=ar gksxh rHkh og viuh igpku fufeZr dj ik,xh D;ksafd L=h dh ykpkjh ewyr% lk/kuksa dh ykpkjh gS og vius vf/kdkjksa vkSj ljdkj n~okjk cuk, dkuwuksa ls rHkh ykHkkfUor gks ldrh gS tc og laiUu gksA L=h dk ;g fojks/k vk/kqfud ;qx dh gh nsu ugha gS] e/;dky esa igyh ckj ehjk ckbZ vius ij gq, vR;kpkjksa dk fojks/k djrh gqbZ fufHkZdrk ls ,yku djrh gSa & ^^esjs rks fxj/kj xksiky nwljk u dks;A@tkds flj eksj eqdqV] esjks ifr lksbZAA**4 ijarq ;gk° vkykSfddrk dk ,d inkZ fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blls iwoZ dbZ n'kdksa ckn rd vius vHkkoksa] bPNkvksa] vkdka{kkvksa dks ok.kh nsus dk lkgl dksbZ ugha dj ik;kA ;gk° vxj >k°lh dh jkuh y{eh ckbZ dk uke ugha ysaxs rks ckr vËkwjh jg tk,xh D;ksafd bUgksaus fcuk fdlh ykx&yisV ds lh/ks ,slh 'kfDr dks pqukSrh nh tks u dsoy iq#"k oxZ vfirq loZ'kfDr'kkyh fczfV'k gqdqer FkhA mUgksaus cs[kkSQ dgk&^^eSa >k°lh ugha nw°xh**A ;gk° Hkh iq#"k Á/kku lekt dh mnkjrk fd y{eh ckbZ lkglh ohj Fkh blfy, ohj xkFkk esa mUgsa enZ ds xq.kksa ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA ^[kwc yM+h enkZuh oks rks >k°lh okyh jkuh ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@32
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
FkhA* Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa iq#"k ÁËkku lekt ds ekul dk vyx ›se gS] tgk° ohjrk] dBksjrk] mxzrk dks iq#"kksfpRr xq.k eku fy, tkrs gSa vkSj {kek] R;kx] leiZ.k] 'khyrk vkfn xq.kksa ls L=h dks foHkwf"kr dj nsoh ds vklu ij cSBk fn;k tkrk gS] fQj D;k tks pkgks djokvks mlls] nsoh gS] nsoh dk dke rks nsuk gksrk gS] bl rjg lekt mlls mlds fgLls dk lq[k] mldh vk'kk,°] lius] bPNk,° [kjksap ysrk gSA dYiuk flag iq#"k Á/kku lekt dh bu tkylkft;ksa dks c[kwch le>rh gSa vkSj cqyan vkokt esa bl nsoRo dks Bqdjkrh gqbZ dgrha gSa & ^^vfHk'kki gksrh gS yM+fd;k°@ojnku gksrh gSa yM+fd;k°@ysfdu dksbZ ugha dgrk@euq"; gksrh gS yM+fd;k°A**5 iq#"k Á/kku lekt ds lkjs fu;e] dkuwu] ekU;rk,°] ijaijk,° ogh gSa ftlesa iq#"k dks lqfo/kk gS ;gh dkj.k gS L=h dh ifo=rk dk ekunaM lhrk dks rks cuk fn;k x;k ijarq dHkh Hkh jke ls vfXu ijh{kk dh ek°x ugha dh xbZA jke euksgj yksfg;k L=h dk vkn'kZ lhrk ;k lkfo=h dks ugha Êksinh dks ekurs gq, dgrs gSaA ^^Hkkjrh; ukjh dk vkn'kZ lhrk ;k lkfo=h ugha gks ldrh] ftldk ,d ek= xq.k mldh ifr dh fu"Bk gSA vkn'kZ Êksinh gksuk pkfg,] tks fÿ;k'khy gS] fon~oku gS vkSj d`".k ds lkFk cjkcj dk l[kk Hkko j[krh gSA**6 lrgh rkSj ij leku vf/kdkjksa dh ckr djus okyk lekt nkseqgk° :i viukrk gSA xkSre cqn~/k viuh iRuh vkSj cPps dks NksM dj ckSn~/k cu x, lekt us mUgsa flj vk°[kksa ij cSBk;k ijarq ;fn ;'kks/kjk vius ifr vkSj cPps dks NksM+ dj laruh curh rks D;k lekt blh rjg mnkjrk fn[kkrk\ bldk mRrj gS ughaA lekt esa pkjksa vkSj HkrZluk dh tkrh] mls dqyVk] O;fHkpkj.kh u tkus fdrus ukeksa ls foHkwf"kr fd;k tkrk] dgk tkrk fd vius NksVs cPps dks NksM+ fn;k ekr`Roghu gS] blds fny esa rks ek° dk dystk gh ugha gS vkSj u tkus D;k&D;k \ fuM;u dfo fyaMk gksxku dh dfork lekt ds nksgjs ekunaMksa dks [kksy dj j[k nsrh gS& ^^bZlk elhg vkSjr ugha Fks] ojuk ekfld ËkeZ@ckjg cjl dh mej ls@mudks eafnj ds ckgj j[krk@csFkysge vkSj ;:'kye ds chp ds@dfBu lQj esa muds@gks tkrs dbZ rks cykRdkj@vkSj muds nq/keqags cPps@pkyhl fnu vkSj pkyhl jkrsA**7 L=h gksus ds laLdkj rks gekjs [kwu esa yky jDr dksf'kdkvksa dh rjg NksM+ fn, tkrs gSaA ge Lo;a ?kj ds Hkhrj ls gh lgtrk ls L=h&iq#"k ds Hksn dh nh{kk xzg.k djrs gSaA ek° fl[kkrh gS& HkkbZ gS HkkbZ ls ugha yM+rs ;k yM+dh gks dqN ?kj dk dke lh[kks ;k ijk;k /ku ,d u ,d fnu pyh tk,xhA ,sls oDrO; ^czsu okW'k* dk dke djrs gSa] mUgsa lnk fojks/k ls nwj j[kk tkrk gSA ÁHkk [ksrku vius miU;kl ^fNUuelrk* esa dgrh gS & ^^bZekunkjh] oQknkjh] I;kj] leiZ.k dsoy 'kCn Hkze gSaA vkSjr dks ;g lc blfy, fl[kk;k tkrk gS fd og bu 'kCnksa ds pÿO;wg ls dHkh u fudy ik, rkfd ;qxksa ls pyh vkgqfr dh ijaijk dks dk;e j[kk tk ldsA**8 ?kj&ifjokj esa mls nks;e ntkZ ÁkIr gSA oa'k&o`{k esa L=h dgha ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh dgk tkrk gS vjs HkbZ! ek° ds uke dh D;k t:jr gS \ vkt Hkh reke fooknks ds ckotwn igpku ds fy, firk dk uke vko';d ekuk tkrk gSA HkweaMyhdj.k ds bl nkSj esa L=h us vkfFkZd Lora=rk rks gkfly dj yh gS ij ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@33
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
fLFkfr tl dh rl cuh gqbZ gSA MkW- vk'kk Hkkjrh dh dfork ^mM+ks ij mruk gh* L=h dh vkfFkZd Lora=rk dh iksy Hkh [kksyrh gS & ^^mlls dgk x;k@bruk er mM+ks@mM+ks] ij mruk gh@ftruk t:jh gS@nkus ds fy, mM+ks@ikuh ds fy, mM+ks@vkSj FkksMk dqN gS rks mM+ks@ij@?kksalys ds vkl&ikl jgks@,d ifjf/k r; dj yks@mM+ks t:jr ls c°/k djA**9 ek= vkfFkZd Lora=rk ÁkIr djus ls ukjh Lora=rk ugha ÁkIr dj ldrh mldh vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds nk;js x<+ fn, x, gS vkSj tgk° nk;js gksrs gS ogk° Lora=rk dSlh \ ;gh cspSuh ÁHkk [ksrku esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gS tgk° fNUuelrk dh ukf;dk fÁ;k dgrh gS fd & ^^eSa O;olk; #i;ksa ds fy, ugha dj jgh vkt esjk O;olk; esjh vkbMsafVVh gS ;g esjh ftanxh ds dSuokl dks cMk djrh gSA**10 ijarq L=h dh ;s igpku gh rks iq#"k dh ijs'kkuh dk lcc curh gSA L=h dek dj pqipki #i, nsrh jgs rks dksbZ ijs'kkuh ughaA lekurk ds vf/kdkjksa ds pyrs L=h us mRrjnkf;Ro rks ck°V fy, ijarq vfËkdkj\ vfËkdkjksa ij vHkh Hkh Á'u fpUg yxk gqvk gSA vkt Hkh ?kj dk eqf[k;k iq#"k gS] ?kj ds lHkh vge QSlys ogh djrk gS] L=h ls iwNus dh Hkh t:jr eglwl ugha dh tkrh vkSj tc og fojks/k djrh gS rks mls ?kj esa u fuHkus okyh] ?kj QksMw vkSjr le>k tkrk gSA ÁR;sd vkSjr pkgs og dkedkth gks ;k ?kjsyw mls ,d u ,d ckj ;g lquus dks vo'; feyk gksxk & vkSjr gks vkSjr dh rjg jgk djksA ;g tsaMj Hksn cpiu ls gh gekjh jxksa esa [kwu dh rjg nkSM+k fn;k tkrk gS ftls ukjh c[kwch le> Hkh jgh gS] ij bl le> dk D;k ifj.kke\ ^lq[ko"kZ daoj rUgk* fy[krh gSa & ^^eSa iPphl o"kksaZ ds i'pkr tkxh gw°] ij D;ksa tkxh gw°\ u tkxrh rks vPNk jgrkA eSausa tkx dj D;k fd;k\ dsoy ukjs ckth gh dh] Hkk"k.k lqu fy, vkSj ns fn,A blls rks eSa nksgjh filus yxh] ?kj vkSj ckgj nksuksaA**11 fLFkfr;k° vkt Hkh ogh gSa dkedkth efgyk tgk° ,d lkFk ?kj vkSj ckgj nksuksa laHkky jgh gS ogha nwljh vkSj ?kjsyw L=h lqcg ls 'kke rd ,d iSj ij [kM+h gksdj viuh igpku dks Hkwy dj ifr cPpksa dh gj t:jr dks iwjk djrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vkSj mlds bl Je dks vuns[kk dj mls Jeghuksa dh dksVh esa j[k fn;k tkrk gSA ^Lora= Hkkjr dh ubZ igpku* ds tqeys esa ^LdwVh* pykrh efgyk dks fn[kkrk ehfM;k] lkcqu] ÿhe] dksYM fM™ad dks ÁeksV djrh L=h dks fn[kkrk ehfM;k ?kks"k.kk djrk gS vc L=h lekt cny jgk gS ijarq bldh cf[k;k m/ksM+h tk, rks lPpkbZ lkeus vkrh gS fd foKkiuksa esa dke djrh fL=;k° enZoknh lksp dh gh iqf"V djrh gSa cdkSy lq/kh'k ipkSjh & ^^;g lgh gS fd foKkiuksa esa fL=;ksa dh Nfo dks dkQh 'kkyhu <ax ls bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA os iq#"k dh fÁ; cusa] gj rjg ls ubZ vkn'kZ x`gf.k;k° cusa] ges'kk vkd"kZd vkSj lsDlh cusa vkSj ;s reke ckrsa fL=;ksa dks iq#"koknh vk[ksV dk y{; cukus esa okrkoj.k cukus dk dke djrh ekuh tk ldrh gSaA**12 vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g gS fd iq#"k ftl u, QS'ku dh lSDlh yM+dh dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrk gS mlh :i dks viuh cgu ;k iRuh esa og cnkZ'kr ugha dj ikrk mls ijs'kkuh 'kq: gks tkrh gSA vkSjr ij og rkuk'kkgh vfËkdkj j[kus dh pkgr j[krk gS ;gh dkj.k gS tc og Áse esa vlQy gksrk gS ;k mls dksbZ yM+dh ^uk* dg nsrh gS rks v[+kckj dh lqf[kZ;k° curh gSa ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@34
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
fd veqd O;fDr us yM+dh ds euk djus ij rstkc Mky dj mldh gR;k dj nh ijarq dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh v[+kckj vFkok Vhoh esa ;g ns[kus ;k lquus dks ugha feyk fd veqd efgyk dks iq#"k ds n~okjk Bqdjk, tkus ij mlus bruk u`%'kal cnyk fy;k gksA bu lcds ckotwn bl lp dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk fd fLFkfr;k° cnyha gSaA pkgs mldk Áfr'kr cgqr FkksM+k gh D;ksa u gksA lcls cM+h ckr vc ukjh dh ihM+k mlds la?k"kZ] vHkko] vfHkO;fDr ok.kh ikus yxs gSaA e`nqyk xxZ] ≈"kk fÁ;aonk] eS=;h iq"ik] ÁHkk [ksrku] rlyhek uljhu] paÊdyk f=ikBh tSlh ukfj;ksa us L=h la?k"kZ dks ,d ubZ vkokt nhA tgk° ek= fL=;ksa dk jksuk&/kksuk ugha gS cfYd mldk vkÿks'k] fojks/k] foÊksg Hkh Ánf'kZr gks jgk gSA eS=;h iq"ik ds miU;kl ^>wyk uV* dh ukf;dk 'khyks bl cnyrs gq, le; dk mn?kks"k djrh gqbZ dgrh gS & ^^vEek th xqLlk ih tkvksA cw<+s tekus m[kM+saxs ugha] rks u;k c[kr vk,xk dSls\**13 pqipki lc lgrs&lgrs mls ;g vglkl gksrk gS fd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks cnyuk gS rks foÊksg rks djuk gh gksxkA viuh yM+kbZ L=h dks Lo;a yM+uh gksxh vkSj dksbZ vkdj mldh yM+kbZ ugha yM+sxkA ;'kiky dh dgkuh ^djok dk ozr* dh yktks Hkh tc rd ifr ds vR;kpkj lgrh gS ifr mls cstku oLrq le> dj vR;kpkj djrk jgrk gS ijarq tc ogh fojks/k es flj mBk dj [kM+h gks tkrh gS rks mlh iy ifjfLFkfr;k° cnyuh 'kq: gks tkrh gSaA rlyhek uljhu ds miU;kl ^Áfr'kks/k* dh ukf;dk Hkh tc foÊksg.kh dk :i vf[r;kj dj ysrh gS rks fLFkfr;k° fu;a=.k esa vkrh fn[kkbZ nsrha gSaA bl foÊksg vkSj fojks/k ds n~okjk L=h dsafÊr lkfgR; vusd loky mBk jgk gS lkFk gh lekt ds iqjkus ekinaMksa ij dqBkjk?kkr Hkh dj jgk gSA e`nqyk xxZ dk ^dBxqykc* xqtjkrh ysf[kdk dqanfudk dikfM+;k dk ^nhokjksa ls ikj vkdk'k* vkfn blds Áek.k gSaA ^nhokjksa ls ikj vkdk'k* dh ukf;dk olq/kk ds iSarhl o"kZ ds yacs oSokfgd thou dh miyfC/k Áfrca/k gSA og eqV~Bh Hkj vkdk'k ds fy, rjlrh gSA mldk lcls cM+k nq%[k ;gh gS fd mlds ia[k gSaA mls irk gS dgha ckgj vkdk'k gS vkSj vkdk'k esa mM+k tk ldrk gS ysfdu oSokfgd thou dks 'kkafriw.kZ cuk, j[kus ds fy, og vius gkFkksa vius ia[k Lo;a drj nsrh gSA fiatjs dks vkuanyksd ekuuk ugha oju ia[k drjus dh lw{e Áfÿ;k dh vksj maxyh mBkuk mldk edln gSA rlyhek uljhu] e`nqyk xxZ] ÁHkk [ksrku vius lkfgR; esa tgk° ,d vksj ukjh ifo=rk vkSj ;kSu 'kqfprk dk Á'u mBkrh gSa ogha nwljh vksj ukf;dk n~okjk iq#"k&Á/kku lekt ds cuk, lkjs fu;e dkuwuksa dks fcuk fdlh vkokt ds /kM+/kM+k dj fxjk nsrh gSa ^tksj dk >Vdk /khjs ls* dh rjgA fdlh Hkh rjg ukjh iq#"koknh lekt esa dBiqryh cuus dks rS;kj ugha og Áse dk laca/k nsg ls ekuus ij Hkh Á'u fpUg yxkrh gS ^ Áse dk eryc u'khyh vk°[kksa dk jax ugha (nhokjksa ls ikj vkdk'k) D;ksafd ,slk Áse cl okluk dks tUe ns ldrk gS ogk° ,d&nwljs ds Áfr laosnu'khyrk ugha jg tkrh ijarq ;gh lp gS] blh lp dks vukfedk ok.kh nsrh gqbZ dgrha gSa & ^^lquk x;k gedks]@tSls lqus tkrs gSa fQYeh xkus]@ BLlkBl Bqalh gqbZ cl esaA@Hkksxk x;k gedks]@cgqr nwj ds fj'rsnkjksa ds]@nq%[k dh rjgAA**14 ukjh dks Lo;afln~/kk cuuk gksxk tgk° mls vius ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@35
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
vfËkdkjksa ds Áfr tkx:d gh ugha gksuk gksxk cfYd mUgsa ikus ds fy, Hkh Á;Ru'khy gksuk gksxk ;s L=h dk nkf;Ro gS fd mls Lo;a dks nsg vFkok Vh'kw isij le>s tkus ls jksduk gksxkA L=h&foe'kZ dksbZ luluh ;k fookn [kM+k ugha djuk pkgrk u gh L=h dks fcxkM+ dj ?kj&QksM+w cukuk mldk edln gSA L=h dHkh Hkh fir`lRrkRedrk ds lekuarj ekr`lRrkRed lekt ugha pkgrh oks pkgrh gS lekurk] tgk° L=h&iq#"k nksuksa ,d nwljs dks fcuk uqdlku igq°pk,a feydj fodkl djsaA lanHkZ 1- L=h misf{krk] ÁHkk [ksrku i`- 38 2- ogh i`- 55 3- ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; if=dk o kZ 2009 i`- 38 4- www.india.famous.com ehjk& esjs rks fxj/kj xksiky 5- lkfgR; vkSj laLd`fr& MkW- eqds'k vxzoky i`-405 6- vkykspuk&tqykbZ flrEcj 2005 i`- 172 7- ogh i`- 56 8- ÁHkk [ksrku&fNUueLrk i`- 78 9- vuk;kl if=dk laikfndk MkW- gse HkVukxj i`- 25 10- ÁHkk [ksrku& fNUueLrk i`-90 11- gal if=dk 2007 i`- 98 12- mRrj vk/kqfud lekt vkSj laLd`fr& lq/kh'k ipkSjh i`- 42 13- eS=;h iq"ik& >wyk uV i`-32 14- vukfudk dh dfork,° 'kCnkadu
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@36
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
gncafn;ksa ds ?ksjs ls ckgj dk foe'kZ MkW- paÊdyk
rqe gekjk ftÿ bfrgkl esa ugha ikvksxs D;ksafd geus vius dks bfrgkl ds fo:n~/k ns fn;k gSA NwVh gqbZ txg fn[ks tgk°&tgk° ;k nch gqbZ ph[k dk vglkl gks] le>uk fd ge ogha ekStwn gSaA &fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh oLrqr% L=h foe'kZ lfn;ksa ls gkf'k;s ij /kdsyh xbZ L=h ds vfLerk cksËk dk vk[;ku gS] tks ifjokj rFkk lekt esa fujarj misf{kr jgus dks vfHk'kIr FkhA og fir`lRrk n~okjk Fkksih xbZ O;oLFkk dks udkj dj vius ekuoh; xq.kksa o lacaËkksa dh iquoZ~;k[;k dj Áfrjks/k ds u, ikB fufeZr dj jgh gSA blh ds lkFk oks lkfgR; tks fir`lRrk dh fgek;r djrk gS] vkt dB?kjs esa gSA lkfgR; esa LokuqHkwfr dh fgek;r djrs gq, vkpk;Z gt+kjhÁlkn n~foosnh dk dFku gS] ^;g fofp= ckr gS fd L=h tc lkfgR; fy[krh gS rc fL=;ksa ds ckjs esa fy[krh gS vkSj iq#"k tc lkfgR; fy[krk gS rc Hkh fL=;ksa ds laca/k esa fy[krk gSA nksuksa esa varj ;g gksrk gS fd L=h ds fy[kus dk mn~ns'; gS vius fo"k; esa QSys Hkze dk fujkdj.k vkSj iq#"k dk mn~ns'; gS mlds fo"k; esa vkSj Hkh Hkze iSnk djuk*A orZeku esa L=h ys[ku bu nksuksa lhekvksa dk vfrdZe.k dj pqdk gSA orZeku esa L=h jpukdkjksa dh rhu ihf<+;ka ,d lkFk ys[ku esa lfÿ; gSaA ofj"B ih<+h esa d`".kk lkscrh] e`nqyk xxZ] eUuw HkMkjh] m"kk fÁ;aonk] egk'osrk nsoh blds ckn okyh ih<+h esa ÁHkk [ksrku] fp=k eqn~xy] eS=s;h iq"ik] ukfljk 'kekZ] xhrktafy Jh] jkth lsB] e/kq dkadfj;k orZeku ih<+h esa eerk dkfy;k] 'kjn flag] {kek 'kekZ] e`.kky ikaMs] uhyk{kh flag] euh"kk dqyJs"B] ehjkdkar vkfn ds uke fy, tk ldrs gSaA lkfgR; esa L=h foe'kZ ds orZeku lanHkksaZ esa /keZ ls tqM+k nsoRo] bfrgkl dh mis{kk] lekt dk mRihM+u] ifjokj dh csfM+;ka] Áse dk p;u] oSokfgd laca/kksa esa gLr{ksi] ekr`Ro ds ca/ku] dkedkt dh nqfu;k ds ncko] laoSËkkfud fLFkfr vkSj jktuhfr esa vkj{k.k vkfn Áeq[k gSaA L=h gj ekspsZ ij viuh Áfrjks/k dh laLd`fr ds lkFk pqukSrh ns jgh gSA ledkyhu lanHkksaZ esa vxj ns[ksa rks ge ckt+kj] ehfM;k] rduhd vkSj iwathokn ds mRrj ;qx esa th jgs gSaA thou&;kiu ds iqjkus rkSj&rjhds] ekU;rk,a] fo'okl lc rsth ls cny jgs gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt esa L=h thou o ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu vk;k gSA oS'ohdj.k] ckt+kj] vkSj ehfM;k us iwjs fo'o ds L=h fodkl ds fpUgksa dks yxHkx ,d dj fn;k gSA voljksa dh ek°x] nsg o lkSan;Z ds Áfr cks/k o ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@37
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
fo'okl] ySafxd iwokZxzg dk fojksËk] fir`lRrk dks L=h fodkl esa ck/kk ekuuk] L=h ds fodkl ds fy, vkfFkZd] lkekftd] 'kSf{kd] jktuhfrd lekurk dh ek°x L=h foe'kZ ds fo"k; gSaA Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa leLr L=h bfrgkl dks rhu 'kCnksa esa of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS] migkl] fojks/k vkSj Lohd`frA orZeku le; L=h Lohd`fr dk le; gSA L=h lkfgR; dk orZeku ifjokj ds lw{e rarqvksa ls fufeZr gSA blesa fL=;ksa dks viuh txg cukus esa dbZ lfn;ka yx xbZ vkSj ;g ftn~nkstgn vkt Hkh tkjh gSA ifjokj esa L=h ftruh lqjf{kr Fkh] mruh gh misf{kr] ÁrkfM+r vkSj 'kksf"kr HkhA mlus bl fLFkfr ls u flQZ vius vki dks ckgj fudkyus dk Á;Ru fd;k cfYd ifjokj laLFkk dh lewph ekU;rkvksa dks cnyus dk Á;kl fd;kA vc ls igys dh ih<+h us vius LoRo dh lqj{kk vkSj vfLerk dh igpku lcls igys ifjokj ds Hkhrj gh cukuh 'kq: dhA vkt ifjokj ds Hkhrj reke ysf[kdk,a e/;oxZ dh ml L=h dh dFkk dgrh gSa tks fir`lRrk ds opZLo esa rks gS ysfdu mls mldk laj{k.k ÁkIr ugha gSA LokFkZ ds fj'rs o 'kks"k.k dh O;oLFkk ?kj ds Hkhrj gh fon~;eku gSA tc lRrk iq#"k ds ikl gS rks mlls tqM+k vieku] vogsyuk] vU;k; lc L=h ds gh fgLls esa vkrk gSA L=h dh gSfl;r iq#"k ds uhps nch jgrh gS blh dks ehjkdkar ^xyh nqYgu okyh* esa bl Ádkj dgrh gS] ^lkjh ftanxh vkSjksa ds fglkc ls thrh jghA igys nknk fQj cki vkSj fQj [kle*A ^xyh nqYgu okyh* dgkuh L=h fu;fr esa d:.kk dh l`f"V djrh gSA og ?kj tks ^uxhuk* frudk&frudk tksM+dj cukrh gS] ftl ?kj dh lykerh ds fy, ekj&xkyh lc lgrh gS] mlls gh lcls igys gkFk idM+dj ckgj dj nh tkrh gSA og Lo;a dks ftl ?kj dh ekyfdu ekurh jgh mlh ?kj ds lkjs vf/kdkj mlls bl Ádkj fNu fy, tkrs gSa] tSls fcuk cksMZ okyh cl uke Hkj dh ^xyh nqYgu okyh*A ehjkdkar dh dgkfu;ksa esa ^dkxth cqtZ* dh xksik] ^/kkeiqj* dh ÁHkk] ^xyh nqYgu okyh* dh uxhuk lc ?kj ls foghu gqbZ vkSjrsa gSaA e/;oxhZ; ifjokjksa dh leL;kvksa vkSj muls mRiUu VwVu vkSj fc[kjko dk cgqr gh LokHkkfod o.kZu ekyrh tks'kh dh dgkuh^ ,d ?kj liuksa dk* esa feyrk gSA ^ifr ls frjLd`r ukjh dh gj txg nqxZfr gksrh gS pkgs llqjky esa gks] pkgs ihgj esaA og rks fcu isans dh yqfV;k gksrh gS] ft/kj pkgk] yq<+dk fn;kA fcuk iSls dh ukSdjkuh gksrh gS& tc pkgk] tSlk pkgk dke fy;k*A nhid 'kekZ dh dgkfu;ka ^<ykbZ ?kj*] ^dchj eqDr n~okj ladjk*] ^lhVh*] ^nw/k crk'kk jktk [kk;s* vkfn] ^lqefr yky lDlsuk* ^nwljh ckj U;k;*] ^dkS'kY;k nh*] ^lyhc vius& vius*] ^naMeqfDr* vkfn] vuhrk xksis'k dh ^fdRrk ikuh*] ^nsgyh HkbZ ijnsl js*] ^lqys[kk*] ^varr%*] ^VSMh oh;j*] ^bruk&lk Hkkx* rFkk mudh nqfu;k* vkfn dgkfu;ka ikfjokfjd leL;kvksa vkSj folaxfr;ksa dks vkt ds ifjos'k esa u, fljs ls mBkrh gSaA vc loky ;g gS fd D;k L=h dh eqfDr ?kj ls eqfDr esa gSA mls ?kj foghu djus esa gSA ;k fQj ,slk ?kj cukus esa gS ftlds lkjs vfËkdkj mlds ikl gksA blds fy, la?k"kZ dh vko';drk gSA ;gk° dsoy viuh fu;fr dks Lohdkj djus Hkj ls ckr ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@38
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ugha cusxhA vU;k; ls tw>us dk lkgl vkSj vfLerk dh ryk'k esa leLr dFkk lkfgR; ys[ku viuh vlgefr o foÊksg dks fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vfHkO;fDr Ánku dj jgk gSA chloha lnh dh tehu ij bl ubZ lnh esa fookg laLFkk vkSj Áse lacaËkksa esa vusd ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA ftlesa varjtkrh; fookg dks ekU;rk vkSj Áse laca/kh p;u dh Lora=rk 'kkfey gSA bl ifjÁs{; esa fiNyh lnh ij ,d utj eUuw HkaMkjh dh pkj dgkfu;ksa] ^;gh lp gS*] ^,d ckj vkSj*] ≈°pkbZ* vkSj ^njkj Hkjus dh njkj* vkfn ds ek/;e Mkyh tk ldrh gSA blh lanHkZ esa fueZyk tSu us eUuw HkaMkjh dh ^,d detksj yM+dh dh dgkuh* ij Ádk'k Mkyrs gq, dgk gS] fd ^e/;oxhZ; odhy dh iRuh iwjh rS;kjh dj ysus ds ckn Hkh vius fookg iwoZ Áseh ds lkFk ?kj ls Hkkx tkus dk lkgl ugha tqVk ikrh*A vkSj vxyh gh dgkuh ^nhokj]cPps vkSj cjlkr* esa ifr& iRuh ds chp yxkrkj pyrs eueqVko ds dkj.k fcuk dqN dgs&lqus iRuh ?kj NksM+ tkus dh fgekdr dj cSBrh gSA e/;oxZ ds lekt dh fL=;ksa rd dh ekufldrk esa lhrk&lkfo=h flaM™kse us bruh xgjh tM+s tek j[kh gS fd bl ekWMy dh voekuuk djus okyh L=h mudh utj esa [kyukf;dk ds flok dqN ugha gks ldrhA le; ds ml nkSj esa vkilh folaxfr dks laca/k foPNsn dk i;kZIr dkj.k le>k gh ugha tkrk Fkk*A vkt dk Hkkjrh; ifjn`'; fHkUu gSA Áse o fookg ls lacaf/kr vf/kdka'k fu.kZ; fL=;ksa us iq#"kksa ls Nhu fy, gSaA e`nqyk xxZ dh ^gjh fcanh*] ^fdruh dSnsa*] ^,d vkSj fookfgrk*] ^for`".kk* Áeq[k gSaA for`".kk dgkuh esa iwjh mez fnus'k dks 'kkfyuh ls ckr djus dh QqlZr ugha Fkh vkSj fjVk;j gksus ij 'kkfyuh vdsysiu ds na'k ls bruh fca/k pqdh Fkh fd vc mlds ikl fnus'k ls ckr djus ds fy, dqN ugha gS] gS rks dsoy for`".kkA ukfljk 'kekZ dh ^ngyht dFkk* dgkuh fookg gsrq lq;ksX; ik= gksus dh odkyr djrh gS rks ogh ^nwljk dcwrj* cgq&fookg ÁFkk ds nq"ifj.kkeksa vkSj ijes'oj dgs tkus okys ifr ds fu Bkoku gksus ij tksj nsrh gSA blh ds pyrs ^cjdr* dh nksuksa ifRu;ka mls mlds fo'okl?kkr dh ltk nsrh gSaA mudh ^cpko] ubZ gqdwer* esjk ?kj dgk°* vkfn dgkfu;ka vkt dh L=h Lopsruk] Lokoyacu] foosd o fu.kZ; {kerk dk ifjp; nsrh gSaA egk'osrk prqosZnh dh ^fla[kpksa esa dSn pkanuh*] ^jsrhys ?kjkSans* vkfn nkaiR; thou dh foo'krkvksa dks >syrs gq, mlus eqfDr dh NViVkgV dh dgkfu;ka gSaA fookg&laLFkk dks fir`lRrk dk ,d fgLlk ekudj ml ij fopkj fd;k tkrk jgk gSA fookg tks L=h ij iq#"k ds opZLo dks vkSj etcwr dj nsrk gS ysfdu ehjkdkar mlh fookg dks furkar L=hoknh n`f"V ls BsB mlds Áse ds vuqHko ij tk°p dj lkFkZdrk nsus dk Á;kl djrh gSaA blh lanHkZ esa Áse&fookg dk vFkZ feyrk gS] ^Áse&fookg esa dqN vjls ckn vDlj D;ksa L=h dh Vsd flQZ Áse 'kCn gksrh gS vkSj iq#"k dh flQZ fookgA ,d ckr vDlj nksuksa esa leku gksrh gS fd gkbQu nksuksa ls fel gks tkrk gS*A ;gk° ^gkbQu* ijaijk vkSj curh gqbZ ubZ L=h psruk ds chp larqyu dk lwpd gSA L=h lanHkksaZ esa /keZ dh O;k[;k ls gh mldh Áfrjks/k dh laLd`fr ≈tkZ ikrh ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@39
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
gSA egknsoh oekZ bl fo"k; esa dgrh gSa fd ^/keZ dk 'kklu gekjs thou ij oSlk gh Á;klghu gksuk pkfg, tSlh gekjh bPNk 'kfDr dk vkpj.k ij gksrk gSA lÁ;kl /keZ thou dk lcls cM+k vfHk'kki gSA u og thou dh xgjkbZ rd igq°p ldrk gS] vkSj u mldh ÁR;sd f'kjk esa O;kIr gksdj mls jle; gh dj ldrk gS*A lhrk /keZ dh ÁfrewfrZ gSA mlds pfj= dks ysdj mBk, x, lokyksa ds ÁfrmRrj esa vfXuijh{kk dks tk;t Bgjk;k x;kA lhrk ds /keZ;qDr vkpj.k o 'khy dks lkfgR; rFkk lekt esa felky rkSj ij fy;k x;kA rqylhnkl lhrk dks ek°] Hkokuh] jke dh jek ?kksf"kr djrs gSa] ysfdu muds vfXu&ijh{kk o ou xeu ij pqIih D;ksa\ mRrj vk/kqfud ;qx esa lhrk Á'uksa ds ?ksjs esa gSA ;g Á'u lkfgR; vkSj lekt nksuksa esa mBk, tkrs jgs gSaA bfrgkl vkSj fopkj/kkjk ds var ds lkFk /keZ ds ;wVksfi;k dk Hkh var gks x;k gSA orZeku esa lanHkZ lkis{krk ds rgr ^bZ'oj dh e`R;q dh ?kks"k.kk* jktdey pkS/kjh dh yach dgkuh ^,d vukj ,d chekj* djrh gSA ;g le; lkis{k u gks ij lanHkZ lkis{k vo'; gSA v'yhyrk dk vkjksi mlds flj e<+dj Hkh mlls mBus okys Á'uksa dks vuns[kk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ftlds ckjs esa ys[kdh; fVIi.kh gS] ^cs[+kcj uhan esa lhrk dh og ikSjkf.kd dFkk le;&lkis{k ugha gS D;ksafd bZ'oj us mls tud] ckfy] foa/;kpy] jko.k dgha ls eqDr ugha fd;k gSA eqDr djuk ;k eqDr gksuk fdlh esa bZ'oj dh vkLFkk ugha gS*A bldk leLr dF; iq#"k dh L=h ds Áfr n`f"V dk fueZe vk[;ku gSA ftlesa x+jhch ls mith dq#irk gS] iSls dk xqCckj ugha] iSls dk tqxkM+ gS vkSj fQj ml iSls ls 'kkjhfjd r`fIr ds tqxkM+ ds fy, gh tqxr yxkuk gh thou ifjikVh gSA bZ'oj tkurk gS fd x+jhch esa vkSjr T;knk cscl fn[kus yxrh gSA ftldk vklkuh ls f'kdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS blfy, lhrk dh fdys canh (dksBjhcanh) gSA ysfdu okluk lhrk dks [kkstrh ogk° Hkh igq°p tkrh gSA lhrk ;gk° L=h fo'ks"k ugha gS] og ,d Árhd gS ;qx ds cnyko esa /keZ vkSj lksp ds Bgjko dkA L=h ds Áfr cjrh tkus okyh fueZerk dkA iq#"k opZLookn ds Hkhrj nch& dqpyh L=h vfLerk dkA bl dFkk dk /;s; gS] L=h lanHkksaZ esa [kkstuk fd dkWesMh vkSj V™StsMh fdl fcanq ij bdÎs gksrs gSaA jke dks iqu% lhrk fey tkuk lq[kn Álax gS] ysfdu vfXu ijh{kk ,d V™StsMhA /kksch dk /kksfcu dks /kedkuk ge dkWesMh dh rjg ysrs gSa ysfdu lhrk dk ouokl V™StsMhA jke dk v'oes?k ;K dk vuq"Bku vkuan dk fo"k; gks ldrk gS] ij lhrk dk /kjrh esa lek tkuk 'kksd gSA egk'kksdA ftlls dHkh dksbZ L=h Lo;a dks eqDr ugha dj ikrh] ;g fpjaru Hkko mlds vopsru esa lukru :i ls te x;k gSA lfn;ksa ds ÁfrjksËk ds ckn Hkh ;g tc rc mls ?ksj ysrk gS vkSj eqDr ugha gksus nsrkA ^lhrk* ls ^ek;ke fjpsyh* rd dksbZ vkSjr Lok/khu ughaA lqjf{kr ughaA gekjk lekt L=h ÁfrjksËk dks Lohdkj djus esa fgpdrk jgk gSA lq/kh'k ipkSjh ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^enj Vsjslk fons'kh gSa] bZlkbZ gSa] mudh rjg vkt rd ,d Hkh fganw L=h D;ksa ugha mHkjh\ gekjk lekt L=h ds Áfrjks/k dks Lohdkj ugha dj ldrk] D;k blhfy, ehjk dk eafnj ugha cuk\* ËkeZohj Hkkjrh dh dgkuh ^lkfo=h u% 2* esa ys[kd loky mBkrk gSA lkfo=h ykbykt ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@40
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
chekjh ls ihfM+r gSA e`R;q ds fudVA bl ckj ijh{kk lR;oku dh gSA lhrk ls ysdj lkfo=h rd ifrozr vkSj lgu'khyrk ds fdrus mnkgj.k gekjs lkeus gSaA vkt dh ukjh dks mu lcls lh[krh gS vkSj enj Vsjslk] es/kk ikVdj] 'kfeZyk bjkse vkfn ftrus Hkh L=h l'kDrhdj.k] {kerk o Áfrjks/k ds thoar mnkgj.k gSa muls Hkh ÁHkkfor gSA ^leafor ukjhokn vkSj Hkkjrh; nsfo;ka* esa vukfedk dgrh gSa] ^oftZu esjh* vkSj ^'kdqaryk* dh rjg lhrk us Hkh ,dy vfHkHkkod (flaxy iSjsaV) dk nkf;Ro fuHkk;k vkSj brus gksugkj cPps jke ds vkSj bl /kksch lalkj ds lkeus ,d pqukSrh ds :i esa [kM+s fd, fd yksx ns[krs jg x,A ÿkbLV] Hkjr] tkcky vkSj f'kokth ls ysdj vc rd ftrus egkiq#"k gq, gSa muesa ls vf/kdka'k vdsyh ek°vksa ds gh csVs FksA fdlh dks Ák;f'pr dk ekSdk fn, fcuk lhrk tks /kjrh esa lek xbZ og Hkh ,d eq[kj ÁfrjksËk (ÁksVsLV uksV) gh Fkk*A eUuw HkaMkjh dh dgkuh ^vdsyh* dh cqvk Hkh ifr ds lg;ksx ds fcuk Hkh ftanxh lQyrk iwoZd xqtkj ysrh gSA e`nqyk xxZ dh ^pdjf?kUuh* dh eka viuh csVh ls vf/kd Áxfr'khy gSA fp=k eqnxy* dh ^dsapqy*] ^rktegy*] ^'kwU;]* ^vfXujs[kk* ^yk{kkx`g* bR;kfn esa nks ihf<+;ksa dh vkilh le>] nsg lkSan;Z ds Áfrekuksa dh vkykspuk o vkÿks'k ls L=h ftthfo"kk ÁkIr djrh gSA eS=s;h iq"ik ^ckjgoha jkr*] ^ixyk xbZ gS Hkkxorh*] ^fcNM+s gq,*] ^rqe fdldh gks fxUuh* vkfn dgkfu;ksa esa ukjh ds cnyrs gq, Lo:i dks fofHkUu Lrjksa ij O;aftr fd;k x;k gSA uferk flag ^[kqys vkdk'k ds uhps* dgkuh esa L=h jpuk deZ ij loky mBkrs gq, dgrh gSa] ^vc efgyk dFkkdkjksa ls ,d [kkl rjg ds jpuk dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA O;kid tu thou ls mUgsa mnklhu djus dk ;g vPNk rjhdk gS*A L=h eqn~nksa o fLFkfr ij ckr djrs gq, u, jpukdkjksa ls L=h leySafxdrk dk fo"k; Hkh vc vuNqvk ugha gSA dey dqekj dk ^ysfLcekfu"d* rFkk vuhrk xksis'k dh ^mudh nqfu;k* rFkk iadt lqchj dh ^va/ksjs dk xf.kr* bl n`f"V ls mYys[kuh; gSaA ubZ ih<+h ds dFkkdkjksa esa 'ks[kj tks'kh] johaÊ dkfy;k] fefFkys'k Álkn flag] vfuy ;kno] 'kSoky] fÁ;n'kZu] jkds'k fcgkjh] lat; dqanu] Hkjr Álkn] ÁHkkr jatu] iadt lqchj] fot; xkSM+] johaÊ LofIuy Átkifr] cÊhflag HkkfV;k] eukst :iM+k vkfn dh ys[kuh L=h ljksdkjks ls ;qDr gSA L=h lkSan;Z cks/k dks Ákd`r ekurs gq, Hkh fÁ;n'kZu viuh dgkuh ^'ksQkyh pyh xbZ* iq#"k dh oklukiw.kZ n`f"V dh vkykspuk djrh gSA ys[kd ds vuqlkj ^'ksQkyh ftn~nh gS*A ^'ksQkyh cnlwjr gS*A Hkko ;g gS fd 'kk;n nsg ds Áfr lpsr ugha gSA ysfdu okluk mls Hkh viuk f'kdkj cukus ls ugha pwdrhA ;gk° enksaZ dh ekufldrk dk [kqyklk 'ksQkyh bu 'kCnksa esa djrh gS] ^og ,d enZ Fkk tks esjs Hkhrj dh ,d vkSjr dks f'kdkj cukuk pkgrk FkkA vkSj mlus cuk;k] jksfgrA eSa fcNrh pyh xbZA og tc cqykrk] eSa pyh tkrhA eSa dkWyxyZ ugha Fkh] ysfdu mlus esjs lkFk dqN oSlk gh lywd fd;k*A L=h ljksdkjksa ls mn; Ádk'k viuh dgkfu;ksa esa nks pkj gksrs jgs gSaA og L=h lkSan;Z dks Áse ds jksekuhfVt~e ds rgr j[krs ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@41
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
gq, mlesa fofHkUu laHkkoukvksa dh ryk'k djrs gSa vkSj blh Áfÿ;k esa L=h igys ls vf/ kd Lora= vkSj cksYM fn[krh gSA ,slh gh laHkkoukvksa dks mudh dgkuh ^Nrfj;ka* ryk'krh gSA ftlesa ,d laHkkouk vdsyh yM+dh ds cykRdkj dh gS& ^os rhu yksx FksA ikuh nsus ds fy, ;gk° >kfM+;ksa rd ys vk,aA yM+dh dkairh gqbZ cksy jgh FkhA og vkokt ,d cgqr BaMs] fueZe vkSj ;kruk?kj ls vk jgh Fkh*A nwljh laHkkouk ys[kdh; fVIi.kh ds vuqlkj ;g gS fd ^yM+dh fcuk fdlh dk bartkj fd, [kqn tkdj ikuh ih I;kl cq>k ysrh gSA yM+dk tks iarxk mlds fy, ysdj vkrk gS mls og /kjrh ij fxjk dj okil ykSV tkrh gS*A L=h ds Áfr ;g laHkkouk,a T;knk fo'oluh; o lVhd yxrh gSaA ubZ lnh dh pfpZr ysf[kdkvksa esa dqN uke vkSj fy, tk ldrs gSaA rlyhuk uljhu] esg#fulk ijost] 'kf'kÁHkk 'kkL=h] uferk] nhfIr [kaMsyoky] mfeZyk f'kjh"k] uhyk Álkn] dfork] Lokfr frokjh] jksfg.kh vxzoky] jatuk tk;loky] e/kq xqIrk] ika[kqjh flUgk] iwue ;kno] vuhrk xksis'k] nhid 'kekZ vkfn dFkk ys[ku esa layXu gSaA ledkyhu dFkk ys[ku dks vfr mRlkgh o vfrjaftr :i ls ltx ekuk tk jgk gSA vuqHko dh deh vkSj vfHkO;fDr dh iqjkuh ifjikVh dks bldh lhek dgk tk jgk gSA fuf'pr :i ls vkt ds thou dh leL;k,a vkSj ljksdkj cny x, gSaA ysfdu mudk mnxe ogha gSA fir`lRrk] fookg laLFkk vius u, opZLo ds lkFk fofHkUu :iksa esa 'kks"k.k dh ubZ jhfr;ka x<+ jgh gSA lekt] O;oLFkk L=h ds Áfr vc Hkh fueZe gSA L=h ds fo:n~/k vijk/kksa esa fujarj o`n~f/k gks jgh gSA bu lcls nks pkj gksrk L=h ys[ku igys ls vf/kd Á[kj] rh[kk] vkÿks'ke; vkSj foÊksg ds Loj fy, gq, gS rks ;g LokHkkfod :i ls fy;k tkuk pkfg,A ifjokj vkSj fookg laLFkk ds Hkhrj filrh vk/kqfud ;qorh dh dFkk nks dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls dgh tk ldrh gSA uhyk Álkn dh dgkuh ^eksjk lb;ka eksls cksys uk* esa jtauk dk ifr o"kksaZ ls ykirk gS] ifjokj esa lc ekurs gS fd og ej pqdkA ysfdu mls ejk gqvk dksbZ ugha dgrkA bl pqIih ds fy, lcds ikl dkj.k gSA llqj cgq ds fcuk nks cfPp;ksa dh ijofj'k dk Hkkj mBkus ls fgpdrs gSa rks jatuk ds Hkhrj nwljh 'kknh vkSj nwljs ifr dks ysdj ≈gkiksg gSA ysfdu jatuk dh ckjg lky dh csVh Lohdkj djrh gS fd mlds firk vc ugha ykSVsaxsA og rh[ks 'kCnksa esa dgrh gS fd] ^dc rd [kqn dks vkSj eq>s csodwQ cukvksxs rqe lc\ dc rd\ ikik vc ugha gSaA gh bt uks eksjA ftank gksrs rks fiNys vkB cjlksa esa dksbZ rks lans'kk Hkstk gksrk] dHkh rks laidZ djus dh dksf'k'k dh gksrh*A ifr dks ejk gqvk ekurs gq, Hkh mlds ftank jgus ds >wB esa lkjk ifjokj viuk fgr ns[k jgk gSA ;gk° volkn gSA ifjokj dks cpkus dh ftn gSA fojks/k Hkh gSA ij vfrjaftr dqN Hkh ugha yxrkA gqLu rcLlqe ^fugka* dh dgkuh ^vk°f/k;ksa ds Nksj* Hkh bl n`f"V ls mYys[kuh; gSA liuk ds :i esa bl dgkuh esa og ;qorh gS tks ,uvkjvkbZ ls 'kknh djuk pkgrh gSA iSlk vkSj 'kksgjr lc pkgrh gSA ,d oSlk ,uvkjvkbZ yM+dk mls ?kqekrk&fQjkrk] ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@42
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
mlls laca/k cukrk gSA 'kknh dh ckjh vkus ij xk;c gks tkrk gSA ckn esa irk pyrk gS fd oks rks 'kknh'kqnk gS vkSj yM+fd;ks ds ckjs esa mldh /kkj.kk gS fd] ^bafM;u yM+fd;ka phi ,.M csLV gksrh gSa*A fo"k; yxHkx iqjkuk gS ysfdu lanHkZ o 'kSyh ubZ gS ftlesa liuk mls ejk gqvk ekudj vkxs c<+ tkrh gSA vius fu.kZ; ds Áfr mlesa lEeku gS vkSj jksfgr ds Áfr for`".kkA dqy feykdj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd 21 oha lnh dk foe'kZ ;gk° fd viuh tehu ls tqM+k gksdj Hkh oSf'od ljksdkjksa ls vufHkK ugha gSA blesa tM+rk dk loZFkk vHkko gSA jpuk dh xfr'khyrk esa mRlkg] fojks/k] foosd o [kqn dks cpk, j[kus dh ftn 'kkfey gSA L=h foe'kZ ds jpukdeZ esa vHkh yxHkx iwjh lnh dh laHkkoukvksa dk lekos'k 'ks"k gSA jpukdkjksa dh orZeku ih<+h bu laHkkoukvksa dks fujarj rjk'k jgh gSA lanHkZ 1- bCus efj;e] ukfljk 'kekZ] fdrkc ?kj] fnYyhA 2- ,d lkFkZd fnu] ekyrh tks'kh] lk{kh Ádk'ku] fnYyhA 3- dM+os lp] nhfIr [kaMsyoky] jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyhA 4- laxfr&folaxfr] e`nqyk xxZ] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml] fnYyhA 5- pfpZr dgkfu;ka] fp=k eqn~xy] lkef;d Ádk'ku] fnYyhA 6- cksyus okyh vkSjr] eerk dkfy;k] ok.kh Ádk'ku] fnYyhA 7- Áfrfuf/k dgkfu;ka] e`.kky ikaMs] jk/kkd`".k Ádk'ku] fnYyhA 8- laxlkj] ukfljk 'kekZ] ÁHkkr Ádk'ku fnYyhA 9- esjs fÁ; fuca/k] egknsoh oekZ] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml] fnYyhA 10- Áfrfuf/k dgkfu;ka] mn;Ádk'k] isabxqu bafM;k] fnYyh 11- jktdey pkS/kjh lap;u] ok.kh Ádk'ku] fnYyh 12- xyh nqYgu okyh] ehjkdkar] lkef;d Ádk'ku] fnYyh 13- eq>s dqN dguk gS Hk`rgfj] jatuk tk;loky] fnYyh 14- fir`lRrk ds u, :i] ;kno vkSj [ksrku] jktdey Ádk'ku] fnYyh 15- ledkyhu efgyk ys[ku] vkseÁdk'k 'kekZ] iwtk Ádk'ku] fnYyh 16- vkSjr % vfLerk vkSj ;FkkFkZ] KkusaÊ ;kno] fo'oHkkjrh ifCyds'ku] fnYyh 17- vkSjr % mRrj dFkk] jktsaÊ ;kno] vpZuk oekZ] jktdey Ádk'ku] fnYyh 18- L=h ys[ku % LoIu vkSj ldaYi] jksfg.kh vxzoky] jktdey Ádk'ku] fnYyh 19- L=hoknh lkfgfR;d foe'kZ] txnh'oj prqosZnh] vukfedk Ádk'ku] fnYyh i=&if=dk,a 1- 'kks/k Jh] n;kyckx] ;w-ih2- L=h dky vad 6] o/kkZ 3- ifjdFkk] dgkuh vad] bjkst xkMZu fnYyh gal] tuojh vad 2012] fnYyh 4- i{k/kj] 1] okjk.klh
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@43
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
L=h dk jktuhfrdj.k vkSj e`ny q k xxZ vt; dqekj lko varjfojks/kksa esa le; dh xfr dks mldh ,sfrgkfldrk esa tkuk tk ldrk gS] rks lkFk gh le; dh xfr ds xarO; dks mlds laHkkfor fofo/k vk;keksa esa igpkuk Hkh tk ldrk gSA ,sls vk;keksa esa L=h dh jktuhfr esa Hkkxhnkjh ,d varjfojks/kh igyw gSA vktknh iwoZ dh jktuhfr dh fn'kk ls orZeku jktuhfr fcYdqy QdZ fy, gSA ,d vksj iapk;r esa efgykvksa dks izkIr vkj{k.k xkSjo dk fo"k; ekuk tkrk gS] rks laln esa efgyk vkj{k.k cgq Árhf{kr miyfC/k leku Árhr gksrk gSA bls l'kfDrdj.k ls tksM+dj ns[kk tkuk Hkys gh LokHkkfod gks] ij ;FkkFkZ esa vR;ar gh varjfojks/kh gSA L=h dh jktuhfr esa Hkkxhnkjh ds Áfr vk'oLr gksus dh fn'kk esa bldh orZeku n'kk dk i;kZ; gS e`nqyk xxZ dh dgkuh ^esjs ns'k dh feV~Vh] vgk!* efgyk vkj{k.k dk volj&ykHk lkeqnkf;d Áxfr esa ifjdfYir gS] tks lnk ds fy, lq[kn ifjdYiuk curh fn[k jgh gSA jktuhfr esa efgyk vkj{k.k efgyk ds l'kfDrdj.k dks de] lRrk esa vklhu efgyk ds l'kDr gksus dh xkFkk vf/kd curk tk jgk gSA bldh igpku vfuok;Z gSA fopkj.kh; igyw ;g gS fd vkt ^L=h&jktuhfr* tSlh vo/kkj.kk dk Hkh ^jktuhfrdj.k* gks pqdk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd jktuhfr dh folaxfr;ksa ls lRrk&ÁkIr L=h Hkh cph ugha jg ikrh vkSj efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dks lkFkZd djrh ifjdYiuk varjfojks/kksa ls xzflr gS] ftldk thoar nLrkost gS dgkuh ^esjs ns'k dh feV~Vh] vgk!* xaHkhjrk rVLFkrk dk ÁLFkku gS ftlesa le;&lekt dh xfr ds vo';aHkkoh xarO; dk n'kZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA L=h&foe'kZ e`nqyk xxZ ds fy, ,dkar esa l`tu dk vkuan yksd ugha gSA ikfjokfjd&lkekftd] Á'kklfud&jktuhfrd Áfrdwyrkvksa ds chp vuqdwfyr L=h lekt ds Áfrfuf/k L=h ik= ds rVLFk vkdyu dk uewuk ns[kk tk ldrk gS] dgkuh ^esjs ns'k dh feV~Vh vgk!* esa yYyh dgkuh dk dsaÊh; ukjh ik= gSA nknh lqukrh gS ^vius xk°o ds viuks us gh ywVk ges yYyh] D;k Áiap uk fd,A D;k egktu] D;k Bkdqj&iafMr lc ,d tSls fl;kj fudysA* ;gk° lkekftd Lrj ij laosnukxr ewY; ds {kj.k dh csckdh ls dh xbZ fVIi.kh laosnuk vo'; txkrh gSA yYyh ds Áfr nknh dh e`R;q ds ckn ml tehu ij] tgk° jgrh Fkh] tkuojksa dh gfÏ;ksa ls [kkn cukus dk dkj[kkuk LokLF; dh n`f"V ls vo'; gh tkuysok lkfcr gks jgk Fkk ij] pekjksa dh cLrh esa ,slh igy Áxfr dk lwpd cukA jkstxkj dh laHkkouk dk n~okj fn[kk lks lc ekSu frl ij mu fnuksa Áxfr dk ukjk tksjksa ij Fkk Áxfr ekus oksV pekjksa esa oksV Mkyus dk u;k&u;k pyu gqvk gS lks Áxfr vc muds [khls esaA* 678 (laxfr&folaxfr) fdrus gkSys&gkSys lekt ls jktuhfr dk fo"k; cuk Mkyrh gS] e`nqyk ?kj dh dgkuh dyk dh vn~Hkqr miyfC/k gSA orZeku dk vdYiuh; fn'kk esa djoV ysuk vo'; gh la;ksx gS] ij bl ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@44
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
la;ksx ds Áfr ikBdksa dks ^diksy dfYir* dgkuh dh ekufldrk ls eqDr vkSj ?kfVr ds ;FkkFkZ ds Áfr vk'oLr djus dh vkSipkfjdrk Hkh djrh gS e`nqyk xxZA fy[krh gSa ^bl dgkuh es la;ksx dqN T;knk tqVs vk jgs gSa tkus D;ksa yksx pkgus yxs gSa fd dgkuh esa gknls la;ksx oxSjg uk gksA Hkyk crkb, tc gknlksa la;ksxksa ds vackj dk gh uke ftanxh gks rks ,slh cs#[kh QjekbZ'k D;ksa\ dgkuh esa gj gq, dk rdZlaxr dkj.k fn[kyk, rks ftanxh dk jl pkSiV vkSj ftanxh dh rdZghurk ls esy [kkrh dgkuh fy[ks] rks xquh tuksa ds twrs [kk,A tgk° rd yYyh&ySyk dh jke dgkuh dk loky gS] bekunkjh dk rdktk gS fd tks&tks gqvk] ogh dgrh pywaA vc vU; pkgs rks ekQh ns] pkgs rks twrs ekjsA* (laxfr&folaxfr)A ikBdksa&vkykspdksa dh dgkuh dyk ls visf{kr ekunaMksa ij O;aX; djus ls ijgst ugha djrh gSaA e`nqyk xxZ ys[ku dh rVLFkrk o bekunkjh dh xaHkhjrk us gh budh dh l`tu&Áo`fRr dks cksYM cuk;k gSA vis{kk bruh gS fd muds ^dFkk&eksM+* dks la;ksx ds :i esa uk ysdj dVq ;FkkFkZ ds :i esa fy;k tk,A la;ksx lq[k esa Lohd`r vkSj nq[k esa fod`r gksrs gSaA yYyh dk la;ksx lq[k&nq[k ds var%feJ.k dk csvkokt ;FkkFkZ jprk gS ftlds fy, e`nqyk xxZ ds fdLlkxksbZ dk lgkjk vo'; fy;k tkuk pkfg,A fdLlkxksbZ esa fNik ;FkkFkZ yYyh ls ikBdksa dks dbZ fn'kkvksa esa cka/ks j[krk gSA fdLlkxksbZ ds egRo ij vf[kys'k us fy[kk gS ^lwpukvksa ds latky dh otg ls fdLlkxksbZ lekIr gks jgh gS] rks ;g fQÿ djus dh ckr gSA pw°fd ogk° oLrqr% fdLlkxksbZ ugha gS] ftanxh ds fMVsYl xk;c gks jgs gSa vkSj mlds cxSj dksbZ vk[;ku ugha jpk tk ldrk gSA* vf[kys'k] yegh] tuojh 2016 yYyh ds lkFk ÁFke la;ksx ?kfVr gksrk gS nknh dh ekSr ds :i esaA nwljk] rkbZ ds ;gk° jguk iM+k] 20 dh gqbZ ugha fd rkbZ&rk≈ dh ea'kk ds rgr goynkj thtk ls O;kg dh ukScr vku iM+hA blh oDr eqlyeku ;qok ls eqykdkr vkSj fookg ds le; mlds eqlyeku gksus dk irk pykA xk°o tkus ds ckn irk pyk fd mlds 'kkSgj dh igyh iRuh Hkh gS vkSj cjl Hkj dk yM+dk HkhA la;ksx gh jgk fd iqfyfl;k thou ls Hkkxh vkSj Ms<+ ilyh Nksdjs ls fookg fd;k] ij og Hkh iRuh dh ekj&dqVkbZ esa ekfgj gSA O;aX; voyksduh; gS ^nks&pkj fnu ds R;kSgkj ds ckn le> esa vk;k fd gks uk gks mlls 'kknh blfy, dh gksxh D;ksafd ilyh p<+h igyh choh dh [kky ij t'u eukus esa dkfry gksus dk Mj FkkA* 601 (laxfr&folaxfr)A la;ksx ?kfVr gqvk fd igyh iRuh dh ekSr gks xbZ vkSj xk°o vkuk gks ik;kA tgk° lkSru dh ekSr ij nq[k trk;k] lkl llqj dh lsok dh] cPps dks I;kj fd;k] xk°o okys [kq'k jgsa] fe;ka vdsys ykSVs] og xk°o esa jg xbZ ij] vxj la;ksx ;g gqvk fd mldh nknh dh flyh caMh igu dj cM+k gqvk vkSj mlds cuk, f[kykSus csp dj i<+k&fy[kk cank vkjf{kr dksVs ls ftyk uwg ls ,d MLA pqu fy;k x;k Fkk] mlls eqykdkr gks xbZA jktuhfrd Qk;nk ns[kdj cank us yYyh dks lkfFk;ksa eqdjZj dj fn;kA e`nqyk xxZ us u;k lRrk&lanHkZ tksM+k gS ^cfu, dh csVh ds eqlyeku gksus vkSj [kkl eqlyekuh ds xk°o esa vk clus ds Hkhrj mls [kklk jktuhfrd equkQk utj vk;kA ^>ViV ySyk xk°o esa lkfFk;ksa eqdjZj dj nh xbZA vc Hkyk ySyk mls dgk° ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@45
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
'kgj cqykrk\ iDdh vkenuh rks xk°o jgus esa gksuh FkhA lkFk esa ifjokj dh VgyA ,d vkSj chch ykus dh eukgh Fkh ugha] lks mlus 'kgj esa viuk cankscLr dj fy;kA* 683 (laxfr&folaxfr)A ;gk° dgha Hkh fojksËk ugha gSA ikBd dks yx ldrk gS fd vkf[kj L=h&'kks"k.k ds Áfr bruk ekSu D;ksa\ L=h eq[kj ugha gks ik jgh D;ksa\ buds dkj.kksa ds ihNs Hkkxuk foe'kZoknh eqfge gks ldrk gS] ij ;gk° rks e`nqyk xxZ fojks/k Áfrjks/k ls ≈ij varjfojks/k esa xfreku lR; dh vfuok;Z ifj.kfr dh [kksth ;k=k dj jgh gSaA ;g le>uk vfuok;Z gSA lkfFku ds :i esa ySyk ds ftEes rhu dk;Z jgs] ftuds Qk;ns ds ckjs esa e`nqyk xxZ fy[krh gSa &^og lc egt fdrkc esa ntZ djuk gksrk FkkA ,dk/k Qhlnh fednkj lkfFku ds fgLls Hkh vk tkrh FkhA mlds lgkjs ySyk dk csVk vkSj dh fuLcr csgrj iy c<+ jgk FkkA ifjokj fu;kstu fdrkch [kkukiwjh mldh Hkh djuh iM+rh FkhA lgsyh uke dh xHkZ fujks/kd xksfy;ka cnLrwj vkrh Fkha vkSj caVh pkgs ugha] cnLrwj caVrh gqbZ fn[kykbZ tkrh FkhaA ySyk dk 12oha ikl gksuk fdrkch dk;Zokgh ds fy, ekuh j[krk Fkk rHkh u ljdkj lkfFku dks lk{kj cukus ij vkeknk gSA* 684 (laxfr&folaxfr)A ;gk° L=h dk lRrk&ykHk dsafÊr pfj= mHkjrk gS] uk fd lekt&cksËk ls laiUu O;fDrRoA lkFk gh lk{kjrk vfHk;ku dh foMacuk dks Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA e`nqyk xxZ us fdLlkxksbZ dks O;aX; dh /kkj Ánku dj ifjokj&jktuhfr& lekt lsok dh foMacukvksa ij dM+k Ágkj fd;k gSA ySyk lkfFku ds :i esa fdrkch dkjZokbZ vkSj ca/kh vkenuh ikdj fuHkhZd gks xbZ vkSj le>nkj HkhA 'kkSgj iSls ds yksHk eSa ySyk dh th Hkj dqV~Vekl dj ysus ij Hkh dqN ugha ikrkA ,e,y, ls dg dj O;oLFkk dj j[kh FkhA ,d iSlk Hkh 'kkSgj ds gkFk uk yxsA e`nqyk xxZ ,sls pfj= fodkl dk ifjp; nsrh gS ^lS;ka dks /krk crykus vkSj fdrkc esa [kkuk iwjh djrs ySyk ml eqdke ij tk igq°ph] tgk° ,dne cksYM cu xbZA xHkZfujks/kd lgsyh dh lIykbZ esa ls ,d tus dh [kqjkd [kqn fudyus yxhA ,dne fu;e ls jkstkuk] fcuk ukxk mlh ds lkFk mls ekj ls cpus dh rjdhc Hkh lw> xbZA vxyh ckj lS;k ?kj vk;k] mlus mls lgsyh dh reke cs caVh xksfy;ka Fkek nh fd xqipqi ys tkdj 'kgj esa csp ys vkSj ekSt djsaA cspkjs dks [;ky Hkh uk vk;k fd mldh choh [kqn mu xksfy;ksa dk lsou dj ldrh gSA mls irk pyrk fd ySyk dh fgEer [kqnk ds [kkSQ dks /krk cryk pqdh gS] rks og mls vkSjr ekuus ls badkj dj nsrkA vki pkgsa rks] vki Hkh dj nsaA vkSjr ekusa] enZ ekus] fNuky ekusa] QthZ eqlyeku ekusa] tks pkgs ekusa] dgkuh mlh dh dgh tk,xh (laxfr&folaxfr) vk'k; ;g gS fd vc yYyh ls cuh ySyk dks Hk; ugha] uk ifr dk] u lekt dk vkSj uk gh [kqnk dk] vius fy,] vius <ax ls th jgh gS ij lgh&xyr] mfpr&vuqfpr dh ijokg ds cxSjA ,d vkSj la;ksx fd gfÏ;ksa dh [kkn cukus dk dkj[kkuk gVkuk FkkA yksdrkaf=d in~Ëkfr dk lgkjk ysrh gSA ,e,y, ls fujk'k gksus ij Hkh yxh jgrh gSA ,d O;aX; ns[krs gh curk gS ^xk°o Hkj dh ehfVax cqykuh gksxh vkSj dkj[kkuk can djokus dh jkg ryk'kuh gksxhA lh/kh Mxj uk gks] rks Vs<+h <wa<uh gksxhA bruh uhfr dh ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@46
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ckr vkSjr enZ lHkh tkurs gSaA Jhd`".k ls ysdj bafnjk xka/kh rd] rks ySyk D;ksa ugha tkusxhA bl ns'k dh feV~Vh esa iyh c<+h gSA* 686 (laxfr&folaxfr)A ,e,y, ls mEehn Fkh] ij fujk'kk gkFk yxh ^lkfFku dk dke gS ifjokj dh ns[k&js[k vkSj fu;kstu vkSjr tkr dks vkSjr tkr dh rjg jguk pkfg,A* 686 (laxfr&folaxfr) ;gk° ^vkSjr tkr* ds lacks/ku ds Áfr fcuk vkÿks'k ÁdV fd, ,e,y, ds 'kgj tkrs gh Qjeku fe;k° ds ikl viuh bPNk ntZ dh] bl 'kkfrjh ds lkFk ^,d jkt dh ckr dguh Fkh igys ;g [kky &[khap] gÏh&pwjk cukus okyk dkj[kkuk fganqvksa ds xk°o esa yxus okyk FkkA ij] ckyeu&cfu;ksa us tksM+&rksM+ djds ;gk° yxko fn;kA eSaus tks lquh] dg nh] vc vki tkus vkSj xk°o ds ckdh enZA*686 (laxfr&folaxfr)A ;gk° ^enZ* 'kCn dh O;atuk cgqvk;keh gSA ;g gS L=h&Hkk"kk] ftlesa iq#"k&opZLo esa lsa/k dh lkeFkZ~; ns[kh tk ldrh gSA Hkk"kk esa igpkuuk gks e`nqyk xxZ dks] rks ;g ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA jktuhfrd nkoisap ds Áfr ltx yYyh dh nwjnf'kZrk ns[krs curh gS ^vkSj blls igys fd ckgj ls dksbZ >ksys okyk vkdj xk°o okyksa dks mdlk, ds dkj[kkus esa ukSdjh ikus ds fy, ekspkZ yxk,a ehfVax cqykdj ekeyk lsV dj ysuk pkfg,A* 686 (laxfr&folaxfr) gj gky esa dkj[kkuk dks gVokus] can djokus ij vkeknk yYyh lkfFku gksus ds ukrs ehfVax cqyokbZ vkSj ogk° cSBh Hkh] eqag <d dj] ,d dksus esaA ;gk° ;g fpf=r gS fd L=h eqfLye lkekftdrk ls dsls [kqys esa ugha Vdjkrh gS] dgha ls L=hoknh eqgkojs dks txg ugha feyrh] ,d y{; dks Hksnrh vkxs c<+rh yYyh dh j∂rkj ns[krs curh gSA jktuhfrd voljksa dks yksd O;ogkj dq'ky vkt dh ;qok ih<+h xokuk ugha pkgrhA ;qod dk ÁLrko voyksduh; gS ^vkSj ge vki [kq'k fdLer gSa tks la;ksx ls vktdy gj txg Ánw"k.k vkSj i;kZoj.k ds ukjs yx jgs gSaA ≈ij ls bysD'ku Hkh gksus okyk gSA* lkFk gh ;g ^vkt ds tekus esa gj chekjh ls fucVus dk ,d gh uqL[kk gS] iSlkA vxj dkj[kkuk gVkuk gS] rks iSlk yxkuk gksxkA 2000 tek djks vkSj Ánw"k.k ds uke ij eftLV™sV dh vnkyr esa dsl Bksd nksA #i, mldh utj djks vkSj QSlyk vius gd esa djok yks] fdLlk [kReA* ,d vksj O;ogkj dq'kyrk dk ifjp; feyrk gS] rks lkFk gh Á'kklfud Hkz"Vkpkj dk Hkh uewukA og dgrk gS ^fcuk V™sfuax ds fy, yksxksa dks ljdkj flQZ ,d dke dk rqjar iSlk nsrh gSA ulcanh djokus dkA ljdkjh Áko/kku dk volj ds vuqdwy bLrseky dk Á;kl lgh&xyr] mfpr&vuqfpr ls ≈ij t:jh vkSj xSj t:jh dh utj ls fd;k tkrk gSA cqtqxZ dks dgk tkrk gS cqtqxZ efgyk dks ysdj ulcanh djkus tk,A loky ;g Hkh j[krk gS fd Hkyk cqtqxZ efgyk dh ulcanh gksxh gh D;ksa\ vkSj blh cgkus ljdkjh dke dh iksy Hkh [kksyrh pyrh gS e`nqyk xxZ ^ljdkjh veyk ykyph dehuk Hkys gks] xSj t:jh dke ugha fd;k djrkA fdrkch dkjZokbZ Hkj gksxhA cl! lkfFku vius lkFk gS] #i;k fey tk,xkA* 688 (laxfr&folaxfr) ;gk° lkfFku ds lkFk Hkjkslk vkSj dqN ugha] ljdkjh V™Sd ij xSj ljdkjh ds pyu dks Áekf.kr djrk gSA ,d vksj ySyk dh Ánw"k.k fojks/kh vfHk;ku dh uhfr vkSj nwljh vksj ;qok ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@47
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dh dkj[kkuk can gksus ds ckn Hkh ukSdjh cus jgus vkSj dkj[kkus ds lkeku dks b/kj mËkj djrs jgus dh lqfo/kk ijLrh esa voljokfnrk gS] ftls e`nqyk xxZ us c[kwch ÁLrqr fd;k gSA ySyk dk lq>ko gS ^eSa vklkuh ls 20 tfu;ksa dk iqjtk cuk ywaxhA 1000 ml ij eq>s feysxkA vius fgLls dk pkSFkkbZ ckdh lc ns nsa] rks ,d gt+kj vkSj gks tk,xkA xk°o ds yksx le> ysA* rks nwljh vksj ;qod dk ÁLrko gS ^dpgjh ls blfy, vkMZj yxus ij tc og can gksxk] rc Hkh esjh ukSdjh cuh jgsxh vkSj ckdh lkeku meku Hkh ;gha iM+k jgsxkA eSa mlls xk°o dh enn djrk jgwaxkA i;kZoj.k dh fgQ+kt+r ds fy, eSa dqN Hkh djus dks rS;kj gwaA* 689 bl rjg ftl Hkkafr gks i;kZoj.k ds Áfr dfVcn~/k ;qod&;qorh vFkkZr~ ubZ ih<+h dh viuh uhfr dke dj xbZA ySyk ds lkFk vkSj ,d la;ksx ?kfVr gqvk fd ^yxs gkFkksa ySyk us Hkh viuh ulcanh djok yh gS] ojuk 'kkSgj ds fu;e ls xk°o vkus ds ckotwn isV ls ugha gqbZA bl ckr ij 'kkSgj ls ekj dqVkbZ gksrh gS vkSj rykd&rykd&rykd ds lkFk ySyk ls yYyh cu xbZA* vc mls ;g Áekf.kr djus dh pqukSrh nh xbZ Fkh] mlus ulcanh ugha dhA ekSyoh dk ;qok csVk yYyh ds lkFk jgkA ,d o"kZ chrs FksA og eka cu xbZA e`nqyk xxZ O;fDr vkSj lekt dks vkeus&lkeus j[kuk ugha Hkwyrh ^igys 'kkSgj dh igyh choh ds csVs dks Hkh] igys dh rjg viuh vkSykn dh rjg ikl j[kk] irk ugha xk°o 'kfeaZnk gqvk fd ugha] ij Mj dj t:j jgus yxkA lgsyh dh cscaVh xksfy;ka vc nwljk 'kkSgj 'kgj esa cspus yxkA*690 (laxfr&folaxfr) ;gk° cscaVh xksfy;ksa dk cspk tkuk [kVdrk t:j gS] ij ;FkkFkZ vkSj bruk dkWeu gS fd vkifRrtud ugha Árhr gksrk gSA Ánw"k.k de gksrk jgk vkSj fo'o cSad ds uqekbans dks [ksM+h xk°o tc ys tk;k x;k] rc mlh ckads ukStoku ls os yksx eqykdkr fd, vkSj vc mldk uke jktËkkfu;ksa esa ppkZ esa gS ^vc [+kcj ;g gS fd vxys bysD'ku esa mldk ,e,y, cuuk r; gSA*690 (laxfr&folaxfr) varr% ,d lek/kku ugha gks dj yksdrkaf=d ifjn`'; ls tqM+s dbZ loky NksM+rh gS e`nqyk xxZA tc ySyk dks xk°o dk ,e,y, us lkFk fn;k] rc mlus [kkukiwfrZ esa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+hA vc tc mlh dk nwljk 'kkSgj ,e,y, cu tk,xk] rc loky ;g gS fd lRrk&lq[k ds eksg esa gekjk ,d oxZ gS rks vketu feyus okyh lqfo/kkvksa esa larq"VA bl njfe;ku yksdra= dh Á'kklfud foMacuk ls fdlh dks dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ughaA lkfFku ySyk tks Hkh djsa] ;qok tks Hkh djs] vke ukxfjd lqfo/kk Hkksx jgs gSaA os lqfo/kk,° fdl Ád`fr dh gSa] dSls tqVkbZ xbZ gSa\ blls dksbZ ljksdkj ughaA lHkh larq"V gS vkSj yksdra= dh O;ofLFkr vO;oLFkk esa O;ofLFkr lekt&ifjokj& yksdra= Lo;a gh foe'kZ dk eqn~nk cu tkrk gSA ^nslh QsfefuLV* dh ckr djds e`nqyk xxZ us orZeku lRrk iksf"kr n~okjk lRrk ds iks"k.k vkSj fcuk fdlh 'kks"k.k ds cus lekt&cks/k dks lkeus yk;k gS] dgha Hkh foÊksg dk L=hoknh gaxkek fcuk fd, yksdrkaf=d ifjn`'; esa Á'kklu dh iksy [kqyrh jgrh gSA ,d L=h ds utfj, lsA u rks ifr dk fojks/k] u lekt ls yksgk ysus dk ladYi] lgh&xyr] mfpr&vuqfpr ds ≈ij t:jh dks vatke nsus dh lksp ,d ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@48
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
foMacukRed miyfC/k gSA foMacukRed blfy, fd yYyh ls cuh ySyk dk lkfFku :i vkSj Hkh fgEerokyk gks tk,xk] D;ksafd vc rks ,e,y, mldk 'kkSgj gh gksxkA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd&Á'kklfud ifjn`'; ds chp L=h dk [kM+k gksuk vkSj [kqys esa foÊksg djus dh vis{kkvksa ds foijhr L=h n~okjk futh vkSj ikfjokfjd&lkekftd thou dks O;ofLFkr djus dh dgkuh Hkys gh >wB] feF;k ;k vuqfpr dh cqfu;kn ij [kM+h gks] ij orZeku ns'k dh jktuhfrd&Á'kklfud i`"BHkwfe esa ,slk gh ?kfVr gks tk,] rks vk'p;Z ugha gksrk gSA tks bl L=hoknh foÊksg dks veyhtkek igukus dh l`tu lkËkuk esa jr jgrs gSa] mUgsa t:j vk'p;Z gksxkA njvly lRrk esa jgdj lR;&feF;k dh ijokg djuk laHko ugha vkSj ifjokj lekt dh laxfr fcBkuk Hkh vfuok;Z gSA vkSj ,slh vfuok;Zrk dh iwfrZ ds fy, jktuhfr&Á'kklu lHkh dk vuqdwy gksrs tkuk gekjs yksdra= dh xfreku Ád`fr gS] tks LoLFk ugha gS] ij chekj Hkh ugha le>k tkrk gSA vr% yksdra= foe'kZ dk fgLlk cusa] ;g Hkh laHko ugha] ftUgksaus laHko cukus dh ps"Vk dh] os mlds varjfojks/kksa dh ij[k esa ihNs jg x, gSaA vktknh iwoZ jk"V™h; jktuhfr esa lfÿ; dkty vktkn Hkkjr esa jktuhfr ls fdukjk ys ysrh gSA ;g iyk;u ugha] jktuhfr ds O;fHkpkj lehdj.k ls gqbZ dks∂r dh vfHkO;fDr ek= gSA bUgha varjfojksËkksa esa Hkkjrh; yksdra= dk fodkl laHkkfor gSA bls O;aX; Hkh le>k tk ldrk gS vkSj varjfojks/kksa ds chp dh LokHkkfod jktuhfrd&Á'kklfud thou Áfÿ;k HkhA fdlh Hkh fu"d"kZ ij igq°pus ds igys e`nqyk xxZ ds jktuhfr esa L=h&lgHkkfxrk laca/kh n`f"Vdks.k ls xqtjuk vko';d Árhr gksrk gS ^L=h T;knk lfg".kq gS vkSj L=h vxj lRrk esa vkbZ rks oks T;knk ldkjkRed jgsxhA ;g gekjh ekU;rk gSA Á'u djus dh t:jr gS tks dqN gksrk gS rks D;k gekjh (fL=;ksa dh) Áfrfÿ;k QdZ gksrh gS iq#"k ls\ nksuksa esa D;k varj gksrk gS\ ysfdu ge ns[k jgs gSa fd tc Hkh dksbZ L=h lRrk esa vkrh gS rks oSlk gh O;ogkj djrh gS] tSlk iq#"k djrk gSA lRrk dk viuk lehdj.k gS vkSj oks ogh jgrk gSA* (nsg ls ≈ij gS L=h dh ÁKk] iqLrd % L=h dks L=h jgus nks] cl!] MkWnhfidk mik/;k;] Hkkjr iqLrd HkaMkj] laLdj.k 2014] i`- 52) jktuhfr esa L=h ds vkxeu&Áos'k ds Áfr cuh vo/kkj.kk,° laHko ugha gks ik jgh gSaA blds ihNs jktuhfr ds futh lehdj.k dks e`nqyk xxZ ns[krh gSaA ;g lehdj.k nks Lrj ij gS ,d vFkZ&lRrk dh ÁkfIr vkSj nwljk L=h&nsg dh iq#"k usrkvksa ds fy, miyC/k djkukA rhljk ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd lRrk dk LoHkko Lo;a esa gh rkRdkfyd miyfC/k;k° gkfly djuk gSA bu rhuksa fLFkfr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa L=h dh jktuhfr esa Hkkxhnkjh dh fn'kk le>h tkuh pkfg,A ;gk° ÁFke& ;g foospuh; gS fd e`nqyk xxZ us L=h&nsg dks dksbZ vM+pu ekuk gh ughaA ,d ek/;e Hkj ekuk gSA tgk° jtuh xqIr ^;s vke jkLrk ugha* miU;kl esa jktuhfr esa vkbZ e`nq ds le{k nSfgd uSfrdrk uk lgh] nSfgd vfLerk dk loky [kM+k fd;k gS] ogha e`nqyk xxZ us nsg dks dksbZ eqn~nk gh ugha cuk;k gSA bl fn'kk esa jktuhfr dk tks psgjk mHkjrk gS] mls e`nq ds lanHkZ esa gh ns[kk& le>k tkuk vfuok;Z Árhr gksrk gSA e`nq ls Áns'k v/;{k u'ks esa dgrk gS] ^lp gh lquuk pkgrh gS rks lqu] taxyh ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@49
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
?kklQwl ds chp f[kys xwyj ds Qwy dh rjg f[kyrh gSa jktuhfr esa vkbZ vkSjrsa] ftUgsa gj dksbZ yid dj vius eqag esa xid ysuk pkgrk gS] ;gh gS lkS Qhln lpA* nwljh rjQ] lRrj ds n'kd dh ,d us=h viuk vuqHko crkrs gq, mlls dgrh gS] ^jktuhfr esa vxj vkidh tM+sa cgqr xgjh ugha gSa] vki 'kfDrghu gSa ;k vkidk O;fDrRo fu"ÁHk gS rks fQj jktuhfr esa lqÁhe ikoj n~okjk vkidks lh/ks&lh/ks fcLrj ij [khap fy;k tk,xkA* (;s vke jkLrk ugha) jktuhfr esa ^lSDl vkSj fl;klr* dk [ksy lehdj.k dk ,d pj.k cu x;k gSA ,slh n'kk esa yYyh ds fy, nSfgd ,srjkt cjruk ^LVhfj;ksVkbZi dSjsDVj* cukuk Árhr gksxkA e`nqyk xxZ ds fy, ^nsg ls ≈ij* dk eqn~nk gSA uk rks vfLrRo&vfLerk dk 'kksj gS] uk gh uSfrdrk dh xqgkjA yYyh dk xHkZ fujksËkd xksfy;ksa dk jkstkuk lsou Áekf.kr djrk gS fd yYyh nSfgd laidZ esa vkrh gS] jkst&jkstA ij] ;g eqn~nk cu gh ugha ikrkA eqn~nk gS jktuhfr desaV L=h dh Hkkxhnkjh dh fn'kk dk cks/k djkukA lRrk ,d gh ckr tkurh gS fd gesa tks pkfg,] og feys] pkgs tSls HkhA ,slk ewY;k°du Hkh lexzrk dk vHkko eglwl djkrk gSA yYyh futh] ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] Á'kklfud lanHkksaZ ds jktuhfrdj.k dh vksj ladsr ek= gSA ,slh jktuhfr dks feyh fons'kh iqf"V ds rgr ehfM;k n~okjk ifj?kfVr ifj.kke Lo;a esa yksdra= ij lokfy;k fu'kku gSA Hkkjrh; yksdra= esa efgykvksa dk Áos'k vktknh ds ckn larks"ktud jgk gS] ij fu.kkZ;d Hkkxhnkjh rd igq°p ugha ik jgh gSaA ekxZ dh ckËkkvksa ds dkj.kA jktuhfrd Hkz"Vkpkj] O;fHkpkj] nqjkpkj ds nSfgd&vkfFkZd lanHkZ vuSfrdrk dk cks/k djkrs gSaA Áse&dke ds n~oan~oewyd lanHkZ dh rjg ;gk° Hkh e`nqyk xxZ dh L=h vijk/k cks/k ls eqDr gS] ij lpsr HkhA lkearh <k°ps esa 'kkSgj ls] lekt ls vfuok;Z ltxrkiwoZd is'k vkrh gS] viuh futrk ds lkFk] futrk ds ^nSfgd jksM+s* dks Bksdjsa ekjrh gqbZA e`nqyk xxZ ds fy, jktuhfr esa L=h ds le{k nSfgd lanHkZ ls dgha vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS L=h ds jktuhfrd O;fDrRo dh fn'kk] ftlesa yksdra= dk L=h&cks/k fufeZr gksuk ;fn t:jh gS] rks lkFk gh ;FkkFkZ lehdj.kksa ds dkj.k fugk;r gh vlaHko laHkkouk HkhA e`nqyk xxZ dh n`f"V esa jktuhfr ds ns'kh Lo:i vkSj mlesa L=h dh vijk/k&cks/k ls eqDr Hkwfedk ds rgr tks dqN] vkSj ftruk dqN Nudj ÁkIr gksrk gS] ogh orZeku yksdrkaf=d miyfC/k ds :i esa Lohdk;Z gS] fcuk fdlh dks∂r dsA iapk;r gks ;k laln esa efgyk dh jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh jktuhfr dk L=h&vFkZ fdlh Hkh lwjr esa iq#"k&vFkZ ls i`Fkd ugha gS vkSj gks ldrk gS] bldh dksbZ laHkkouk Hkh ughaA vU; vusd ds jktuhfrdj.k dh Áfÿ;k esa ^L=h dk jktuhfrdj.k* Lo;a esa L=h ds fy, cgqvk;keh varjfojks/kksa ds rgr ,d pqukSrh gS] ftlds ikj dh L=h e`nqyk xxZ ds ;gk° ^L=hoknh 'kksj ls eqDr* vkSj ifjokj&lekt ls ijs dk ;FkkFkZ gS] vLohdk;Z gksus ds ckotwnA
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@50
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
MkW- vacM s dj] lafo/kku ,oa nfyr eqfDr&psruk MkW- latho dqekj fo'odekZ ^nfyr&eqfDr&psruk* orZeku le; dk lcls Toyar ,oa pfpZr fo"k; cuk gqvk gSA nfyr foe'kZ nfyrksa dh vki chrh dk nLrkost gSA lekt eas lerk] eerk rFkk lekurk dh LFkkiuk djuk gh bldk eq[; y{; gSA bl Yk{; dks okLrfod fn'kk esa ykus ds fy, nfyr foe'kZ dh psruk viuh xfr ls vkxs tkdj dke dj jgk gSA nfyr 'kCn dk vFkZ mruk lhfer ugha gS ftruk mldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] nfyr 'kCn dsoy ^vNwr^ dk i;kZ; ugh gS cfYd ;g /keZ] ns'k] fyax] o.kZ vkfn ds Hksnksa ls vyx mu leLr yksxksa ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gS] tks fdlh u fdlh ifjfLFkfro'k neu ds f'kdkj gksdj ;krukvksa dks lgrs gq, thou thus dks foo'k gaS blfy, nfyr 'kCn dk okLrfod vFkZ gS ftldk neu gqvk gS ;kfu lekt esa ftls nhu&ghu fLFkfr esa izHkqRo oxZ esa viuh dkj xqtkfj;ksa n~okjk igq°pk fn;k gS lekt'kkL=h; n`f"V ls izkphu dk o.kZ O;oLFkk dk 'kqn~/k o.kZ vkSj uxj ls ckgj ls olus okyk] vLi`';] mRihfM+r] 'kksf"kr] lrk;k gqvk] misf{kr] ?k`f.kr] var;t] efnZr] grksRlkfgRk gh vkt dk nfyr oXkZ gS ftlesa xqyke] ca/kqvk etnwj vkSj Hkwfeghu vkfn lHkh 'kkfey gSaA MkW- ';ksjkt flag cSpsu nfyr 'kCn dh O;k[;k bl izdkj djrs gS fd ^^nfyr og gS ftls Hkkjrh; lafoËkku us vuqlwfpRr tkfr dk ntkZ fn;k gSA**1 vr% Li"V gks tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt O;oLFkk esa nfyr oxZ lekt dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gksus ds ckotwn mldh fLFkfr vkSj vfLrRo Hk;kog ,oa n;uh; gSA dgrs gSa fd jkLrs fdrus Hkh dfBu D;ksa u gks] eafty vo'; feyrh gS vFkkZr va/ksjs ds ckn izdk'k dh fdj.k dgha u dghaa ls fn[k gh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj lekt esa tc vU;k; pje ij igq°prk gS rks mlds [kRe djus ds fy, dksbZ u dksbZ egkiq#"k tUe ysrk gSA dqN ,slh gh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa nfyr lekt va/kdkje; thou thus dks foo'k Fkk rc mldksa va/kdkj ls ckgj fudkyus ds fy, MkWDVj Hkhejko vacsMdj dk tUe gqvkA ckck lkgo ,d vR;ar izcqn~/k nfyr ys[kd FksA vacsMdj ds jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd dk;ksZa us nfyr lekt esa ,d psruk iSnk dh & ^nkLrk ls eqfDr dh psruk* ftlls ckck lkgc nfyrksa ds elhgk ds :i esa izfln~/k gks x,A ^nfyr&eqfDr& psruk* gsrq os thou i;Zar yxs jgsA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd nkl dks mldh nklrk dk vglkl djk nksa og viuh nklrk ds fo#n~/k Lor% gh fonzskg dj nsxkA muds bl fopkj dk nfyr 'kksf"kr lekt ij vR;ar xgjk izHkko iM+kA blh izHkkoo'k nfyrksa esa ≈tkZ dk lapkj gqvk vkSj gt+kjksa lky dh nkLkrk ls eqDr gksus ds fy, nfyrksa esa ,d NViVkgV fn[kkbZ nsus yxhA mUgksusa lkekftd vU;k; ds izfr vfgalkRed la?k"kZ ij tksj fn;k vkSj ftl ubZ psruk dk lw=ikr gqvk ogh psruk lkfgR; dh izsj.kk cudj nfyr lkfgR; ds :i esa lkeus vkbZA orZeku nfyr lkfgR; MkW- vacsMdj ls lokZf/kd ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@51
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
izHkkfor gSA MkW- vacsMdj nfyrksa dks f'kf{kr ,oa laxfBr gksdj vius ekuokf/kdkjksa dks izkIr djus dh izsj.kk nhA ftlds ewyea= Fks& f'kf{kr cuksa] la?k"kZ djks o laxfBr jgksa f'k{kk gh lHkh njoktksa dh pkch gS ftlls ,d fnu mudk liuk t:j lkdkj gksxk vkSj thou esa ,d ,slh lqcg vk,xh ftlesa oafpr yksx vke yksxksa dh rjg lerk vkSj lEeku dk thou th ldsxsaA vkt nfyr psruk ds izknqHkkZo us ns'k vkSj lekt esa mFky&iqFky epk j[kh gSaA blesa /keZ] lkfgR;] bfrgkl dh ifjHkk"kk gh cnyh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA ;g cnyko nfyrksa ds lokZaxh.k fodkl dh ckr djrk gSA og muds lkekftd] 'kSf{kd] lkfgfR;d] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj /kkfeZd eqn~nksa dh ckr djrk gSA tks euq";rk dh t:jh 'krssZa gSA ;g 'krZsa gh ^nfyr&eqfDr&psruk* dk n~okj iz'kLr djrh gSaA MkW- vacsMdj dk ekuuk Fkk fd tgk° lkekftd lekurk ugha gS ogk° mlds vHkko esa yksdra= dk eafnj feV~Vh esa fey tk,xkA bl lkekftd lekurk ykus ds vius /;s; dks iwjk djus dk lcls lqugjk vkSj cM+k volj mUgsa lafo/kku ds fuekZ.k ds nkSjku izkIr gqvkA vke turk ds chp lalnh;] tura=] x.kra=] ukxfjdksa ds lkekftd vfËkdkjksa esa vkfFkZd U;k;ksa ds fopkj lafo/kku ds vko';d fln~/kkar FksA lafo/kku dk niZ.k mldh mn~nsf'kdk dks dgk tkrk gS vr% lafo/kku dk ewy n'kZu Fkk& izsjd fopkj bldh Hkwfedk esa ik;k tkrk gS] tgk° Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd lafoËkku lHkk Hkkjr dh turk ds fy, lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd U;k;] fopkj ,oa vkLFkk dh vktknh] volj dh lekurk vkSj lcds chp cjkcjh ds lkFk O;fDr dk LkEeku] jk"V™ dh ,drk] v[kaMrk gkfly djus dk ladYi djrh gSA ;gk° ,d ckr ij fo'ks"k /;ku dh vko';drk gS fd Hkwfedk esa lkekftd U;k; dk fopkj Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dk lcls ewy fopkj FkkA D;ksafd jktuSfrd U;k; ds eqdkcys esa lkekftd U;k; 'kCn dk ÿe mlls igys vkrk gS ftldks izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA lafo/kku lHkk esa nfyrksRFkku tSLsk vusd eqn~nksa ij lnu esa O;kid lkjxfHkZr cglsa gqbZA MkW- vacsMdj n~okjk lafoËkku lHkk esa lkekftd vlekurk dks djus ds fy, /keZ] tkfr vkSj fyax ds uke ij gj ,d izdkj ds HksnHkko dk var dj ubZ vk/kkjf'kyk j[kh FkhA ;g vk/kkjf'kyk orZeku esa nfyrksa dh eqfDr dk ekxZ gS tgk° lekt ds 'kksf"kr fgLlksa] vuqlwfpRr tkfr vkSj tutkfr ds fy, f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ukSdfj;ksa vkSj fo/kkf;dk esa lhVsa vkjf{kr dh xbZA ftlls Li"V gksrk gS fd lafoËkku esa turkaf=d 'kklu ds vk/kkjHkwr fln~/kkarksa dks Lohdkj dj lokZsPp lRrk ukxfjdksa esa fufgr ekuh xbZ gSA nfyrksa ds mn~/kkj ds fy, MkW- vacsMdj ges'kk viuk le; nsrs FksA og vius futh nq[k ls T;knk lekt dh ihM+k dksa egRo nsrs Fks vkSj ges'kk dh mlds mUewyu ds fy, rRij jgrs FksA MkW- vacsMdj ij ^^xkSre cqn~/k** dchjnkl vkSj T;ksfrck Qqys dk izHkko FkkA dchj us mUgsa HkfDrekxZ fn[kyk;kA T;ksfrck Qqys ls mUgsa la?k"kZ dh izsj.kk feyhA tks dqN Hkh n~fotokn ds fo#n~/k mudk lfÿ; la?k"kZ gS mldh izsj.kk egkRek Qqys FksA cqn~/k us mUgsa ekufld o dkf;d 'kkafr dk vkns'k fn;kA mUgha ds ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@52
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
vkn'kksZa ij pydj mUgksusa lkewfgd /keZ ifjorZu dk dke fd;kA muds vkn'kksZa dk gh vuqdj.k djds nfyr mn~/kkj dk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA**2 bUgha vkn'kksZa ds ek/;e ls nfyrksa ds mRFkku dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA lafoËkku ds Hkkx&3 ekSfyd vf/kdkj ds varxZr lHkh ukxfjdksa dks lekurk iznku dh xbZA tSls& ^^vuqPNsn 14% fof/k ds le{k lerk ,oa fof/k;ksa dk laj{k.kA vuqPNsn 15 % lkoZtfud O;ogkj esa /keZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax ;k tUe LFkku ds vkËkkj ij foHksn dk izfrjks/kA vuqPNsn 16 % yksd fu;kstu ds fo"k; esa volj dh lekurk iznku dh xbZ] ysfdu ljdkj fiNM+s gq, ukxfjdksa ds fdlh oxZ ds i{k esa] ftudk izfrfuf/kRo jkT; dh jk; esa jkT; ds v/khu lsokvksa esa i;kZIr ugha gS fu;qfDr;ksa ;k inkas ds fy, vkj{k.k dj ldrh gSaA vuqPNsn 17 % vLi`';rk ls mith fdlh fu;ksZX;rk dks ykxw djuk vijk/k gksxk tks fof/k ds vuqlkj naMuh; gksxkA**3 lafo/kku ds foospu ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vacsMdj lkekftd iztkra= ds izfr iw.kZ lefiZr FksA ;g ckr lafo/kku dh Hkwfedk] ewyHkwr vfËkdkj ,oa funsZ'kd rRo feydj Li"V dj nsrs gS fd lafo/kku dk mn~ns'; ,d ,slk lekurkoknh lekt cukuk Fkk] ftlesa O;fDrxr vktknh lqjf{kr gksA fQj Hkh vkt gekjk lekt lkaiznkf;drk o tkrh; HksnHkko ds Tokyk esa /k/kd jgk gSA deZ iz/kku ns'k orZeku esa tkfr iz/kku ns'k gks x;k gSA tgk° vkt pkjksa rjQ tkrh;rk o vR;kpkj dk cksyckyk gSA tcfd tkfr] /keZ] laiznk; ds vkËkkj ij vkËkkfjr lekt dHkh mUufr ugha dj ldrkA bl laca/k esa MkW- vacsMdj vius dRkZO; ds rhu mn~ns'; crkrs gSa igyk&ns'k] nwljk&vLi`'; lekt vkSj rhljk fganw lektA og pkgrs Fks fd laiw.kZ ns'k esa 'kkafr O;oLFkk cuh jgs] vLi`';ksa ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dk HksnHkko u gks ln~O;ogkj gks rkfd lekt esa flQZ euq";rk dk;e jgsA fdarq fganw lekt ds laca/k esa vacsMdj dgrs gS fd ^^tkfr izFkk ls vkfFkZd mUufr ugha gksrhA tkfr izFkk ls u rks uLy ;k iztkfr esa lq/kkj gqvk gS vkSj ugha gksxkA ysfdu blls ,d ckr vo'; fln~/k gqbZ gS fd blls fganw lekt iwjh rjg fNUUk&fHkUu vkSj grk'k gks x;k gSA**4 ,sls okrkoj.kesa lekurk] Lora=rk vkSj ,dtqVrk esa fo'okl djus okys MkW- vacsMdj dh izlafxdrk c<+ tkrh gSA muds vuqlkj ^^tkfr izFkk us tupsruk dks u"V dj fn;k gSA mlus lkoZtfud /kekZFkZ dh Hkkouk dks u"V dj fn;k gSA tkfrizFkk ds dkj.k fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij lkoZtfud lgefr gksuk vlaHko gks x;k gSA**5 MkW- vacsMdj vLi`';rk dks vfHk'kki ekurs Fks ftlds mUewyu ds fy, mUgksuas thou Hkj la?k"kZ fd;k rFkk ;g la?k"kZ lnSo 'kkafriw.kZ jgkA muds dk;ksZa dk mn~ns'; vLi`';rk feVkdj] fganw lekt dh iqujZpuk dj mls Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj ca/kqRo ij vk/kkfjr FkkA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vej f'kYih] fof'k"V ekuorkoknh 'kks"k.k eqDr lekt ds LoIu n`"Vk rFkk vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds fuekZrk MkW- vacsMdj dh fopkj/kkjk us lfn;ksa ls lar`Ir] 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r lekt dks izHkkfor dj cqfu;knh ifjorZu dh uhao MkyhA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@53
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
;g cqfu;knh ifjorZu rc gh vk ldrk gS tc og f'kf{kr gksdj lekt ds izfr viuh #f<+xr lksp dks cnysA blds fy, mUgksasus lekt dh vLoLFk ijaijkvksa dks lekIr dj lekurk ij vk/kkfjr u;k lekt cukus dk tksjnkj vkanksyu NsM+kA vius fopkj O;Dr dj lkekftd tkx`fr ykus ds fy, ^ewduk;d* uked v[+kckj fudkykA fofËk fo'ks"kKrk dh pqukSrh dks Lohdkj fd;k tks gesa lafo/kku f'kYih ds :i esa feyrk gSA lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dh Lora= ifjdYiuk ds vuq:i orZeku ;qx dh vko';drk vkSj tufgr dks Ë;ku esa j[kdj fd;kA lafo/kku esa O;fDr ,oa lkekftd thou ds lHkh i{k lekfgr gSaA mudh bPNk Fkh fd foosdiw.kZ ,oa U;k;ksfpRr lekt dk vkËkkj lerk] Lora=rk] Hkzkr`Ro ,oa U;k; gksA vius lkekftd fopkjksa ls nfyrksa dks f'kf{kr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA nfyr oxZ dks muds ekSfyd vf/kdkj fnykdj muesa vkRelEeku o jk"V™h;rk dh v[kaM T;ksfr txkbZ rkfd og nklrk dh Hkkouk ls eqDr gks ldsA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd eSa bl ns'k ds yksxksa ds fnekx esa ;g 'kadk ugha jgus nw°xk fd esjh nwljh oQknkjh Hkh gS ftlls eSa ca/kk gw° vkSj ftls eSa dHkh ugha NksM+ ldrkA og oQknkjh vNwrksa dk leqnk; gS] ftlls eSa iSnk gqvk gw°] eSa ftlesa jgrk gw° vkSj eSa mEehn djrk gw° fd bls dHkh ugha NksMw°xk vkSj eSa bl lnu ls ;Fkk laHko tksj ls ;g dgrk gw° fd tc Hkh bl ns'k ds vkSj vNwrksa ds fgrksa esa Vdjko gksxk] tgkW rd esjk laca/k gS] vNwrksa ds fgrksa dks ns'k ds fgrksa ds ≈ij LFkku feysxkA ns'k vkSj esjs chp ns'k dk LFkku ≈ij jgsxkA ns'k vkSj nfyr oxZ ds chp nfyr oxZ dk LFkku ≈ij jgsxk] ns'k dk LFkku ≈ij ugha jgsxkA**6 Hkkjrh; lafoËkku fuekZrk ds :i esa MkW- vacsMdj us Lora=rk] lekurk] Hkzkr`Ro ds lkFk lkekftd U;k; dks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk izeq[k LraHk ekuk rFkk nfyrksa dh eqfDr ds fy, ekSfyd vf/kdkj fnyk,A tks nfyr &eqfDr&psruk dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gSA MkW- vacsMdj us Hkkjrh; lafo/kku n~okjk jk"V™h; ,drk vkSj izxfr'khy lkekftd ifjorZu ykus dh ps"Vk dh ^^fQj Hkh Lora=rk ds yxHkx lk<+s Ng n'kd chrus ij Hkh lekt ds fodkl ds fy, dh xbZ laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk vius vlyh tkesa esa vkt rd ugha vk ikbZ gSA ≈ij ls futhdj.k dh izfÿ;k us nfyrksa] oafprksa dh n'kk rFkk fn'kk dks vkSj Hkh n;uh; cuk fn;k gSA**7 lafo/kku n~okjk iznRr vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkkvksa us nfyr] oafpr o.kksaZ dh fLFkfr dks csgrj cukus esa egRriw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;k ftlls lkekftd iztkra= ds vuqdwy okrkoj.k fufeZr dj nfyr oxksZa dks eq[;/kkjk esa yk;k tk ldsA nfyr lekt ds mRFkku ds fy, MkW- vacsMdj us dbZ lkekftd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd] 'kS{kf.kd] Jfed laxBuksa dk dk;Z fd;kA D;kssafd ;g jktuSfrd yksdra= dks lkekftd yksdra= esa cnyuk pkgrs FksA 'kksf"krksa ds mn~Ëkkj ds fy, mUgksaus thou Hkj tks la?k"kZ fd;k mlls mUgsa lkekftd vU;k; ls ihfM+r ekuork ds mn~/kkjd ds :i esa varjjk"V™h; ekU;rk izkIr gqbZA ,d lkekftd] jktuSfrd rFkk jk"V™h; usrk gksus ds ukrs] MkW- vacsMdj us lafo/kku ds :i esa ,d ewY;oku fojklr lkSaih gS ftlus jk"V™h; ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk ds lkFk lkekftd ifjorZu ykus ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@54
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dh ps"Vk dhA ij foxr vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fln~/k gksrk gS fd lkekftd vkSj oxZxr HksnHkko dks ek= laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds vk/kkj ij lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk] vfirq lekt dh lksp esa cnyko vko';d gS rHkh MkW- vacsMdj ds tkfrfoghu lekt dh dYiuk dks lkdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA og lekt ftlesa ekuork] lekurk] oSKkfudrk tUe ys u fd tkfroknA bl ifjorZuh; lekt ls gh ^nfyr&eqfDr& psruk^ dk LoIu lkdkj gksdj iztkra=h; lekt dh LFkkiuk gksxhA lanHkZ 1- MkW- ';kSjkt flag cspSu] ;qn~/kjr vke vkneh] laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] 1998 vad (41&42) i`- 14 2- eksgu flag] MkW- vacsMdj O;fDrRo ds dqN igyw] yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku bykgkckn] 2014 i`- 07 3- 'khyoar flag] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] McGraw Hill Education (Indian) Private Limited i`-24 Green Park Extension New Delhi i`- 67&68 4- ckck lkgc] vacsMdj% laiw.kZ okaxe;] MkW- vacsMdj izfr"Bku lkekftd U;k; vkSj vf/kdkfjrk ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj ubZ fnYyh] laLdj.k vxLr&2000] [kaM&1 i`- 69 5- ogh i`- 77 6- ogh [kaM&3 i`- 286&287 7- laiknd jfo dqekj xkSM+] ledkyhu foe'kZ eqn~ns vkSj cgl] vuax izdk'ku fnYyh] laLdj.k 2014] i`- 246
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@55
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Hkkjrh; fdlku dh orZeku n'kk leL;k,a vkSj lekËkku MkW- fnfXot; 'kekZ fdlku dh fLFkfr& ;g nkSj fdlkuksa dh gR;k cuke vkRegR;k dk gSA ;g nkSj fdlkuksa ds LokfHkeku dks dqpyus dk gSA ;g nkSj bZekunkjh dh uhykeh dk gSA ;g nkSj ekuork ds pje {kj.k dk gSA vkt fdlkuksa dh cM+s iSekus ij gR;k gks jgh gSA ns'k dks vktkn djkus esa fdlkuksa us blesa ml gn rd lg;ksx fd;k tgk° os yxHkx cckZn gks x,A vkSj viuh cckZnh dh ijokg fd, fcuk Hkkjr ds Lok/khurk laxzke dh yM+kbZ yM+hA ysfdu vktknh ds ckn ns'k nykyksa vkSj Hkz"Vkpkfj;ksa ds gkFkksa esa pyk x;k gSA vkt t:jr gS rks nwljs Lok/khurk dh yM+kbZ dhA ftlls fdlkuksa ds vfËkdkjksa dh j{kk gks lds vkSj mudks og vf/kdkj o lEeku fey lds ftlds os gdnkj gSaA ;g ns'k d`f"k Á/kku ns'k gSA gekjh laLd`fr d`f"k thou ij vk/kkfjr gSA d`f"k gekjs fy, isV Hkjus dk lk/ku ek= ugha gSA og gekjh laLd`fr gS] lH;rk gS] gekjh thou'kSyh gSA gekjh vfLerk gS] gekjk LokfHkeku gSA gesa ml ij vkt Hkh xoZ gksuk pkfg,A vius le; dh Hk;kogrk ds ns[krs gq, izlkn us fy[kk fd flvf/kdkj lq[k fdruk eknd vkSj lkjghu gksrk gSAfi ogha Hkkjrh; usrkvksa dks ns[kdj /kwfey us Hkh fy[kk gS fd fldqflZ;k° ogh gSa cl Vksfi;k° cny xbZa gSaAfi vkt Hkkjr dk lRrkHkksxh oxZ yxkrkj fdlkuksa dh ijs'kkfu;ksa ls [kqn ls nwj djrk pyk vk jgk gSA tc ls uoiwathokn dk vkxeu gqvkA rc ls fdlkuksa dk thou vkSj dfBu gks x;k gSA oSls fdlkuksa ds vf/kdkj ij eqxydky ls ysdj vaxzstksa rd lHkh us dM+k #[k gh vf[r;kj fd;k gSA ftlls ftruk cu iM+k 'kks"k.k fd;kA blh rjg ds 'kks"k.k dh ,d ckuxh e/;dkyhu dfo rqylhnkl us vius le; dh Hk;kogrk dks bu 'kCnksa esa O;Dr fd;k gS& fl[ksrh u fdlku dks fHk[kkjh dks u Hkh[k HkfyA cfud dks cfut] u pkdj dks pkdjhA thfodk foghu yksx ln~;eku lksp cl] dgSa ,d ,du lksa dgk° tkbZ dk djhAAfi
dgus dk vk'k; gS fd tc yksdra= ugha Fkk rc Hkh vkSj tc yksdra= gS rc Hkh] gekjs fdlku 'kks"k.k ls eqDr ugha gq, gSaA ges'kk fdlku mis{kk ds f'kdkj gksrs jgs gSa vkSj vkt Hkh gks jgs gSaA bldk thrk tkxrk mnkgj.k gS& ns'k ds fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;kA vkt rd ftu fdlkuksa us vkRegR;k,a dh gSa muesa ls ,d cM+k Hkkx ,slk Hkh gS ftlus viuh e;kZnk dh j{kk u dj ikus dh otg ls viuh tku xaokbZ gSA ;gk° izsepan dk ^xksnku* ;kn vkrk gS ftlesa ,d fdlku dks fdl rjg ls etnwj cuk fn;k tkrk gSA vkSj yxkrkj viuh e;kZnk dh j{kk ds fy, tw>rk gqvk ej tkrk gSA ^gksjh* dh e`R;q ml O;oLFkk ds n~okjk dh xbZ gR;k gh gSA vkt vius gh ns'k esa tehu ls tqM+s gq, fdlku Hkkb;ksa dh vkRegR;kvksa dk ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@56
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
,d Hk;kud flyflyk tkjh gSA ysfdu ljdkjh ra= mudh ekSrksa dk vkadM+k de djds gh fn[kkrk gS] ftldk ftEesnkj gekjk 'kkld oxZ gSA ljdkjh vkadM+s crk jgs gSa fd vkt gekjs ns'k esa vkSlru 5 ?kaVs esa ,d fdlku vkRegR;k dj jgk gSA vc rd yxHkx 2 yk[k fdlku vkRegR;k Hkh dj pqds gaSA ;s fdlku dh vkRegR;k,a ml iwathoknh HkweaMyhdj.k dk izR;{k ifj.kke gSa] tks yxHkx 2 n'kd ls gekjs ns'k esa fd, tk jgs rFkkdfFkr vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ds :i esa gekjh [ksrh dks pkSiV rFkk gekjs fdlkuksa dks rckg dj jgk gSA flfdlkuksa dh bl vkRegR;kvksa ds ckjs esa dqN gh ys[kdksa] i=dkjksa vkSj lkekftd] jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa ds vykok dksbZ dqN ugha cksy jgk gSA ehfM;k ds fy, rks fdlku dh vkRegR;k lef>, dksbZ [+kcj gh ugha gSA NksVh&cM+h gj fgald ?kVuk dh [+kcj nsus esa lcls vkxs jgus okys lcls rst nkSM+us okys ehfM;k pSuyksa] lekpkj i=ksa ds laoknnkrkvksa ds fy, Hkkjrh; fdlku dh vkRegR;k dksbZ ?kVuk gh ugha gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd gekjk fdlku 'kk;n egRoiw.kZ ugha gSA u rks ehfM;k ds fy, vkSj u gh ljdkj ds fy,] u jktuSfrd ikfVZ;ksa ds fy,] u gh lkfgR;dkjksa vkSj u dykdkjksa ds fy,A D;ksafd fdlku dh vkRegR;kvksa dks jksdus ds fy, mldh vkfFkZd n'kk dks le>us ds fy, mldh tehu fNuus ds fy, dksbZ vkokt D;ksa ugha mBk jgk gSAfi1 ,u-lh-vkj-ch fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 1997&98 esa N% gt+kj ls vf/kd fdlkuksa us vkRegR;k dhA ;g flyflyk 2006 ls 2008 ds chp Hk;kud c<+ x;k vkSj iwoZ dh rqyuk esa 50 izfr'kr ls Hkh vf/kd dh o`n~f/k gqbZA d`f"k jkT; ea=h eksgu HkkbZ dqankfj;k ds vuqlkj flo"kZ 2014 esa ns'k dh d`f"k leL;kvksa dks ysdj yxHkx 800 ls vf/kd fdlkuksa us vkRegR;k,a dh gSa ftlesa lcls vf/kd egkjk"V™ esa 274] rsyaxkuk esa 84] dukZVd esa 19] ogha xqtjkr] dsjy vkSj vka/kzk esa 3&3 fdlkuksa us vkRegR;k,a dh gSaAfi2 fganh lkfgR; esa fdlku& fdlkuksa ds fy, dksbZ ns'kfgr esa vkanksyu D;ksa ugha dj jgk gS\ viuh lkfgfR;d nqfu;k dks gh ns[ksaA ;gk° Hkh dksbZ gypy gesa ugha fn[kkbZ nsrhA vkf[kj ,slk D;ksa gS\ D;k gekjs lkfgR;dkj Hkh brus laosnu'kwU; gks x, gSa fd mudks ;g Hk;kud ;FkkFkZ lR; fopfyr ugha djrk\ gekjs fdlkuksa dh bu vkRegR;kvksa ds dkj.k ifj.kkeksa rFkk fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa ls laHkkfor lekËkkuksa dh vksj ladsr djus okyh vkt rd fdruh jpuk,a dh xbZ gSa\ fdruh dgkfu;ka] fdruh dfork,a] fdrus miU;kl] fdrus ukVd fy[ks x, gSa] crkb,\ i= o if=dkvksa esa dqN ys[k Hkj t:j fy[ks x, gksa ;k dqN jpukvksa esa izlaxo'k fdlkuksa dk fp=.k t:j fey x;k gSA izsepan] /kwfey] eqfDrcks/k] ukxktqZu dh dgkfu;ksa jpukvksa esa izlaxo'k Hkys gh fdlkuksa dk fp=.k gqvk gks] ysfdu ,slh jpuk,a Hkh cgqr de gh feyrh gSa] tks fd bl Hk;kud okLrfodrk ls fopfyr gksdj dh xbZ gks rFkk ikBdksa dks iwathokn] HkweaMyhdj.k dh izfÿ;k ds izfr lpsr cukdj rFkk Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa ds thou dh fLFkfr;ksa ds izfr laosnu'khy cukdj bl ladsr dks lek/kku ds fy, izsfjr djrh gksA MkW- fon~;kJh ds vuqlkj & flizsepan ds dFkk lkfgR; dh i`"BHkwfe Fkh fdlku] etnwj ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@57
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dk la?k"kZ rFkk e/;oxZ dh foo'krk] lkearh laLdkjksa vkSj Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds izfr mudh vkLFkk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr FkhA tuoknh psruk ds ifjizs{; esa mUgksaus 300 ls vf/kd dgkfu;ksa dk ;ksxnku fganh lkfgR; txr dks fn;k gSAfi3 izsepan us ^xksnku* esa ^gksjh* ds thou ds ek/;e ls vkt ds fdlku dh ml fLFkfr dks n'kkZ fn;k gS] tgk° lSdM+ksa fdlku vkRegR;k djus dks etcwj gks jgs gSaA ^gksjh* vkt Hkh mUgha lokyksa dks >sy jgk gSA ftuds fy, oks 'kks"kd <kaps dh ccZjrk dks izsepan ds ^xksnku* ds le; esa >syk FkkA egkjk"V™] vka/kzizns'k] rfeyukMq vkSj dsjy esa fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;k ;g crkrh gS fd gkykr esa vHkh Hkh dksbZ lq/kkj ugha gSA vkt Hkh ljdkj fdlkuksa dh ekaxksa dks igys dh rjg gh utjvankt dj jgh gSA fliwl dh jkr dgkuh vkt ds uomifuos'koknh d`f"kra= o vFkZr=a dk inkZQk'k djrh gS fd gekjh uomifuos'koknh] uomnkjoknh d`f"k uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k gh fdlku mtM+ jgs gSa] ej jgs gSaA dhVuk'kd nok,a ihdj dhM+s&edksM+ksa dh rjg viuk var dj jgs gSaAfi4 ^xksnku* esa tc gksjh dk csVk ^xkscj* viuh xHkZorh izsfedk ds lkFk xk°o esa jgus dh fgEer ugha tqVk ikrk rks y[ku≈ Hkkx dj varr% fdlh phuh fey esa dke djus yxrk gSA ^xkscj* ds vkpj.k ls vkt ge Hkkjr ds ml etnwj oxZ dks ns[k ldrs gSa] tks ukSdjh dh ryk'k esa nwljs {ks= dh vksj iyk;u djrs gSaA ;g og etnwj gSa ftudk vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd :i ls 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gS] thfodk ds uke ij FkksM+s iSls Fkek fn, tkrs gSaA gekjs ;gk° fdlku dks vUunkrk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ;gh gekjs ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh jh<+ gSA ysfdu gt+kjksa o"kksZa dh xqykeh vR;kpkjh 'kkldksa us viuh 'kks"kd uhfr;ksa ls ttZj cuk fn;k gSA vaxzstksa us rks fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr dks vkSj n;uh;] cnrj vkSj vdeZ.;rk dh n'kk esa igq°pk fn;kA ftldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd Hkkjrh; fdlku dtZ esa gh tUe ysrs gSa] dtZ esa gh thrs gSa vkSj dtZ esa gh ej tkrs gSaA pkgs ^xksnku*] ^deZHkwfe*] ^xcu*] ^lok lsj xsagw°*] ^iwl dh jkr* (dgkuh)] dh gYdw] eqUuh fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr dks ifjiw.kZrk esa tkuus ds fy, dkQh gSaA flfdlku vkSj etnwjksa ij gksus okys vR;kpkjksa vkSj ;krukvksa dk ukxktqZu Hkjld fojks/k djrs gSaA os e/;oxhZ; lekt dh egRrk ij cy nsus okys lkfgR;dkj gSaAfi5 ,d vU; miU;kl flckck cVs'ojukFk* esa ukxktqZu oVo`{k ds ek/;e ls ijaijkxr tehankjksa n~okjk fdlkuksa vkSj etnwjksa ij fd, x, vR;kpkjksa o 'kks"k.k ds d#.k izlaxksa dks fpf=r djrs gSaA ukxktqZu ds miU;klksa esa fdlku dh fu/kZurk] csdkjh] 'kks"k.k vkSj vR;kpkj ds vusd fp= n`f"Vxr gSA ;g lkearh O;oLFkk dh d#.kktud dgkuh gSAfi6 fleSyk vkapy* miU;kl esa ,d lanHkZ esa lksf'k;ksfyLV ikVhZ ;gk° rd dgrh gS& tehu fdldh tksrus okyksa dh tks tksrsxk] og cks,xkA tks cks,xk ogh dkVsxkA dekus okyk [kk,xkA blds pyrs tks dqN gksA eSa vki yksxksa ds fnyksa esa vkx yxkuk pkgrk gw°A lks, gq, dks txkuk pkgrk gw°A lksf'k;ksfyLV ikVhZ vkidh ikVhZ gSA x+jhcksa ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@58
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dh] etnwjksa dh ikVhZ gSAfi7 Hkkjrh; fdlku thou dh =klnh dks foey jk; us 1953 esa viuh fQYe ^nks ch?kk tehu* esa ftl ;FkkFkZ ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k og eekZard gSA iwathifr;ksa n~okjk x+jhc fdlkuksa dh tehu dks cM+s&cM+s mn~;ksxksa ds fy, gM+i ysus ds "kM~;a= dh nk#.k vkSj vekuoh; dFkk dgrh gS ;g fQYe vkt ds Lis'ky bdkWuksfed tksu ds fy, ljdkj dh iwathoknh uhfr;ksa dk vkjaHk mlh ;qx esa gks pqdk Fkk] ftldk csckdh ls foey jk; us inkZQk'k fd;k gSA fQYe esa 'kaHkw uke dk x+jhc fdlku dh eeZLi'khZ Hkwfedk gSA tks viuh nks ch?kk tehu dks tehankj ds paxqy ls NqM+kus ds fy, esgur etnwjh djus dydRrk igq°p tkrk gSAysfdu mldk gj iz;kl foQy gksrk gS vkSj var esa viuh tehu ls Hkh csn[ky gks tkrk gSA og viuh tehu ij cM+s dkj[kkus curs ns[k dgha nwj pyk tkrk gSA egcwc [kku dh funsZf'kr fQYe ^enj bafM;k* Hkkjrh; fdlku ukjh ds la?k"kZ vkSj =klnh dh egkxkFkk gSA ,d rjQ uo;qx fuekZ.k ds lius lkdkj djus dk mRlo rks nwljh vksj xzkeh.k egktuh lH;rk dh ÿwjrk vkSj vR;kpkj ls yM+rh gqbZ ukjh dh ekfeZd dgkuh gSA ,slh gh vkSj fQYesa ^eq>s thus nks*] ^xaxk tequk*] 'ks[kj diwj dh ^cSafMV Dohu*] ^ftl ns'k esa xaxk cgrh gS* izeq[k gSaA lwQh lkfgR; ds izfln~/k fon~oku izks- eqtho fjtoh dh csVh vuq'kk fjtoh us vius ifr ds lkFk feydj ^ihiyh ykbo* fQYe tks cukbZ gSA mldh dksbZ dFkk ugha cl ,d ?kVuk gSA Hkwfeghu gksus dh fLFkfr esa th jgk ,d fdlku ^uRFkk* vkRegR;k djus dh ;kstuk cukrk gS vkSj bldh [+kcj LFkkuh; v[+kckj ds laoknnkrk jkds'k dks feyrh gSA og bl ij ,d ys[k rS;kj dj nsrk gS] fQj 'kq: gksrk gS ehfM;k vkSj lRrk dk [ksyA uRFkk dh vkRegR;k ;kstuk yksdra= dh V™stMh gSA ysfdu ehfM;k mldk rek'kk cuk nsrh gSA jkds'k uked i=dkj ftlus lcls igys vkRegR;k ;kstuk dh lwpuk izdkf'kr dh] var esa uRFkk dh [kkst esa ogh tydj ej tkrk gSA mls yksx uRFkk le> ysrs gSaA fdlh dks dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rk fd mlds ifjokj ;k djksM+ksa fdlku Hkwfeghu gks x, ;k gks jgs fdlkuksa dk D;k gksxk\ Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa ns[kk tk; rks ;g n%q[kn gS fd Lora=rk ds yxHkx 68 lky ckn Hkh fdlkuksa dh ewyHkwr fLFkfr ogh gS tks xqyke Hkkjr esa FkhA ljdkjh Qkbyksa esa xk°o [kq'kgky gS] pgpgk jgk gSA ysfdu vly esa ogk° yksxksa dk thuk nwHkj gks jgk gSA vf/kdka'k ifjokjksa dks nks oDr dk iwjk Hkkstu ugha feyrkA laHkor% vkt Hkh fganh ds lkfgR;dkj laosnu'kwU; gSa ;k mudh laosnu'khyrk esa b/kj dgha dksbZ deh vk xbZ gSA bl nkSjku fganh esa tks Hkh lkfgR; fy[kk x;k gS og reke rjg dk ckt+kj QS'ku o O;kolkf;d uqL[ks vkSj dykoknh yVdksa&>Vdksa okyh cgqpfpZr jpukvksa ds ckotwn vkSj ,d Lrj ij lkfgR; dks vuqtuoknh] laiznk;oknh o ekuooknh vkfn cuk, j[kus dh reke ps"Vkvksa ds ckotwn gekjs lkfgR;dkjksa dh laosnu'khyrk ds foLrkj dks n'kkZus okyk lkfgR; gSA mnkgj.kLo:i ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@59
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
bl nkSjku fy[kh xbZ vf/kdka'k jpuk,a ;k rks L=h foe'kZ] nfyr foe'kZ] vYila[;d foe'kZ ls lacaf/kr gh jpuk,a feyrh gSa ;k fQj ckt+kjokn] miHkksDrkokn] Hkz"Vkpkj] vijk/k vkradokn] laiznkf;d fgalk vkfn fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/kr jpuk,a gh gSaA bu reke foe'kksZa] fo"k;ksa ls gekjs ns'k ds ftu yksxksa dk laca/k gS os T;knkrj 'kksf"kr mRihfM+r x+jhc yksx gSa vkSj muesa Hkh lcls cM+h la[;k mu yksxksa dh gS tks xzkeh.k bykdksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj NksVs fdlku] [ksr etnwj ;k [ksrh ls tqM+s dke /ka/kksa esa yxs gq, yksx gh gSaA D;ksafd gekjk ns'k d`f"k iz/kku ns'k gh gSA ;gk° dh yxHkx lRrj izfr'kr turk vkt Hkh xzkeh.k gh gS tks fd [ksrh esa ;k mlls tqM+s dke /ka/kksa esa gh yxh gqbZ gSA fQj mlesa Hkh lcls cM+h la[;k x+jhc] nfyrksa] fiNM+ksa vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj vYila[;dksa dh gS rFkk buesa ls izR;sd oxZ] tkfr] /keZ vkSj laiznk; ls lacaf/kr fL=;ksa dh gSA vxj gekjs lkfgR;dkj bu reke yksxksa ds ckjs esa fy[k jgs gSa rks bls mudh laosnu'khyrk esa foLrkj gh dgk tk ldrk gSA mlds ckotwn Hkh vxj gekjs lkfgR; esa Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa dh mRrjksRrj c<+rh gqbZ nqnZ'kk vkSj mlds dkj.k muds n~okjk dh tkus okyh vkRegR;kvksa dh c<+rh gqbZ la[;k ls fopfyr gksdj dh xbZ jpuk,a nqyZHk gSaA ;fn ,d dkj.k laosnu'khyrk dh deh ugha] dqN vkSj gksuk pkfg,A 'kk;n dqN vkSj Hkh blds dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA tSls& fganh ds vf/kdka'k ys[kd uxjksa] egkuxjksa esa jgrs gSa] ftudk nsgkr ls laca/k ugha gS ;k fganh ds vf/kdka'k ys[ku vius vuqHko Kku c<+kus ds le; mik; Hkh de djrs izrhr gksrs gSaA dbZ n'kdksa ls ys[kdksa esa ;g /kkj.kk jgh gS fd ,d ys[kd dks izkekf.kd vuqHko gh fy[kuk pkfg, vkSj ,d ;g fd fganh ds foe'kZoknh ys[ku us lkfgfR;d jpukvksa ds fo"k; dks cgqr lekfgr dj fn;k gSA uxjksa ;k egkuxjksa esa tUesa iys c<+s ubZ ih<+h ds ys[kdksa esa rks 'kk;n dqN ,sls Hkh gksaxs ftUgksaus xk°o dHkh ns[kk gh ugha tks [ksrh o fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa dqN tkurs rd ughaA tkurs Hkh gSa rks Vhoh] daI;wVj ij ns[ks x, vkHkklh ;FkkFkZ ds :i esa tkurs gSaA ysfdu lkfgfR;d jpuk vkHkklh ;FkkFkZ ds cy ij ugha og rks vuqHko vkSj i;Zos{k.k ds vk/kkj ij gh gks ldrh gSA tks xk°o esa dHkh u jgk gks ftUgksaus fdlkuksa ds thou dks fudVrk ls u ns[kk gks tks muds nq%[k lq[k esa 'kkfey u jgk gks os Hkyk D;k fy[k ldrs gSaA ;g ogh fy[k ldrk gS] tks fdlku thou dks izR;{k o vuqHko fd;k gksA ,d ckr vkSj og ;g fd vPNh ukSdjh] ?kj x`gLFkh vkfn dh O;Lrrkvksa ds chp fd;k tkus okyk ys[ku dsoy ikVZVkbe dh rjg gksrk gS] u fd Hkksxk gqvk ;FkkFkZA vkt fganh ds lk/ku laiUu ys[kd ys[kuh; fo"k; [kkstus rFkk fy[kus ds fy, os izk;% ehfM;k ij gh fuHkZj jgrs gSaA tks fd okLro esa mudh enn de gh dj ikrk gS] xqejkg T;knk djrk gSA fganh ds ys[kdksa esa ,d /kkj.kk vkSj gS tks fd n'kdksa ls pyh vk jgh gS fd ys[kd dks izkekf.kd vuqHko gh fy[kuk pkfg,A ftldk eryc ;g gS fd& ,d L=h ds ckjs esa L=h gh izkekf.kd :i ls fy[k ldrh gSA nfyr ds ckjs esa nfyr izkekf.kd :i ls fy[k ldrk gSA vkfnoklh ds ckjs esa vkfnoklh gh izkekf.kd :i ls fy[k ldrk gSA bl /kkj.kk us fganh lkfgR; dks ;FkkFkZokn dks c<+kok ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@60
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
nsus ds ctk; izd`frokn vkSj vuqHkookn dks vkxs c<+k;k gSA blh dk ifj.kke gS fd ys[kd Lo;a fdlku ;k etnwj ugha gSA og fdlkuksa o etnwjksa ds ckjs esa fy[kus dk vf/kdkjh ugha ekuk tkrkA ,d ckr vkSj ;g fd fganh ds foe'kZoknh ys[ku us lkfgfR;d jpukvksa ds fo"k;ksa dks cgqr lhfer dj fn;k gSA tSlk fd dgk x;k gS Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa esa T;knkrj ogh yksx gSa tks bu lkfgfR;d foe'kksZa ds ik= gSa] ijarq foe'kksZa dh jktuhfr ds pyrs fdlku dks fdlku ds :i esa ;k etnwj dks etnwj ds :i esa ns[kus ds ctk; L=h nfyr vkfnoklh ds :i esa ns[kuk t:jh lkfcr gksrk gSA ;s lHkh ckrsa ihNs NwV tkrh gSa fd fdlh ns'k ij vkÿe.k ds le; ogk° ds yksxksa dk fyax] tkfr] /keZ tSlh igpkusa ugha iwNh tkrhA vius ns'k dh ljdkj vxj fdlkuksa dh n'kk lq/kkjus ds fy, Hkwfe lqËkkj tSls mik; djuk pkgsa rks ,sls mik; bu vyx&vyx igpkuksa ds vk/kkj ij ugha fd, tk ldrsA laHkor% vkt tks fganh lkfgR; esa fdlkuksa dh Hkh"k.k nqnZ'kk dh mis{kk ds dkj.k ys[kdh; laosnuk dk ladV mruk gh gS] ftruk le> dk ladV gSA ge 'kk;n ;g ugha le> ik jgs gSa fd gekjs ns'k esa fdlku bruh cM+h la[;k esa vkRegR;k D;ksa dj jgs gSaA bl Hkh"k.k okLrfodrk dk gels] gekjs ns'k ls] ns'k dh turk ls] ns'k dh Lora=rk ls] laizHkqrk ls] lH;rk o laLd`fr ls] i;kZoj.k o izd`fr ls] [kkn~; lqj{kk o LokLF; j{kk ls ;gk° rd fd gekjs vius thou vkSj cPpksa ds Hkfo"; ls D;k laca/k gSA ;g lc le> esa vk,xk rHkh laosnuk,a tkxsaxhA fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa fy[kus cksyus dh gh ugha cfYd jktuSfrd lkekftd Lrj ij dqN djus dh Hkh bPNk 'kfDr iSnk gksxhA rHkh gekjs lkfgR;dkj LokHkkfod :i ls ;g le>us esa leFkZ gksaxs fd gekjs ns'k ds fdlkuksa ij vk;k ladV gekjk gh ladV gSA bls nwj djus ds fy, fdlkuksa dks lpsr cukuk] laxfBr djuk] muds lkFk muds vkanksyuksa esa 'kkfey gksuk muds la?k"kksZa esa mudk gj rjg ls lkFk nsuk ge lHkh dk dke gSA ;gh turk ls tqM+us] tuthou dks le>us viuh jpukvksa ds fy, u, vkSj egRoiw.kZ fo"k; izkIr djus rFkk mu ij fy[kus ds fy, vusd izdkj dh uohu tkudkjh ,df=r djus dk ,d vPNk rjhdk gSA lek/kku& Hkkjrh; fdlku dh vkRegR;k dh =klnh dks jksdus dk ,d gh ek= rjhdk gSA egaxkbZ ij fu;a=.k yxkus ds fy, [kkn~;kuksa o vU; d`f"k ftalksa ds ljdkjh vk;kr dh izo`fRr ij Hkh gesa iqufoZpkj djuk pkfg,A ;g ckr Bhd ugha gS fd tgk° fdlku dks fdlh d`f"k mRikn ij pkj iSls dh vkfFkZd dekbZ dk dksbZ jkLrk [kqyrk gS rks lkjk miHkksDrk oxZ ml ij gk;rkSck epkus yxrk gSA ysfdu tc [kkn] fctyh] cht] ikuh] V™SDVj] e'khusa] diM+s&yRrs ls ysdj f'k{kk] fpfdRlk rd dh c<+rh dherksa dh ckr vkrh gS rks fdlku ds [kpsZ dh ckr dksbZ ugha lksprk vHkh rks fQj Hkh xuher gSA fo'o O;kikj le>kSrk ds rgr fdlku dSls viuh dej rku dj [kM+k gks ldsxkA gesa bl ij Hkh lkspuk gksxkA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@61
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
flvkt yk[kksa fdlku vius ifjokjksa lfgr dgha vdsys xk°oksa ls foLFkkfir gksdj d`"kdRo ls oafpr gksdj viuh tM+ksa ls dVdj dLcksa] 'kgjksa egkuxjksa esa c<+rh HkhM+ dk fgLlk ugha cu jgs gSaAfi8 flLofu;ksftr d`"kdksa dh leL;k dk u dsoy vkfFkZd cfYd lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd igyw Hkh gS ;g cM+k lkekftd oxZ tkfr lekt dh jh<+ vkSj ijaijkxr ewY;ksa dk iks'kkd Hkh gSAfi9 flfiNys dqN o"kksZa esa ns'k ds vusd jkT;ksa ds gt+kjksa fdlkuksa us viuh vkfFkZd cngkyh ds pyrs vkRegR;k,a dh gSaA bl ns'k dk cgqla[;d vUunkrk igys dHkh bruk cscl o etcwj ugha Fkk] ftruk vkt fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSfi10 vkt ;fn ,slh lksp fodflr gS fd Hkkjr dh gt+kjksa lky dh fodflr d`f"k O;oLFkk u"V gksrh gS rks gks tk,A fdlku ejrs gSa rks ej tk,aA fodkl dh dher rks pqdkuh gh gksxhA vc ;g vkSj ckr gS fd fodkl ≈ij ds chl izfr'kr yksxksa dk gksxk vkSj mldh dher uhps ds vLlh izfr'kr yksx gh pqdk,axsA pkgs oks viuh tku nsdj gh D;ksa u pqdkuh iM+sA D;k ,slk 'kkld oxZ dk ;g liuk dHkh lp gks ldrk gS ;k ugha\ fdlh Bksl okLrfodrk ds vk/kkj ij ns[ks x, lius gh lp gksrs gSaA lR;rk rks ;g gS fd Hkkjr ges'kk NksVs fdlkuksa dk ns'k jgk gSA ;g NksVs fdlkuksa] Hkwfeghu [ksr&etnwjksa rFkk [ksrh ls tqM+s nwljs dke /ka/kksa esa yxs yksxksa dk ns'k gSA florZeku le; esa d`"kd {ks= ds O;kIr lkekftd vlekurkvksa vkSj buds laca/k esa tkx:drk ds c<+us ds dkj.k d`"kd vlarks"k c<+rk tk jgk gSA NksVs fdlkuksa] dk"rdkjksa] iVVsnkjh esa [ksrh djus okyksa vkSj Hkwfeghu Jfedksa ds thou esa vusd vHkko ik, tkrs gSaA varr% vkxs vlarks"k ik;k tkrk gSA ftlls os vkRegR;k ds fy, etcwj gks tkrs gSaAfi11 flljdkj us Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;Zÿe ns'k ds xk°oksa dh iqjkuh lkearoknh lkekftd vkfFkZd O;oLFkk rksM+us ds mn~ns'; ls cuk;k x;k gSA ftlesa vk/kqfud d`f"k dks vkSj vf/kd c<+kok nsus vkSj [ksrh dh mit c<+kus ij Hkh /;ku fn;k x;k gSA bu lq/kkjksa dk mn~ns'; Hkh gS fd vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfÿ;k dh eq[;/kkjk esa T;knk ls T;knk x+jhc fdlkuksa vkSj [ksfrgkj etnwjksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk;Afi12 tks reke 'kgjh fodkl ds ckotwn tehu ls tqM+s gksus ds dkj.k gSaA os vc rd nsgkrh jgs gSa vkSj gSa HkhA vxj Hkkjr nqfu;k dh dksbZ rkdr cuk ldrk gS rks bUgha ds ne ij cu ldrk gSA vkt fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa dks ns[krs gq, lHkh lfÿ; yksxksa us lkFk&lkFk lkfgR;dkjksa dks Hkh bu vkRegR;kvksa ds fo#n~/k ,d yM+kbZ yM+uh gksxhA fleqfDrcksËk us vius lkfgR; esa ftl laosnukRed vkSj KkukRed dh ckr dh Fkh oks rks t:jh gS ghA vkt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj ,d ubZ vkSj igys ls csgrj le> cukuk Hkh t:jh gSA ;g ubZ le> vkt dh nqfu;ka dh bl okLrfodrk ds vk/kkj ij cukuh gksxh fd iwathokn fdlh Hkh ns'k esa fdlkuksa dh leL;k dks gy djus esa vleFkZ gSAfi13 vxj fodkl dh ckr dh tk, rks vkus okys ipkl o"kksZa dh tks nqfu;k gksxh og ,slh gksxh ftlesa nqfu;ka dh vLlh izfr'kr tu ?kksj x+jhch vkSj csjkstxkjh ds dkj.k Hkw[k ls ejus ds fy, NksM+ fn, tk,axs] ftldh vki dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrsA fdlh Hkh rjg dk ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@62
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
vkSn~;ksfxdhdj.k brus yksxksa dks jkstxkj ugha ns ldrk vkSj [ksrh dk vk/kqfudhdj.k Hkh brus yksxksa dk isV ugha Hkj ldrkA iwathokn dh ifj;kstuk ekuork ds ml vLlh izfr'kr Hkkx ds ccZj fo/oal dh gh gks ldrh gSA dsjy ls ysdj iatkc rd dgha Hkh /kjrh fdlkuksa dks lEiUu ugha cuk ik jgh gSA [kkldj y?kq o lhekar fdlkuksa dksA ^^mRre [ksrh e/;e cku* dk tekuk dc dk yn pqdk gSA vkt [ksrh ?kkVs dk lkSnk cu pqdh gSA NksVh tksr okyk fdlku vkt dsoy [ksrh ds lgkjs fdlh Hkh lwjr esa vius ifjokj dk isV ugha Hkj ldrkA izk;% rks ykxr Hkh fudkyuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA y?kq o lhekar fdlku [ksrh dsoy blfy, djrk gS fd tehu ls tks dqN fey tk, ogh BhdA tehu rks paxh jgsxhAfi14 d`f"k mRikndrk c<+kus o varjfÿ;k izfrLin~/kkZ esa nwljksa ds le{k [kM+s gksus ds fy, gesa ftl izdkj dk lgkjk o ftl izdkj dh lqj{kk vius fdlkuksa dks nsuh pkfg, og ge ugha ns ik jgs gSaA flfdlkuksa dh vkRegR;k dh bu [+kcjksa dks ge ,d psrkouh ds :i esa ysdj budh jksdFkke ds fy, dksbZ LFkkbZ O;oLFkk cukuh gh iM+sxhA vis{kk bl ns'k dk vUunkrk [ksrh ls fcYdqy foeq[k gks tk,xkA vkSj bl ns'k dh [kkn~; lqj{kk ladV esa iM+ tk,xhAfi15 vr% vkt ds lkfgR; dks fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;k dh =klnh dk fojks/k gh ugha djuk gS cfYd ,d ubZ le> ds vk/kkj ij mldk fodYi Hkh [kkstuk gS rFkk ml u, fodYi dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+us ds fy, yksxksa dks izsfjr Hkh djuk gSA ;g dke vius ns'k esa viuh Hkk"kkvksa ds ek/;e ls gh dj ikuk laHko gSA blfy, vkt ds Hkkjrh; lkfgR;dkjksa dks vius ns'k dh rFkk viuh Hkk"kkvksa dh fpark Hkh ,d ubZ le> ds lkFk djuh gksxh ftlls bu lHkh leL;kvksa dk lekËkku fudy ldsA lanHkZ 1- lkfgR; vkSj HkweaMyh; ;FkkFkZokn & jes'k mik/;k;] i`- 199 2- vej mtkyk vkxjk] nSfud lekpkj i=] 20 fnlacj 2014 3- vk/kqfud fganh lkfgR; esa tuoknh psruk & MkW- fon~;kJh] i`- 111 4- izsepan ,d iquikZB & MkW- jkds'k dqekj] i`- 247 5- vk/kqfud fganh lkfgR; esa tuoknh psruk & MkW- fon~;kJh] i`- 110 6- vk/kqfud fganh lkfgR; esa tuoknh psruk & MkW- fon~;kJh] i`- 111 7- vk/kqfud fganh lkfgR; esa tuoknh psruk & MkW- fon~;kJh] i`- 116 8- vk/kqfud fganh lkfgR; esa tuoknh psruk & MkW- fon~;kJh] i`- 248 9- Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl & iwjupanz tks'kh] i`- 79 10- Hkkjr esa [kkn~; lqj{kk ,oa d`f"k & mes'k pkSgku] i`- 149 11- Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa lkekftd leL;k;sa & jkeukFk 'kekZ] jktsanz dqekj 'kekZ] i`- 357 12- xzkeh.k lekt'kkL= & jktsanz dqekj 'kekZ] i`- 406 13- lkfgR; vkSj HkweaMyh; ;FkkFkZokn & jes'k mik/;k;] i`- 204 14- Hkkjr esa [kkn~; lqj{kk ,oa d`f"k & mes'k pkSgku] i`- 151 15- Hkkjr esa [kkn~; lqj{kk ,oa d`f"k & mes'k pkSgku] i`- 152
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@63
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Ásepan vkSj mudh ^iwl dh ,d jkr* esa fdlku dksey flag Ásepan ds cpiu dk uke /kuir jk; FkkA mudk tUe 31 tqykbZ lu~ 1880 dks cukjl 'kgj ls pkj ehy nwj yegh xk°o esa gqvk FkkA firk vtk;c jk; Mkd[kkus esa ukSdj FksA tc mudh mez vkB lky Fkh rHkh ekrk dk fu/ku gks x;kA firkth us nwljh 'kknh dj yhA x+jhch ds dkj.k Ásepan eSfV™d rd i<+ ldsA 15 lky dh mez esa fookg gks x;kA iRuh mez esa cM+h vkSj cnlwjr FkhA fy[krs gSa] ^mez esa og eq>ls T;knk FkhA tc eSaus mldh lwjr ns[kh rks esjk [kwu lw[k x;kA fookg ds ,d lky ckn gh firkth dk nsgkar gks x;k rks ?kj dk cks> flj ij vk x;kA foekrk] mlds nks cPps iRuh vkSj Lo;a] ik°p yksxksa dk [kpZ mBkuk iM+kA iSls ds vHkko esa viuk dksV rd cspuk iM+kA ,d fnu tc os viuh lkjh iqLrdsa ysdj cqdlsyj ds ikl igqaps rks ogk° ,d gsMekLVj feys ftUgksaus mUgsas vius Ldwy esa vË;kid in ij fu;qDr dj fy;kA lu~ 1905 esa igyh iRuh dVqrkvksa ds dkj.k ek;ds pyh xbZ vSj fQj og dHkh ugha vkbZ rks lu 1905 esa ,d fo/kok f'kojkuh nsoh ls fookg dj fy;kA rHkh inksUufr gqbZ vkSj vc Ldwyksa ds fMIVh bUlisDVj cuk fn, x,A ik°p dgkfu;ksa dk laxzg ^lksts oru* Ádk'k esa vk;k vkSj dkQh e'kgwj gqvkA muds ‚n; esa x+jhcksa ds fy, lgkuqHkwfr FkhA mudh iRuh us dgk Fkk&^tkM+s ds fnuksa esa pkyhl&pkyhl #i;s nks ckj fn, x, nksuksa ckj mUgksaus og #i, Ásl ds etnwjksa dks ns fn,A esjs ukjkt gksus ij mUgksaus dgk fd ;g dgka dk balkQ gS fd gekjs Ásl esa dke djus okys etnwj Hkw[ks gksa vkSj ge xje lwV igusaA* mudk vfËkdka'k le; xk°o esa gh chrkA fo"kerkvksa ds dkj.k og dHkh bZ'oj ds izfr vkLFkkoknh ugha cu ldsA lu~ 1936 bZ- esa Ásepan chekj jgus yxsA e`R;q 8 vDVwcj 1936 ds dqN ?kaVs igys Hkh mUgksaus tSusUÊ ls dgk Fkk& tSusaÊ] yksx ,sls le; esa bZ'oj dks ;kn djrs gSa eq>s Hkh ;kn fnykbZ tkrh gS ij eq>s vHkh rd bZ'oj dks d"V nsus dh vko';drk eglwl ugha gqbZA vkfFkZd d"Vksa esa bykt u djk, tkus ds dkj.k vkidk nsgkar gks x;kA
iwl dh jkr izsepan us Lo;a Hkh x+jhch ns[kh Fkh vkSj ml nkSj esa x+jhch dh dksbZ deh Hkh ugha FkhA x+jhch ds dkj.k Lo;a dksV csp nsus okys izsepan dk ik= gYdw Hkyk dacy dSls [kjhn ikrkA dacy ds fy, ,d= fd, x, iSls mls lguk dks nsus iM+ jgs FksA gYdw ij lguk dk dtZ Fkk vkSj lguk viuk #i;k ysus dh gB ij vM+k Fkk fdarq og #i, nsus dh fLFkfr esa u FkkA og nhu vkSj vlgk; FkkA og fdlh Hkh izdkj ls viuh Nkrh ls dtZ mrkjuk pkgrk gS& ^^gYdw us vkdj L=h ls dgk&lguk vk;k gSA ykvks] tks #i;s j[ks gSa] mls ns nw°] fdlh rjg xyk rks NwVsA**1 fdarq iRuh dks rks tkM+s esa gYdw dh fpark FkhA gYdw dh iRuh pkgrh Fkh fd fdlh rjg ls tkM+s ls NqVdkjk feysA og lguk ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@64
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dks #i, nsus ls badkj djrh gS fd igys dacy dh vko';Drk iwjh gksuh pkfg,A fdlku dh dSlh n'kk gksrh gS fd og ,d dacy Hkh [kjhnus esa vleFkZ gksrk gS vkSj vxyh Qly ij viuh vka[k yxk, jgrk gS & ^^rhu gh #i, gSa] ns nksxs rks dacy dgk° ls vk,xk\ ek?k&iwl dh jkr gkj esa dSls dVsxh\ mlls dg nks] Qly ij ns nsaxsA vHkh ughaA**2 dgrs gSa vkSjr dk [kle vkneh vkSj vkneh dk [kle dtkZA gYdw Hkh bl ckr dks vPNh rjg tkurk Fkk blfy, og [kq'kkenh ygts esa cksyk& ^^yk ns ns] xyk rks NwVsA dacy ds fy, dksbZ nwljk mik; lkspw°xkA**3 gYdw dh iRuh eqUuh tkurh Fkh fd cM+h eqf'dy ls ;g #i, ,d= gq, gSaA tkM+s esa dacy ds fcu [ksr ij igjk u fn;k tk,xk lks og #i, ugha nsuk pkgrh FkhA rkuk nsrs gq, og dgrh gS& ^^dj pqds nwljk mik;! tj lquw°] dkSu&lk mik; djksxs\ dksbZ [kSjkr ns nsxk dacy\ u tkus fdruh ckdh gS] tks fdlh rjg pqdus esa ugha vkrhA eSa dgrh gwa] rqe D;ksa ugha [ksrh NksM+ nsrs\ ej&ej dke djks] mit gks rks ckdh ns nks] pyks NqVVh gqbZA ckdh pqdkus ds fy, gh rks gekjk tue gqvk gSA isV ds fy, etwjh djksA ,slh [ksrh ls ckt vk,aA eSa #i, u nw°xh] u nw°xhA**4 bl oDr #i, rks gYdw Hkh u nsuk pkgrk FkkA exj D;k djrk mlus mnkl gksdj iRuh ls dgk& ^^rks D;k xkyh [kk≈°\**5 vkSjr dqN Hkh lg ldrh gS exj mlds ifr dk dksbZ vieku djs mls ;g cnkZ'r ugha gksrkA gYdw ds mnkl gksus ij mldh ruh gqbZ HkkSgsa <+hyh iM+ xbZA mlus #i, gYdw ds gkFk ij j[krs gq, dgk& ^^rqe NksM+ nks vcdh ls [ksrhA etwjh esa lq[k ls ,d jksVh rks [kkus dks feysxhA fdlh dh /kkSal rks u jgsxhA vPNh [ksrh gS ! etwjh djds ykvks] og Hkh mlh esa >ksad nks] ml ij ls ËkkSalA**6 fdlku dh ;g fLFkfr vkt Hkh gSA y?kq fdlku u rks viuk 'kkSd iwj dj ikrk gS vkSj u gh viuh t:jrksa dks ghA cl dekrk tkrk gS vkSj ckaVrk tkrk gSA ogh gky gYdw dk Hkh FkkA izsepan bl fp=.k dks fny dh xgjkb;ksa ds lkFk izLrqr djrs gSa& ^^gYdw us #i, fy, vkSj bl rjg ckgj pyk] ekuks viuk ‚n; fudkydj nsus tk jgk gksA mlus etwjh ls ,d&,d iSlk dkV&dkVdj rhu #i, dacy ds fy, tek fd, FksA og vkt fudys tk jgs FksA ,d&,d ix ds lkFk mldk eLrd viuh nhurk ds Hkkj ls nck tk jgk FkkA**7 vkSj fQj ogh gksrk gS ftldk Hk; gYdw dh iRuh dks FkkA iwl dh v°/ksjh jkr esa gYdw vius [ksr ds fdukjs ≈[k ds irksa dh ,d Nrjh ds uhps ckal ds [kVksys ij viuh iqjkuh xk<+s dh pknj vks<+s iM+k dk°i jgk FkkA [kkV ds uhps mldk laxh dqRrk >cjk isV esa eq°g Mkys lnhZ ls dw°&dw° dj jgk FkkA fdlh dks Hkh uhan ugha vk jgh FkhA lnhZ yxkrkj c<+rh tk jgh FkhA gYdw viuh rdnhj dks dkslrk gqvk dgrk gS& ^^;g jkaM iNqvk u tkus dgk° ls cjQ fy, vk jgh gSA mBw°] fQj ,d fpye Hk:°A fdlh rjg jkr rks dVsA vkB fpye rks ih pqdk] ;g [ksrh dk etk gSA vkSj ,d ,d HkkX;oku ,sls iM+s gSa] ftuds ikl tkM+k tk, rks xjeh ls ?kcM+kdj HkkxsA eksVs&eksVs xn~ns] fygkQ] dacyA etky gS fd tkM+s dk xqtkjk gks tk,A rdnhj dh [kwch gSA etwjh ge ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@65
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
djsa] etk nwljs ywVsaA**8 fdlku dh ihM+k fdlh rjg vius [ksr dks cpkus dh gksrh gSA og d"V mBkrk gS exj D;k etky fd mldk [ksr dksbZ taxyh tkuoj [kk tk,A fdarq tc viuh tku ij vk cus rks D;k gks\ gYdw fdlh rjg tkM+s esa viuh tku cpkus ij rqyk Fkk&^^fpye ihdj gYdw fQj ysVk vkSj fu'p; djds ysVk fd pkgs dqN gks vcdh lks tk≈°xk] ij ,d gh {k.k esa mlds ‚n; esa daiUu gksus yxkA dHkh bl djoV ysVrk] dHkh ml djoV] ij tkM+k fdlh fi'kkp dh Hkk°fr mldh Nkrh dks nck, gq, FkkA**9 gYdw ls tc u jgk x;k rks mlus >cjk dks viuh xksn esa lqyk fy;kA ijarq >cjk dks vius drZO; dk vglkl Fkk ^^lglk >cjk us fdlh tkuoj dh vkgV ikbZA bl fo'ks"k vkReh;rk us mles ,d ubZ LQwfrZ iSnk dj nh Fkh] tks gok ds BaMsa >ksdksa dks rqPN le>rh FkhA og >iVdj mBk vkSj Nrjh ls ckgj vkdj HkkSadus yxkA gYdw us mls dbZ ckj pqedkjdj cqyk;k] ij og mlds ikl u vk;kA gkj esa pkjksa rjQ nkSM+&nkSM+dj HkkSadrk jgkA**10 fdarq gYdw fgEer ugha tqVk ik;k fd Nijh ls ckgj tkdj ns[k ldsA og rks fdlh rjg tkM+s ls vius vkidks cpkuk pkgrk Fkk& ^^gYdw mB cSBk vkSj nksuksa ?kqVuksa dks Nkrh ls feykdj flj dks mlesa fNik fy;kA fQj Hkh BaM de u gqbZ] ,slk tku iM+rk Fkk] lkjk jDr te x;k gSa] /kefu;ksa es jDr dh txg fge cg jgk gSA mlus >qddj vkdk'k dh vksj ns[kk] vHkh fdruh jkr ckdh gSA lIrf"kZ vHkh vkdk'k esa vk/ks Hkh ugha p<+s] ≈ij vk tk,axs] rc dgha lcsjk gksxkA vHkh igj Hkj ls ≈ij jkr gSaA**11 gYdw dh cspSuh fdlh ,d O;fDr dh cspSuh ugha cfYd gj ml x+jhc fdlku ;k etnwj dh cspSuh gS ftls viuh Qly dk iwjk nke ugha feyrk gS ;k fQj tks yxkrkj dtZ ds cks> ls nck jgrk gSA ^^gYdw ds [ksr ls dksbZ ,d xksyh ds VIis ij vkeksa dk ,d ckx FkkA ir>M+ 'kq# gks xbZ Fkh] ckx esa ifŸk;ks dk <sj yxk gqvk FkkA gYdw us lkspk] pydj ifRr;ka cVks:° vkSj mUgsa tykdj [kwc rkiw°A jkr dks dksbZ eq>s ifRr;ka cVksjrs ns[ks rks le>s dksbZ Hkwr gSA dkSu tkus dksbZ tkuoj gh fNik cSBk gks] exj vc rks cSBs ugha jgk tkrkA mlus ikl ds vjgj ds [ksr es tkdj dbZ ikS/ks m[kkM+ fy, vkSj mudk ,d >kM+w cukdj gkFk esa lqyxrk gqvk miyk fy, cxhps dh rjQ pykA >cjk us mls vkrs ns[kk] ikl vk;k vkSj nqe fgykus yxkA gYdw us dgk&vc rks ugha jgk tkrk >c:] pyks cxhps esa ifRr;ka cVksjdj rkisa] VkaBs gks tk,axs] rks fQj vkdj lks,axsA vHkh rks cgqr jkr gSA**12 foifRr dks nwj djus ds fy, gYdw isM+ksa dh >M+ pqdh ifRr;ka cVksjrk gS vkSj ^^FkksM+h nsj esa vyko ty mBk] mldh ykS ≈ij okys o`{k dh ifRr;ksa dks Nw&Nwdj Hkkxus yxhaA ml vfLFkj Ádk'k esa cxhps ds fo'kky o`{k ,sls ekywe gksrs Fks] ekuks ml vFkkg va/kdkj dks vius fljksa ij l°Hkkys gq, gksa] va/kdkj ds ml vuar lkxj esa ;g Ádk'k ,d ukSdk ds leku fgyrk] epyrk gqvk tku iM+rk FkkA**13 izdk'k QSyk vkSj cnu esa dqN xehZ vkbZA ^^gYdw vyko ds lkeus cSBk vkx rki jgk FkkA ,d {k.k ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@66
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
esa mlus nksgj mrkjdj cxy esa nck yh vkSj nksuksa ikao QSyk fn,] ekuks BaM dks yydkj jgk gks] rsjs th esa tks vk, lks djA BaM dh vlhe 'kfDr ij fot; ikdj og fot;&xoZ dks ‚n; esa fNik u ldrk FkkA**14 cnu esa xehZ vkbZ rks mlus >cjk ds lkFk dqN euksjatu Hkh fd;k ijarq tc ^^ifRr;k° ty pqdh FkhaA cxhps esa fQj v°/ksjk Nk;k FkkA jk[k ds uhps dqN&dqN vkx ckdh Fkh] tks gok dk >ksadk vk tkus ij tjk tkx mBrh Fkh] ij ,d {k.k esa fQj vka[ks can dj ysrh FkhA gYdw us fQj pknj vks<+ yh vkSj xeZ jk[k ds ikl cSBk gqvk ,d xhr xquxqukus yxkA mlds cnu esa xehZ vk xbZ Fkh] ij T;ksa&T;ksa 'khr c<+rh tkrh Fkh] mls vkyL; nck, ysrk FkkA**15 >cjk dks yxk fd [ksr esa dksbZ gS& ^^>cjk tksj ls Hkw°ddj [ksr dh vksj HkkxkA gYdw dks ,slk ekywe gqvk fd tkuojksa dk ,d >qaM mlds [ksr esa vk;k gSA 'kk;n uhy xk;ksa dk >qaM FkkA muds dwnus&nkSM+us dh vkoktsa lkQ dku esa vk jgh FkhaA fQj ,slk ekywe gqvk fd og [ksr esa pj jgha gSaA muds pckus dh vkokt pj&pj lqukbZ nsus yxhA**16 gYdw Hkh vPNh rjg le>rk Fkk fd [ksr esa dksbZ tkuoj gS ijarq mlesa bruk lkgl ugha Fkk fd og [ksr rd pyk tk,A blfy, og vius eu dks fdlh rjg le>krk jgk& ^^mlus fny esa dgk&ugha] >cjk ds gksrs dksbZ tkuoj [ksr esa ugha vk ldrkA uksp gh MkysA eq>s Hkze gks jgk gSA dgk°] vc rks dqN ugha lqukbZ nsrk] eq>s Hkh dSlk Ëkks[kk gqvkA**17 ijarq mls ^^fQj [ksr ds pjs tkus dh vkgV feyhA vc og vius dks /kks[kk u ns ldkA mls viuh txg ls fgyuk t+gj yx jgk FkkA dSlk nank;k gqvk FkkA bl tkM+s&ikys esa [ksr esa tkuk] tkuojksa ds ihNs nkSM+uk vl· tku iM+kA og viuh txg ls u fgykA mlus tksj ls vkokt yxkbZ& fygks&fygks! fygks! >cjk fQj HkkSad mBkA tkuoj [ksr pj jgs FksA Qly rS;kj gSA dSlh vPNh [ksrh Fkh] ij ;s nq"V tkuoj mldk loZuk'k fd, Mkyrs gSaA**18 vcdh ckj ^^gYdw iDdk bjknk djds mBk vkSj nks&rhu dne pyk] ij ,dk,d gok dk ,slk BaMk] pqHkus okyk] fcPNw ds Mad dk&lk >ksadk yxk fd og fQj cq>rs gq, vyko ds ikl vk cSBk vkSj jk[k dks dqjsndj viuh BaMh nsg dks xekZus yxkA**19 dqN gh nsj esa og ^^mlh jk[k ds ikl xeZ tehu ij ogh pknj vks<+ dj lks x;kA**20 vkSj fQj ^^lcsjs tc mldh uhan [kqyh] rc pkjksa rjQ /kwi QSy xbZ FkhA vkSj eqUuh dg jgh Fkh&D;k vkt lksrs gh jgksxs\ rqe ;gk° vkdj je x, vkSj m/kj lkjk [ksr pkSiV gks x;kA**21 fdlku dh ;g foMacuk ugha rks vkSj D;k gS\ mlds ikl u rks i;kZIr iwath gksrh gS vkSj u gh lqdwuA gYdw pkSadrs gq, viuh iRuh ls iwNrk gS& ^^D;k rw [ksr ls gksdj vk jgh gS\**22 rc iRuh nqf[kr gks tokc nsrh gS & ^^gk°] lkjs [ksr dk lR;uk'k gks x;kA Hkyk] ,sls Hkh dksbZ lksrk gSA rqEgkjs e°M+S;k Mkyus ls D;k gqvk\**23 gYdw ds ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@67
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
lkeus fdlh cgkus ds flok dksbZ pkjk u Fkk& ^^eSa ejrs&ejrs cpk] rq>s vius [ksr dh iM+h gSA isV esa ,slk njn gqvk] fd eSa gh tkurk gw° A**24 nksuksa fQj [ksr ds Mk°M ij vk,A ns[kk lkjk [ksr jkSank iM+k gqvk gS vkSj >cjk e°M+S;k ds uhps fpr ysVk gS] ekuks Ák.k gh u gksaA nksuksa [ksr dh n'kk ns[k jgs FksA eqUuh ds eq[k ij mnklh Nk;h Fkh] ij gYdw ÁlUu FkkA gYdw dh iRuh Hkh [ksrh ds cckZn gksus ls mruh fpafrr ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh ftruh fd ekyxqtkjh nsus dh fpark mldks gSA og dgrh gS &^^vc etwjh djds ekyxqtkjh Hkjuh iM+sxhA**25 vkSj ;g [ksrh ls iyk;u dh ijkdk"Bk gS fd gYdw uqdlku gks tkus ds ckotwn ÁlUu eq[k ls dgrk gS& ^^jkr dh BaM esa ;gk° lksuk rks u iM+sxkA**26 lanHkZ 1- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 91 2- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 91 3- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 91 4- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 91 5- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 91 6- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 91 7- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 91 8- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 92 9- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 92 10- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 92 11- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 92 12- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 93 13- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 93 14- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 93 15- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 16- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 17- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 18- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 19- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 20- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 21- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 22- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 23- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 24- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 25- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94 26- izsepan] dgkuh iwl dh jkr] ekuljksoj [kaM 1] jktk ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh] i`- 94
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@68
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
iw.kZ ÿkafr dh e'kky Fkk ^Lojkt* v[+kckj vfHk"ksd dqekj vjfoUn dqekj flag Lons'kh vkanksyu py jgk FkkA lHkh ns'koklh vius vius rjhds ls ns'k dh vktknh ds fy, iz;Ru'hy FkA ;g lu 1907 bZ- dh ckr gS] tc mŸkj Áns'k ds bykgkckn ls ^Lojkt* uked v[k+ckj dk izdk'ku mnwZ esa gqvkA ^^mez <kbZ lky] dqy izdkf'kr vad 75] dqy laiknd 8 lHkh laikndksa dks dqy feykdj ltk vkSj ns'k fudkyk 125 o"kZA**1 laLFkkid 'kkafr ukjk;.k HkVukxj mxz jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk ds ds Fks vkSj og eqt∂Qjuxj ftys esa 'kkeyh ds fuoklh FksA mudh mez ek= 27 o"kZ dh FkhA mUgksaus iRuh ds xgus cspdj ^Lojkt* fudkyk FkkA v[k+ckj ds igys gh i`"B ij fujarj ,d foKkiu Nkik ftlesa fy[kk gksrk Fkk] LojkT; ds fy, ,d ,fMVj pkfg, tks vaxzsth vkSj mnwZ dk fo}ku gksA ftldk ,d iSj LojkT; ds n∂rj esa vkSj nwljk tsy esa gksA ru[okg tkS dh nks jksVh vkSj ,d I;kyk ikuhA blls T;knk tks mldh rdnhj gksA 'kkafrukjk;.k dks fopkjksRrstd ys[k fy[kus ds dkj.k tsy gks xbZ rks ,d ds ckn ,d lkr laiknd vk;s vkSj mUgsa Hkh tsy gks xbZA bues jkenkl ljkfy;k] ckcwjke gjh] yºkjke] gksrhyky oekZ] uanxksiky] eq'a khjke lsod jkepj.k FksA uos laiknd vehjpan cacoky Qjkj ?kksf"kr gq,A Lojkt v[k+ckj ds laikndksa ds gkSlys fMxs ughaA HkVukxj th ^jk;tknk* ds :i esa Hkh fo[;kr FksA mUgsa Hkh vaxzst ljdkj dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+kA HkVukxj th us rhu o"kksaZ dk lJe dkjkokl Hkqxrk vkSj Lojkt Ásl tCr dj fy;k x;kA fdarq iqu% ubZ Ásl yxh vkSj ns'kizseh laikndksa us laiknu dk gkSlyk fn[kk vaxzstksa dks pkSadk fn;kA 'kkeyh fuoklh 'kkafr Lo:i HkVukxj uked ÿkafrdkjh ;qod us mnwZ lkIrkfgd lekpkj i= ^LojkT;* fudkyuk vkjaHk fd;kA HkVukxj vack Álkn }kjk LFkkfir ^Hkkjr ekrk lkslk;Vh* ds lnL; FksA 9 uoacj 1907] fnokyh ds fnu bykgkckn dh ns'k lsod Ásl ls mnwZ lkIrkfgd ^Lojkt* dk igyk vad fudyk ftlus Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk vkSj Lora=rk laxzke ds bfrgkl esa ,d vuks[kh bckjr fy[kh tks lnk ds fy, vej gks xbZA ^tw my djuhu*(cnk;w° )2 fy[krk gS & ^^'kkafr ukjk;.k fizaVj o ifCy'kj Lojkt bykgkckn dk eqdnek [kRe gks x;kA feLVj okfy'k xouZesaV ,MoksdsV us ljdkj dh rjQ ls vkSj fe- VaMu us eqyfte dh rjQ ls iSjoh dhA xouZesaV ,MoksdsV us c;ku fd;k ds xouZesaV dh rjQ ls eqyfte ij nQk 124(,) mu etkehu dh fuLcr (ys[kksa ds dkj.k) pyk;k gS tks 23 vkSj 30 ebZ ds v[k+ckjkr esa 'kk;k gq, gSaA 29 Qjojh dks Hkh eqyfte us ,d etewu ^Qgr vkSj mldk bykt* (vdky vkSj mldk funku) 'kk;k fd;k Fkk ftl ij mldks rachg (le>kb'k) dh xbZ exj mlus bl rachg dh dqN ijokg ugha dh vkf[kj vkB twu dks eqyfte dks nks lky ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@69
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dSn l[r vkSj ik°p lkS #i, tqekZuk vnk u gqvk rks 9 ekg vkSj dSn jgsA** fot;nRr Jh/kj fy[krs gSa&^^twu 1908 ls Lojkt ds laikndksa ds fy, tsy vkSj tqekZus dh ;g tks dgkuh 'kq: gqbZ mlus vxys Ms<+ o"kZ ds Hkhrj vkB laikndksa dks 125 o"kZ dh dqy ltk,a fnyokdj varr% bl v[k+ckj dk xyk gh ?kksaV fn;kA 'kkafrukjk;.k ds ckn jkenkl us laiknd dk nkf;Ro lEgkykA os Bhd izdkj ls dk;Z vkjaHk Hkh ugha dj ik, Fks fd HkVukxj ij gq, tqekZus dh olwyh ds fy, Lojkt izsl uhyke dj fn;k x;kA**3 u;k izsl LFkkfir gksus ij gksrh yky oekZ us laiknu dh pqukSfr dks Lohdkj fd;kA ftUgsa 10 o"kZ dSn lqukbZ xbZA blds ckn Lojkt esa laiknu ds fy, ,d foKkiu NikA ftlds laca/k esa tw&my&djuhu*(cnk;w° ) v[k+ckj fy[krk gS& ,d tkS dh jksVh vkSj ,d I;kyk iuh ;g 'kjgs&ru[okg gS ftl ij Lojkt bykgkckn ds okLrs ,d ,fMVj erywc gSA ;g v[k+ckj gS ftlds nks ,MhVj cxkor vkest+ et+kehu ys[kksa dh eqgCcr esa fxj∂rkj gks pqds gSaA vc rhljk ,MhVj eqgS;k djus ds fy, tks b'rgkj fn;k tkrk gS mlesa tks 'kjgs rU[okg tkfgj dh xbZ gS ds ,slk ,MhVj njdkj gS tks vius ,s'kksvkjke ij tsy[kkus esa jgdj tkS dh jksVh vkSj ,d I;kyk ikuh dks rjthg nsA**4 blds ckn ckcw jke gfj dks 11 vadksa ds Ádk'ku ds ckn 21 o"kksaZ dh ltk gqbZA ckcwjke gjh ftudh dfork ij ltk feyh og Fkh& rw D;ksa fgUn jksrk vkSj D;k pkgrk gS] dksbZ fnu esa >xM+k feVk pkgrk gSA cnyus dks gS tkfyeksa dh gqadqer] ugwlr dk dkSvk mM+k pkgrk gSA fudy tk;saxs xSj [kk&[kkds twrs] dksbZ fnu fcLrj ca/kk pkgrk gSA pysaxh gok, vc vktkfn;ksa dh] fd LojkT; NksVk cM+k pkgrk gSA [k+eks'kks ds lsgjs [kksekslk esa Hkstks] fd fgUn esa xqy epk pkgrk gSA ^gjh* D;ksa u je tk, vktkfn;ksa esa] fd vktkn Hkkjr gqvk pkgrk gSA rRi'pkr eqa'kh jke lsod u, laiknd ds :i esa dysDVj dks viuk ?kks"k.kk i= ns gh jgs Fks fd mUgsa fxj∂rkj dj fy;k x;kA dysDVj us pqukSrh nh fd vkSj Hkh dksbZ gS bl r[r ij xn~nhu'khu gksus ds fy, rc nsgjknwu ds uan xksiky pksiM+k us vius dne vkxs c<k,A ftUgsa 12 vadksa ds laiknu ds ckn 30 o"kksaZ dh ltk nh xbZA bl laca/k esa ^eq[kfcjs vkye* us ,d [kcj izdkf'kr dh Fkh& uanxksiky ,MhVj ^Lojkt* bykgkckn dh vihy gkbZdksVZ esa muds odhy iq#"kksRrenkl VaMu us dh ftlesa cM+s eqvn~nckuk iSjk;s esa Qkft+y ttku ls rhu nj[okLrsa dh xbZ gSa& ,d] nl lky dh ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@70
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dSn eqyfte dks nh xbZ gS cgqr laxhu gS blesa t:j deh gksuh pkfg,A nwljs] ;g ds eqyfte dh [kkunkuh gSfl;r rkyhe vkSj djSDVj dk fygkt j[kdj mls dSns l[r ugha cfYd egt+ dSn nh tk, vkSj rhljs] ;g ds eqyft+e dks ykgkSj ds ,d eqdnes esa ik°p lky dh ltk gs pqdh gS blfy, tt lkfgcku xouZesaV ls flQkfj'k Qjek,a ds ;g nksuksa ltk,a ,d gh oDr esa 'kq: gksA**5 uan xksiky pksiM+k ds ckn 12 ukeksa dh lwph laiknd cuus ds fy, vkbZA fdarq iatkc ds QhYM ek'kZy dgs tkus okys yºk jke diwj dks laiknd cuk;k x;kA ftUgsa rhu laikndh; fy[kus ij Áfr laikndh; 10 o"kZ vFkkZr~ dqy rhl o"kksaZ dh ltk gqbZA vaxzst Hkys gh lksp jgs Fks fd ^LojkT;* can gks tk,xk ysfdu ^LojkT;* ij tku dqckZu djus okyksa dh deh ugha FkhA dqy feykdj bl i= ds vkB laikndksa dks dkyk ikuh dh 125 lky dh ltk gqbZ vkSj uosa laiknd idM+s u tkus ij Qjkj ?kksf"kr fd, x,A yºk jke diwj ds ckn vehjpan cacoky Lojkt ds laikn cusA ^^muls 2000 #i, dh tekur ekaxh xbZ vkSj u;k ?kks"k.kk i= nkf[ky djus dks dgk x;kA lkjh 'krsZa iwjh dj nsus ds ckn lu 1910 esa Lojkt iqu% izdk'ku t:j gqvk] ysfdu dsoy pkj vad gh fudy ik, Fks fd v[kckj dh tekur tCr dj yh xbZA tekur ds fy, /kujkf'k ,df=r djrs le; cacoky dks fxj∂rkj dj fy;k x;kA iq#"kksRrenkl VaMu us mudh vksj ls tksjnkj iSjoh dhA mUgsa ,d lky dh ltk gks xbZA fxj∂rkjh dk okjaV fudyk] ysfdu os Qjkj gks x,] ijarq varr% fxj∂r esa vk x,A mudh fxj∂rkjh ds lkFk gh ^Lojkt* can gks x;k] tks fQj ugha fudy ik;kA**6 Lojkt v[k+ckj ek= ,d v[k+ckj gh ugha cfYd vktknh ds fy, fn'kk nsus okyh ,d e'kky FkkA ,slh e'kky ftlus cq>rs&cq>rs va/ksjksa dks nwj djus dk Hkjiwj iz;kl fd;kA ,d ckj dks rks vaxzst lRrk ^Lojkt* ls ?kcjk xbZ FkhA lanHkZ 1- fot;nRr Jh/kj] Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk dks'k] [k.M nks] ok.kh izdk'ku ubZ fnYyh] i`- 598 2- tw&my&djuhu* (cnk;w° )] 4 tqybZ 1908 3- fot;nRr Jh/kj] Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk dks'k] [k.M nks] ok.kh izdk'ku ubZ fnYyh] i`- 599 4- tw&my&djuhu* (cnk;w° )] Qjojh 1909 5- eq[kfcjs vkye] eqjknkckn] 22 Qjojh 1910 6- fot;nRr Jh/kj] Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk dks'k] [k.M nks] ok.kh izdk'ku ubZ fnYyh] i`- 601
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@71
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
x+ty + lezkV % nq";ar dqekj veu dqekj vkyksd dqekj nq";ar dqekj dk tUe mRrj izns'k esa tuin fctukSj ds xzke jktiqj uoknk ds tehankj ifjokj esa 1 flracj 1933 dks gqvk FkkA vkidh ekrk th dk uke Jherh jke fd'kksjh nsoh ,oa firk dk uke pkS/kjh Hkxor lgk; FkkA dfo dh izkjafHkd f'k{kk xk°o dh gh ikB'kkyk esa gqbZA 1948 esa dfo us ,l-,u-,l-,e- gkbZ Ldwy ugVkSj tuin fctukSj ls nloha d{kk ikl dj 1950 esa pankSlh] eqjknkckn ds ,l-,e- dkWyst ls baVjfefM,V fd;kA 1950&54 rd dfo us bykgkckn fo'ofon~;ky; dk Nk= jgrs gq, ch-,- vkSj fganh lkfgR; ls ,e-,- fd;kA 1957&58 esa dfo us eqjknkckn ls ch,M- fd;kA pankSlh esa 30 uoacj 1949 dks jkts'ojh dkSf'kd ls dfo dk fookg lEiUu gqvkA dfo us loZ izFke tuin fctukSj ds d+lcs fdjriqj esas ukSdjhA dfo us ;gk° ,d fon~;ky; esa v/;kidh dhA ;gk° v/;kidh djus ds ckn gh eqjknkckn ls ch-,M- fd;kA rRi'pkr vkdk'kok.kh fnYyh ds fganh okrkZ&foHkkx esa fLÿIV jkbVj ds :i esa dk;Z fd;kA 1960 ds vafre fnuksa esa dfo LFkkukarj.k ikdj Hkksiky igq°psA dfo us eË; izns'k ds laLd`r lapkyuky; ds varxZr Hkk"kk&foHkkx ds lgk;d lapkyd in ij fu;qfDr ikbZA dfo us dqN le; ds fy, vkfne tkfr tudY;k.k foHkkx dh izfruf;qfDr;ksa ds vfrfjDr 'ks"k le; 30 fnlacj 1975 rd blh Hkk"kk&foHkkx esa fcrk;kA nq";ar dqekj vfHkuanu ds fojks/kh FksA og dgk djrs Fks& ^^O;fDrxr :i esa eSa bu vfHkuanuksa ds f[k+ykQ+ gw°A ,d rks blfy, fd ys[kd dks viuh ihB ij Hkjld dksbZ ,slk vglkl ugha yknuk pkfg, tks mldh Lora=rk esa ck/kd cus vkSj nwljs blfy, fd blls ys[kd dks ,d oxZ ds :i esa nwljs oxksZa ij rjthg feyrh gS tks fd ,d x+yr ckr gSA vkf[k+j D;ksa 'kklu ml DydZ dk vfHkuanu u djs ftlus vius thou ds rhl vewY; o"kZ cM+h fu"BkiwoZd mu Qkbyksa esa >kSad fn, ftuls dksbZ ikfjokfjd fj'rk ugha FkkA blh izdkj lqukj] c<+bZ] eksph] et+nwj vkSj esgrj] gjsd dh viuh ,d egRoiw.k lkekftd Hkwfedk gSA vkf[k+j mudk vfHkuanu D;ksa ugha gksrk\ fQj ys[kd esa ,sls dkSu&ls lq[+kkZc ds ij yxs gSa fd vke vkneh ls vyx gS\ D;ksa og 'kkldh; vkSj lkoZtfud lEeku dh dYiuk djrk gS\ D;ksa og jkT;ikyksa ;k eaf=;ksa dh ifjp; ifjf/k esa vkuk pkgrk gS\ (eSaus rks fdlh jkT;iky dks fdlh ys[kd ds lkfUu/; dh bPNk djrs gq, ugha ns[kk) D;ksa og pkgrk gS fd lRrk/kkjh mldh ys[kuh ls ifjfpRr gksa vkSj mlls lkekU; yksxksa dh vis{kk fHkUu izdkj dk O;ogkj djsa\ vkf[kj ys[kd Hkh rks rks izksQs+lj] odhy] fp=dkj vkSj ewfrZdkj vkfn dh rjg gh ,d oxZ gS vkSj bl O;kolkf;d ;qx esa mUgha dh rjg vius <ax ls viuk isV ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@72
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ikyrk gSA vycRrk mls ;g vfrfjDr lqfo/kk t+:j izkIr gS fd og vius FkksFks vkSj ?kfV;k ls ?kfV;k vge~ dks Hkh 'kkunkj vfHkO;fDr ns ldrk gSA fiVdj vkus ds ckn og tks'khyh dfork,° fy[k ldrk gS ;k vius ikS#"k vkSj cy dk c[kku dj ldrk gSA loZ= mis{kk lgdj Hkh og f'keyk le>kSrs esa esjk fouez ;ksxnku* tSlk fuca/k fy[k ldrk gS ;k Mkdqvksa ds leiZ.k dk Js; viuh dYiuk esa ywV ldrk gSA og ,d ys[k esa nl ckj viuk uke B°wl ldrk gS vkSj ml cfu, dh [+kcj Hkh ys ldrk gS tks mlds ?kj jkst+ iSlksa dk rdkt+k djus vkrk gSA vki ys[kd ds ukrs vius ^eSa* dks >qu>qus dh rjg ctkrs gSa] fe=ksa dh iz'kalk vkSj 'k=qvksa dh fuank djrs gSa] lkfgR; ds uke ij fny dh HkM+kl fudkyrs gSa] fe=ksa dh iz'kalk vkSj 'k=qvksa dh fuank djrs gSa] lkfgR; ds uke ij fny dh HkM+kl fudkyrs gSa vkS ;g Hkh vk'kk djrs gSa fd nqfu;ka vkidks iwts] yksx vkidks pkgsa] 'kklu vkidks ekU;rk nsA** lkfgR; l`tu& dfo us ugVkSj esa f'k{kk izkfIr ds le; gh jpuk/kfeZrk dk fuokZg izkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA ;gk° dfo us fof/kor dfork&ys[ku] dfork dh ikaMqfyfi rS;kj dj pankSlh esa f'k{kk ds nkSjku vafre :i fn;kA leiZ.k Fkk Nk;koknh dfo lqfe=kuanu iar dksA dfo us iar dks nzks.kkpk;Z vkSj Lo;a dks ,dyO; ekukA dfo us viuk mi uke ^ijns'kh* j[kkA fookg ds le; fuea=.k&i= ij Hkh nq";ar dqekj ^ijns'kh* Niok;k x;kA tc dfo mPp f'k{kk ds fy, bykgkckn igq°ps rc ogk° mUgsa deys'oj vkSj ekdZaMs; tSls vfHkUu fe= feysA frdM+h cuh rks ^f='kwy* uke ls izfln~f/k izkIr gksrs nsj ugha yxhA ;gha ls rhuksa us feydj ekfld if=dk ^fogku* dk izdk'ku izkjaHk fd;kA d`frRo& nq";ar dqekj ds ys[ku dk izkjaHk 1945 ls gh gks x;k FkkA izkjaHk dfork ls fd;k vkSj ckn esa dgkuh Hkh fy[kus yxsA izkjaHk esa dfo&lEesyuksa ds fy, eaph; dfork,a fy[kha ijarq 'kh?kz gh lkfgfR;d xhrksa vkSj dHkh&dHkh x+t+y dh jpuk Hkh djus yxsA 1949 esa dforkvksa dh ikaMqfyfi rS;kj gks xbZ FkhA 1954&55 esa gSnjkckn ls izdkf'kr dYiuk if=dk (tuojh 1955) esa ubZ dgkuh % ijaijk vkSj iz;ksx* 'kh"kZd ,sfrgkfld vkykspuk dk izdk'ku gqvkA 1956&57 esa ^lw;Z dk Lokxr* uked 'kh"kZd ls dforkvksa dk lap;u vkSj izdk'ku gqvkA blls igys vusd i=&if=dkvksa&izrhd] fud'k] ladsr] ubZ dfork vkfn esa izdk'ku gks pqdk FkkA ^vkoktksa+ ds ?ksjs* (dfork laxzg) 1963 esa izdkf'kr gqbZA 1964 esa ^,d daB fo"kikbZ* (dkO;&ukVd) izdkf'kr gqvkA ^NksVs&NksVs loky* 1964 esa vkSj ^vkaxu esa ,d o`{k* 1970 esa 'kh"kZd ls miU;kl izdkf'kr gq,A 1973 esa dforkvksa dk rhljk laxzg ^tyrs gq, ou dk olar* 'kh"kZd ls izdkf'kr gqvkA vafre fdarq lokZf/kd yksdfiz;rk izkIr djus okyh d`fr ^lk;s esa /kwi* jghA 1975 esa ,sfrgkfld x+t+y laxzg ^lk;s esa /kwi* uke ls izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA
nq";ar dqekj d`r lk;s esa /kwi (x+t+y laxzg) ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@73
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Hkwfedk Hkkx esa nq";ar Lohdkjrss gSa& eSa Lohdkj djrk gw° fd x+t+yksa dks Hkwfedk dh t:jr ugha gksuh pkfg,] ysfdu ,d dSfQ+;r budh Hkk"kk ds ckjs esa t:jh gSA dqN mnwZ&nk° nksLrksa us dqN mnwZ 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx ij ,rjkt fd;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd 'kCn fl'kgjfi ugha ^'kgz* gksrk gS] ^ot+u* ugha ^oT+u* gksrk gSA & fd eSa mnwZ ugha tkurk ysfdu bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ;gk° vKkurko'k ugha] tkucw>dj fd;k x;k gSA ;g dksbZ eqf'dy dke ugha Fkk fd ^'kgj* dh txg ^uxj* fy[kdj bl nks"k ls eqfDr ik yw°] fdarq eSaus mnwZ 'kCnksa dks ml :i esa bLrseky fd;k gS] ftl :i esa os fganh esa ?kqy fey x, gSaA mnwZ dk ^'kgz* fganh esa ^'kgj* fy[kk vkSj cksyk tkrk gS] Bhd mlh rjg tSls fganh dk ^czkg~e.k* mnwZ esa ^fcjgeu* gks x;k gS vkSj ^Ωrq* ^#r* gks xbZ gSA & fd mnwZ vkSj fganh vius&vius flagklu ls mrjdj tc vke vkneh ds ikl vkrh gSa rks muesa Q+dZ dj ikuk cM+k eqf'dy gksrk gSA esjh uh;r vkSj dksf'k'k ;g jgh gS fd bu nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dks T+;knk ls T+;knk djhc yk ldw°A blfy, ;s x+t+ysa ml Hkk"kk esa dgh xbZ gSa] ftls eSa cksyrk gw°A & fd x+t+y fd fo/kk ,d cgqr iqjkuh] fdarq l'kDr fo/kk gS] ftlesa cM+s&cM+s mnwZ egkjfFk;ksa us dkO;&jpuk dh gSA fganh esa Hkh egkdfo fujkyk ls ysdj vkt ds xhrdkjksa vkSj u, dfo;ksa rd vusd dfo;ksa us bl foËkk dks vktek;k gSA ijarq viuh lkeF;Z vkSj lhekvksa dks tkuus ds ckotwn bl foËkk esa mrjrs gq, eq>s vkt Hkh ladksp rks gS] ij mruk ugha ftruk gksuk pkfg, FkkA 'kk;n bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd i=&if=dkvksa esa bl laxzg dh dqN x+t+ysa i<+dj vkSj lqudj fofHkUu oknksa] :fp;ksa vkSj oxksZa dh l`tu'khy izfrHkkvksa us vius i=ksa earO;ksa ,oa fVIif.k;ksa ls eq>s ,d lq[kn vkRe&fo'okl fn;k gSA bl ukrs eSa mu lcdk vR;ar vkHkkjh gw°A & vkSj deys'oj! og bl vQ+lkusa esa u gksrk rks ;s flyflyk 'kk;n ;gk° rd u vk ikrkA eSa rks& gkFkksa esa vaxkjksa dks fy, lksp jgk Fkk] dksbZ eq>s vaxkjksa dh rklhj crk,A fganh esa vk/kqfud x+t+y dk lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ uke nq";ar gh gSA ;g lgh gS] nq";ar ds ckn fganh&x+t+y dkQ+h vkxs c<+h] dyk vkSj vfHkO;fDr nksuksa Lrjksa ij bldk mYys[kuh; fodkl gqvk] fdarq tks [;kfr ,oa yksdfiz;rk nq";ar dks izkIr gqbZ] og rks vn~forh; gh gSA fganh esa x+t+ydkjksa us vPNs ls vPNk fy[kus dk iz;kl fd;k] fdarq dksbZ Hkh nq";ar dks Nw ugha ldk gSA lp ;gh gS fd nq";ar igys ,sls x+t+ydkj gSa] ftUgksaus x+t+y dks fganh esa LFkkfir djus dk lQy iz;kl fd;kA bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd x+t+y dh yksdfiz;rk dk izkjaHk nq";ar us gh fd;kA fganh lkfgR; esa vkt x+t+y dh ped gSA fujarj x+t+y&laxzg Ni jgs gSaA i=&if=dkvksa esa x+t+y [kwc ut+j vk jgh gSA dfo&lEesyuksa esa x+t+y us /kwe epk j[kh gSA ^^bl vikj yksdfiz;rk ds ewy dkj.kksa dh [kkst dh tk, rks nq";ar dk uke vkSj dke vo'; ut+j vk,xkA ysfdu os dkSu&ls dkj.k gSa] ftuds jgrs nq";ar ,d x+t+ydkj ds :i esa Lo;a ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@74
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dks LFkkfir dj lds vkSj yksdfiz;rk ds f'k[kj ij igq째pdj x+t+y&lezkV dh mikf/k ls lEekfur gks ldsA oLrqr% nq";ar us ,d vksj rks x+t+y dks vius ;qx dh /kM+duksa ls tksM+k rks nwljh vksj mls vfHkO;fDr dh og uohurk nh] tks fganh ds fy, furkar pkSadk nsus okyh FkhA lkfgR; esa vankts+&c;k째 ;k ckr dgus dh O;fDrxr 'kSyh] vfHkO;fDr dk vuks[kk vkSj fujkyk <ax tks peRdkj dj fn[kkrk gS] og dsoy 'kCnksa ds n~okjk laHko ugha gksrkA D;ksafd 'kCn rks izk;% ogh gksrs gSa] ftudk iz;ksx vius&vius <ax ls gj lkfgR;dkj djrk gS] fdarq d+ye dk /kuh dykdkj bu 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx dk ,d u;k vkSj lcls vuks[kk vankt+ xzg.k djrk gS vkSj mu ij vius dykRed O;fDrRo dh xgjh Nki NksM+ tkrk gS vkSj bl izdkj og Lo;a vius&vkidks vkSj vius lkfgR; nksuksa dks vej dj tkrk gSA uohurk 'kCnksa esa ugha] 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx djus ds <ax esa gksrh gS] lksp esa vkSj fopkj esa gksrh gSA nq";ar ds dkO; esa 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx vkSj lksp nksuksa gh esa vlk/kkj.k uohurk Fkh] blfy, mudh vkokt+ us fganh ds fo'kky {ks= esa QSys gq, vufxur ikBdksa dks pkSadk;k vkSj izHkkfor fd;kA** ^^;g lgh gS fd fganh ds loZizFke LFkkfir x+t+ydkj nq";ar dh x+t+yksa esa O;kdj.k&lac/kh dqN nks"k vo'; gSa] fQj Hkh nq";ar ds egRo vkSj egkurk esa dksbZ deh ugha vk ldrhA x+t+y ds izkjafHkd nkSj esa og u gksrs] dksbZ vkSj gksrk] rc Hkh bl rjg ds nks"k dk jg tkuk laHko Fkk] D;ksafd rc rd u rks fganhHkk"kh x+t+y dh laLd`fr ls iwjh rjg tqM+ ik, Fks] u mUgsa x+t+y dh ifjiw.kZ tkudkjh gh FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa nq";ar us tks dk;Z dj fn[kk;k] og egRoiw.k gSA ;n~;fi vkt Hkh fganh&x+t+ydkjksa dks x+t+y dh fo/kkxr tkudkjh larks"ktud ek=k esa ugha gS] fQj Hkh dbZ x+t+ydkj ,sls gSa] ftUgksaus x+t+y dks cM+h gn rd le>k gS vkSj os vPNh x+t+ysa dg jgs gSaA ysfdu izsj.kk dk lcls cM+k vkSj lcls igyk lzksr nq";ar dh vkokt+ vkSj mudk ygtk gh gSA muds x+t+y&laxzg ^lk;s esa /kwi* ds vc rd fdrus gh laLdj.k Ni pqds gSaA vkt Hkh x+t+y&izsfe;ksa dks nq";ar ds ftrus ^v'kvkj* daBLFk gSa] 'kk;n gh fdlh nwljs x+t+ydkj ds gksaA bldk dkj.k gS fd nq";ar dh vkokt+] muds ygts vkSj vankt+ esa tks u;kiu rFkk vkd"kZ.k gS] mlesa tks izHkko vkSj rsoj gS] og fdlh vkSj esa mruk ugha gSA** nq";ar dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd mUgksaus vius le; ds lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa dks viuh x+t+y dk fo"k; cuk;kA mUgksaus x+t+y ds Lo:i dks NsM+k ugha cfYd mls T;ksa dk R;ksa viuk fy;kA Hkk"kk vkSj fo"k; ij mudk tknw py fudykA nq";ar us ftUk fo"k;ksa dks pquk mUgsa Hkjiwj vfHkO;fDr nhA nq";ar dh x+t+y ds v'kvkj lkekftd ;k jktuhfrd nLrkost+ gh cudj ugha jgs cfYd x+t+y dh dykRedrk dk mnkgj.k cu x,A xw째xs fudy iM+s gSa] tck째 dh ryk'k esa] ljdkj ds f[+kykQ ;s lkft+'k rks nsf[k,A mudh vihy gS fd mUgsa ge ilan djsa] ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@75
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
pkdw ls ilfy;ksa dh xqt+kfj'k rks nsf[k,A Li"V gks tkrk gS fd mDr nksuksa 'ksj rRdkyhu jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh i`"BHkwfe esa dgs x, gSaA bu 'ksjksa dks ns[ksa& og vkneh ugha gS] eqdacy c;ku gS] ekFks is mlds pksV dk xgjk fu'kku gSA fQlys tks bl txg rks yq<drs pys x,] gedks irkugha Fkk fd bruk <yku gSA ^ekFks dh pksV* okys vkneh dks ^eqdacy c;ku* crkdj nq";ar us Lo;a dqN u dgrs gq, lc dqN dg fn;k gSA nq";ar ekFks dh pksV okys vkneh dh rjQ+ dsoy b'kkjk djrs gSa vkSj mls ^eqdacy c;ku* crkdj Lo;a nwj tkdj [kM+s gks tkrs gSaA nwljs 'ksj ls le> esa vk tkrk gS fd ≈°pkb;ksa ij ys tkus dh ckr djus okyksa us fdl izdkj vke vkneh dks ,slh jkg ij /kdsy fn;k gS] tgk° ,slk <yku gS fd vkneh [kM+k gks rks vkxs eq°g ds cy fxj tkus dk [k+rjk fn[kkbZ ns tkrk gSA nq";ar us c[kwch izrhdksa dks ls viuh ckr dgh gSA bu 'ksjksa dks ns[ksa& leqnz vkSj mBk] vkSj mBk] vkSj mBk] fdlh ds okLrs ;s pk°nuh ccky gqbZA mUgsa irk Hkh ugha gS fd muds ik°oksa ls] oks [kw° cgk gS fd ;s xnZ Hkh xqyky gqbZA nksuksa 'ksj x+t+ydkj dh dykdkjh dk vn~Hkqr mnkgj.k gSaA ;gk° leqnz vkSj pk°nuh tSls izrhdksa ls fo'ks"k izdkj dh dykRedrk mRiUu gks xbZ gSA prqnZ'kh dh jkr esa leqnz esa Tokj vkrk gS vkSj leqnz mQuus yxrk gSA dfo dgus esa lQy gqvk gS fd vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr esa tks jktuhfrd mQku vk;k gS oks Lora=rk ds dkj.k gh vk;k gSA dfo blh Lora=rk dks ;gk° pkanuh ekurk gSA nwljs ëksj esa dfo us Hk;adj deky dj fn[kk;k gSA ik°oksa ls cgus okys [kwu us feV~Vh dks Hkh xqyky dk :i ns fn;k gSA ;g ckr nq";ar us mu ykskxksa ds fy, dgh gS tks fnuHkj esgur&etnwjh dj isV Hkjus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA bl ,d 'ksj us Hkkjrh; x+jhch ds gkykrksa ij djkjk izgkj Hkh fd;k gSA nq";ar ds fy, gj vkneh dk viuk nnZ FkkA mudk ;g 'ksj ns[ksa& vkt esjk lkFk nks] oSls eq>s ekywe gS] iRFkjksa esa ph[+k gjfxt+ dkjxj gksxh ughaA gkykafd dqN fon~oku bu nksuksa iafDr;ksa esa dky nks"k (igyh iafDr orZeku vkSj nwljh Hkfo"; esa) ekurs gSaA feFkdksa dks rksM+uk vkSj dykRedrk ds lkFk vius ckr dgus esa nq";ar dks tSls egkjr gkafly FkhA lqHkk"k pan cksl dgrs gSa ^rqe eq>s [kwu ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@76
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
nks eSa rqEgsa vktknh nwaxk*A lqHkk"k tkurs Fks fd [kwu ds cnys vktknh vo'; fey tk,sxhA ;gk° nq";ar Hkh tkurs gSa fd yksx vxj lkFk nsa rks mUgsa muds vf/kdkj fey gh tk,axs fdarq lkFk gh og ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd Hkfo"; dks laokjus ds fy, vkt dksbZ Hkh lkFk nsus okyk ugha gSA nq";ar ;FkkZFk dks thrs FksA oks lkekftd fLFkfr dks fnu c fnu [k+jkc gks rs ns[k jgs Fks& gkykrs&ftLe] lwjrs&tk° vkSj Hkh [k+jkc] pkjksa rjQ+ [k+jkc] ;gk° vkSj Hkh [+kjkcA ;gh ugha oks vkradh xfrfo/k;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj dgrs gSa& lSj ds okLrs lM+dksa is fudy vkrs Fks] vc rks vkdk'k ls iFkjko dk Mj yxrk gSA tks yksx tkucw>dj csodwQ+ cus jgrs gSa ;k cuus dk ukVd djrs gSaA mu yksxksa ds fy, nq";ar us D;k [kwc dgk gS& esys esa HkVds gksrs rks dksbZ ?kj igq°pk tkrk] ge ?kjksa esa HkVds gSa] dSls BkSj&fBdkus vk,°xsA nq";ar vk'kkoknh dfo Fks vkSj yksxksa dks Hkh vk'kkoknh cuus dh izsj.kk nsrs Fks& flQ+Z gaxkek [kM+k djuk esjk edln ugha] esjh dksf'k'k gS fd ;s lwjr cnyuh pkfg,A esjs lhus esa ugha rks rsjs lhus esa lgh] gks dgha Hkh vkx] ysfdu vkx tyuh pkfg,A ns[ksa nq";ar dh dqN x+t+ysa& dgk° rks r; Fkk fpjkxk° gjsd ?kj ds fy,] dgk° fpjkx+ e;Llj ugha 'kgj ds fy,A ;gk° nj[+rksa ds lk;s esa /kwi yxrh gS] pyks ;gk° ls pysa vkSj mez Hkj ds fy,A u gks deht+ rks ik°oksa ls isV <°d ysaxs] ;s yksx fdrus equkflc gSa] bl lQ+j ds fy,A [kqnk ugha] u lgh] vkneh dk [+okc lgh] dksbZ glhu ut+kjk rks gS ut+j ds fy,A rsjk fut+ke gS fly ns t+qcku 'kk;j dh] ;s ,gfr;kr t+:jh gS bl cgj ds fy,A ft,° rks vius cx+hps esa xqyeksgj ds rys] ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@77
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ejsa rks x+Sj dh xfy;ksa esa xqyeksgj ds fy,A dSls eatj lkeus vkus yxs gSa] xkkrs&xkrs yksx fpYykus yxs gSaA vc rks bl rkykc dk ikuh cny nks] ;s d°oy ds Qwy dqEgykus yxs gSaA ,d d+fczLrku esa ?kj fey jgk gS] ftlesa rg[+kkuksa ls rg[+kkus yxs gSaA ekSyoh ls M°V [kkdj vgys ed+rc] fQj mlh vk;r dks nksgjkus yxs gSaA ;s lkjk ftLe >qddj cks> ls nqgjk gqvk gksxk] eSa ltns esa ugha Fkk] vkidks /kks[kk gqvk gksxkA ;gk° rd vkrs&vkrs lw[k tkrh gSa dbZ ufn;k°] eq>s ekywe gS ikuh dgk° Bgjk gqvk gksxkA x+t+c ;s gS fd viuh ekSr dh vkgV ugha lqurs] oks lc&ds&lc ijh'k° gSa ogk° ij D;k gqvk gksxkA
,d daB fo"kikbZ (dkO; ukVd)& nq";ar d`r ,d daB fo"kikbZ ,d dkO; ukVd gSA ftlesa orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks cM+h gh ljyrk ds lkFk mdsjk x;k gSA nsoŸo vkSj vkn'kksZa dk ifj/kku vks<+ eSus D;k ik;k \ fuokZlu! izs;lh fo;ksx!! gj ijaijk ds ejus dk fo"k eq>s feyk gj lw=ikr dk Js; ys x;s yksxA eSa ≈c pqdk g° bl efgek&eafMr Ny ls A ,d daB fo"kikbZ dh ;s iafDr;k° D;k bl ckr dh vksj b'kkjk ugha djrh fd lg jkLrs ij pyus okys vkt ds mu leLr yksxksa ds fy,] ftUgsa ix&ix ij oSlh gh vogsyuk >syuh iM+ jgh gS\ D;ksafd vkt rks gj dne ij f'koRo frjLd`r gks jgk gS] U;k; dh vogsyuk gks jgh gSA ;ksX;rk dh iwN ughaA dkfcyksa o muds dSfj;j dh fueZe gR;k gks jgh gSA mUgsa fey jgk gS& fuokZlu o thou dk t+gj vkSj v;ksX;ksa dks vU;k; dkj.kksa ls fey jgk gS&lRrk] lEeku o lq[k lc dqNA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@78
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
tyrs gq, ou dk olar (dkO; laxzg)& nq";ar dqekj vke vkneh ds dfo FksA rHkh rks mUgksaus iqLrd dh Hkwfedk esa fy[kk& ^;s dfork,° blh gn rd esjh gSa fd eSaus bUgsa fy[kk vkSj Hkksxk gSA ;fn vkidks buesa igpkuk&lk Loj] vkReh;&lh Hkk"kk vkSj viuh&lh ckr ut+j vk, rks ;g esjh lQyrk gSA* dfo Lohdkj djrk gS fd ^esjs ikl dforkvksa ds eq[kkSVs ugha gSaA varjjk"V™h; eqnzk,° ugha gSa vkSj vtuch 'kCnksa dk fyckl ugha gSA eSa ,d lk/kkj.k vkneh dh ihM+k] mRrstuk] ncko] vHkko vkSj mlds laca/kksa ds my>koksa dks thrk vkSj O;Dr djrk gw°A dfo nq";ar us fdlh dks pkSadkus ;k fdlh peRdkj ds fy, dfork ugha fy[khA dfork dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, nq";ar Lohdkjrs gSa&^eSa dfork dks pkSadkus ;k vkrafdr djus ds fy, bLrseky ugha djrk] xks fd ,slk djds yksxksa dk /;ku viuh vksj [khapk tk ldrk gSA ijarq dfork ls dsoy ;g vis{kk] fdruh de gSA eSa tkurk gw° fd vglkl ds vusd Lrjksa dks phjrh gqbZ] O;fDrRo ds Hkhrj nwj rd mrj tkus okyh pht+] dfork gksrh gSA mls bruh NksVh Hkwfedk ugha nh tk ldrhA lekt vkSj O;fDr ds lanHkZ esa mldk nkf;Ro] blls cgqr cM+k gSA* dfo dgrk gS&^dfork ;kruk ls iSnk gksrh gSA* ^tyrs gq, ou dk olar* dfo dh dforkvksa dk rhljk laxzg gSA ftlesa voxkgu lfgr dqy 45 dfork,° gSaA laxzg dks rhu [kaMksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA igys [kaM dks dfo us bfrgkl&cks/k uke fn;k gS vkSj ;g [kaM 'kkuh ds uke gSA blesa nl dfork,° gSa ftuesa ;ksx&la;ksx] ;k=kuqHkwfr] miÿe ,d lQ+j ij] ijorhZ&izHkko] 'kxqu&'kadk] lqcg % lekpkj&i= ds le;] vkRekyki] vfLr&cks/k vkSj olar vk x;k 'kkfey dh xbZ gSaA nwljs [kaM dks ns'k&izse dk uke fn;k x;k gSA ;g [kaM lR;su ds uke gSA blesa ns'k&izse] bZ'oj dks lwyh] fpark] ns'k] turk] ekSle] rqyuk] ;qn~/k vkSj ;qn~Ëk&fojke ds chp] ea=h dh eSuk] loky] ,d pquko&ifj.kke] dgk° ls 'kq: djsa ;k=k] vkSj xkrs&xkrs dqy 13 dfork,° gSaA rhljs [kaM dks pÿokr uke fn;k x;k gSA ;g [kaM jekdkar ds uke gSA blesa ,d 'kke dh eu%fLFkfr] o"kksZa ckn] izrhfr] xhr o"kkZ] LofLrd {k.k] ,d fuea=.k dk mRrj] igq°p] fonk] fonk ds ckn % izrh{kk] ,d tUe fnu ij] ;g lkgl] ,d lkE;] ,d vkSj izlax] lk°> % ,d fonk&n`';] l`f"V dh vk;kstuk] ,d le>kSrk] gksaBksa ds uhps fQj] xhr] esjs LoIu] vkSj rq>s dSls Hkwy tk≈° dqy 21 dfork,° gSaA vkaxu esa ,d o`{k (miU;kl)& nq";ar dqekj us cgqr dqN fy[kk ij ftu vPNh d`fr;ksa ls muds jpukRed oSHko dk irk pyrk gS] ;g miU;kl muesa ls ,d gSA miU;kl esa ,d lkeUrh ifjokj vkSj mlds ifjos'k dk fp=.k gSA lkear t+ehu vkSj mlls feyus okyh nkSyr dks dCts esa j[kus ds fy, u dsoy x+jhc fdlkuksa] vius ukSdj&pkdjksa vkSj fL=;ksa dk 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u djrk gS] cfYd Lo;a dks vkSj ftUgsa og I;kj djrk gS] mUgsa Hkh cckZnh dh rjQ Bsyrk gS] bldk ;gk° ekfeZd fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@79
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
miU;kl cM+h f'kn~nr ls fn[kkrk gS fd varr% lkear Hkh euq"; gh gksrk gS vkSj mldh Hkh viuh ekuoh; ihM+k,° gksrh gSa] ij vius oxhZ; LokFkZ vkSj 'kks"kdh; #rcs dks cuk, j[kus dh dksf'k'k esa og fdruk vekuoh; gksrk pyk tkrk gS bldk [kqn mls Hkh vglkl ugha gksrkA miU;kl ds lkjs pfj= pkgs og panu] HkSukth] ek°] firkth vkSj eaMkoyh okyh HkkHkh gksa ;k fQj eqa'khth] ;knjke] fHkD[ku pekj vkfn fupys oxZ dh gksa lHkh vius ifjos'k esa iwjh thoarrk vkSj rkt+xh ds lkFk mHkjrs gSaA miU;kldkj dqN gh okD;ksa esa muds iwjs O;fDrRo dks mdsjdj j[k nsrk gS vkSj viuh ifj.kfr esa dFkk ikBd dks LrCËk rFkk nzfor dj tkrh gSA nq";ar dqekj dh Hkk"kk ds rsoj dh ckuxh ;gk° Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gS& dgha ,d Hkh 'kCn Qkyrw u lqLrA vR;ar iBuh; rFkk ekfeZd dFkk&jpukA vkSj blh fnu dk eq>s bart+kj jgrkA panu HkkbZ lkgc vkrs rks esjs fy, ?kj esa uqekb'k&lh yx tkrhA jax&fcjaxs diM+s] vthcks&x+jhc f[kykSus] tkikuh fiLrkSy vkSj xksfy;k° vkSj buds vykok [kwclwjr fMCcksa esa can VkfQ;k° o pkWdysV vksj ;g lc dqN vdsys esjs fy,A ek° ges'kk mUgsa Mk°Vrh] flpanu] rw brus iSls D;ksa Qw°drk gS js\fi fldgk° chth! ns[kks] rqEgkjs fy, rks dqN Hkh ugha yk;k bl ckjAfi HkkbZ lkgc cM+h e/kqj vkokt+ esa] lgt eqLdku gksBksa ij ykdj lQ+kbZ nsrsA ek° cM+cM+krh gqbZ jlksbZ?kj esa pyh tkrh gS vkSj eSa HkkbZ lkgc ds vkSj ikl ljd vkrkA esjh rjQ eq[k+kfrc gksrs gq, os Ëkhjs&ls esjs dku esa dgrs] flchth ls ft+ÿ er djuk] muds fy, Hkh lkM+h yk;k gw°A tkrs gq, nw°xkAfi fQj vpkud xaHkhj gksdj iwNrs] flgk° HkbZ] D;k izksxzke gS vkt dk\fi eSa izksxzke dk eryc ugha le>rk FkkA dsoy mudh vksj I;kj vkSj Jn~/kk ls fugkjrk jgrkA os g°ldj eq>s vius ls fpiVk ysrs vkSj [kqn gh le>krs] flrks fQj ;g r; jgk fd nksigj esa E;wftd] 'kke dks f'kdkj vkSj jkr esa ;knjke ds gkFk ds ijkBs vkSj rhrj\fi eSa xjnu fgykdj lgefr izdV djrk vkSj rRdky esjh vk°[kksa esa ;knjke dh xath pk°n vkSj ijk°Bs csyrs le; mldh duifV;ksa ij ckj&ckj mHkjrh&fxjrh ulksa dh eNfy;k° rSjus yxrhaA ;knjke HkkbZ lkgc dk [k+kulkek FkkA HkkbZ lkgc tc Hkh eqjknkckn ls vkrs] ;knjke lkFk t+:j vkrkA nksigj dk Hkkstu HkkbZ lkgc ek° ds jlksbZ?kj esa cSBdj djrsA exj 'kke dks firkth vkSj eSa nksuksa gh muds lkFk ;knjke ds gkFk ds ijk°Bs [kkrsA flQ+Z ek° viuh jlksbZ vyx idkrh FkhaA flD;ksa ;knjke] rsjh pk°n ds cky dgk° x,\fi eSa vDlj ;g loky mlls iwNk djrkA vkSj ;knjke ges'kk bldk ,d tokc nsrk] flckcwth ds twrs pkV x,] yYywAfi ek° dks ;knjke ,d vk°[k ugha Hkkrk FkkA 'kq:&'kq: esa mUgksaus esjs ogk° [kkus dk cM+k fojks/k fd;kA ysfdu dqN rks esjh viuh ft+n vkSj dqN HkkbZ lkgc ds vuqu;&vuqjksËk ds lkeus mUgsa >qd tkuk iM+kA eq>s [kwc ;kn gS fd LoHkko ls cgqr ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@80
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dBksj gksus ds ckotwn ek° HkkbZ lkgc dh ckr ugha Vkyrh FkhaA ;g vkSj ckr gS fd mlds ckn Hkh os eq>s ysdj cjkcj HkkbZ lkgc vkSj firkth] nksuksa dks ;g rkuk nsrh jgrha fd mUgksaus ^NksVs* dks Hkh EysPN cuk fn;k gSA xk°o esa HkkbZ lkgc ,d Hkwpky dh rjg vkrs Fks vkSj Ms<+&nks gt+kj vknfe;ksa dh ml NksVh&lh cLrh esa] gj txg] gj dne ij vius uD+'k vkSj Nki NksM+ tkrs FksA muds tkus ds ckn dbZ fnuksa rd yksx fd+Lls&dgkfu;ksa dh rjg mUgsa ;kn djrs jgrs vksj vDlj ;gh ft+ÿ gqvk djrk] flns[kks] fdruk cM+k vkneh gS] exj ?keaM Nw rd ugha x;k!fi fHkD[ku pekj& ftls HkkbZ lkgc ^ewfoax jsfM;ks LVs'ku* dgk djrs Fks] muds pys tkus ds ckn] vius BsB fdLlkxksbZ ds vankt+ esa mudh dgkfu;k° lqukrk] flvjs HkS;k] ckcw vkneh FkksM+bZ gSa] fQjLrs gSaA ml fnu lqcg&lqcg canwd fy, gq, vk x,A cksys& ^^D;ksa ewfou jsfM;ks&Vslu* vdsys&vdsys eky mM+k j;s gks!fi eSaus dgk& ckcw] eky dgk°] f[kpM+h gS] rqEgkjs [kkus dh pht ubZaA cl] fcxM+ x,A cksys& ^vPNk! rqe vdsys [kkvksxs vkSj ge rqEgkjk eq°g ns[ksaxs\* vkSj lkgc] Hkxoku >wB u cqyk,] eSaus yqdek cukus ds fy, Fkkyh dh rjQ gkFk c<+k;k] rks ËkM+kdA lkyk fny Ëkd~ ls gks x;k vkSj lkgc] lw°&lw° djrk gqvk ,d dOok HkM+kd ls Fkkyh esa vk fxjkA jke!!! jke!!! dgk° dk [kkuk! gkFk tksM+dj mB [kM+k gqvkA D;k djrk\ exj D;k cspwd fu'kkukA lkys mM+rs iaNh dw tgk° pkgk] ogk° fxjk fn;kAfi fu'kkus dh rkjhQ+ HkkbZ nsohlgk; th Hkh fd;k djrs FksA exj mlls Hkh T;knk os HkkbZ lkgc ds xys ij eqXËk FksA mudk rfd;k&dyke ^vks[+[kks th* FkkA blfy, HkkbZ lkgc mUgsa ^vks[[kks HkkbZ lkgc* dgk djrs FksA muds E;wftd izksxzke esa cqtqxksZa dk izfrfufËkRo dsoy ^vks[[kks HkkbZ lkgc* fd;k djrs FksA ge cPpksa dks bl izksxzke esa cSBus dh btkt+r ugha gksrh FkhA fygkt+k ge gkWy ds can njokt+ksa ds ikl dku yxkdj lquk djrsA rcys ds Bksdus] gkjeksfu;e ds Loj feykus vkSj HkkbZ lkgc ds vkyki ysus ls 'kq: dj [kRe gksus rd ge dbZ yM+ds ogk° [kM+s jgrs vkSj tc HkkbZ nsohlgk; th dgrs] ^vks[[kks th] D;k pht+ lqukbZ gS] HkkbZ panu!* dgk° ls ekj nh\ rks cM+s yM+ds dku yxkdj xkS+j ls lquus dh dksf'k'k fd;k djrs FksA eq>s ml le; rd laxhr esa bruh fnypLih ugha FkhA blfy, eq>s tc Hkh HkkbZ lkgc dh ;kn vkrh] rks mudh ckrsa vkSj dgkfu;k° lquus ds fy, eSa vks[[kks HkkbZ lkgc dh cfuLcr] fHkD[ku pekj dh ckrsa lquuk T;knk ilan djrk] tks mUgsa ,d egku~ vkSj vkn'kZ uk;d ds :i esa is'k fd;k djrk FkkA ysfdu eaMkoyh okyh HkkHkh] tks fj'rs esa gekjh dqN u gksrs gq, Hkh cgqr dqN gksrh Fkh] u rks HkkbZ lkgc dh egkurk ds fdLls lqukrha vkSj u ikS#"k ds] cfYd dbZ ?kaVksa viuh gh 'kSyh esa] mudh cM+h&cM+h vk°[kksa dk vkSj muds jax&:i dk] muds lkSan;Z dkvkSj mudh 'kjkjrksa dk gko&Hkko lfgr o.kZu fd;k djrh FkhaA esjh rjg mUgsa Hkh HkkbZ lkgc ilan Fks vkSj HkkbZ lkgc dh ckrsa lqukus esa os mruk gh jl ysrha Fkha] ftruk eSa lquus esaA flfiNyh ckj eSaus [kwc lqukbZfi] HkkHkh lquk;k djrh Fkha] eSaus dgk& ykykth] ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@81
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dgha Hkys ?kj ds yM+ds iku [kk;k djrs gSa! gekjs [k+kunku esa rks fdlh yM+ds us 'kknh ls igys iku Nqvk rd ugha FkkA rqEgkjs [k+kunku esa vDy ds fpjkx+ ,sls cq> x, fd dksbZ dgusokyk gh ugha jgkAfi cl HkS;k] bruk lquuk Fkk fd yxs gkFk&ik°o tksM+us& ^vjs esjh I;kjh xqykch HkkHkh! eq>s ekQ+ dj nksA eSa dku idM+rk gw°] vc dHkh iku ugha [kk≈°xkA* vkokt+ksa ds ?ksjs esa (dkO; laxzg)& vius vki ls vius ifjos'k vkSj O;oLFkk ls ukjkt+ dfo ds :i esa nq";ar dqekj dh dfork,° fganh dk ,d vko';d fgLlk cu pqdh gSaA vkBosa n'kd ds eË; vkSj mRrjkn~;Z esa viuh Ëkkjnkj jpukvksa ds fy, cgqpfpZr nq";ar ftl vkx esa gkse gq,] mls viuh jpukvksa esa yacs le; rd eglwl fd;k tkrk jgsxkA vkoktksa ds ?ksjs nq";ar dqekj dk ,d t+:jh dfork&laxzg gSA blesa Ëkqvk°&Ëkqvk° gksrh ml 'kf[l;r dks lkQ rkSj ij igpkuk tk ldrk gS ysfdu jpukRed Lrj ij dfo dk ;g fojksËk O;oLFkk ls vfËkd vius vki ls gS] tgk° O;fDr u gksdj og ,d oxZ gS& eqfB~B;ksa dks ck°Ëkrk vkSj [kksyrkA ck°Ëkuk] tks mldh t:jr gS vksj [kksyuk] etcwjhA ,d izdkj fujFkZdrk vkSj Bgjko dk tks cksËk bu dforkvksa esa gS] og lkFkZd vkSj xfr'khy gksus dh xgjh NViVkgV ls Hkjk gqvk gSA Li"Vr% dfo dk ;gh n~oan~o vkSj NViVkgV bu dforkvksa dk jpukËkeZ gS] ftls lgt vkSj lkFkZd vfHkO;fDr feyh gSA nq";ar y; ds dfo gSa] blfy, eqDrNan gksdj Hkh ;s dfork,° NaneqDr ugha gSaA lkFk gh ;gk° muds dqN xhr Hkh gSa vkSj ckn esa lkeus vkbZ csgrjhu x+t+yksa dh vkgVsa HkhA la{ksi esa] ;g laxzg nq";ar dh vle; lekIr gks xbZ dkO;&;k=k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ iM+ko gSA vkt v{kjksa ds bl fufoM+ ou esa HkVdrha ;g gt+kjksa ys[kuh bfrgkl dk iFk [kkstrh gSa ÿkafr! fdruk g°lks pkgs fdarq ;s tu lHkh ikxy ughaA jkLrksa ij [kM+s gSa ihM+k Hkjh vuqxw°t lqurs 'kh'k Ëkqurs foQyrk dh ph[k+ ij tks dku Loj&y; [kkstrs gSa ;s lHkh vkns'k&ckfËkr ughaA bl foQy okrkoj.k esa tks fd yxrk gS dgha ij dqN egd&lh gS Hkkouk gks losjk gks ;k izrhf{kr if{k;ksa ds xku& ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@82
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
fdarq dqN gS] xaËk&ckflr osf.k;ksa dk bart+kj ughaA ;g izrh{kk % ;g foQyrk % ;g ifjfLFkfr % gks u bldk dgha Hkh mYys[k pkgs [kkn&lh bfrgkl esa cl dke vk, ij le; dks vFkZ nsrh tk jgh gSA vkokt+ksa ds ?ksjs vkoktsa LFkwy :i Ëkjdj tks xfy;ksa] lM+dksa esa e°Mykrh gSa] dherh diM+ksa ds ftLeksa ls Vdjkrh gSa] eksVjksa ds vkxs fcN tkrh gSa] nqdkuksa dks ns[krh yypkrh gSa] iz'u fpUg cudj vuk;kl vkxs vk tkrh gSa& vkoktsa! vkoktsa] vkoktsa!! fe=ksa! esjs O;fDrRo vkSj eq>&tSls vufxu O;fDrRoksa dk D;k eryc\ eSa tks thrk gw°] xkrk gw°] esjs thus] xkus dfo dgykus dk D;k eryc\ tc eSa vkoktksa ds ?ksjs esa ikiksa dh Nk;kvksa ds chp vkRek ij cks>k&lk yks gw°
laiknu ds {ks= esa nq";ar dqekj& nq";ar dqekj us fofHkUu fo/kkvksa dks viukrs gq, lkfgR; lsok dh gSA mUgksaus uoksfnr lkfgR;dkjksa dk ekxZn'kZu Hkh fd;k gSA bykgkckn ls izdkf'kr if=dk fogku bldk mnkgj.k gSA fogku (n~oSekfld if=dk)1953& bykgkckn ls ^fogku* dk laiknu nq";ar dqekj] deys'oj vkSj ekdZaMs; rhuksa us feydj fd;k FkkA bl if=dk ds dqy fdrus vad izdkf'kr fd, x,] ;g rks Kkr ugha gks ik;k fdarq fogku dk izFke vad ekpZ&vizSy 1953 esa izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA fogku ds izca/k laiknd fo'oukFk izlkn tk;loky FksA tcfd izca/k lfefr esa mes'k panz mik/;k;] gfj'panz JhokLro] nq";ar dqekj] ftrsanz tk;loky vkSj jk/kseksgu flUgk FksA fogku ds izFke vad ds :i lTtkdkj Fks deys'oj vkSj vkoj.k i`"B ij tks fp= iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk og Fkk ^Hkksj gqbZ ct mBh ck°lqjh* ;g fp= fp=dkj ds-ch- n~okjk cuk;k x;k FkkA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@83
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
fogku ds jpukdkj& fogku ds izFke vad ds jpukdkj izdk'k panz xqIr] Hkxor 'kjk.k mikË;k;] j?kqifr lgk; ^fQ+jkd*] Jh d`".knkl] usehpan tSu] fo|kfuokl feJ (ys[k] fucaËk)] ekdZaMs;] deys'oj] ve`rjk;] ijekuan xkSM+ (dgkuh] LdSp)] dsnkj] ukxktqZu] lrh'k nRr ikaMs] xaxkizlkn JhokLro] vftr dqekj] nq";ar dqekj] ;qfDrHknz nhf{kr (dfork,a) jgsA u, jpukdkjksa dks izksRlkgu& nq";ar dqekj us u, jpukdkjksa dks Hkh [kwc izksRlkgu fn;kA fogku ds vius vfxze ys[k esa mUgksaus fy[kk gS& ^bl vad esa ge rhu fcYdqy vifjfpRr izfrHkkvksa dks vkils ifjfpRr djk jgs gSaA Jh lrh'k ikaMs] Jh ;qfDrHknz nhf{kr vkSj Jh ijekuan xkSM+A rhuksa gh ,sls ys[kd gSa ftudh ys[kuh dk yksgk ,d u ,d fnu lcdks ekuuk iM+sxkA ge ps"Vk djsaxs fd vxys vadksa esa Hkh budh jpuk,° nsrs jgsaA vkSj Hkh cgqr ls u, ys[kdksa dks [kkst fudkyus dk ftEek geus fy;k gS vkSj fo'okl djrs gSa fd gj vad esa vki ls ,d u ,d u, ys[kd nksLr dk ifjp; djkrs jgsaxsA*
nq";ar dqekj ds ckjs esa vU; fon~okuksa ds fopkj deys'oj& nq";ar dqekj us foLQksVd x+t+ysa fy[kdj fganh dfork dk jpukRed fet+kt vkSj ekSle gh cny fn;kA gkykafd bls gekjs ckSn~f/kdrkxzLr jpukoknh&Nn~e dykoknh vkSj lkfgR; ds Lo.kZ dfo vHkh [kqysvke Lohdkj djus dh eqnzk esa ugha gSa] ij os tkurs gSa fd muds iSj rys dh t+ehu f[kld pqdh gSA ges'kk ls fganh lkfgR; dk lo.kZ vfHktkR; lkfgR; ds vuq'khyu vkSj bfrgkl ij xqatyd ekjdj cSBk jgk gSA blus yksd&Lohd`fr dks gYdk cukus ds fy, mlh ds ot+u ij ,d 'kCn&x<+k gS&yksdfiz;rk vkSj bls gs; ekuk x;k gSA ;g joS;k mUgha vfHktkR;&oxhZ; lkfgR;dkjksa dk gS tks lkfgR; ds lokyksa ij cM+h js'keh cglsa djrs gSa ysfdu vius le; ds lokyksa dk lkeuk ugha dj ikrsA ;s yksx vius M™kbax:eksa ;k eqnkZ lHkkxkjksa esa ^jpuk dk yksdra=* LFkkfir djrs jgrs gSa vkSj t+:jr iM+h rks cgqr lksp&le>dj] vkxk&ihNk ns[kdj lkoZtfud lokyksa ij tkjh fd, tkus okys tufgroknh c;kuksa ij viuk uke nsus dh vuqefr Hkh ns nsrs gSa ysfdu 'kCn&l`f"V ds ;g os mitho gSa] tks vius ladqy le; dh Le`fr dh Lohd`fr u ikus ds ckotwn ^lkfgR; ds fy,* fdrkcksa ls fdrkcksa esa thfor cus jgus ds xSj&lkfgfR;d miÿe djrs jgrs gSaA fot; cgknqj flag& tc os i<+rs Fks] rc d{kk esa vkSj d{kk ds ckgj dh d{kkvksa esa HkhA fy[kuk 'kq: fd;k] rks ys[ku dh l/kh&cnh jkgksa] pkSgfn;ksa] QS'kuksa vkSj dkO;&eqgkojksa dh HkhM+ esa HkhA u rks os dHkh Mjs] u lgesA u >qds] u VwVsA nksLrksa ds chp] dHkh&dHkh nq'euksa vkSj nq'euksa ds nksLrksa ds lkFk Hkh] ;kjksa ds ;kj dh rjg mBrs&cSBrsA mudh nksLrh vxj fdlh ckr ls Fkh] rks blh vkt+knh ls Fkh vkSj blds fy, ftl iq#"kkFkZ dh t:jr mUgsa Fkh] og muds LoHkko vkSj laLdkjksa esa tUeuk ekStwn FkkA jkts'k dqekj O;kl& fganh x+t+y esa nq";ar us loZFkk u;k eqgkojk x<+kA bl u;s eqgkojs ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@84
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
esa euq"; dh ftthfo"kk ds lkFk mldh osnuk vkSj VwVu dks xgjkbZ ls eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA [+kkl ckr ;g Hkh fd thou ds eeZ dks le>krh mldh x+t+yksa esa O;fDr vkSj thou dh ckjhd+ iM+rky gS] mlds [+krjs gSa] tks dqN ?kfVr gks jgk gS] ml ij djkjh pksV gS vkSj og fo'kky n`f"VlaiUurk Hkh] ftlesa lcdqN vuqdwy u gksrs gq, Hkh Hkfo"; ds izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k fNik gSA x+t+y dh ijaijkxr :f<+;ksa dks rksM+rh nq";ar dh x+t+yksa esa thoukHkqoksa dh bruh fofo/krk gS fd mlls nkSj vkSj nk;jksa dh igpku Lor% gh gksrh gSA /keZohj Hkkjrh& lqfo/kkvksa vkSj in&izfr"Bk ls ySl pan vkykspd ,d >wBk eq[kkSVk yxk dj ,d cus&cuk, iwoZxzg ds lkFk tks ,d udyh fonzksgh lkfgR;&fparu vkSj mlls mn~Hkwr rhljs ntsZ dk ?kfV;k dkO;tky ikBdksa ij Fkksi jgs Fks] ml d`f=e dkO;&lalkj esa ,d izkekf.kd nnZ Hkjh vkokt+ Fkh bu x+t+yksa dh] tks fcuk fdlh vkykspd dh 'kCnkMacjh odkyr ds ikBd dks O;kid Lrj ij Nw xbZA ,d lPph vkSj rh[+kh vdsyh NwVh gqbZ jpuk] >wBs 'kCntky ds fojkV dkO;kMacj dks dSls iy Hkj esa ud+yh vkSj tkyh lkfcr dj vius dks izfrf"Br dj ysrh gS] bldk izek.k nq";ar dh x+t+ysa gSaA losZ'oj n;ky lDlsuk& nq";ar cM+k ek;koh FkkA cgqr de yksx gksrs gSa] tks bruh [kqyh ft+anxh thrs gksa vkSj fQj Hkh ek;koh dgkrs gksaA LoLFk] lqanj] fnyQsad] ft+ankfny vkneh Fkk ogA mlds nksLr Hkh cgqr Fks vkSj nq'eu HkhA bl Q+sgfjLr dks c<+krs tkuk gh mldh ft+anxh FkhA ;fn fdlh yM+dh ds ihNs fdlh x+Sj eksgYys esa mldk d+Ry fd, tkus dh [+kcj vkrh ;k fdlh 'kjkc[+kkus esa t+gjhyh 'kjkc ih tkus ls ejus dh] rks fdlh dks mruk vpjt ugha gksrk] ysfdu fny ds nkSjs ls mldk ejuk cgqr cM+k et+kd yxrk gSA mls u rks fny dk dksbZ jksx Fkk] u gh dHkh dksbZ bl rjg dh f'kdk;r FkhA ijs'kkfu;ksa esa vius dks Q°lkuk fQj cgqr lQ+kbZ ls muls fudy tkuk] fny esa dksbZ eyky u j[kuk] u dksbZ cks> <ksuk] vius nksLrksa esa og lcls T+;knk tkurk FkkA og chekj vkneh ugha FkkA u ru ls] u eu ls] u vknr lsA og csgn g°leq[k FkkA vyeLr] csfQ+ÿ] ruko dks xnZ dh rjg >kM+ nsuk og tkurk FkkA mls cgqr tYnh [+kq'k fd;k tk ldrk FkkA mldh gol nqfu;knkjh dh gol FkhA og lc dqN ik ysuk pkgrk FkkA dHkh cPpksa dh rjg epy dj] dHkh tw> dj] dHkh fglkc&fdrkc fHkM+kus ds [okc ns[kdjA tc mldk pkgk ugha gks ikrk] rks og mnkl gksrk] xkfy;k° nsrk vkSj vius jkLrs ds jksM+ksa dks usLrukcwn djus ds fy, t+ehu vkSj vkleku ds dqykcs feykrk ns[kk tkrkA ij] nqfu;k mlds fglkc ls ugha pyrh Fkh vkSj og Hkh cgqr pkg dj Hkh nqfu;k ds fglkc ls ugha py ikrk Fkk vkSj ftruk ugha py ikrk Fkk] mlh dh rkd+r ls og fy[krk FkkA funk Q+kt+yh& nq";ar uke ds n'kZu igyh ckj egku ukVddkj dkfynkl dh ukV~; jpuk ^'kkdqarye~* esa gksrs gSaA mlesa ;g uke ,d jktk dk Fkk] tks 'kdqaryk dks vius izse dh fu'kkuh ds :i esa ,d vaxwBh nsdj pyk tkrk gSA vkSj 'kdqaryk dh thou ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@85
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
;k=k blh vaxwBh ds [kksus vkSj ikus ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh jgrh gSA jktk nq";ar ds lfn;ksa ckn fctukSj dh /kjrh us ,d vkSj nq";ar dqekj dks tUe fn;kA bl ckj og jktk ugha Fks] R;kxh Fks] nq";ar dqekjA bl nq";ar dqekj ds ikl u jktk dk vf/kdkj Fkk] u vaxwBh dk migkj vkSj u gh igyh ut+j esa gksus okyk I;kj FkkA 20 oha lnh ds nq";ar dks dkfynkl ds ;qx dh fojklr esa ls cgqr dqN R;kxuk iM+kA bl u, tUe esa og vke vkneh FksA vke vkneh dk lekt mudk lekt FkkA vke vkneh dh yM+kbZ esa 'kkfey gksuk mudk fjokt+ FkkA vke vkneh dh rjg mudh eaft+y Hkh lM+d] ikuh vkSj vukt FkkA nq";ar lkfgR; esa cgqr dqN dj ds vkSj thou dh cM+h /kwi&Nk°o ls xqt+j ds x+t+y fo/kk dh vksj vk, FksA nq";ar ftl le; x+t+y lalkj esa nkf[ky gq, ml le; Hkksiky izxfr'khy 'kk;jksa rkt Hkksikyh vkSj dSQ Hkksikyh dh x+t+yksa ls txexk jgk FkkA buds lkFk fganh esa tks vke vkneh vKs; ds M™kbax:e ls vkSj eqfDrcksËk dh dkO;Hkk"kk ls ckgj dj fn;k x;k FkkA cM+h [kkeks'kh ls ukxktqZu vkSj /kwfey dh ^laln ls lM+d rd* dh dforkvksa esa eqLdqjk jgk FkkA blh tekus esa fQ+Yeksa esa ,d u, ukjkt+ ghjks dk vke vkneh ds :i esa mn; gks jgk FkkA nq";ar dh x+t+y ds bnZ&fxnZ ds lekt dks ftu vk°[kksa ls ns[kk vkSj fn[kk;k tk jgk Fkk og ogh vkneh Fkk tks igys dchj] ut+hj vkSj rqdkjke ds ;gk° ut+j vk;k Fkk] ftlus ukxktqZu vkSj /kwfey ds 'kCnksa dks /kkjnkj cuk;k FkkA mlh us nq";ar dh x+t+y dks pedk;k FkkA nq";ar dh ut+j muds ;qx dh ubZ ih<+h ds xqLls vkSj ukjkt+xh ls lth cuh gSA ;g xqLlk vkSj ukjkt+xh ml vU;k; vkSj jktuhfr ds dqdeksZa ds f[+kykQ+ u, rsojksa dh vkokt+ Fkh] tks lekt esa e/;oxhZ; >wBsiu dh txg fiNM+s oxZ dh esgur vkSj n;k dh uqekbanxh djrh gSA fo"k; dh rCnhyh ds dkj.k] mudh x+t+y ds ÿkQ~V esa Hkh rCnhyh ut+j vkrh] tks dgha&dgh ykmM Hkh eglwl gksrh gSA ysfdu bl rCnhyh us muds x+t+y dks u, fet+kt ds d+jhc Hkh fd;k gSA nq";ar dqekj us fganh lkfgR; esa tks dke fd;k gS vHkh mldk mfpRr ewY;kadu ugha gks ik;k gSA nq";ar dqekj vkSj muds lkfgR; ij 'kks/k dh vko';drk gSA lanHkZ 1- lk;s esa /kwi] nq";ar dqekj] jk/kd`".k izdk'ku] fnYyh 2- x+t+y ,d vË;;u & pkuu xksfoaniqjh 3- ,d daB fo"kikbZ & nq";ar dqekj] yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn 4- ;kjksa ds ;kj&nq";ar dqekj &la- fot; cgknqj flag 5- orZeku lkfgR; (ekfld if=dk) vfyx<] fnlacj 2008 + 6- fogku &la- nq";ar dqekj] deys'oj] ekdZaMs;] ekpZ&vizSy%vad&1] 1953] bykgkckn 7- tyrs gq, ou dk olar] nq";ar dqekj] ok.kh izdk'ku fnYyh 8- o/kZeku] fctukSj vad] o/kZeku egkfo|ky; fctukSj 1998&99 9- ys[k & lkfgR; lRrk dh vksj D;ksa ns[krk gS % nq";ar dqekj 10- /kwi ml ikj dh (x+t+y laxzg) & egsanz v'd 11- lw;Z dk Lokxr& nq";ar dqekj 12- vkoktksa ds ?ksjs & nq";ar dqekj] jktdey izdk'ku
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@86
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Okkfpd vkykspuk ds izfreku vkSj ukeoj flag nhid dqekj xksaM fganh vkykspuk dh lcls cM+h pqukSrh lkfgR; esa fNis rn~;qxhu lekt ,oa ml lekt ls tqM+s leqnk;ksa ds thou fLFkfr;ksa dks le>uk gS] ftldh vfHkO;fDr lkfgR; esa gqbZ gSA fo'oukFk f=ikBh fy[krs gSa fd ^^vkykspuk mu foËkkvksa esa ls gS tks if'pe lkfgR; dh udy ij ugha cfYd vius lkfgR; dks le>us&cw>us vkSj mldh mikns;rk ij fopkj djus dh vko';drk ds dkj.k tUeh vkSj fof'k"V gqbZA**1 vc le>us ds fy,a t:jh gS vkykspuk ds izfrekuksa dhA ;s izfreku u,&iqjkus Hkh gks ldrs gSaA njvly mRrj vk/kqfud nkSj us gh viuh ladYiukvksa ds vk/kkj ij vfLerk ewyd foe'kksZa dks tUe fn;k vkSj viuh ladYiukvksa esa mlus lkfgR; dks lkewfgdrk esa ugha cfYd vyx&vyx fLFkfr;ksa esa le>us dk iz;kl fd;kA ,sfrgkfldrk ds Lrj ij vkykspuk vc rd lkfgR; ds fdlh dky[kaM fo'ks"k ;k O;fDr fo'ks"k ;qx dh izo`fRr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij lewps lkfgR; deZ dk vkadyu djrh FkhA ijarq mRrj vkËkqfudrkokn us lkewfgdrk ds ctk, vyx&vyx ;kfu fd L=h vyx] nfyr vyx] vkfnoklh vyx] vYila[;d vyx] ehfM;k vyx vkfn vyx&vyx ladYiukvksa ds :Ik esa izLrqr djus yxhA foe'kksZa ds f{kfrt ij gj vfLerk vkt viuh igpku ikus ds fy, la?k"kZjr gSA mUgha esa ls ,d vkt vkfnoklh foe'kZ gSA vkfnoklh thou ls tqM+s vusd igyw ftlesa mudh laLd`fr] yksd lkfgR; dk okfpd o fyf[kr :i] Hkk"kk o cksfy;ksa esa jfpRr lkfgR;] izd`fr izse] iwoZtksa ds Kku&foKku] dyk&dkS'ky ds lkFk&lkFk vkuane;h vnE; ftftfo"kk ,oa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dks /kjrh eka ds ojnku dh rjg ns[kus okys gSa fd Li"V vfHkO;fDr vkfnoklh lkfgR;dkjksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vDlj ns[kk ;g x;k gS fd dqN czkM a /kehZ vkykspdkas dks foe'kksZa dh lgHkkfxrk o iz;kl lkfgR; esa lh/ks xys ugha mrjrh tcfd mRrjvk/kqfud foe'kksZa dh mRifRr vkykspuk ds n~oan~okRed fLFkfr;ksa ,oa lkfgfR;d cglksa ds QyLo:Ik gh izdV gqbZ gSA ,sls esa vkykspuk dk nkf;Ro gS fd og bu vlarks"kksa] vHkkoksa] mis{kk] 'kks"k.k] vR;kpkj dh Hkkouk dks le>as rFkk lkfgR; esa vfHkO;Dr gq, lekt] thou leqnk; o mlds rn~;qxhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vkadyu djrs gq, vkykspuk ds izfrekuksa dks LFkkfir djsA dHkh&dHkh vkykspuk ds cgl ls uohu fopkj/kkjkvksa dk vkxeu gksrk gS] lkFk gh ,sls dbZ lkfgR;dkj flrkjs tks ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k /kwfey gks x, Fks ;k gks tkrs gSa o pkgs fdlh ;qx ds laca/k esa xyr ekU;rk gks] HkfDrdky dk mn;] Nk;koknh izo`fRr;ksa dh mis{kk] dchj] lwj] rqylh ls ysdj fujkyk] eqfDrcks/k vkfn dfo gksa] vkykspuk us viuh {kerk ds vkËkkj ij bu yksxksa dks mudk mfpRr LFkku fnyk;k gSA vkt vkykspuk ds iz;kl ls foe'kksZa dk tks nkSj ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@87
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
'kq: gqvk gS og vius ckSn~fËkd fo'ys"k.k] rdZ ,oa xaHkhj KkukRed laosnuk ds vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dks vkSj Hkh fodflr djus esa iz;kljr gSA ,d lkfgR;dkj tc lkfgR; dk l`tu djrk gS rks l`tu dh izfÿ;k dk vkËkkj ek= lkfgR;dkj ds O;fDrxr fopkj ;k vuqHko gh ugha gksrs cfYd fopkjksa dk fuekZ.k mlds ckg~; ifjos'k ,oa fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh fufeZr gksrk gSA lkfgR; ds fuekZ.k esa oLrqrRo ,oa vkRerRo nksuksa dk ;ksxnku gksrk gSA vkykspuk lkfgR;dkj ds l`tu izfÿ;k ds mRiUu gksus ds lHkh dkj.kksa dh iM+rky djrh gSA vkykspuk jpuk ij vkPNkfnr jgL;] vFkZ] fDy"Vrk] ca/ku vkfn dks Nk°Vdj jpuk dks 'kqn~/k :i esa ykdj [kM+h djrh gS rFkk ikBd dks laizsf"kr ,oa ‚n;xE; cukus esa enn djrh gSA dHkh&dHkh jpukdkj vius ifjos'k] fopkj] vuqHkwfr;ksa dks lh/ks&lh/ks u fy[kdj Hkko ek= esa gh O;Dr djrk gS ,sls esa vkykspuk vius xaHkhj ckSn~f/kd iz;kl ls jpukdkj dh ,slh fLFkfr dk frfyLe rksM+rh gSA vkt fofHkUu egkdkO;] ukVd] dgkuh] miU;kl] dfork vkfn dh fojkVrk ,oa izfln~fËk dk dkj.k vkykspuk gh gSA b/kj dqN fnuksa ls fganh vkykspuk esa okfpd ijaijk dks dqN vkykspd fljs ls [kkfjt dj jgsa gSaA cksys gq, dk :Ik ;fn fyf[kr :Ik esa vk tkrk gS rks mldk okfpd gksuk dgk° jg tkrk gSA mUgsa ;s irk gksuk pkfg, fd osn igys Jqfr :Ik esa Fks ckn esa fyf[kr :Ik esa vk, rks D;k Jqfr;ka [k;kyh iqyko gSA vkids dksbZ fopkj igys igy fnekx esa vkrs gSA eqfDrcks/k Hkh dgrs gSa fd ^^Hkys gh dkO; jpuk gkFk esa dye ysdj Vscy ij dh tkrh jgh gks] fdarq jpuk dh lPph euksHkwfedk dkO; jpuk ds {k.kksa ds ckgj fujarj rS;kj gksrh jgrh gSA**2 vc mls dksbZ dg Hkj ns rks D;k dguk vkSj dksbZ fy[k ns rks izekf.kdrk fln~/kA eukstxr o dguk] cksyuk HkkM+ esa tk;] fy[k fn;k x;k gS ogha lgh gSA ukeoj flag th dgrs gSa fd cksyus ls tcku ugh dVrh ij fy[k nsus ls gkFk t:j dV tkrs gSaA ij dHkh dHkh rks cksyus Hkj ls vPNs vPNksa dh dqVkbZ gks tkrh gSA Ωf"k egkRek fdlh dks Jki dg Hkj nsrs Fks ysfdu Jkfir O;fDr dk dwy] /keZ] ;'k] ih<+h] ijaijk vkfn phts rRdky izHkko ls oafpr gks tkrh Fkh mUgsa dksbZ fyf[kr Jki nsus dh t:jr ugha gksrh FkhA ukeoj flag vkxs viuh iqLrd ^okn fookn laokn* ds tfj, loky djrs gSa fd ^^vkykspuk deZ okn fookn laokn ugha rks vkSj D;k gS ys[kd vkykspd ds chp vkykspd&vkykspd ds chp ekSf[kd gks ;k fyf[krA blfy, vkykspd dk okfpd :i t:jh gS] blLks lekt vkSj ifjos'k dh thoarrk vkSj yksdrkaf=d euh"kk dk irk pyrk gSA**3 laokn 'kSyh ds lkFk&lkFk pkVqdkfjrk] O;aX;] xaHkhjrk] dgkor] yksdksfDr;k° vkfn okfpd vkykspuk dh izHkkodrk ,oa jkspdrk dks cjdjkj j[krs gSaA bl vk/kkj ij lkfgR; dk lE;d ,oa xaHkhj fnXn'kZu gksrk gS] rFkk lkspus&le>us dh {kerk dks Hkh izcyrk feyrh gS] lkFk gh vkykspuk ds u, vk;ke Hkh iznf'kZr gksrs gaSA [kSj gekjh ijaijk pkgs fyf[kr jgh gks pkgs okfpd bu nksuksa dh lekt o fparu ds {ks= esa viuh mikns;rk jgh gS vkSj jgsxhA pwafd laLd`r] ikfy] izkd`r] viHkza'k vkSj vusd Hkk"kkvksa ls xqtjrs gq, vkt ge ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@88
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds vk/kqfud ;qx rd igqps gSaA Hkkjr esa 30 ls Hkh T;knk eq[; Hkk"kk,a gSa vkSj 100 ls Hkh vf/kd {ks=h; Hkk"kk,a gSaA yxHkx gj Hkk"kk esa lkfgR; dk izpqj fodkl gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; esa fyf[kr vkSj okfpd nksuksa gh egRoiw.kZ gSaA dchj] lwj] jSnkl] ehjk] ukHkknkl] rqylhnkl] vkfn dfo;ksa ds in] nksgs] Nan] igys igy okfpd o Hktu xkus ds fy, gksrs FksA ckn esa /keZnkl lfj[ks laikndx.k ;k VkbfiLV gq, ftUgksaus Vsi ;k fVi dj bUgsa laxzg dk :Ik ns fn;kA yksd lkfgR; ds fo'ks"kK MkW rkjk panz f=ikBh dgrs gSa fd ^^euq"; dh lH;rk dk vf/kdka'kr% ekSf[kd ijaijk dk gh gSA osnksa dk xk;u rks gt+kjksa lky igys ls gks jgk Fkk ysfdu fyf[kr :Ik esa ;s cgqr ckn esa lkeus vk,] euq"; ds ekul HkaMkj dk vHkh rd ikap izfr'kr Hkh ugha gks ik;k gSA**4 rqylhnkl i<+s fy[ks Fks fQj Hkh muds jkepfjrekul dk izR;sd dkaM laokn/kehZ gSA 'kadj&ikoZrh laokn] dkd&HkwlwafM laoknA okfpd ijaijk dh vo/kkj.kk dsoy HkfDrdky esa gh ugha Fkh cfYd vkfndky esa Hkh fln~/kksa ukFkksa dh la/;k Hkk"kk Hkh okfpd FkhA oks Hkh xk°o&xk°o esa ?kwe&?kwe dj HkfDr dk tks Kku izpkfjr djrs Fks mldk Lo:Ik okfpd gh FkkA rfey dk laxe lkfgR;] rsyqxq ds fn~ovFkhZ dkO; vkSj mnkgj.k rFkk vo/kku lkfgR;] ey;kye ds lans'k dkO; ,oa dhj&xhr ^dfyIikVq^ rFkk ef.kizoky;~ 'kSyh] ejkBh ds iokM+s] xqtjkrh ds v[;ku vkSj Qkxq caxyk dk eaxy dkO;] vlfe;k ds cM+xhr vkSj uqjath lkfgR;] iatkch ds jE;k[;ku rFkk ohjxfr] mnwZ dh x+t+y vkSj fganh dk jhfrdkO; rFkk Nk;kokn vkfn vius vius Hkk"kk lkfgR; ds mTToy izek.k gSA bl izdkj okfpdrk dh t:jr ,d rjQ vkykspuk ds fy, Hkh gS vkSj vU; fo/kkvks tSls dfork] dgkuh] miU;kl vkfn ds fy, Hkh gSA gkykafd okfpdrk dh dqN viuh lhek, Hkh gSaA tSls dksbZ Hkh fo"k; ij O;k[;ku nsus ckn lquus okyk dksbZ L=ksrk tc fdlh ek/;e ls oDrk ds fn, gq, O;k[;ku dks Vsi dj ys ;k fy[k ys rks mls ge okfpd dgsaxs u fd fy[ks gq, dks cksy nsus ls okfpd eku fy;k tk,xkA vkt rks O;k[;ku nsus ds fy, u,&u, midj.k tSls ekbd] eap] VsifjdkMZj ykmMLihdj vkfn gSA lkFk gh lkFk O;k[;ku nsus dh izfÿ;k esa Hkh fodkl gqvk tSls okfpd] Hkk"k.k] ifjppkZ] ifjlaokn] lk{kkRdkj] laxks"Bh bR;kfnA bl izfÿ;k esa vkykspuk ds lkFk&lkFk dfork] dgkuh] x+t+yksa dk Hkh fodkl gksrk x;kA ewy iz'u gS ys[ku ls brj cksyus dh t:jr D;ksa iM+h\ blds laca/k esa 28 ebZ] 1988 ds ,d lekjksg esa dfo ukxktZqu th dk fn;k gqvk ;g OkDrO; t:jh tku iM+rk gS&^^vius ns'k esa vke turk rd ckrksa dks ys tkus dh n`f"V ls] iqLrdksa ls nwj dj fn, x, yksxksa rd fopkjksa dks igqWpkus ds fy, fy[kuk ftruk t:jh gS] mlls T;knk t:jh gS cksyukA LFkkfir vkSj LFkkoj Hkh fo'ofon~;ky;ksa dh rqyuk esa ;g taxe fon~;kihB T;knk t:jh gSA** [kSj fganh lkfgR; esa vkt okfpd ijaijk dks iqUk% LFkkfir djus dk Js; ukeoj flag dks tkrk gSA oks okfpd ijaijk ds vkpk;Z Hkh dgs tkrs gSaA vkpk;Z gSa rks budh ijaijk Hkh gksxhA vc ijaijk pkgs gks pkgs u gks ysfdu ;s dyk muds xq: gt+kjh ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@89
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
izlkn n~foosnh esa rFkk muls Hkh igys f=ykspu 'kkL=h] ds'koizlkn feJ] ;k Hkkjrsanq] izsepan vkfn esa t:j Fkh exj NksVs Lrj ijA ukeoj flag blh ijaijk dh vxyh dM+h gSa ftudk O;k[;ku vkt vla[; gSaA ns'k&fons'k ls ysdj fofHkUu lHkk] laxks"Bh] lEesyuks] fo'ofon~;ky;ksa esa mUgkaus O;k[;ku fn, gSaA okfpdrk dh ladYiuk tgk° Hkk"kk dks eq[k nsrh gS ogha mldh fodkl ;k=k fyf[kr Hkk"kk dks Hkh tUe nsrh gSA okfpdrk gekjs lekt dk vge fgLlk gSA ge lqcg mB dj jkr esa lksus rd ek= fyf[kr Hkk"kk ds lgkjs viuk dke ugha pykrs cfYd vf/kdka'kr% ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSaA okfpdrk dks le>kuk vius ns'k] lekt] ifjokj] ,oa iwoZtksa dh izkphu ijaijk vkfn dks le>uk gSA okfpdrk ds O;kid izlkj us vkt foyqIr gks jgh fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa dks fQj ls thfor fd;k gSA ftlesa vkfnoklh laLd`fr ,oa yksd lkfgR; dh ijaijk izeq[k :Ik ls mYys[kuh; gSA t:jr gS rks cl bruh fd bl okn fookn ds dqrdZ ,oa LokFkZfln~f/k ls cpdj okfpd vkykspuk ds okLrfod Lo:Ik dks igpkuus dh ftlesa 'kk;n vkykspuk dk dksbZ u;k izfreku Nqik gksA lanHkZ 1- fganh vkykspuk] ys[kd fo'oukFk izlkn feJ] i`- la- 17 2- ,d lkfgfR;d dh Mk;jh] ys[kd eqfDrcks/k] i`- la- 118 3- Okkn fookn laokn] ys[kd ukeoj flag] i`- la- 4 4- mRrjk[kaM vksiu ;wfuoflZVh dh fjiksVZ 13 vxLr 2014 esa MkW- rkjk panz f=ikBh dk OkDrO; 5- 28 ebZ] 1988 dks ukxktqZu n~okjk iVuk esa fn;k x;k O;k[;ku dk va'k] tks [kxsanz Bkdqj n~okjk laikfnr iqLrd ^vkykspd ds eq[k ls^ dh Hkwfedk
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@90
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
/kkfeZd (vk/;kfRed) ifjÁs{k; esa laxBukRed ÁcaËku dh egRrk fonq"kh 'kekZ ifjp; /keZ 'kCn laLd`r dh /kkrq ^^/kq** ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS /kkj.k djukA blfy, /keZ dk vFkZ gS& tks /kkj.k fd;k tk,A dqN yksx /kkfeZd dk;ksaZ ,oa vuq"Bkuksa dk vk;kstu djokus ;k buesa Hkkx ysus ek= dks /keZ ekurs gSaA xhrk Ásl xksj[kiqj ds vuqlkj&^^fuR; eafnj tkuk /kkfeZd iqLrdksa dk laxzg.k ,oa okpu] ËkkfeZd opuksa dk lquuk] lqukuk vkfn yxHkx lHkh O;fDr;ksa n~okjk bls gh /keZ dh laKk Ánku dh tkrh gSA** okLro esa /keZ vius vki esa cgqr o`gn {ks= fy, gq, gSA vius okLrfod vFkZ esa /keZ esa dsoy os xq.k ;k fÿ;k,° gh ugha vkrh tks bZ'ojh; ÁkfIr dk lk/ku gks ldrh gS vfirq os lHkh vkpj.k (eulk] okpk] deZ.kk) Hkh vkrs gSa tks euq"; ek= dks bl yksd vkSj ijyksd nksuksa esa dY;k.k ,oa lq[k dh ÁkfIr esa lgk;d gSA /keZ dh ifjHkk"kk ;g dh tk ldrh gS fd&^^/keZ thou ds lR;ksa] ewY;ksa] vkSj dRrZO;ksa ds fy, ,d laKk ek= gS ftldk ikyu dj ge vius bgyksd (e`R;qyksd) vkSj ijyksd nksuksa dks lq/kkjrs gSaA** oLrqr% /keZ vkSj uSfrdrk ,d gh flDds ds nks igyw dgs tk ldrs gSaA tks dk;Z /kkfeZd gksxk og uSfrd Hkh vo'; gksxk ijarq dgha u dgha mlds vkËkkj esa ^/keZ* vo'; gksxk D;ksafd /keZ ds fcuk uSfrdrk dk vkfLrRo ugha gks ldrkA /kkfeZd f'k{kk lfefr 1944 ds vuqlkj& ^^f'k{kk dh ÁR;sd ;kstuk esa uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed fln~;karksa dks ikB~;p;kZ esa LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A lc /keksaZ dh laifRr loZekU;] uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed fln~/kkarksa dks fuf'pr fd;k tk, vkSj fQj lcds fy, f'k{kk dh mfpRr ;kstuk rS;kj dh tk,A** bu lHkh lfefr;ksa us bl lc ds fy, ÁkFkfed Lrj ls fo'ofon~;ky; Lrj rd ds fy, /kkfeZd ,oa uSfrd f'k{kk dh iqLrdsa rS;kj djus] lHkh Lrjksa ij ns'k HkfDr] lsok] R;kx vkSj vPNs vkpj.k ds fodkl ds fy, Á;Ru djus] ekË;fed Lrj ij d{kksUufr ds fy, vPNk vkpj.k cukus rFkk ifjokj vkSj leqnk; ds Lrj dks ≈°pk mBkus dh flQkfj'k dh gSA lqn`<+ vk/kkj /kkfeZdrk dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks Hkkjr ftruk xkSjo'kkyh] le`n~/k ns'k iwjs fo'o esa ugha gSA Hkkjr ds ikl /kkfeZd xzaFkksa dk (ftlesa uSfrdrk] lkekftdrk] foKku] euksfoKku] [kxksy foKku] lekt'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL=] n'kZu'kkL= vkfn dk lekos'k gS) vewY; [ktkuk gS tks 'kk;n iwjh i`Foh dh lH;rk] laLd`fr ,oa mUufr dk n~;ksrd gSA gekjh i`"BHkwfe cgqr gh Lof.kZe jgh gSA iwjh nqfu;k dk 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk fo"k; gksxk ftl ij gekjs euhf"k;ksa us dksbZ iqLrd ;k dksbZ fln~/kkar ÁLrqr u fd;k gksA jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] xhrk] 18 iqjk.k] fgrksins'k] iapra=] dqjku'kjhQ] xq#xzaFklkfgc] ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@91
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ckbcy ,oa vU; /kkfeZd fo"k;ksa ij fy[ks gq, xzaFk rFkk /kkfeZdrk fy, gq, vusd dfork,° tks fganh ds Lof.kZe ;qx ^^HkfDrdky** dh nsu gS (D;ksafd HkfDr Hkh /keZ dh ,d 'kk[kk ekuh xbZ gS) bu lc xzaFkksa ds ewy esa ;g ugha dgk x;k gS fd viuk /keZ Js"B gS vfirq lHkh /keksaZ dks leku n`f"V ls ns[kk x;k gSA gekjs Hkkjr dh uhfr lnSo ^^olqËkSo dqVqacde~** dh jgh gS buesa laiw.kZ Ëkjrh ds yksxksa dh ckr dh xbZ gS u fd fdlh fo'ks"k leqnk; ;k /keZ dh vkSj tks gekjs lukru /keZ esa 'kkafr ikB fd;k tkrk gS tks ;tqosZn ds ,d ea= esa fufgr gSA mlesa laiw.kZ cz„kaM dh 'kkafr] le`n~f/k dh ckr dgh xbZ gS ;g ogh 'kfDr gS tks laiw.kZ lalkj dks thou nsrh gS vkSj j{kk djrh gSA 'kkafr ikB ea=& ≈° |kS% 'kkafrjarfj{k° 'kkafr i`Foh 'kkafrjki% 'kkafrjs'k/k;% 'kkafr%A ouLir;% 'kkafrfoZ'os nsok% 'kkafrczg~e 'kkafr%] loZ 'kkafr%] 'kkafrjso 'kkafr%] lk ek 'kkafrjsf/kAA ≈° 'kkafr% 'kkafr 'kkafr%AA gekjk Hkkjr ,d /keZfujis{k x.kjkT; gS blds lafo/kku dh /kkjk 19 es° ;g Li"V fy[kk gS fd ^^ljdkjh lgk;rk ij fuHkZj fon~;ky;ksa esa fdlh Ádkj dh /kkfeZd f'k{kk ugha nh tk,xh**A No religious instructions shall be provided in any education institution wholly maintained by state funds & Constitution of India, Article 19.
bl rjg dk Áko/kku blfy, djuk iM+k D;ksafd Hkkjr ,d cgq /kkfeZd x.kjkT; gS ,oa yksxksa dh /keZ ladh.kZrk lkaÁnkf;d naxksa vkSj ;qn~/kksa ds :iksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ijarq okLrfodrk ;g gS fd bl Ádkj dh /keZ ladh.kZrk dks jksdus ds fy, ^^gesa mfpRr f'k{kk] mfpRr ekxZn'kZu Ánku djuk pkfg, rkfd fon~;ky;ksa esa gekjk mn~ns'; cPpksa dks lc /keksaZ ds lkekU; fln~/kkarksa dk Kku djkdj muesa /kkfeZd mnkjrk dk fodkl djuk pkfg,**A e'kgwj xhrdkj ,oa ,M xq# Álwu tks'kh ds vuqlkj & ^^/keZ dk p'ek gVkdj /keZ dks fparu ds lkFk tksM+rs gSaA ;fn ge /keZ dks fparu ds yk;d ugha ekurs rks bl lalkj esa fparu djus yk;d dqN Hkh ughaA lwjnkl] ehjk ckbZ] jl[kku vkfn dh dforkvksa dks dsoy blfy, utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd os fganw ËkeZ ls lacaf/kr gSa\ vxj ge ,slk djrs gSa rks lp ekfu, vki ,d [kwclwjr dkO; jpuk ls oafpr jg tk,axsA Hktu gksa] lwQh jpuk,° gksa] xqjckuh gks lHkh esa ,d vyx rjg dh [kwclwjrh Nqih gSA u flQZ mudk dfork i{k cfYd ftl vankt esa mUgsa xk;k tkrk gS og Hkh ges'kk rkjhQ ds yk;d gSA mls /keZ fo'ks"k ls tksM+dj ns[kus okys ,d [kwclwjr dyk dks ns[kus ls eg:e jg tkrs gSa**A ^^>qdk ysrk gw° viuk flj nwljs /keZLFkyksa ds lkeus Hkh] D;ksafd eq>s esjk /keZ fdlh MkW- vCnqy dyke vkSj /keZ dk vieku djus dh btktr ugha nsrk**A &MkW ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@92
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
oLrqr% gekjs f'k{kk txr esa fdruh gh mfDr;k° gSa tks gekjs /keZ'kkL=ksa ls mn~Ëk`r gSa tSls& 1- vfgalk ijeks /keZ%A 1- egkHkkjr (vkfn ioZ)A 2- lR;eso t;rsA 2- eqaMdksifu"knA 3- vlrks ek ln~xe;A 3- rSrs;Z mifu"knA 4- rr Roa iw"ku viko".kqA 4- okYehfd jkek;.kA 5- losZ Hkoarq lqf[ku%A 5- fo".kq iqjk.kA 6- deZ.;sokf/kdkjLrs ek Qys"kq dnkpuA 6- JhenHkxor~xhrkA 7- tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoxkZSfi xjh;lhA 7- vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z (ÁkFkZuk)A 8- lg ukorq] lg uk HkquDrqA 8- dBksifu"knA 9- ;ksxs{ksee~ okgEg~e~A 9- JhenHkxor~xhrkA 10- dekZlq dkS'kye~A 10- JhenHkxor~xhrkA 11- loZrks tk;e~ bPNrkfeA 11- lqHkkf"kre~A 12- vfrfFk nsoks Hko%A 12- rSrs;Z mifu"knA 13- /kesZ loaZ Áfrf"Bre~A 13- fo".kq iqjk.kA 14- /keksZ j{kfr jf{kr%A 14- rSrs;Z mifu"knA Js"B thou ewY;ksa dh lef"V dks gh Hkkjrh; 'kkL=ksa esa ^^/keZ** dgk x;k gSA ;s thou ewY; gSa & /kS;Z] {kek] mnkjrk] larks"k] bZekunkjh] ifo=rk] Kku] lR;] Áse] n;k] vfgalk] lerk] ijksidkj] lg;ksx rFkk viuh gh Hkkafr nwljksa dh fpark djukA bu rRoksa dks /kkj.k djus okys O;fDr vk/;fRed 'kkafr dks ÁkIr dj lekt dks O;ofLFkr ,oa xfreku] mUur cukus esa lg;ksxh curs gSaA blfy, fganw 'kkL=ksa esa dgk x;k gS ^^/kkj.kkr /keaZ bR;kgq/keksZ /kkj;rh Átk%A** vFkkZr viuh /kkj.k {kerk ds dkj.k gh /keZ dks ^^/keZ** dgk x;k gS D;ksafd ;g laiw.kZ ^^ekuotkfr** dks /kkj.k fd, jgrk gS] mls u"V ugha gksus nsrkA /keZ] Á'kklu ;k ÁcaËku ds ewy esa gksuk pkfg, oLrqr% /keZ dh tks j{kk djrk gS] ËkeZ mldh j{kk djrk gS& ^^/keksZa j{kfr jf{kr%**A bl Ádkj ge ns[krs gSa fd fdlh Hkh laxBu dk vk/kkj ^^/keZ** gSA /keZ ,d lqn`<+ vk/kkj gS vkSj vk/kkj ;k uhao ftruh etcwr gksxh rks dksbZ Hkh Hkou ;k laxBu mruk gh lqanj] fVdk≈] oSHko'kkyh vkSj mUur'khy gksxkA ≈ij /keZ ds ftu rRoksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS bUgsa mnkRr thou ewY;] uSfrd ewY; vFkok Js"B thou in~Ëkfr ds rRo Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA bUgsa ^^drZO;** Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj ^^ekuoh; ln~xq.k** HkhA ;s lHkh rRo iwjh nqfu;k esa loZ= vkSj lHkh ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh gSA blfy, gekjs Ωf"k&eqfu;ksa us bu lHkh rRoksa dh lef"V dks ^^/keZ** vFkok ^^lkekU; /keZ** ;k ^^ekuo /keZ** Hkh dgk gSA bl Ádkj /kkfeZd ifjÁs{; esa ^^laxBukRed Áca/ku** dh egRrk fln~Ëk gks ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@93
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
tkrh gSA lanHkZ 1- uoHkkjr VkbEl The Speaking Tree – Jayti Goyal 2- Hkkejh lh-ih- ^yksd Á'kklu&fln~/kkar ,oa O;ogkj** 1995 i`-19 3- vxzoky eukst JhokLro UGC NET 2012 vfjgar ifCyds'ku i`-16 4- egRrk MhMh ek/;fed f'k{kk ,oa Ldwy Áca/k (2007 y{eh cqd fMiks) i`- 47 5- /kkfeZd f'k{kk lfefr&1994 6- fo'ofon~;ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx&1948 7- /kkfeZd ,oa uSfrd f'k{kk lfefr&1959 8- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx&1964 9- Hkkjrh; lafo/kku&/kkjk 19 10- varn`Zf"V&uoHkkjr VkbEl 11- varn`Zf"V ^uoHkkjr VkbEl* 10 vÁSy 2015 12- /keZ&vFkZ ,oa fopkj&dY;k.k (2010 i`- 15) 13- uoHkkjr VkbEl /kfeZd cqn~f/k & /kekZuqlkj & Speaking Tree 15/05/2009 14- /kkfeZd Áopu; vo/ks'kkuanfxjhA 15- /kkfeZd Áopu; eksjkjh ckiwA 16- /kkfeZd f'k{kk lfefr 1944 17- egRrk MhMh ek/;fed f'k{kk ,oa Ldwy Áca/k (2007&y{eh cqd fMiks&i`- 148) 18- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx ds lq>ko] Dr. D.S.Kothari 19- Álwu tks'kh % isijosV] 3 ebZ 2015 20- varn`Zf"V ^^uo Hkkjr VkbEl** 12 vDVwcj 2003 21- nSfud HkkLdj] n~foosnh ,l- ,u-] ^Indian Religion and Political Community** Xokfy;j vxLr 28]1993 i`- 4 22- nwcs vkj- ds- op, ct pp] 121] 12223- vxzoky eukst JhokLro% Á'kklfud fopkjd] (2012&vfjgar ifCyds'kal) i`- 41 24- MANDAL THEORY BY KAUTILYA 25- vxzoky eukst JhokLro% Á'kklfud fopkjd] (2012&vfjgar ifCyds'kal) i`- 43 26- dqekj jes'k% KAUTILYA‘S THOUGHT ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONŒ 27- Chaturvedi T-N.: (Hindin) Comparative Public Administration Research Publication Delhi pp 21-22
28- foRr ys[kk ,oa ys[kk ijh{k.k fjiksVZ&13 tuojh 1968 29- Motivation and Personality: Abraham- H- Maslow –1954 30- 'kekZ ,aM vxzoky% ^^Á'kkldh; Áfof/k;k°** 2001 jes'k Ádk'ku i`- 92&93 31- Elements Of Administration: lindaal Urwik page 33 32- QkfM+;k] ch-,y-] ds-,y-] ^^mPprj yksd Á'kklu** (2002] lkfgR; Hkou) i`- 151 33- Duglus McGregor; The Human side of Enterprises &1960 34- voLFkh ,oa voLFkh ^Á'kklfud fln~/kkar* (1989 iwtk Ádk'ku) i`- 1] 2 35- Vedalankar H-D: Public Administration (Hindin) Page 6 36- vkj-ch- tSu & Hkkjrh; lekt] vf/kdkjh ra= vkSj Á'kklu] 1989 i`- 31 37- vxzoky eukst JhokLro UGC Net 2012 vfjgar ifCyds'kal i`- 10] 11
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@94
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk* dh x+ty + ksa esa lkekftd ;FkkFkZ eatq flag mRrj izns'k esa tuin fctukSj ds xzke lhdjh cqtqxZ esa tUes lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk* x+t+y dgrs gSa vkSj mudh x+t+y fganh&mnwZ ds chp dh dM+h yxrh gSA u rks BsB fganh vkSj u gh BsB mnwZA nq";ar dqekj dh x+t+y esa Hkh ;gh Hkk"kk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS tks lkfgR; ds fy, cqjh ugha cfYd vPNh ckr gSA fctukSj ds gh ,d vkSj fon~oku iain~eflag 'kekZ us igys igy ;g iz;ksx fd;k FkkA rc mudh Hkk"kk dks dqN fon~okuksa us mNyrh dwnrh Hkk"kk dgk Fkk rks dqN fon~okuksa us mudh Hkk"kk dks lkfgR; ds fy, cgqr vPNk ekuk FkkA iafMr th fganh ls cgqr izse djrs Fks ijarq og vU; fdlh Hkk"kk ls ;k mlds 'kCnksa ls n~os"k ugha j[krs FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt mudh ogh Hkk"kk vke cksypky dh Hkk"kk cu xbZ gSA dfo lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk* Hkh bZ";kZ vFkkZr~ gln dks ykbykt chekjh ekurs gq, blls cpus dh lykg nsrs gSa& gln cgqr gh cqjk ejt+ gS] gln ls ^rUgk* xqjst+ djukA gj ,d ejt+ dh nok gS ysfdu] gln dh dksbZ nok ugha gSAA1 x+t+y us vusd izfreku x<+s gSaA vkf'kd vkSj ek'kwd ls fudy dj x+t+y us fo"k; foLrkj ik;k gSA vkt x+t+y gj fo"k; ij dgh tk jgh gSA dfo lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk* us Hkh fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij v'kvkj dgs gSaA muds 'ksjksa ls lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dk cks/k gksrk gSA vkneh dh cnyrh fQrjr dks D;k [kwc dgk gS& Hkkx tkrs gSa vye ysds flikgh ^rUgk*A tax esa ftl ?kM+h gks tkrk gS ljnkj dk d+RyAA2 dfo ^rUgk* csx+Sjrh dks ekSr ls Hkh cqjk ekurs gSa& csx+Sjr dk bl nqfu;k esa thuk D;k vkSj ejuk D;kA ekSr mls vkrh gS ftl dh vk째[k esa xS+jr gksrh gSAA3 vkneh ds psgjs ij ls udkc Hkh mUgksaus [kwc mrkjh gSA d+kfry Hkh vius vkidks mins'kd cuk ysrk gS vkSj ckdh lekt dks mins'k djrk gS& ,d vkneh dk d+kfry ;s dgrk fQj jgk FkkA vkSjksa ds dke vkuk gS dke vkneh dkAA4 uQ+jrksa ls ?kj caV tkrs gSa blfy, uQjr dks cqjh pht ekurs gq, dfo /kkfeZd uQjr ls ns'k ds caV tkus dh fpark O;Dr djrk gS& bruh uQ+jr iky ds rqeus ?kj vk째xu rks ckaV fn;sA vgys oru dks ;w째 er ck째Vks et+gc dh nhokjksa lsAA5 vkSj dgrk gS& lkjs ca/ku lkjs fj'rs lkjs rvkYyqd+ VwV x;sA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@95
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
vk°xu esa ftl fnu ls] Nk°o vkbZ ,d nhokj dhAA6 dfo dh fpark fuewZy ugha gSA /kkfeZd uQjr cPpksa dh eklwfe;r dks izHkkfor djrh gSA tks vHkh Bhd ls /keZ ds ckjs esa ugha tkurk] og Hkh /keZ ds Bsdsnkjksa ls iwNrk gS& uUgk cPpk iwN jgk gS /keZ ds Bsdsnkjksa lsA vkt dcwrj D;ksa x+k;c gSa xqEcn ls ehukjksa lsAA7 nwljksa dks cs?kj djus okyksa dks dfo Jki nsrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gS& nwljksa ds fu'kk° feVkrk gSA rw Hkh ,d jkst+ cs fu'kk° gksxkAA8 tcfd dfo izse dks 'kfDr ekurs gq, fy[krk gS& ge gSa rqEgkjs rqe gks gekjs] I;kj gekjh rkd+r gSA bl uqdrs dks x+kSj ls lkspks jke ls jko.k gkjk D;w°AA9 ek°&cki] HkkbZ] fe= vkSj izs;lh ls laca/kksa dks mUgksaus cM+h gh [kwclwjrh ls fijks;k gSA ek°&cki& dfo us Hkxoku ls Hkh vf/kd egRrk ek°&cki dks nh gSA rHkh rks dgk gS& mldk tyok ns[kus okys dgk° HkVdrk fQjrk gSA vius ek° vkSj cki dh f[+kner ,su bcknr gksrh gSAA10 dksbZ Hkh O;fDr pkgs fdruk Hkh cM+k D;ksa u gks tk, ijarq ek° ds fy, og lnSo cPpk gh jgrk gSA dfo us blh ckr dks cgqr gh lqanj <ax ls vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS& oks eq>s fnu <ys ckgj ugha tkus nsrhA ek° dh ut++jksa esa g°w ^rUgk* vHkh cPpk eSa HkhAA11 vkSj ;fn fdlh ek° dk toku csVk xqLls esa ?kj ls fudy tk, rks ek° dh cspSuh igkM+ tSlh gks tkrh gSA tks Hkh mls feyrk gS og mlh ls iwNrh gSA irk ugha D;k gksxk\ toku ckyd gS& toku csVk gS x+qLls esa ?kj ls fudyk gSA gj ,d 'k[+l ls ek° dh ut+j lokyh gSAA12 dfo us ml ckr dks Hkh cM+h gh lknxh vkSj lqanjrk ds lkFk c;ku dj fn;k gS ftlds fy, cM+s&cM+s lekt'kkL=h losZ{k.k djrs jg x,A tgka ls ifjokj fc[kjus dh igy gks gh tkrh gSA gj ek° vius csVs dk fookg cM+h gh /kwe/kke ls djrh gS exj tc lkjk ifjokj uokxr nqYgu dh vksj vkdf"kZr gks tkrk gS] ;gk° rd fd cw<+h ek° dh lq/k ysus okyk Hkh dksbZ ugha gksrk rc dfo dgrk gS& cw<+h ek° ds dejs esa vc dksbZ ugha vkrkA ?kj dk ?kj fleV vk;k ,d ubZ gFksyh esaAA13 nknk& lHkh cPps nknk dks cgqr I;kj djrs gSa vkSj nknk Hkh rks cPpksa dks ewy ls vfËkd C;kt dh rjg I;kjs gksrs gSaA dfo us cPpksa ds blh I;kj dks mdsjk gS& rLohjksa dk ;s vyce gS tku ls Hkh I;kjkA bl esa esjs nknk dh rLohj iqjkuh gSAA14 HkkbZ& HkkbZ tSlk ;fn nksLr dksbZ ugha gksrk rks HkkbZ tSlk 'k=q Hkh dksbZ ugha gksrkA ,dkdh ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@96
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
gksrs tk jgs ifjokjksa dh otg HkkbZ;ksa esa Lusg dh deh gksrh gSA dfo bl fj'rs dks cM+h gh csckdh ls vfHkO;Dr djrk gS& vc HkkbZ tqnk eq>ls gksrk gS rks gksus nksA c°Vokjk fojklr dk ?kj&?kj dh dgkuh gSA15 fdarq dfo HkkbZ ls fcNM+us dh ihM+k dks Hkh tkurk gSA HkkbZ ds fj'rs dh ifo=rk vkSj vVwVrk dks Hkh lqanj 'kCnksa esa O;Dr djrk gS& [+kwu ds ;s fj'rs Hkh fdl d+nj eqd+n~nl gSaA gSa esjh ydhjsa Hkh HkkbZ dh gFksyh esaAA16 vkSj fQj dfo dh igqap Hkh fujkyh gSA jke&y{e.k tSlk I;kj vU;= dgha ns[kus dks ugha feyrkA ouokl rks jke dks gqvk Fkk ij dfo us y{e.k dh ihM+k dks Hkh [kwc le>k gS& nq%[k rks ;s gS jke dh [+kkfrjA y{e.k dks cuokl feyk gSAA17 csVh&csVk& lekt esa ngstizFkk bruh c<+ xbZ gS fd ;g fo'ks"k :i ls ml cki ds fy, vfHkk'kki gS ftlds ikl iSlk ugha gS vkSj csVh toku gks xbZ gSA cki dks mlds fookg dh fpark fdlh Hk;kud nq[k ls de ugha gksrh& nq%[k Hkh gSa leqanj ls ml vkneh ds ftldsA iYys esa ugha dqN Hkh csVh Hkh fLk;kuh gSAA18 vkSj ,sls esa ;fn csVk ?kj ls pyk tk,] rks nq[k fdruk c< tkrk gS bldks ,d cki gh vPNh rjg le> ldrk gS& vk°[kksa esa ltk;k Fkk tks liuk pyk x;kA csVh gqbZ toku rks csVk pyk x;kAA19 nq'eu&nksLr& nksLr dc nq'eu cu tk, dgk ugha tk ldrk u gh bldk dksbZ iSjkehVj gh gSA blfy, dgk tkrk gS fd ,d vPNk nksLr tc nq'eu curk gS rks ;g nq'euh cM+h gh [krjukd gksrh gSA dfo us nq'eu vkSj nksLrksa ij Hkh dye pykbZ gSA nksLrksa ij Hkjkslk fd;k vkSj nq'euh iky yh& ftu nksLrksa is eq>dks Hkjkslk Fkk vkt rdA gkFkksa esa fy;s cSBs gSa ryokj ns[k ysAA20 fdarq dfo ;g Hkh ekurk gS fd lPpk nksLr dHkh >wBh rlYyh ugha nsrkA og rks Li"V oDrk gksrk gS] fcuk fdlh yksHk&ykyp ds ;FkkFkZ dk Kku djkrk gS ijarq tc nksLr >wBh rlYyh nsus yxs rks dfo dgrk gS& >wBh Fkha nksLr rwus tks nh Fkha rlfYy;k°A dSls fxjh gS jsr dh nhokj ns[k ysAA21 dbZ ckj ns[kk tkrk gS fd vki fdlh fe= ds fy, fdruk Hkh R;kx djks exj ,d le; vkrk gS tc og vkidk uke ysuk rks nwj dh ckr lquuk Hkh ilan ugha djrk gS& ftldh [+kkfrj eSaus viuk [+kwu fn;kA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@97
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
mldks esjk uke Hkh u'rj yxrk gSAA22 vkSj tc nksLrh dh vkM+ esa dksbZ nq'eu oj djrk gS rc n`"; fdruk Hk;kog gks ldrk gS& tax ;w° Hkh gqbZ] xnZu esjh ryokj esjhA esjs d+kfry us igu jD[kh Fkh nLrkj esjhAA23 dfo nksLrh&nq'euh ds fln~/kkarksa dks le>rk gS vkSj fdlh vuqfpr ek/;e dks viukus ds ctk, gkj tkuk mfpr le>rk gS& eSaus Hkkxs gq,s nq'eu is ugha okj fd;kA nksLrks blfy, gj ckj gqbZ gkj esjhAA24 dfo mu nksLrksa dh f'kdk;r ugha djrk ftUgksaus mls cgqr lrk;k gS& eq>s nksLrksa ls f'kdk;r ugha gSA exj nksLrksa us lrk;k cgqr gSAA25 D;ksafd ,sls nksLrksa dh dqN etcwjh Hkh jgh gksxh& 'kk;n dqN etcwjh gksxh ;kj dhA rksM+ pqdh ne gljr Hkh nhnkj dhAA26 dfo mu yksxksa ds izfr Hkh nksLr dks /kS;Z ca/kkrk gS ftuls og /kks[kk [kk pqdk gksrk gS& esjs nksLr esjh rjg lcz dj ysA Q+jsc mlls eSaus Hkh [kk;k cgqr gSAA27 dfo dh ifjdYiuk dh ;g ijkdk"Bk gh gS fd og nq'euksa ls Hkh eqLdjkdj feyus dh ckr djrk gS& vc rks nq'euksa ls Hkh eqLdqjk ds feyrs gSaA nksLrh xqykcksa dh gks xbZ ccwyksa lsAA28 vkf'kd vkSj ek'kwd& 'kk;jh ds bl i{k dks Hkh dfo us NksM+k ugha gS] NksM+rk Hkh dSls dfork dh izsj.kk dk eq[; rRo izse tks gSA ,d [k+r Hkj ls dksbZ izseh fdl rjg [kq'k gks tkrk gS& eqn~nrksa ckn esjs uke rsjk [+kr vk;kA ,d fn;k ?kksj va/ksjs esa tyk gks tSlsAA29 vkSj tc dksbZ izseh ijnsl tkus yxs rks fojg dh Tokyk mls tyk gh Mkyrh gSA ,sls esa gj pht+ tyrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gS& Okks x;k ijnsl rks lkjs opu tyus yxsA ueZ iydksa ij xqykcksa ds lqeu tyus yxsAA30 tkuk izseh dh etcwjh gS og izs;lh dks u ?kcjkus vkSj tYnh vkus dk oknk djrk gS& nwj lQ+j ij tkrs gSa ge tkuk Hkh etcwjh gSA ykSVds ge vk;saxs ,d fnu ns[kks rqe ?kcjkuk erAA31 fojg esa izseh dks Hkh mu fnuksa dh ;kn lrkus yxrh gSa tc og ,d nwljs ls pksjh&pksjh feyrs Fks& ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@98
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
D;k fnu Fks tc bu lk°lksa esa [+kq'kcq,° lh cgrh FkhaA mudh dkyh vk°[ksa esjk jLrk ns[krh jgrh FkhaAA32 mlds Le`friVy ij rc dh ;kn Hkh vkus yxrh gS tc og viuh izs;lh dh feV~Vh ls rLohj cukrk Fkk vkSj ikxy dgk tkrk Fkk& feV~Vh ls eSa jkst+ fdlh dh ,d rLohj cukrk FkkA xk°o dh lkjh xkSjh eq>dks ikxy yM+dk dgrh FkhaAA33 izs;lh Hkh x+eksa ls f?kjh gS vkSj og vius izseh ls f'kdk;r djrh gS& ,d rw gh Fkk tks esjs x+eksa esa 'kjhd FkkA dksbZ ugha gS vc esjk x+e&[+okj ns[k ysAA34 rc izseh Hkh f'kdk;r djrk gS vkSj dgrk gS& lkFk rqe Hkh rks nks I;kj dh jkg esaA cks> ^rUgk* ;s dc rd mBk≈°xk eSaAA35 dfo us mu izsfe;ksa ds ckjs esa dgk gS ftuesa izs;lh dk fookg fdlh vU; ds lkFk gks tkrk gS vkSj izseh mldh 'kgukbZ ctrs gq, ns[kdj vius I;kj dh gkj Lohdkj dj ysrk gS& nwj dgha ij Mksyh mBh 'kgukbZ cthA gkj x;s ge thrh ckt+h I;kj dhAA36 rok;Q& rok;Q Hkh blh lekt dk ,d i{k gSA Hkys gh ;g lekt dk dkyk i{k gks exj mldh csclh dks dksbZ ugha ns[krk gSA rok;Q dh etcwjh dks Hkh lq/khj rUgk [kwc tkurs gSa& fdlh gkykr dh ekjh rok;Q+ dh dgkuh gSA ;s jaxha jkr vkSj ;s ik;yksa dh vk°[k ds vk°lwAA37 lkekftd i{k fdlh Hkh dfo dh dfork esa vuk;kl gh pyk vkrk gSA bldk lcls cM+k dkj.k dfo dk lkekftd izk.kh gksuk gSA dfo lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk* dk lkekftd i{k izcy gS vkSj mudh jpukvksa ls lkekftd rkusckus dk Kku gks tkrk gSA mudh jpuk,a ;FkkFkZ dk cks/k djkrh gSaA lanHkZ 1- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 34 2- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 23 3- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 15 4- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 20 5- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 78 6- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 81 7- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 78 8- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 94 9- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 92 10- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 15 11- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 44 12- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 66
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@99
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn) 13- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 76 14- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 28 15- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 28 16- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 76 17- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 134 18- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 28 19- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 62 20- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 82 21- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 82 22- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 80 23- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 121 24- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 121 25- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 72 26- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 141 27- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 72 28- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 63 29- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 22 30- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 24 31- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 47 32- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 45 33- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 45 34- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 82 35- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 107 36- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 141 37- lq/khj dqekj ^rUgk*] lnZ ekSle dh jkr] ifjys[k izdk'ku uthckckn] i`- 42
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@100
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ejkBh lkfgR;
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@101
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Ekgkjk"V™ dh iwoZ xqugxkj ?kksf"kr ^ikj/kh* tutkfr dh leL;k,° MkW- lat; tk/ko izLrkouk vkt Hkh dgha ij pksjh] ywV&ikV ;k MdSrh dh okjnkr gksrh gS rks lcls igys iqfyl dk nLrk ikj/kh tkfr dh cfLr;ksa dh vksj c<rk gSA fQj 'kq: gksrk gS iwN&rkN vkSj ;krukvksa dk nkSjA ;g gky gS vktkn Hkkjr esa jgus okyh iwoZ xqugxkj ?kksf"kr ikjf/k; tutkfr dkA vaxzstksa ds 'kklu dky ls ;g nq"pÿ 'kq: gqvk gS tks vkt Hkh [kRe gksus dk uke ugha ys jgk gSA budk vijk/k dsoy bruk Fkk fd bUgksaus fdlh Hkh izdkj dh xqykeh ls badkj dj vius LokfHkeku dks cjdjkj j[kkA viuh vfLerk dks vaxzstksa ds pj.kksa esa lefiZr ugha fd;kA ikj/kh tutkfr;ksa tSlh yM+kdw tutkfr;ksa us vaxzstksa dh gqdqer ds fo:n~/k l'kL= izfrdkj fd;k FkkA ftlds dkj.k vaxzstksa esa budh ng'kr FkkhA vaxzstksa dk dkuwu u ekuus okyh tkfr;ksa dks vaxzstksa us vijk/kh tkfr;ksa dh Js.kh esa Mky fn;k vkSj muds gj lnL; ds lkFk xqugxkjksa tSlk O;ogkj djuk 'kq: fd;kA vaxzstksa ds igys Hkh bu tkfr;ksa dk vfLrRo Hkkjr ds dbZ izns'kksa esa Fkk ijarq ;gk° dk esgurh fdlku izR;sd tutkfr ds lkFk ekuoksfpRr viuRo dk O;ogkj djrk FkkA blfy, budk lgvfLrRo dgha ij Hkh vlguh; ugha FkkA ijarq vaxzstksa us vius dV~Vj fojksf/k;ksa dks xqugxkj ?kksf"kr dj mudk neu&nyu djuk vkjaHk fd;kA ikj/kh tSlh cgqr lkjh yM+kdw tutkfr;k° Fkha ftUgsa ^fÿfeuy V™kbCl* ;kuh vkijkf/kd tutkfr ds :i esa vaxzstksa us lwphcn~/k fd;k vkSj mUgsa lnSo lansg ds dV?kjs esa [kMk fd;kA muds ekuoksfpRr vf/kdkjksa dk guu fd;k x;kA vaxzstksa n~okjk cuk, x, lu 1871 bZA ds dkuwu dks ^fÿfeuy V™kbCl ,DV* ds uke ls izHkkoh <ax ls fÿ;kfUor fd;k x;kA bl dkuwu us rRdkyhu Hkkjr dh yxHkx 500 tutkfr;ksa dks xqugxkj ?kksf"kr fd;k] ftlesa ,d tutkfr ikj/kh Hkh FkhA vaxzst pys x,A ns'k Lora= gqvkA Lora= Hkkjr ds igys dkuwu ea=h MkW- ckcklkgsc vacsMdj dh igy ls rRdkyhu Á/kkuea=h tokgjyky usg# us bl 1952 esa vaxzstksa ds vekuoh; dkuwu dks fujLr djrs gq, bu tutkfr;ksa dks eqDr dj fn;k ijarq fQj Hkh bu tkfr;ksa ds ekFks ij yxk dyad vkt Hkh tl dk rl gSA iqfyl vkSj lH; le>s tkus okyk lekt bu tkfr;ksa dks mlh iwokZxzg nwf"kr n`f"V ls gh ns[krk vk jgk gSA egkjk"V™] eË;izns'k] xqtjkr rFkk vU; izns'kksa esa jgus okyh ikj/kh tkfr Hkh blh iwokZxzgk dk f'kdkj gksus ds dkj.k vkt Hkh mldh ltk Hkqxr jgh gSA ikj/kh leqnk; esa vkt Hkh O;oluk/khurk] vKku vkSj vaËkfo'okl dk cksyckyk gSA f'k{kk dk izek.k vR;ar de gksu ds dkj.k rFkk ljdkjh vukLFkk] iwokZxzg ds dkj.k ikj/kh tutkfr leL;k,° vkt Hkh [kRe ugha gqbZ gSaA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@102
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
mn~ns'; & 1- Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj tkfr&tutkfr;ksa dk ifjp; nsuk 2- iwoZ xqugxkj tkfr;ksa dh fLFkfr dks Li"V djuk 3- ikj/kh tutkfr dh mRifRr fo"k;d erksa dk voyksdu 4- ikj/kh tutkfr dh lkaLd`frd fo'ks"krkvksa dk foospu djuk 5- Lokra´;ksRrj Hkkjr esa ikj/kh tutkfr dh izeq[k leL;kvksa dk foospu djuk
'kks/k fo"k; dk egRo & Hkkjrh; lekt vusd izdkj dh fofo/krkvksa ls ;qDr lekt jgk gSA ;g fofo/krk dsoy tkfr vkSj /keZ ds vk/kkj ij u gksdj O;olk; ,oa iwokZxzgnwf"kr Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA Lok/khurk ds igys vaxzstksa us viuk 'kklu Hkkjr esa lqpk: <ax ls pykus ds fy, vius fojksf/k;ksa dks gj rjg ls fujLr ,oa ijkftr fd;kA tks fojks/kh fdlh Hkh :i esa ijkLr ugha gq, mUgsa xqugxkj ?kksf"kr dj mUgsa leLr ekuokfËkdkjksa ls oafpr fd;kA ,slh gh tkfr;ksa esa ,d egRoiw.kZ tkfr ds :i esa ikjËkh tkfr dk lekos'k gksrk gSA ikj/kh leqnk; ds yksxksa dks vius fj'rsnkjksa ds ;gk° tkus ls igys ;k fdlh ds ;gk° vfrfFk vkus ij xk°o ds iqfyl ikVhy dks lwpuk nsuh iMrh Fkh rFkk mlds ;gk° fu;fer :i ls gkftjh Hkh nsuh iMrh FkhA vktknh ds brus lkyksa ckn Hkh ;g leqnk; viuh mlh izfrek dk f'kdkj cuk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tks izfrek vaxzstksa us cukbZ FkhA vktknh ds lw;ksZn; ds brus lkyksa ckn Hkh mldh jks'kuh dh dksbZ fdj.k budh >ksifM+;ksa esa ugha igq°p ikbZ gSA ;g okLro esa gekjs 'kklu&iz'kklu dh gkj gSA ftl leqnk; us vius lkgl ds cyij vaxzstksa dk fojks/k fd;k mu tkfr;ksa dk lEekuiwoZd iwoZd iquoZlu djuk pkfg, FkkA ijarq gekjh O;oLFkk us ,slk ugha fd;kA lkFk gh bl leqnk; dk bDdk&nqDdk lefiZr usr`Ro NksM+s rks buds vfËkdkjksa dh bekunkjh ls yM+kbZ yM+usokyk dksbZ Hkh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSA vkt Hkh ikj/kh tkfr cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa ls rFkk f'k{kk ls oafpr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bl leqnk; dh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u dj mudh O;kid ppkZ djuk vkt furkar vko';d gSA
ikjf/k tkfr dk LFkwy ifjp; % ikj/kh tkfr egkjk"V™ dh ,d izeq[k ?kqearq&foeqDr tkfr gSA ikj/kh tkfr lnSo ppkZ esa jgrh gSA ;g ppkZ ;k rks vijk/k] pksjh] MdSrh ds dkj.k gksrh gS vFkok mudh tkfr iapk;r dh vekuoh; izFkk&ijaijvksa ds dkj.k gksrh gSA Hkkjr dh yxHkx 414 tutkfr;ksa esa ,d ikj/kh tkfr egkjk"V™ ds lkFk lkFk e/;izns'k rFkk xqtjkr esa Hkh gSA egkjk"V™ esa cMh la[;k esa jgus okyh ikj/kh tkfr eq[; :i ls /kqfy;k] tyxk°o] vgenuxj] 'kksykiqj] chM] mLekukckn] cqy<k.kk] vdksyk] vejkorh rFkk ;orkey esa cMh la[;k esa ikj/kh tkfr dk vfLrRo gSA Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls ;g Li"V gS fd ;g leqnk; vius ewy fuokLFkku ls foLFkkfir gqvk gksxkA ikj/kh tkfr ds laca/k esa ?kqearq ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@103
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
tutkfr;ksa ds izxk<+ v/;srk Hkhejko fiaxys fy[krs gSa] ^^ikjf/k;ksa dk vFkZ f'kdkj gksrk gSA f'kdkj djuk ;g ikjf/k;ksa dk eq[; O;olk; gSA ;g yksx HkVds rFkk f'kdkjh gksus ds dkj.k vkfn tkfr ds yksx Hkh blh tkfr esa fefJr gq, gSaA**1 ikj/kh vFkok ok?k: 'kCn ikj/k djuk vFkkZr f'kdkj djuk rFk ok?k: ls rkRi;Z gS Qk°lk] Qank tks ,d izdkj dk fiatjk lk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA fo[;kr lekt'kkL=h MkW- ch-Ogh-Hkkuw bl laca/k esa fy[krs gSa] "The word 'Paradhi' is derived from the Sanskrit word Papardhi which means hunting or the game to be hunted. Paradhiin Marathi means, to hunt. The word phanse means 'noose' or "trap.' As such the Phanse ParadhiAre those who unt game by trapping or by the noose."2 blls Li"V gS fd ikj/kh tutkfr egkjk"V™ esa
fuokZflr gksdj ?kwers&?kwers vkbZ vkSj ;gha dh gksdj jgh izeq[k foeqDr tutkfr gSA ikj/kh tkfr dh mRifRr dFkk Hkh vR;ar jkspd ekuh tkrh gSA iqjk.kksa esa vusd izdkj dh v[;kf;dk,Wa Hkh izfln~/k gSaA ^^ikj/kh iqoZJehps ejkBs gksrA rs y<kbZrwu iywu xsysr Eg.kwu lektkr o j.kkax.kkr R;kauk lUekukps LFkku feyr ukghA v'kh ekfgrh vlY;kus rs ijr R;kaP;k ewy lektkr felyys ukgh vls cjsp tu lkaxr vlrkr**3 ijarq Lo;a ikj/kh viuh tkfr dh mRifRr ds laca/k esa tks tkudkjh nsrs gSa og fcYdqy vyx gSA ^^gs Lor%yk jtiwr Eg.korkrA fo'ks"kr% jk.kk jktiwr ;klkBh ik/kh tkrhr lkafxrys tkrs dh] jtiwr jktk egkjk.kk izrki ;kaph jtiwrkapk jtiwrkapk LokHkheku dk;e jk[k.;klkBh vdcjklkscrp ?ku?kksj y<kbZ >kyhA ;kr jtiwrkapk ijkHko >kyk vkf.k jk.kk izrkikps ukrsokbZd o jtiwr lSfud bdMs&frdMs iGwu xsysA eksxy lSfud R;kaP;k ikBh'kh vlY;kus rs izFke xqtjkr (ekyok) vkf.k uarj egkjk"V™kr yiwu iGr vkys**4 Li"V gS] ikjËkh egkjk"V™ ds ewy fuoklh ugha gSaA os fdUgha dkj.kksa ls vius ewy izns'k ls foLFkkfir gksdj egkjk"V™ esa vk, gSa rFkk ;gha ds gksdj jg x,A
ikjf/k;ksa ds miHksn & Hkkjrh; tkfr O;oLFkk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,° ikj/kh tkfr esa Hkh ns[kkbZ nsrh gSaA tkfr vkSj mitkfr;ksa dk ÿe ikjf/k;ksa esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA xkslkbZ ikj/kh] phrk ikj/kh (phrk ikjf/k;ksa dh [;kfr lewph nqfu;k esa FkhA vdcj vkSj vU; eqxy ckn'kkgksa ds ;gk° phrk ikj/kh fu;fer lsod gqvk djrs FksA tc Hkkjr esa phrk ik;k tkrk Fkk rc phrk ikj/kh mls ikyrw cukus dk dk;Z djrs vkSj f'kdkj djus dh V™sfuax nsrs FksA) Hkhy ikj/kh] yaxksVh ikj/kh] Vkdudkj vkSj Vkfd;k ikj/kh] canj okyk ikj/kh] 'kh'kh dk rsy okys ikj/kh] Qkal ikj/kh] vkfn ikjf/k;ksa ds izeq[k miHksn rFkk mitkfr;k° izpfyr gSaA buds lHkh xks= jktiwrksa ls feyrs gSa] tSls lhfn;k] lksyadh] pkSgku vkSj jkBkSj vkfnA lHkh ikj/kh nsoh ds vkjk/kd gSA yaxksVh ikj/kh pkanh dh nsoh dh Áfrek j[krs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd yaxksVh ikjf/k;ksa dh efgyk,° dej ls uhps pkanh ds vkHkw"k.k /kkj.k ugha djrha vkSj u gh ?kqVuksa ds uhps /kksrh] D;ksafd ,slk djus ls nsoh dh cjkcjh djus dk Hkko vk tkrk gS] ;g mudh ekU;rk gSA Ikkj/kh f'kdkj djus ds fy, tky dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA mudk /kkfeZd fo'okl gS fd egknso us mUgsa ou ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@104
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Ik'kqvksa dks tky idMus dh dyk fl[kkdj canwd ls Ik'kqvksa ds f'kdkj ds iki ls cpk fy;k gSA**5 bl izdkj ds vusd ererkarj rFkk /kkj.kk,° ikjËkh tutkfr dks ysdj izpfyr gSaA ikj/kh tkfr dh izeq[k leL;k,° % ?kqearq tkfr gksus ds dkj.k ikj/kh tutkfr dk dksbZ fuf'pr fBdk.kk ugha FkkA ?kwers&?kwers fdlh xk°o ds ckgj nks ;k pkj fnu ds fy, viuk iM+ko Mkydj jgrs FksA xk°o okys Hkh bUgsa vf/kd fnuksa rd vius xk°o ds ckgj ilan ugha djrs FksA tgk° tkrs ogk° ds iqfyl ikVhy dh fuxjkuh esa rFkk gkftjh nsdj jgus okys ikj/kh lnSo vfLFkjrk dk thou thrs FksA vkt vktknh ds brusa o"kksZa ds ckn Hkh ikjf/k;ksa ds thou esa dksbZ [kkl ifjorZu ugha gqvk gSA ikj/kh tkfr dh tks leL;k,° Fkha ogh leL;k,° tl dh rl cuh gqbZ gSaA ikj/kh tkfr dh dfri; leL;k,° fuEukafdr gSa& 1- vf'k{kk ,oa vKku & vf'k{kk ds dkj.k ikj/kh lekt vKku dh xrZ esa /k°l x;k gSA ljdkj dh vksj ls ikjf/k;ksa tSls ?kqearq tkfr;ksa ds cPpksa ds fy, f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ijarq bl tkfr esa f'k{kk ds izfr bruk yxko u gksus ds dkj.k vf'k{kk dk izek.k vkt Hkh vf/kd gSA vf'k{kk ds izfr vukLFkk ds vusd dkj.k gSaA f'kf{kr gksus ij Hkh ikj/kh tkfr ds cPPkksa ls tgk° rgka iSlksa dh ekax dh tkrh gSA bl fLFkfr dk vR;ar Hk;kog fp=.k ek/kqjh rkEg.ks vius fo'ks"k ys[k esa fy[krh gSa] ^^ikjË;kP;k iksjkyk ukSdjh dks.k nsukj\ uksdjhlkBh nksu yk[k] rhu yk[k ekxRkkrA rs vkuk;pa dqbwu \ eax f'kD'kku ?ks≈u Qk;nk dk;\ ,d >ksiMa ?;k;yk nksu yk[k ykxrkrA vkiya gkrkoj iksV] >ksiMa i.k uk; ?ks≈ 'kdrA 'ksoVyk ikj/;kP;k iksjkua eksyetqjh djk;phA vku~ jLR;koj ⁄gk;pa-**6 vR;ar fujk'kk dh ekufldrk esa thou thus okys ikjf/k;ksa dks lekt dh eq[;Ëkkjk esa ykus ds iz;kl bekunkjh ls u gksus ds dkj.k ikj/kh tkfr vf'kf{kr rFkk vKku ds tky esa my>k gqvk gSA ;g leL;k vR;ar tfVy rFkk xgu gSA 2- va/kfo'okl dh fxj∂r esa Qalk leqnk; & ikj/kh tkfr ?kqearq gksus ds dkj.k budk laca/k lnSo taxyksa ls jgk gSA ikj/kh tutkfr vui<+ rFkk ukxj lekt ls lnSo vyx&Fkyx jgus esa fo'okl djrh gSA ghu&nhurk] vkfne fo'okl] Hkwrfi'kkPk] tknwVks.kk] 'kdqu&vi'kdqu esa gn ls vf/kd fo'okl djus dh ekufldrk ds dkj.k ;g tutkfr va/kfo'oklksa dh dSn esa tdM+h gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ikjËkh tkfr esa ^tokgj.kksa* fof/k dk cMk gh egRo gSA bl fof/k esa nsfo dks cdjs ;k HkSals dh cfYk p<+kbZ tkrh gSA ;g fof/k nsoh ds uke rhu fnu rd pyrh gSA ;g fofËk eaxyokj ds fnu laiUu djrs gSaA bl ds lkFk gh ^tGiwtk* rFkk ^iwoZtiwtk* ds vuq"Bku Hkh vkLFkk vkSj fo'okl ds lkFk laiUu fd, tkrs gSaA bl ds dkj.kksa dk foospu djrs gq, MkWlhek pOgk.k fy[krh gSa] ^^dk;e taxyk'kh laca/k vkY;keqys o f'kdkjhP;k fufeRrksu jkukoukr HkVdr vly;kus ikj/kh lektkpk xkookY;ka'kh Qkjls laca/k d/kh vkysp ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@105
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ukghA gs yksd vR;ar ekxklysys o vfu"B pkfyfjrh] :<+h] ijaijk ;ke/;s xqjQVysys vkgsrA nsokoj o t=k dj.;koj ij/;kapk tkLr fo'okl vkgsA ikj/kh lektkrhy yksd 'kDrhiwtd vklY;kps fnlwu ;srkr-**7 ikj/kh tutkfr esa vusd izdkj ds vaËkfo'okl izpfyr gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls tUe&rFkk e`R;q ds le; ;g va/kfo'okl rFkk /kkj.kk,° vR;ar dBksj :i esa lkeus vkrh gSaA ;g ,d izeq[k leL;k gS ftlds pyrs mudk Hkkofud rFkk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k gksrk jgk gSA ekufld xqykeh ls eqDr gksus ds fy, va/kfo'oklksa rFkk ekU;rkvksa ij iqu% lkspus dh furkar vko';drk gSA tkfr iapk;r dh euekuh & ikj/kh tkfr dh izeq[k leL;k tkfr iapk;r dh euekuh rFkk vekuoh;rk gSA ikj/kh yksx tkriapk;r fcBkus dks ^iapk;r cs[kkMh* dgrs gSaA tkfr iapk;r esa iapksa dh euekuh vkSj muds nfd;kuqlh QSlyksa us dbZ ikjf/k;ksa dk thou cckZn dj fn;k gSA nS- lR;kxzg esa izdkf'kr fo'ks"k vkys[k esa Árhd xks;y fy[krs gSa] ^^lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ larks"k iokj us ikj/kh lekt dh tkfr iatk;rksa ds ≈ij ejkBh Hkk"kk esa ^ikjn~;k ph iapk;r* 'kh"kZd ls fdrkc fy[kh gSA os crkrs gSa] ^bu iapk;rksa ds QSlys T;knkrj efgykvksa ds ekeys esa gksrs gSa vkSj muds f[kykQ tkrs gSaA ;gk° ,slh ÿwj ltk,a nsus ds mnkgj.k ekStwn gSa fd lqudj :g dkai tk,A ;fn iapk;r ds chp fdlh vkSjr ds f[kykQ voS/k laca/k dk ekeyk vkrk gS rks mls [kkSyrs rsy esa gkFk Mkydj viuh csxqukgh lkfcr djuh iM+rh gSA ,sls yksxksa vkSj ifjokjksa dk vkthou tkfr cfg"dkj dj fn;k tkrk gS-**8 blh izdkj dh 'keZukd&nnZukd ?kVuk lksykiqj ftys ds ekyf'kjl esa ?kfVr gqbZ fnA 21 vizSy 2016 ds fnO; ejkBh* nSfud esa izdkf'kr ;g ?kVuk i<us okyksa ds jksaxVs [kM+s dj nsrh gS] ftl dk 'kh"kZd Fkk] ^^iksfyl Bk.;krp tkr iapk;rhps ÿkS;Z; efgysyk mdGR;k rsykrwu uk.ks dk<k;yk ykoys** ftlesa ?kVuk dk iwjk C;kSjk nsrs gq, fy[kk gS]^^ eaxyokjh lk;adkyh iksfyl Bk.;kP;k uO;k bekjrhP;k vkokjkr ikj/kh lektkph tkr iapk;r Hkjyh gksrhA ,dk fookfgrspk frP;k pqyR;k'kh vuSfrd laca/k vlY;kP;k la'k;krwu gh tkr iapk;r Hkjo.;kr vkyh gksrhA vuSfrd laca/k ulY;kps fln~/k dj.;klkBh Hk;kud ijh{kk ns.;kph ikj/kh lektkr v?kksjh ÁFkk vkgsA mdyR;k rsykrwu uk.ks dk<Y;kl funksZ'k vkf.k rls u dsY;kl nks"kh vlk gk Ádkj vkgsA ;k Ádj.kkrgh iapkauh rlk fu.kZ; fnykA R;kuqlkj fookfgrsus mdyR;k rsykrwu uk.ks dk<Y;kuarj tkr iapk;rhus fryk funksZ'k Eg.kwu ?kksf"kr dsysA gk lkjk Ádkj iksfyl Bk.;kP;k vkokjkrp lq: gksrkA ek=] iksfylkauh c?;kph Hkwfedk ?ksryhA iksfyl Bk.;krp tkr iapk;rhps ÿkS;Z; efgysyk mdyR;k rsykrwu uk.ks dk<k;yk ykoys**9 ,d fookfgrk dks vuSfrd lacaËkksa ds 'kd ds dkj.k [kkSyrs gq, rsy ls flDdk fudkyus dks dgk x;kA vius pfj= dks csnkx fln~/k djus ds fy, ml L=h dks Hk;adkj ;krukvksa ds nkSj ls xqtjuk iM+kA ;g ?kVuk vkSj izlax ikj/kh tkfr iapk;r dh ÿwjrk dk rFkk efgykvksa ds izfr vlaosnu'khy gksus dk izek.k izLrqr djrk gSA ikj/kh tkriapk;rsa izk;% esyk] ioZ rFkk R;kSgkjksa ij yxrh gSA bu tkriapk;rksa esa eqf[k;k n~okjk fn;k x;k QSlyk vafre ekuk tkrk gSA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@106
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
tkr iapk;r dh ng'kr ds dkj.k ikj/kh tkfr vius thou ds vge~ QSlys Hkh ugha dj ikrh gSA vr% tkr iapk;r dh ng'kr ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ leL;k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ikjËkh tutkfr dh loksZPp tkriapk;r vgenuxj ftys ds ^e<h* xk°o esa lky esa ,d ckj yxrh gSA 3- iwoZ vijk/kh gksus ls ghu Hkkouk rFkk vijk/k cks/k ls xzLr & ikj/kh tkfr dk lekos'k vijk/kh tkfr;ksa esa fd, tkus ds dkj.k o"kksZa ls mlh izdkj dk Hkko Lo;a ikjf/k;ksa esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ghurk cks/k ds f'kdkj ;g ikj/kh vius vkidks ml Hkkouk ls vyx ugha dj ikrs gSaA tkfr ca/kuksa dk tcjnLr izHkko gksus ds dkj.k buesa u;k O;olk; ;k dqN vyx djus dh ekufldrk dks os fÿ;kfUor ugha dj ikrs gSaA ;qokvksa esa ;g Hkkouk bruh ?kkrd gS fd os pkgdj Hkh dqN u;k dj ugha ikrs gSaA lekt dh lansg Hkjh utjksa ls cpus dh dksf'k'k esa ikj/kh lekt Lo;a viuh utjksa esa Hkh mB ugha ikrk gSA dqN ;qod vkxs c<dj u;k dj fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa rc lekt ds cMs&cqtqxZ mUgsa viuh tkfr e;kZnk dk vglkl fnykdj mudk gkSlyk iLr dj nsrs gSAa ijarq vkt ;qokvksa esa uo psruk lapfjr gksrh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA lektfgrfpard rFkk vU; laLFkk,° bl fn'kk esa lkFkZd iz;kl djrs fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA ijarq ;g ghurk cksËk dh xzaFkh ikj/kh tkfr dh ,d izeq[k leL;k gSA 4- iqfyl iz'kklu ds vR;kpkj & ikj/kh tkfr dks vaxzstksa us xqugxkj tkfr;ksa esa 'kkfey fd;k FkkA ijarq vktknh ds ckn Hkh ;g tkfr vktkn ugha gks ikbZ gSA fo'ks"k :i ls iqfyl iz'kklu ds dqN Hkz"V ,oa vekuoh; vf/kdkjh&deZpkfj;ksa ds dkj.k bl leqnk; dk thou vfLFkj vkSj n;uh; gks x;k gSA bykds esa dgha ij Hkh pksjh&MdSrh dh okjnkr gksus ij lcls igys ikj/kh cLrh ij gh lansg O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA okLro esa vusd ikj/kh yksxksa us ifjJeiwoZd vkthfodk dk ekxZ pqu fy;k gSA ijarq vkt Hkh muds lkFk iwokZxzgnwf"kr O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa MkW- lhek pOgk.k fy[krh gSa] ^^ikj/kh tekrhyk fczVh'k ljdkj us 1871P;k xqUgsxkjh dk;n~;kUo;s xqUgsxkjh tekr Bjoys o ;k tekrhP;k loZp yksdkauk lsVyesaVe/;s MkW- c.;kr vkysA vkrk ikj/kh pksjhpk O;olk; lksMwu rs dkckMd`V d:u txr vkgsrA ijarq dqBs pksjh >kyh] njksMk iMyk rj iksfyl ifgY;aknk ikj/;kaukp /k:u vk.krkr o R;kaP;koj xqUgk nk[ky djrkr-**10 blls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ikjf/k;ksa dk thou ges'kk gh lansg ls f?kjk jgrk gSA ifj.kker% ;g leqnk; viuh Lora= vkSj bekunkj izfrek cukus esa dke;kc ugha gks jgk gSA dsoy egkjk"V™ gh ugha e/;izns'k esa Hkh ikjfËk;ksa ds lkFk bl izdkj dk ccZj O;ogkj fd;k trkk gSA lyeku jkoh dh chchlh esa izdkf'kr ;g fjiksVZ okLro esa ikjf/k;ksa ij gksus okys vR;kpkjksa dh vlyh;r gekjs lekus ykrh gSA os fy[krs gSa] ^^2007 esa ikl esa gh fdlh dh gR;k gqbZ ftlds ckn Á'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa] LFkkuh; usrkvksa vkSj iqfyl dk xqLlk cLrh ij VwV iM+kA vfyfl;k dgrs gSa] gR;k egkjk"V™ ls vk, ikjf/k;ksa us ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@107
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dhA gR;k ds p'enhn us Hkh bldh iqf"V dhA exj fdlh us gekjh ,d uk lquhA iqfyl vkSj Á'kklu ds yksx vk,A iwjh cLrh ds yksxksa dks bdB~Bk dj Fkkus ys x, vkSj bykdk NksM+us dk funsZ'k fn;kA og crkrs gSa] ^nks fnuksa ds ckn ge okil vk, rks cqyMkstj yxkdj gekjs vkf'k;kuksa dks <kg fn;k x;kA ?kjksa esa vkx yxk nh xbZA gesa ekjk ihVk x;k vkSj gekjh efgykvksa ds lkFk T;knrh dh xbZ* vfyfl;k dk vkjksi gS fd ^;g lc dqN Á'kklu dh ns[k&js[k esa gqvk vkSj bl okjnkr dks vatke nsus okyksa esa LFkkuh; usrk Hkh 'kkfey Fks tks Áeq[k jktuhfrd nyksa ds lnL; Hkh gSa* bruk gh ugha dbZ vkSj i=dkjksa usa crkSj xokg lhchvkbZ ds le{k vius c;ku ntZ djok, gSa ftles mUgksaus mu usrkvksa vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa dh igpku dh gS tks [kM+s gksdj ikjf/k;ksa ds ?kjksa dks tyk jgs Fks**11 iqfyl iz'kklu ds lkFk LFkkuh; usrk rFkk vU; jlw[knkj yksx Hkh ikjf/k;ksa ij vR;kpkj djrs gSaA ;g lcls cM+h leL;k ikj/kh tkfr ds lkeus gSA vijk/k esa lgHkkxh u gksus okys rFkk i<+us&fy[kus okys ;qodksa ds lkFk Hkh dHkh dHkh vR;kpkj dh ?kVuk,° ?kfVr gksus ij ;qok ekufld :i ls VwV tkrk gSA 5- deZdkaMksa dk cksyckyk] oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk vHkko& ikj/kh tkfr izkd`frd voLFkk esa rFkk izd`fr ds lkfu/; esa jgus ds dkj.k mu esa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk vHkko gSA ewyr% f'kdkjh tkfr gksus ds dkj.k f'kdkj ij tkrs gq, rFkk f'kdkj ds feyus ij ;g yksx vius vjk/; dk Lej.k djrs gSa rFkk Hkksx Hkh p<+krs gSaA f'kdkj ;g vR;ar tksf[ke Hkjk rFkk vfuf'prrk ls Hkjk dke gSA dHkh f'kdkj feyrk gS rks dHkh ughaA ,sls esa mudk Jn~/kkyq gksuk LokHkkfod gSA ikjf/k;ksa ds deZdkaM rFkk oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds vHkko dk foospu djus okyk 'kks/kiw.kZ ys[k nSfud egkjk"V™ VkbZEl esa fn- 2 fnlacj 2016 dks ^^vkEgkyk ek.klkr ;k;p;** 'kh"kZdkarxZr izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA blesa ikj/kh tkfr esa izpyfr ekU;rkvksa ds ckjs esa fy[kk gS] ^^ikj/kh yksd if'pe fn'ksdMs ik; d:u >ksi.ks VkyrkrA ijiq#"kkus ikj/kh efgysyk Li'kZ dsY;kl ^ckV >kyk* vls ekuwu L=hyk lektkckgsj dk<.ks vFkok okyhr Vkd.;kph f'k{kk iwohZ fnyh tkr gksrhA ikj/kh fL=pk Áoklkr ijiq#"kkyk lk/kk Li'kZ >kyk rjh fryk tkr iapk;r nks"kh Bjor gksrhA ?kk.koV (xgk.koV) gh Qkls ikj/kh lektkrhy in~Ëkr v'kh vkgs] dh dtZ oxSjs ?ksrys vlsy] rj tkrhrp ck;dks xgk.k Bsok;ph-**12 ;g lc ijaijkxr ekU;rkvksa rFkk oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds vHkko ds dkj.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bu leL;kvksa ls tw>rk gqvk ikj/kh lekt vkt izxfr dh vksj vxzlj gks jgk gSA 6- LFkS;Z rFkk HkkSfrd lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko& ikj/kh tkfr ewyr% ?kqearq gksus ds dkj.k ;g ,d LFkku ij ugha jg ikrs FksA lH; lekt lnk ls gh bl tkfr ls [kkSQ [kkrk jgk gSA ikj/kh tkfr dk xk°o esa vkuk [krjs dh ?kaVh ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA xk°o dk eqf[k;k ;k iqfyl ikVhy bu ij utj j[krk FkkA xk°o esa ikjfËk;ksa dh cLrh ftls ^iky* dgk tkrk gS] xk°o ds ckgj fo'ks"krk xanxh ds ikl gh Mkyh tkrh FkhA tgk° fdlh izdkj dh lqfo/kk ugha gksrh FkhA iky dk n`"; cMk gh n;uh; rFkk nkfjnz; Hkjk gksrk gSA laiRrh ds uke ij dqRrs rFkk x/ks gh budh laifRr FkhA Hkw[k vkSj x+jhch ls ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@108
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
tw>rs ikj/kh HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr FksA ikj/kh tutkfr dk dksbZ fuf'pr O;olk; u gksus ds dkj.k mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr n;uh; gksrh gSA vusd ckj taxy esa f'kdkj u feyus dh fLFkfr esa bUgsa Hkw[kk jguk iM+rk gS vFkok Hkh[k ek°x dj isV Hkjuk iM+rk gSA Hkh[k ek°xrs le; ;g ^okM;s ek;* dh vkokt nsrs gSaA ?kqearq voLFkk esa gh HkVdrs gq, thou ;k=k [kRe gks tkrh gSA xk°o ds ckgj iky esa tUe vkSj ?kwers ?kwers fdlh xk°o esa ejuk budh fu;fr gksrh gSA 7- ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ls dkslksa nwj & dsanz ljdkj rFkk jkT; ljdkj dh vksj ls fiNM+h rFkk ?kqearq tutkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, vusd izdkj dh ;kstukvksa dh ?kks"k.kk,° dh tkrh gSA fo'ks"kr% ?kqearq tutkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k dh ;kstuk gSA lkFk gh [ksrh ds iV~Vs nsus dh ;kstuk] jk'ku dh nqdku ij fdQk;rh nkeksa ij jk'ku rFkk O;olk; esa vkus okyksa dks dtZ dh lgk;rk dh tkrh gSA ijarq ikj/kh tkfr ?kqearq gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa vius fodkl dh ;kstukvksa dk irk gh ugha gSA ?kqearq tkfr gksus ds dkj.k bu ;kstuvksa dk ykHk ysus ds fy, ftu dkxti=ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS os Hkh muds ikl ugha gksrs gSaA LFkkbZ irk u gksus dh fLFkfr esa bUgsa ;kstukvksa dk ykHk ugha fey ikrk gS] ^^ikj/kh lektkrhy L=h&iq#"kkuh tkrhps nk[kys feyr ukghrA ljdkjh ;kstukapk ykHk feGr ukghA eqykauk 'kkldh; olfrx`gkr Áos'k feyr ukghA vkEgkyk ?kjdqy dk feyr ukghA vkeP;k efgykauk ljdkjh nok[kkU;kr uhV mipkj gksr ukghrA nok[kkU;krwu gkdywu ns.;kr ;srs-**13 bl izdkj dh vR;ar fo"ke fLFkfr ikjf/k;ksa dh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ;g O;Fkk dekscs'k lHkh ikjf/k;ksa dh gSA vHkh bl fn'kk esa lkFkZd igy dh tk jgh gSA vusd lkekftd laLFkk,° ikjf/k;ksa ds mRFkku ds fy, lfÿ; gSaA 01 fnlacj 2016 dks yksdkf/kdkj vkanksyu ds usrk vWM- v#.k tk/ko th us vgenuxj ftys esa lerk vfHk;ku ds varxZr ikj/kh tutkfr dk tulquokbZ dk;Zÿe dk vk;kstu fd;k FkkA ftl esa dtZr ds foHkkxh; iksfyl vf/kdkjh lqn'kZu eqaMs] lekt dY;k.k vf/kdkjh ek/ko ok?k] iksfyl fujh{kd lkgscjko dMuksj] rkyqdk d`f"k vf/kdkjh fo'oukFk nkjdqaMs] ikjËkh lekt ds usrk jktsaÊ dkys] MkW- iokj] dsaÊ Áeq[k esgs=s vknh yksx mifLFkr FksA bl volj ij ikjËkh leqnk; dks muds fy, cukbZ xbZ ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k rFkk d`f"k foHkkx dh vksj ls lgk;rk dh xbZA 2 fnlacj 2016 nSfud egkjk"V™ VkbZEl esa ^vkEgkyk ek.klkr ;k;p;* bl 'kh"kZdkarxZr iwjh [+kcj Nih Fkh]^^ foHkkxh; iksfyl vf/kdkjh lqn'kZu eqaMs ;kauh ekxZn'kZu djrkuk lkafxrys] ikj/kh lektklkBh vl.kkj~;k ;kstukapk ykHk fey.;klkBh dk;ZdrZ~;kauh Á;Ru dj.;kph xjt vkgsA ikj/kh lektkrhy yksdkauh O;lu o xqUgsxkjhiklwu nwj jkfgya ikfgtsA eqykauk f'kdor vlrkuk dlY;kgh Ádkjph pksjh djk;ph ukgh gk laLdkj #tfo.;kps vkokgu dsysA rkyqdk d`f"k vf/kdkjh fo'oukFk nkjdqaMs ;kauh] d`f"k foHkkxkP;k loZ ;kstukapk ykHk ikj/kh lektkrhy 'ksrdj~;kauk ns.;kps vkokgu dsys-**14 ;g tu iz;kl fuf'pr :i ls vk'kknk;d Hkfo"; dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA cs'kd] izKk] "khy vkSj d#.kk ds jkLrs ij pydj ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@109
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ikj/kh lekt viuh iajijkxr Nfo ls ckgj fudy dj viuh ubZ igpku cukus esa dke;kc gksxkA fu"d"kZ % f'k{kk ls dkslks nwj Hkkxus okyk ikj/kh lekt vc /khjs&/khjs f'k{kk ds egRo dks le> jgk gSA ifj.kker% ikj/kh tkfr esa f'k{kk dh izxfr ds lkFk lkFk vius vfËkdkjksa ds izfr Hkh tkx:drk c< jgh gSA vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr lpsr ikj/kh laxfBr gksdj O;oLFkk ds fo:n~/k iztkrkaf=d :i esa viuh ek°xs mBk jgs gSaA lksykiqj ds tk/ko xq#th] ek#rjko tk/ko] nkSyrjko Hkkslys] ckyd`".k js.kds] eksrhjke jkBksM] y{e.k ekus] y{e.k xk;dokM] cks/ku uxjdj] eYgkj xk;dokM] vWMiYyoh js.kds] lqfiz;k lksyadqjs tSls lefiZr lekt fpardksa ds R;kxiw.kZ dk;Z ds ifj.kke Lo:i ikj/kh lekt vc eq[; izokg dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd cudj lkeus vk jgk gSA lkeqnkf;d [ksrh dk dk;Zÿe gks] ;qokvksa dk f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k tSls dk;Zÿeksa dh lQyrk us ikjf/k;ksa ds lEekutud thou dk vk'kknk;d fp= mHkj jgk gSA ys[kd&fpardksa us Hkh ikjf/k;ksa ds thou dk va/kdkj nwj djus ds fy, iz;kljr fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA fulansg ikj/kh lekt Hkh oSf'odj.k rFkk HkweafMdj.k ds nkSj esa vius otwn dks rFkk viuh lkaLd`frd ,oa Hkkf"kd vfLerk dks cuk, j[ksxkA mEehn gS fd ikj/kh tutkfr vkus okys fnuksa esa vius leLr varjfojks/kksa dks [kRe dj fparu dh izfÿ;k dks xfreku djrs gq, lEekutud thou thus dh lkFkZd igy djrh jgsxhA lanHkZ 1- vkfnoklh ,oa misf{kr tu] MkW- Hkhejko fiaxys] i`- 225 2- People of India-Maharashtra, Part-III, Volume-XXX, B.V.Bhanu, 2004, Page No. 1655 3- 'kkldh; mi;kstuk vkf.k vkfnoklh lekt] MkW- lhek pOgk.k i`- 201 4- 'kkldh; mi;kstuk vkf.k vkfnoklh lekt] MkW- lhek pOgk.k] i`- 105 5- e/;izns'k laiw.kZ v/;;u& midkj izdk'ku i`- 276 6- 'kkldh; mi;kstuk vkf.k vkfnoklh lekt] MkW- lhek pOgk.k] i`-112 7- nS- yksdlRrk 19 lIVsacj] 2015] jLR;kojpa ykpkj ft.ka] ek/kqjh rkEg.ks] fjiksVZ 8- nSfud lR;kxzg] 04 ekpZ 2016 9- nSfud fnO; ejkBh 21 vizSy 2016 10- 'kkldh; mik;;kstuk vkf.k vkfnoklh] MkW- lhek pOgk.k] 110 11- ch-ch-lh-fganh U;wt] xq#okj fn-15 ekpZ] 2012 lyeku jkoh] cSrwy] e/; Áns'k dh fo'ks"k fjiksVZ 12- nSfud egkjk"V™ VkbZEl esa fnA 2 fnlacj 2016 13- egkjk"V™ VkbZEl] 2 fMlsacj 2016] vkEgkyk ek.klkr ;k;p;a 14- nSfud egkjk"V™ VkbZEl 2 fnlacj 2016
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@110
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Mksxjh lkfgR;
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@111
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Mksxjh Dgkfu;sa p ctqxaZs nh vlekftd izof` Ÿk f'ko dqekj [ktwfj;k gj lekt nk fuekZ.k ekg~uw dUuS gksank ,sA ml lekt p lekftd izo`fŸk vkg~ys yksdsa ns dUuS&dUuS vlekftd izo`fŸk vkg~ys yksd ch gksans u] tsg~M+s lekt 'kCn nh ifjHkk"kk xS usbZa tkunsA bLlS djh m^usaxh paxs&ekM+s lekt nk Kku xS usbZa gksankA vksg~ Egs'kka lekt fc:º dEe djns u rs nks'k nq,a ij ykans uA vksg~ usg~ dEe djns u] ftans dUuS lekt ns eku&lEeku xh Bsg~ iqTtSA vksg~ dqlS nq, ns nq[k&ijs'kkuh p 'kkey usbZa gksansA fln~/ks&lk/ks rs paxs ekg~uq,a nh bTtr usbZa djns cYds m*usaxh ijs'kku djns u rs vius tusg~ HkSM+s rs Hkz"V yksdsa xh eku fnans uA ma*ns p lknxh rs lnkpkj ns Fkkg~j cukSVhiu rs Hkz"Vkpkj erk gksank ,sA vksg~ vuSfrd dEe djns uA vlekftd izo`fŸk vkg~ys ekg~uw ch bLlS lekt nk vax gksans u rs bLlS lekt p jkSag~ns uA ij] m*uasxh lekt ns fu;esa rs cafn'ks nk dksbZ Mj usbZa gksank ,sA vksg~ dksbZ ch HkSM+k dEe djus 'kk iSg~ys lkspns usbZa ts lekth O;oLFkk ns fc:º pyus dUuS mank dsg~ uqdlku gksbZ ldnk tka lekt m*usaxh fdl :iS p nafMr djh ldnk ,sA vksg~ udkjkRed lksp vksg~ys gksans uA mank lekt nh HkykbZ&csg~rjh ikLlS dksbZ :>ku usbZa gksank ,sA Mksxjh Dgkfu;sa p ch fd'k ctqxZ ikŸkj vlekftd izo`fŸk vkg~ys ut+jh vkSans u] tsg~M+s lekt ns fu;esa ns [kykQ tans xsns uA ftank rQlhyh C;kSjk bl pkYyh ,s& ^jckjk cnyh xsvk* Dgkuh nk eqD[k ctqxZ ikŸkj iar ,sA vksg~ f'ko eanjS nk iqtkjh ,s rs eanjS p xS jkSag~nk ,sA vksg~ yksdsa ns fVcM+s fn[knk ,sA tSarjh rs iŸkjh okfp;S vius ttekusa ns C;kg~ djksvkank ,sA iwjk xzka∑ vksg~ns mIij vD[kka can dfj;S Hkjkslk djnk ,sA ij] iar Hkksys&Hkkys yksdsa ns Hkjksls nk utk;t+ Qk;nk pqfDd;S manh dqfM+;sa xh viuh gol nk f'kdkj cukank ,sA xzka∑ nh ftl dqM+h nk fVcM+k vksg~ns dksy vkSank ,s vksg~ m*usaxh ,sls >wBs cSg~esa rs va/kfoíoklsa p Qlkank ,s tsg~ns Fkeka ckg~j fudyuk eq'dy gksbZ tank ,sA Dgkuh p vkbZ fn;ka ,g~ lrjka iar nh vlekftd izo`fr mIij yks∑ ikus vkg~fy;ka u& ^^tsdj rwa fexh Hkksx yqvk;k] rka esa rsjk C;kg~ paxs ?kj djksvkbZ ns≥A esjs dksy tkxrsa ns lqn~/ks fVcM+s isns uA esjh fdUuh pynh ,s rqxh irk xS---A dksbZ esjh xYy uh eksM+h ldnk] rw ch usbZaA dsbZa;sa dqfM+;sa xh ikj rqvkjsvk] rwa ch lsgh---A**1 lekt p Hkksys rs 'kjhQ yksdsa nh etcwjh cuh tanh ,s ts vksg~ fd'k yksdsa ikj t:jr 'kk erk Hkjkslk djns uA ,g~ nq"V o`fr ns yksd mank Hkyk djus nh vkM+ p jfTt;S 'kks"k.k djns uA ,sls yksdsa nh dyh ftlyS [kqynh ,s rka lekt ns b;S Hkksys&Hkyksds yksd manh ,slh nqxZrh djns u ts m*usaxh rksok&rksok djuh ikSanh ,sA ^Ldksj*2 Dgkuh nk eqD[k ctqxZ ikŸkj cfp=j flag ,sA vksg~ys ers lkjs feŸkj u] tsg~M+s vksg~ns xS gemij uA ,g~ lkjs leka dV~Vus vkLrS vius feŸkj MkW- xqIrk nh nqdku mIij ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@112
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dV~Bs gksb;S ekStwnk lesa p pyS djns cD[k&cD[k eqn~nsa mIij ppkZ djns uA nqdku mIij osfg;S ,g~ jlrs p vkSusa&tkus vkg~fy;sa tukfu;sa xh NsM+ns uA ma*nsa p bd tuk jkg~ tanh tukuh ckjS uf[kºh tusgh xYy djnk ,sA tukuh dksyk cjnk'k usbZa gksank rka vksg~ lkjsa nh cM+h cstrh djnh ,sA MkW- xqIrk gRFk tksfM+;S tukuh dksyk ekQh eaxnk ,s rka ma*nh [kyklh gksanh ,sA ^iysl* Dgkuh p ctqxZ ikŸkj ckck ,sA vksg~ bd uEcj nk i[kaMh] ykyph rs pykd balku ,sA vius lqvkFkZ xh /;kuk p jfD[k;S yksdsa xh eŸkq cukank ,sA m*usaxh yqVnk rs xqejkg djnk ,sA vkLFkk ns uka∑ mIij Hkksys&Hkkys yksdsa nk 'kks"ku djnk ,sA yksd ch ckcs mIij vD[kka can dfj;S Hkjkslk djns uA vksg~nh vkD[kh xsnh xYyS xh Hkxoku nk gqDe euns uA ckck bLlS xYyS nk utk;t Qk;nk pqdnk ,sA iSls nh ykypS p ckck dqlS nh ftanxh dUuS ch f[kyckM+ djus p usbZa mdnk ,sA Dgkuh p vkbZ ,g~ lrjka ckcs nh vlekftd izo`fŸk xh xqgkM+us vkg~fy;ka u& ^^[kjk ,g~ jD[kks iatkg~ jis∑* iatkg~ jis∑\ ckck th =S rksys lqUus fn;ka cqxfn;ka esa rqlsaxh iSg~yS nsbZ xsvk gkA iatkg~ jis∑ rs NM+s Hkkxka fiPNS lIi NksM+us vkg~ys uS ysbZ ySus uA**3 lekt p ers lkjs ckcs ,sls u tsg~M+s yksdsa xh eŸkq cukb;S vkiwa ,s'k izlfr;ka djns u rs m*usaxh cSg~esa p QlkbZ j[kns uA ij] ftlyS vlfy;r lkeuS vkSanh ,s rka csYyk gRFkk [kqa>h pqds nk gksank ,sA iNrkus ns bykok ma*ns gRFk fdík ch usbZa vkSankA ^uqDdj cNsjh rs fy≥Mh [kPpj* Dgkuh p eqD[k ctqxZ ikŸkj xzk∑a nk yEcM+nkj ,sA vksg~ i<+s&fy[ks nk gksus ns dUuS&dUuS jfTt;S pykd ch ,sA vksg~ xzka∑ ns Hkksys&Hkkys rs vui<+ yksdsa xh eŸkq cukank ,sA ers yksdsa xh vksg~ ukSdjh nk ykjk ykbZ j[knk ,sA yEcjnkj viuh mejh nk [;ky usbZa j[knk rs xzka∑ nh bd dqM+h xh viuh feV~fB;sa xYysa p QlkbZ ySank ,sA xYy bRFkwa rxj c/kh tanh ,s ts vksg~ dqM+h dUuS C;kg~ djus nh lkspu yxh ikSank ,sA vksg~ le>nk ,s ts x+jhc dqM+h dUuS C;kg~ dfj;S vksg~ Lgku djS djnk ,s rs mlns xtZean cCcS xh x+jhch ns nyny pk ckg~j dM~<k djnk ,sA Dgkuh p vk, ns ,g~ cksy bl xYyS nh rtZekuh djns u& ^^eSa C;kg~ dfj;S mUns ij Lgku xS djaxA uka fexh nkt yksM+nk uk nkuA lxqvka nks /keka fteh uqgkM+s cCck xh fy[kh nsaxA lkjh mej jfTt;S [kkx rs lhlka nsxA**4 cqM~<k dqM+h dUuS C;kg~ dfj;S vksg~ns ?kjS nh ekM+h gkyr nk Qk;nk pqDduk pkag~nk ,sA ?kjS&vkg~ys ns yD[k le>kus ij ch vksg~ usbZa eunk ,s rs uka xS lekt ns yksdsa nh ijokg~ djnk ,sA dqfM+;sa xh eqYysa cspuk rs [kjhnuk MqXxj lekt nh cM+h ijkuh dqizFkk ,sA lfn;sa Fkeka pynh vkoS djnh bl dqizFkk p irk usbZa fdfUu;sa csdlwj dqfM+;sa nh cyh yXxh xsnh ,sA ^xtZns cny&feydnh fctyh* Dgkuh p ctqxZ ikŸkj cnyw ,sA vksg~ euS nh gol eVkus rs ?k`Lr clkus vkLrS vius Fkeka erh ykSg~dh mijh nh dqM+h xh vV~B lkS jis∑ dUuS [kjhnh ySnk ,sA cnyw ,slk d`r djns uka rs la?knk ,s rs uka xS lkspnk ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@113
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
cpkjnk ,sA vksg~ gj pkYyh nk gRFkdaMk viukank ,s ts lksek mlns ?kj clus nh dksfíkík djSA [khj lqcsnkjS ns tqyesa dksyk nq[kh gksb;S lksek dqIiM+k mIijk Nky nsb;S vkRegR;k djh ySanh ,sA Dgkuh p vkbZ fn;ka ,g~ lrjka cnyw nh vlekftd izo`fr xh mtkxj djus vkg~fy;ka u& ^^--- 7&8 lkS :i;k [kpZ dfj;S uesa fljsvk vius xëgLFk cukus nk ,g~ izca/ k dhrk gkA ij njvly vksg~ns dksyk bd HkqYy gksbZ xsbZ ghA mUuS viuh mejh nk [;ky usbZ gk dhrk rs lksek nh lwjr fnfD[k;S yypksbZ xsvk gkA vksg~ns p gh tqvkuh rs ëkySis nh fctyh rs ,g~nh <ynh cjslA**5 balku viuh lq[k&lqfo/kk vkLrS bUuk vuSfrd ch gksbZ ldnk ,s ts vksg~ lkjsa lekth dk;nsa xh usbZa euus nh twjr ch djh ySank ,sA ij] gkly fd'k ch usbZa gksank flok, izk'kfpr] iPNksrk rs ueks'kh nsA ^pkj cqM~<+s pkj ifjvka* Dgkuh p ctqxZ ikŸkj pkj cqM~<s uA pkSus nk uka∑ iqUuw ,sA pkjs cpiu ns nksLr u rs csfQdjh nk thou thus vkg~ys euqD[k uA ftEesnkfj;sa dksyk lqj[k: gksb;S vkst jkst ?kjS ns ckg~j xIika ykus vkLrS feyns uA m*uasxh u'kk djus nh HkSM+h yŸk ,sA vksg~ vV~Bks iSg~j u'ks p nqŸk jkSag~ns uA Dgkuh p vkbZ fn;ka ,g~ lrjka fnD[kks& ^^fijh fpye Hk[kh] fijh lwVs yXxsA fpye Hk[kk nh ,sA lwVs yXxk ns uA Ugsjk iok nk ,sA xIika cTtk fn;ka uA jkr cËkk nh ,sA lwVs yXxk ns uA**6 vksg~ pkjs u'ks p b*Uuk nqŸk jkSag~ns u ts m*usaxh balkusa] Hkwr&izsrsa rs ifj;sa p QdZ xS elwl usbZa gksank ,sA vksg~ dqfM+;sa xh ifj;ka lef>;S ma*ns fiPNS tans uA bRFkwa rxj ts vksg~ viuh mej nk [;ky euS pk dfM~<;S ma*ns C;kg~ dfj;S ijh&yksd p jkSg~us nh Ldhe ch cukbZ ySans uA ^lqDds vRFk:a*7 Dgkuh p ctqxZ ikŸkj eka ,sA vksg~ ftLe&Qjksíkh nk /ka/k djnh ,sA vksg~ fuŸk&uesa ensZ dUuS jkr xtkfj;S viuh gol eVkanh ,s rs ma*ns Fkeka iSls ch ysbZ ySanh ,sA ctqxZ gksus ij ch vksg~ bl /ka/ks xh usbZa NksM+nh rs Egs'kka gkj&íkaxkj dfj;S vius vkiS xh xkg~dsa vkLrS R;kj j[knh ,sA vksg~ viuh /kh∑ jkdhyk xh ch tcjnLrh bLlS Ëka/ks p ikbZ fnanh ,sA ^'kSadjh nk cqM~<k* Dgkuh p ctqxZ ikŸkj 'kaHkq ,sA vksg~ cM+k iwtk&ikBh rs / kehZdehZ euqD[k jsgk ,sA lkjs xzka∑ ns yksd mlh 'kaHkq iar dfj;S cykans uA vksg~ iqvkjk gksb;S okil vkbZ tank ,sA vksg~ iqvkjk vkSus ns ckn iwtk&ikB rs /keZ nk jLrk NksM+h fnank ,sA vksg~ iwjh&iwjh /;kM+h rs vn~/kh&vn~/kh jkrha rxj yksdsa ns rjrkus jkgsa ma*fn;sa f/ k;sa&HkSaus xh vcktka ekjnk jkSag~nk ,sA jLrs p vkSafn;s&tafn;sa dqfM+;sa xh NsM+nk ,sA mlh bLlS gjdr mIij bd ckjh ekj ch isbZ tanh ,sA ij] vksg~ lq/kjnk usbaZ ,s lxqvka fnu&c&fnu vksg~fn;sa gjdrsa p ckn~/kk gksank tank ,sA Dgkuh p vkbZ fn;ka ,g~ lrjka fnD[kks& ^^dqRFksa ,g~ dM+k xs&xqtjs nk cstkg] cíkeZ] uhp] nqíV rs cs&xSjr cqM~<k tsg~M+k jkst Ugsjs&ewag~ mfV~B;S ryk∑ ns da<S [kM+ksrs ns ?kus fiiyk ns cwg~Vs mIij tkbZ p<+uk rs iŸkjs p ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@114
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
NIis ns ryk∑ mIij ukSafn;sa tukfu;sa] dqvkjh dqfM+;sa rs yksdsa fn;sa ykfM+;sa ns uaxs 'kjhjsas xh fnD[kh&fnD[kh tkrS pk ykjka cxkankA**8 fu"d"kZ ns rkSj ij xyk;k tkbZ ldnk ts vlekftd izo`fr vkg~ys ,g~ ctqxZ udkjkRed lksp vkg~ys gksans uA ,g~ ctqxZ vius Qk;ns vkLrS dqlS ch gn~n rxj tkus xh R;kj jkSag~ns uA ,g~ pjxVs] lqvkFkhZ rs dwa*gsa uA Hkksys&Hkkys yksdsa xh eŸkq cukb;S viuk Qk;nk dM~<ns uA ba*ns vkLrS balkuh fj'rs] vius&ijk,] vehj&x+jhc dksbZ ekbus usbZa j[knk ,sA b*usaxh lekt] tkr&cjknh rs bTtrw nh ch dksbZ izokg~ usbZa gksanh ,sA /keZ rs vkLFkk ns uka∑ mIij x+jhc yksdsa nk ekufld rs 'kjhfjd ëkkslu djns uA ukfLrd izo`fŸk vkg~ys Egs'kka udkjkRed dnjsa] laosnuk,a rs euq[krk dU uS tqM+h nh Hkkouk,a xh Egrk nsus ns Ctk, uhft lqvkFkZ xh izkFkfedrk mIij j[kns uA lekt p ,sls ctqxZ nh etwnxh lekt xh xqIi Ugsjs vkg~yh cD[kh ysbZ tanh ,s ftRFkS flQZ Ugsjk xS Ugsjk ,s] gksj fd'k ch usbZaA lanHkZ 1 - [kkSºy] jkts'oj flag jktw] lQk&37 2- lkd lqUuk izhr fiŸky] izks- pEik 'kekZ 3 - gkf'k;s ns uksVl] vkse xksLokeh] lQk&20 4 - lqUus nh fpM+h] vkse xksLokeh] lQk&76 5 - cnukeha nh Nka] jkeukFk 'kkL=h] lQk&29]30 6 - pkuuh jkr] enu eksgu 'kekZ] lQk&39 7 - lqj rs rky] d`".kk izse 8- nqº! ygw! tSg~j!] enu eksgu 'kekZ] lQk&125
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@115
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Mksxjh yksd&lkfgR; nh /kkfeZd EgRrk MkW- izhfr jpuk yksd&lkfgR;] yksd&ekul nh lSg~t rs LokHkkfod vfHkO;fDr ,sA ,g~ vfyf[kr xS jkSag~nk ,s rs ih<+h&nj&ih<+h tckuks&tckuh lQj rS∑ djnk ,sA bl lkfgR; ns jpsrk nk uka∑ Egs'kka vKkr jkSag~nk ,sA yksd&lkfgR;] yksd&laLd`fr nk okLrfod izfrfcac ch gksank ,sA ,g~ mins'k rs izpkj nh izo`fŸk Fkeka nwj gksank ,sA yksd&lkfgR; ns dsbZa vax u ft*;ka& yksdxhr] yksd dRFkka] yksd xkFkka vkfn rs b*usa :isa nh viuh&viuh lekftd] Hkxksfyd] vkfFkZd] uSfrd EgRrk gksanh ,sA ba*ns vykok ba*nh /kkfeZd EgRrk ch gksanh ,sA /kkfeZd EgRrk ;kfu ds /keZ dUuS ljca/kr EgŸkkA /kkfeZd thou ljca/kh dsbZa iSg~yq,a nh >yd yksd&lkfgR; nh b*usa fo/kk,a p feynh ,sA ft*;ka& yksd&xhrsa p xaxk ekrk] tequk] rqylh ekrk] oS".kks ekrk] 'khryk ekrk] jke th] cxSjk dsbZa nsoh nsorsa ns mYys[k feyns uA cD[k&cD[k nsoh&nsorsa nh iwtk vkfn nk o.kZu HksVsa rs Hktusa ns ek/;e dUuS dhrk tank ,sA dsbZa cjrsa&R;ksgkjsa p nsoh&nsorsa ljca/kh xhr xk, tans uA C;kg~ ljca/kh 'kqHk dk;sZa ij xk, tkus vkg~ys xhrsa p ch nsoh&nsorsa nk o.kZu feynk ,sA ft*;ka&C;kg~ ljca/kh xhr& ^^iSaFkk xhr* p ekrk oS".kks nk ftdj feynk ,s& ^^iSaFkk rs vtkZa ykUuh vka iSaFkk rs IgkM+k ckfy;s iSaFkk rs ykVka jkfu;sA**1 dsb;sa HksVsa rs Hktusa p ch ekrk oS".kks nk ftdj gks, nk ,sA ft*;ka bd HksVS nk mnkgj.k ,s& ^^esjh 'ksjsa vkyh dslj frYd p<+k, ekrk dUus lSa[ksa nh ?kksj jpk, ekrk rsjk tLl xkukA**2 HktuS lrjsa p ch ekrk nqxkZ nk ftdj gks, nk feynk ,s & ^^?kj&?kj nqxkZ flejh ,s Eghuk psr clk[kh ,sA**3 HksVsa p vkndqvkjh ekrk nk ch o.kZu feynk ,s] tsg~nk mnkgj.k bd HksVS nh b*usa lrjsa p feynk ,s& ^^iSgyk ts >wVk yS esjh ekrk] nwtka ns >wVk yS esjh esb;k] rhtk vkn dksvkjh] lqu esjh ekrk] rht+k vkn&dksvkjhA**4 ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@116
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
dkaxM+s vkg~yh ekrk nk ftdj ch b*us HksVsa p gks, nk yHknk ,s& ^^dkaxM+s nh ekrk dkaxM+S nk 'kSg~j cs] yksdks csbZeku lTtuk djnh ,s dSg~j csA**5 busa HktuS p jkepanz rs yPNe th nk o.kZu ch fnz'phxkspj gks, nk ,s] tsg~nk mnkgj.k bd xhrS nh b*usa lrjsa p yHknk ,s& ^^esjs jkepanz cyokuh ftank /ku'k =ksM+s] NŸkjxw.k] HkjFk tkfUu;ka pyns rs yNeu QkStka Vksfj;kaA**6 jke panz rs lhrk nk o.kZu C;kg~ ljca/kh xhrsa p ch yHknk ,s& ^^lhrk th gksbZ tcku jkts tud xh fQdj isvkA vXxs&vXxs jke&yNeu fiPNsa lhrk nh Mksyh ,sA**7 d`".k th rs f'ko th nk o.kZu ch Hktusa p yHknk ,s] tsg~nk mnkgj.k ,s& ^^esjs Egs'k th vk, u jk/kdsa jkfu,a [ksy iqvk, u gRFk yS Mke: dqN ctkus yk, u yky xqiky esjs jkeA**8 f'ko&eSg~ek p f'ko 'kadj nk o.kZu c[kwch gks, nk ,s& ^^f'ko&'kadj Hkksys ukFk cwank cjl jsfg;ka] xkSjka uS chth gjh&gjh eSag~nh f'ko Hkksys us chth Hkax cwanka cjl jsfg;kaA**9 dsb;sa yksdxhrsa p xaxk ekrk rs tequk nk o.kZu ch gks, nk feynk ,sA ujkrsa p xk, tkus vkg~ys xhrSa p ch xaxk unh nk ftdj b*usa lRrjsa p feynk ,s& ^^bDd ujkrk] nks ujkrs] xaxk Ugkrs] xaxk ns iBks: vk,] vanM+S i<+ksyS ik,A**10 tequk th nk o.kZu yksd xhrS nh b*us lRrjsa p feynk ,s& ^^'kke ck>w 'kSy fexh yXxS usbZa fcanjkcu] teuk nh uhj EgkM+s euSxh tykank vksA**11 gksj dsbZa Mksxjh yksdxhrsa p ch b*ns mnkgj.k feyns u ft*;ka bd 'kaxkj xhrS p& ^^xaxk tkaonk jktk djh ìuku rsjs lksA lqºh tkaonk jktk djh 'uku rsjs lksA**12 Mksxjh yksddRFksa p ch /keZ&ljca/kh xYys nk o.kZu Fkkg~j&Fkkg~j dhrk xsnk ,sA /keZ rs uhfr nh f'k{kk nsus ysbZ yksddRFksa nh cM+h EgRrk ,sA b*usa dRFksa ns ikŸkj ËkkeZd dEesa p] nsoh&nsorsa p vkLFkk j[kns rs m*usaxh 'kj/kk dUuS iwtns fnz'phxkspj gks, nsuA ft*;ka & ^^ykypS nk Qy**] dRFkS p Bksxjsa nh iwtk djus nk o.kZu gks, nk ,s] tsg~nk irk dRFkS nh busa lŸkjsa Fkeka yxnk ,s& ^^ml xzka∑ ns lCHkS yksd /kkfeZad [;kysa vkg~ys gs ftusa ?kj&?kj BkSxj j[ks ns gs rs iwtk&ikB djns gsA**13 ^lPph Hkxrh* dRFkS p ch ,g~ mnkgj.k feynk ,sA ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@117
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
^vkLFkk* dRFkS p d`".k Hkxoku ij vkLFkk rs BkSxjs nh iwtk djus nk ftdj gks, nk ,s& ^^cqM~<h d`".k nh Hkxru ghA vks jkst losjS UgkbZ&/kksb;S lqPps ikfu;S dUuS Bksxjsa xh 'uku djkanh] nh;k&cRrh djnhA**14 ^HkDr* dRFkS p fo".kks Hkxoku nh Hkxrh djus nk ftdj vk, nk ,sA ^^bd lsB rs vksg~nh ?kjSvkyh& nks, fo".kks Hkxoku ns cM+s HkDr gsA**15 lPpk Hkxr] Hkxrh cxSjk dRksa p ch ,g~nk mnkgj.k feynk ,sA ^lwjt nsork* dRFkS p bd dqM+h rs bd cqM~<h vklsvk lwjt nsork nh iwtk djus nk o.kZu gks, nk ,s& ^^dqfM+;s us vk[ksvk] vt dFkk lqfu, eRFkk Vsdsvka cqM~<h Hkxoku lwjt nh Hkxrh rs dFkk djnh jsghA**16 ^ladVpkSFk* dRFkS p bd ek≈ vklsvk x.ks'k th nk cjr j[kus nk mYys[k feynk ,s& ^^ml fnu laxVpkSFk gh ek≈ us lkjk fnu fd'k usbZa [kknk&ihrk rs lkjk fnu iqRrjS nh eaxydkeuk djnh jsbZA**17 ^nqxkZ nk :i* dRFkS p ujkrs ns cjr j[kus nk rs ekrk oS".kks nh iwtk djus nk mnkgj.k feynk ,s ^^'kke ekrk oS".kks xh cMk eunk gk 'kke ujkrs ns cjr j[knk ,sA**18 ^xjhMk rs HkkSjk* dRFkS p bd dhM+s xjhM+s vklsvk ijekRek ij vkLFkk j[kus rs /kkeZd gksus nk o.kZu vk, nk ,sA bd ckjh vksg~ bd dqyyS p f'kosa ij p<+h tank ,sA nq, jkst ftlyS m*usa QqYysa xh iqtkjh unh p NksM+nk,s rs xjhM+s nk feRrj HkkSjk mlh cUuS vkSus xh vk[knk ,s rka vksg~ uka djh fnank ,s rs xykank ,s& ^^gqu bd ckjh f'koth ij p<+us ijSar ∂gh d.<S yfXx;S xks, ns xksys fua cV~Vuk pksg~nkA**19 ,g~ns vykok b*usa dRFksa p ekg~uw ns ys[k fy[kus vkg~yh ekrk ^fo/kekrk* nk o.kZu ch erh lkjh dRFksa p gks, nk ,s] tsg~M+s ys[ksa xh vufeV xyk;k xsnk ,sA fo/kekrk ns vadqj] fo/kekrk ns ys[k] HkfoD[kok.kh] djuhdkj rs ys[ksa ns y[kSar] =S nsorsa nk Egku] Hkkxsa nh [ks< cxSjk dRFksa p ,g~nk mnkgj.k feynk ,sA Mksxjh yksd&lkfgR; nh fo/kk Mksxjh yksd xkFkk,a p ch /kkeZd EgŸkk ns mnkgj.k feyns uA /keZ nk Fkkg~j b*usa xkFkk,a p ch cM+k mPpk ,sA nsoh&nsorsa nh iwtk] ijekRek ij vkLFkk] /kkeZd izo`fŸk] ukS&xzSg~ iwtk] osn&'kkLrjsa ij t+dhu] #D[k&iwtk] unh iwtk cxSjk nk o.kZu b*usa xkFkk,a p fnz'phxkspj gks, nk ,sA ft*;ka* ^ckok ftRrks*] xkFkk p jketh] oS".kks ekrk rs d`".k th nk o.kZu gks, nk ,sA ckok ftŸkks ba*nh Hkxrh djnk ut+jh vkSank ,s& ^^Bksxjsa nh iwtk djnk gj&gj uke /;kbZ] oS".kks nk iP;kyk ckck canh f=xVk ekbZ] eu ckos ns xksfoan clnk yHknk d`".k eqjkjhA**20 ^ckok ft;ks* p ch jke th nk uka∑ flejus nk o.kZu feynk ,s& ^^pjeV poack rTtsvk ckos us pysvk jke&jke /;kbZA**21 ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@118
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ckok esbeYy] dksYyk 'ghn] ckok vYyflº] nkrk lqanj] yPNu nk tksx] ckok caxh] nkrk gYyks cxSjk xkFkk,a p ch ,g~nk mnkgj.k feynk ,sA oS".kks ekrk nh viuh bZ"V nsoh eUuus nk Hkko] ma*nh ekurk djus nk Hkko] dkydk rs lqdjkyk ekrk nh iwtk nk Hkko ch b*usa xkFkk,a p ckos vklsvk ekrk oS".kks nh Hkxrh nk ftdj gks, nk ,s& ^^oS".kks nk iP;kyk ckok canh canh f=xVk ekbZA**22 ^^ckt flag tjuSy*] xkFkk p tjuSy nh dkydk ekrk ij vkLFkk nh >yd yHknh ,s& ^^dkydk ekrk] ihj cksYysvk ckt tjuSy , eRFkk nsoh ns Vsdsvk dkydk ekrk xh tksM+s u gRFkA**23 ekrk oS".kks] fe;ka MhMks] cqvk lR;orh] ckok HkSM+ p] lqdjkyk ekrk] xkFkk,a p ch ,g~ mnkgj.k feyns uA ^ckok cz„nso*] xkFkk p Hkxoku f'ko nh iwtk vpZuk djus nk o.kZu ,s& ^^Hkjh&Hkjh Mksy tyS ns lqV~VS rs bZ j uke /k;kbZA f'koth vXxsa HkjS jtksb;k rs vk[ks yPNeh vkbZA**24 ^ckok lqjxy*] xkFkk p ekrk usoyk vklsvk f'kosa nh Hkxrh djus rs larku eaxus nk ftdj gks, nk ,s& ^^vkSa vka xq#vk usoy psyh] Qy eaxus xh vkbZA**25 ^jktk eaMyhd*] xkFkk p ch ,g~ mnkgj.k feynk ,sA ba*ns vykok] ukx nsors ft*;ka ckok HkSM+] ckok lqjxy] xqXxk vkfn nk ftdj ch b*usa xkFkk,a p gks, nk ,sA ftans ij fu'pk djus vkg~ysa fn;ka ,g~ eqjknka iwfj;ka djns fp=r uA fd'k bd xkFkk,a p cjrsa nk mYys[k ch gks, nk ,s ft*;ka& ^ckok ftŸkks* xkFkk pA bl xkFkk p ckos vklsvk dkLrh nk cjr j[kus nk ftdj b*usa lRrjsa p ut+jh vkSank ,s& ^^eq[k dkLrh nk crZ j[ksvk rwa vkesvka crZ iqvkjhA UgkSus nS iTt Hkstsvk ckok fiPNksa nk ykbZ ikbZA**26 ,g~ns vykok fd'k xkFkk,a p #do&iwtk nk o.kZu ch gks, nk ,sA ft*;ka* &ckok vYykflº* xkFkk pA bl xkFkk p cM+S nh #D[kS nh EgŸkk ut+jh vkSanh ,s rs ckos vklsvk bl #d~oS nh ijnD[ku ySus] iwtus nk ftdj vk, nk ,s& ^^dPN rcsyS #D[k cksg~M+h nk n'kZu nh vkl txkbZ&bZ&bZ&bZ ysbZ ijn'ku ckok cksg~M+h xh vk[kS rwa /kjeS nh ekbZA**27 ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@119
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
cwvk caxkyw xkFkk p rqylh iwtk rs rqylh nktS p nsus nk o.kZu feynk ,sA Mksxjh yksd ekul nh vkLFkk nk izrhd osn 'kkL= rs ukS&xzSg~ iwtu fof/k nk o.kZu b*usa xkFkk,a p fnz'phxkspj gks, nk ,s& ^ckok dkyhohj* xkFkk p ckos vklsvk osn okpus nk mYys[k feynk ,s& ^^pkj cjl nk jktk dkyhohj] osnsa dyk n[kkbZA**28 ^ckok HkSM+* xkFkk p ch ckos vklsvk osn okpus nk ftdj b*usa lrjsa p feynk ,s& ^^iSg~ys ckos us x.ker i<+s;k] fon~;k i<+h ,s lkjh nsod da<S xk;=h i<+nk] mPpM+S osn mpkjhA**29 nkrk ljtw] ckok cz„nso cxSjk xkFkk,a p ch ,g~nk mnkgj.k feynk ,sA ^ckok caxh*] xkFkk p ckos ns tue ijSar ckos ns I;ks∑ vklsvk iarS 'kk ukS&xSzg~ itksvkus nh >yd ut+jh vkSanh ,s& ^^ln~nh iar vanj Cgkys iwts ukS xzSg vkbZA ckok caxh dqynso eukos d`ik ftanh gksbZA**30 ,g~ns vykok b*usa xkFkk,a p ifo= /kkfeZd ufn;sa xaxk] mRrjcSg~uh (nsod) nk ch ftdj vk, nk ,s& ^^cwvk caxkyw*] xkFkk p cqvk nk dqaHk esys po tkb;S xaxk 'uku djus xaxk esbvk vkLrS n"kZu nsus ij eqDrh eaxus nk o.kZu gks, nk ,s& ^^dU;k nh :i /kkjsvk xaxk us] eaxh yS caxkyw dqN HkkbZ] gRFk tksfM+;S fcurh djnh] eka eqfDr NksM+ gka djkbZA**31 ^nkrk j.kir* xkFkk p nkrs rs ckck ft;ks vklsvk xaxk daMS feRrjh ikus nk o.kZu gks, nk ,s& ^^ckok ftRrks rs j.kir nkrs /keSZ nh iXx cVkbZ /keZ tus≈ idM+svk dUus idM+svk xaxk HkkbZA**32 ckok cz„nso] ckok fojikukFk rs nkrk gYyks xkFkk p ch bl unh nk o.kZu feynk ,sA xkFkk p ch bl unh nk o.kZu feynk ,sA ^ckok cz„nso*] xkFkk p mŸkj cSg~uh unh daMS csfg;S Hkkxh nh ekrk vklsvk jke&jke tius nk mnkgj.k feynk ,s& ^^pqDdh ekrk xh lkjs pyns] mRrj cSg~uh vkbZA mRrj cSg~uh xsbZ ekrk] csgh xsbZ jke /;kbZA**33 ^ckok HkSM+* xkFkk p ^nsod* unh nk ftdj vk, nk ,sA fu"d"kZ %& fu"d"kZ ns rkSj ij ,g~ xyk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s ts Mksxjh yksd lkfgR; nh [kkl /kkfeZd EgRrk ,sA vkerkSj ij gj nsoh&nsors nk c[kku] xq.kxku yksd&lkfgR; ns gj :i p gks, nk feynk ,s] tsg~ns p nsoh&nsorsa izfr 'kjnk&vkLFkk ns n'kZu gksans uA Hkxoku ns cD[k&cD[k :isa p ekrk oS".kks] dkydk cxSjk MqXxj fn;sa nsfs o;sa ns dUuS&dUuS ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@120
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
f'koth] jketh cxSjk nsorsa nh iwtk nh EgRrk ch yksd&lkfgR; p of.kZr ,sA /kkfeZd thou ljca/kh dsbZa iSg~yq,a nk v/;;u Mksxjh yksd lkfgR; ns cD[k&cD[k :isa p ut+jh vk, nk ,sA b*usa :isa p izd`fr iwtk rSg~r unh iwtk] #D[k iwtk cxSjk /kkeZd izek.k ch feys ns uA xaxk 'uku nh EgRrk rs xaxk 'uku dUuS ikiS 'kk eqfDr&feyus ns mnkgj.k ch feys ns uA /kkeZd fnusa&/;kjsa] cjr&uRrs tusbZ dkj&fdjrsa nk o.kZu yksd&lkfgR; p gks, nk ,sA busa /kkeZd iSg~yq,a ns v/kkj ij ,g~ vk[ksvk tkbZ ldnk ,s ts /keZ ljca/kh f'k{kk nsus ysbZ ch yksd&lkfgR; ns /kkeZd l:i nh cM+h EgRrk ,sA lanHkZ 1- Mksxjh lkfgR; nk bfrgkl] MkW- ftrsUnz m/keiqjh] lQk&41 2- Mksxjh yksdxhr] Hkkx&12] MkW- vkse xksLokeh] lQk&26 3- Mksxjh lkfgR; nk bfrgkl] MkW- ftrsUnz m/keiqjh] lQk&41 4- Mksxjh yksdxhr] Hkkx&12] MkW- vkse xksLokeh] lQk&13 5- m*,s] lQk&23 6- m*,s] lQk&31 7- m*,s] lQk&31 8- m*,s] lQk&31 9- Mksxjh lkfgR; nk bfrgkl] MkW- ftrsUnz m/keiqjh] lQk&42 10- Mksxjh yksdxhr] Hkkx&12] vkse xksLokeh] lQk&16 11- m*,s] lQk&35 12- m*,s] lQk&100 13- desZa nk Qy] f'ko dqekj [ktqfj;k] lQk&43 14- m*,s] lQk&52 15- fta;k m*nsa fnu fQjs] vkse xkLokeh] lQk&7 16- fjtd rs vdy] dsgfj flag e/kqdj] lQk&117]118 17- unsa nk dj'kk] dsgfj flag e/kqdj rs ujsUnz [ktqfj;k] lQk&185 18- eusa nh vkl] izhfr jpuk] lQk&19 19- cusa fn;ka featjka] vkse xksLokeh] lQk&124 20- Mksxjh yksdxhr] Hkkx&2] uhykacj nso 'kekZ rs dsgfj flag e/kqdj] lQk&51 21- m*,s] lQk&159 22- m*,s] lQk&51 23- ueha psruk] uhykacj nso 'kekZ] lQk&30 24- Mksxjh yksd xkFkk] MkW- vkse xksLokeh] lQk&138 25- Mksxjh yksdxhr] Hkkx&2] uhykacj nso 'kekZ rs dsgfj flag e/kqdj] lQk&20 26- m*,s] lQk&58]59 27- m*,s] lQk&58]59 28- ckok iSM+ nsork th] MkW- vkse xksLokeh rs vjfoan] lQk&157 29- dqynsork Jh dkyhohj] MkW- vkse xksLokeh] lQk&190 30- Mksxjh yksdxkFkk] MkW- vkse xksLokeh] lQk&145 31- m*,s] lQk&115 32- m*,s] lQk&167 33- m*,s] lQk&138
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@121
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@122
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
leL;k
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@123
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
Hkkjr ikfdLrku lac/a k % tEew&d'ehj txnh'k flag fo'o esa lkr egk}hi gSaA lHkh egknhiksa esa tula[;k ds fglkc ls ,f'k;k egk}hi esa fo'o dh lcls vf/kd tula[;k fuokl djrh gSA ,f'k;k egk}hi ds ns'k Hkkjr esa tEew d'ehj ,d ,slk jkT; gS] tks izkd`frd lkSan;Z ds fy, igpkuk tkrk gSA tgka fo'o ds vf/kdka'k O;fDr;ksa dh bPNk gksrh gS fd os thou esa ,d ckj tEew d'ehj vo'; tk,aA ;gka tkus dh bPNk j[kus okyksa ds fy, nks fo'ks"k dkj.k gSa] ,d /kkfeZd] nwljk izkd`frdA /kkfeZd blfy, fd ;gka fganw vkSj eqfLye nksuksa /keksZa ds ekuus okyksa ds fy, rhFkZLFky gSaA ftlds dkj.k yksx ogk° igqapuk pkgrs gSaA izkd`frd blfy, fd fo'o esa /kjrh ij nks gh LFkkuksa dks LoxZ ds :Ik tkuk tkrk gSA ftlesa fLoVtjySaM vkSj tEew&d'ehj gh gSaA tEew d'ehj dh lqanjrk ns[krs gh curh gSA blh lqanjrk dks ns[kdj eqxy 'kgtkns us dgk Fkk& xj fQjnksl c:, teha vLr] geha vLr] geha vLr] geha vLrA ijarq ckr orZeku dh djsa rks ikfdLrku izk;ksftr vkradokn us bldh [kwclwjrh ij x`g.k yxk fn;k gS ftlds dkj.k ;g vPNk Hkyk LoxZ] ujd cudj jg x;k gSA vkt dk d'ehj Hkys gh dy v[kaM Hkkjr dk [kwclwjr fgLlk jgk gks exj 15 vxLr lu 1947 ds ckn dqN fgLlk ikfdLrku us dqN dck;fy;ksa dh enn ls vius dCts esa dj fy;k vkSj tks fgLlk gekjs ikl gS] mls vkradokn ds tfj, fujarj v'kkar djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g loZfofnr gS fd vkt dk ikfdLrku 15 vxLr] lu 1947 ls iwoZ Hkkjr dk vfHkUu vax FkkA ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr vQxkfuLrku dh lhek rd clrk FkkA o"kZ 1947 dks 15 vxLr ds fnu Hkkjr us fczVsu dh xqykeh ls vktknh dh lkal yh ijarq blds nks Hkkx gks x, ,d Hkkjr o nwljk ikfdLrku vkSj nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp 15 vxLr] 1947 dks gh ekmaVcsVu vUrjkZ"V™h; lhek LFkkfir dh xbZA vkt dqN Hkkjrh;ksa dk dguk gS fd gekjs usrkvksa us ns'k dk caVokjk ekudj vPNk ugha fd;kA vf/kdka'k Hkkjrh;ksa dks tkudkjh ds vHkko esa ;gh irk gS fd ikfdLrku lu 1947 esa gh caVk Fkk tcfd rF; blds foijhr gSaA njvly ikfdLrku dk ukedj.k rks lu 1933 esa gh gks pqdk FkkA bfrgkldkj ,l-ds- ikaMs ds vuqlkj& ^ikfdLrku* uke loZizFke dSfEczt fo'ofon~;ky; ds Nk= jger vyh us lu 1933 esa x<+kA blds varxZr iatkc] vQxku izkar] d'ehj] fla/k vkSj cyqfpLrku vkrs FksA 1933 vkSj 1935 esa fy[ks x, nks ipksZa esa jger vyh us ,d ubZ vfLerk ds fy, ,d vyx jk"V™h; ntsZ dh ekax dh Fkh] ftls mlus ikfdLrku uke fn;k FkkA dHkh&dHkh ikfdLrku dh ekax dk ewy bdcky ds ml Hkk"k.k esa [kkstk tkrk gS tks mUgksaus 1930 bZ- esa yhx dk lHkkifrRo djrs le; bykgkckn esa fn;k Fkk vkSj ftlesa ,d ^if'peksRrj Hkkrh; eqfLye jkT;* dh vko';drk dk mYys[k Fkk fdarq bl Hkk"k.k ds lanHkZ ls Li"V gS fd ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@124
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
bl egku mnwZ dfo vkSj ns'kHkDr dk LoIu ns'k dks foHkkftr djus dk ugha Fkk cfYd if'peksRrj Hkkjr ds eqfLye cgqY; {ks= dk iquxZBu djds mls ,d <hys <kys Hkkjrh; la?k esa ,d Lok;Rr bdkbZ cukuk FkkA ;g ckr Hkh loZfofnr gh gS fd Hkkjr dks vktkn djkus esa ns'k ds lHkh /keksZa vkSj tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa us egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k Fkk exj bl lcds ckotwn eqfLye lekt esa dgha u dgha vktknh ds ckn vius fy, vyx LFkku dh ekax mB jgh FkhA MkWfon~;k/kj egktu ds vuqlkj& ^1947 esa Hkkjr dk foHkktu vusd dkj.kksa dk ifj.kke Fkk ;n~;fi bldk eq[; dkj.k Hkkjr esa eqlyekuksa dh vyx jgus dh uhfr FkhA lj lS;n vgen [kk° ds izHkko esa vkdj eqlyeku fganqvksa ls vyx <ax ls lkspus yxs FksA os ;g vuqHko djus yxs fd muds fgr fganqvksa ds fgr ls vyx gSa vkSj mudh dksbZ Hkh ckr fganqvksa ds lkFk lk>h ugha gSA os ;gk° rd ekuus yxs fd muds fgr fganqvksa ds fojksËkh gSa vxj Hkkjr dks mRrjnk;h 'kklu fn;k tk,xk rks fganq cgqer eqlyekuksa ij tks ns'k esa vYila[;d gSa gkoh gks tk,xkA eqlyeku ;g Hkh vuqHko djus yxs fd f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls ge fiNM+s gq, gSa blfy, fganqvksa dk lkeuk ugha dj ldrsA le; xqtjus ds lkFk&lkFk os fganqvksa ls vf/kd nwj gksrs x,A eqfLye yhx dh fopkj/kkjk us fganqvksa vkSj eqlyeuksa dks vyx&vyx fd;kA lj ekSgEen bdcky vkSj ftUuk us Hkh eqlyekuksa dks fganqvksa ls vyx djus dk dke fd;kA 1940 ds ckn eqlyeku ;g vkxzg djus yxs fd gesa vyx Lons'k pkfg,A* varr% eqfLye lekt dh jtuhfrd vkSj /kkfeZd vkdk°{kkvksa ds dkj.k ikfdLrku uke ls gekjs ns'k dk ,d cM+k VqdM+k vyx gks x;kA tc ns'k vktkn gqvk rks Hkkjrh; Lora=rk ,DV 1947 ds vuqlkj reke fj;klrksa dks p;u dh lqfo/kk nh xbZ fd os Hkkjr ds lkFk jguk pkgrs gSa ;k fQj ikfdLrku ds lkFk tqM+uk pkgrs gSaA ml le; ns'k dh lcls cM+h fj;klr tEew&d'ehj FkhA blds egkjktk gfjflag FksA ;gk° dh tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij ikfdLrku dks iw.kZ fo'okl Fkk fd ;g ikfdLrku ds lkFk fey tk;sxhA ijarq gfjflag u rks Hkkjr ds lkFk vkSj u gh ikfdLrku ds lkFk vkuk pkgrs FksA os viuh fj;klr dks Lora=r gh j[kuk pkgrs FksA ysfdu ikfdLrku us /kks[ks ls dck;yh vkradokfn;ksa vkSj lsuk ds ek/;e ls d'ehj ij geyk dj fn;kA ml le; Á/kkuea=h tokgjyky usg: us eksgEen vyh ftUuk ls fookn tuer&laxzg ls lqy>kus dh is'kd'k dh] ftls ftUuk us ml le; Bqdjk fn;k D;ksafd mudks viuh lSfud dkjZokbZ ij iwjk Hkjkslk FkkA fdarq jktk gfjflag us viuh fj;klr ds Hkkjr esa foy; dks lgefr nsrs gq, enn ekaxhA Hkkjr tc rd viuh lsuk Hkstrk rc rd ikfdLrku cM+h pkykdh ls d'ehj dk ,d cM+k fgLlk vius dCts esa ys pqdk FkkA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds vktkn gksus ds ckn ls dHkh Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa ds lacaËk e/kqj ugha jgsA fnu izfrfnu dM+okgV c<+rh pyh xbZA nksuksa ns'kksa ds e/; vc rd dbZ ;qn~/k gks pqds gSa] izFke ;qn~/k vDVwcj 1947 ls fnlacj 1948 rd pyk la;qDr jk"V™ ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@125
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
us 1949 esa nksuksa ds e/; ;qn~/k fojke djk;kA Hkkjr us ;g ekeyk 1 tuojh 1948 dks gh jk"V™la?k esa is'k fd;k Fkk fdarq vHkh rd fu.kZ; [kVkbZ esa iM+k gSA rc la;q‰jk"V™ egklHkk us mHk; i{k ds fy, nks djkj (ladYi) ikfjr fd, & ikfdLrku rqjar viuh lsuk dkfct fgLls ls [kkyh djs rFkk 'kkafr gksus ds ckn nksuksa ns'k d'ehj ds Hkfo"; dk fu/kkZj.k ogk° dh turk dh pkgr ds fglkc ls djsA ijarq vkt Hkh ikfdLrku us viuk vf/kd`r d'ehjh HkwHkkx [kkyh ugha fd;k gS] cfYd dqfVyrkiwoZd ogk° dckbfy;ksa dks clk fn;k gSA tEew vkSj d'ehj dh yksdrkaf=d vkSj fuokZfpr lafoËkku&lHkk us 1957 esa ,der ls ^egkjktk }kjk d'ehj ds Hkkjr esa foy; ds fu.kZ;* dks Lohd`fr ns nh vkSj jkT; dk ,slk lafo/kku Lohdkj fd;k ftlesa d'ehj ds Hkkjr esa LFkk;h foy; dks ekU;rk nh xbZ FkhA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds varxZr vkt rd tEew d'ehj es lEiUu vusd pqukoksa esa d'ehjh turk us oksV Mkydj ,d Ádkj ls Hkkjr esa vius LFkkbZ foy; dks gh ekU;rk nh gSA vktknh ds ckn Hkh tEew d'ehj ds ,d fgLls xqyke d'ehj ij ikfdLrku ds voS/k dCts us nksuksa ns'kksa ds laca/kksa dks dHkh Hkh lkekU; ugha gksus fn;kA blds ckn nwljk ;qn~/k 1965 esa xqtjkr ds dPN esa yM+k x;kA ftlesa ikfdLrku dks gkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ijarq ikfdLrku viuh gjdrksa ls ckt ugha vk;k vkSj 16 fn0 1971 dks rhljh ckj ;qn~/k yM+k x;k ikfdLrku dh blesa Hkh gkj gqbZ vkSj ifj.kkeLo:Ik ckaXykns'k dk tUe gqvkA pkSFkh ckj tEew d'ehj esa fLFkr dkjfxy dh pksVh ij ;qn~/k tqykbZ 1999 esa yM+k x;k blesa Hkh ikfdLrku dh gkj gqbZA tEew d'ehj ds Áeq[k jktuSfrd ny Hkh ikfdLrku ds /kekZ/kkfjr nks&jk"V™ fln~Ëkkar dks ugha ekursA d'ehj dk Hkkjr esa foy; fczfV'k Hkkjrh; LokrU=; vfËkfu;e ds rgr dkuwuh rkSj ij lgh FkkA ikfdLrku viuh Hkwfe ij vkradoknh f'kfoj pyk jgk gS vkSj d'ehjh ;qodksa dks Hkkjr ds f[kykQ HkM+dk jgk gSA T;knkrj vkradoknh ikfdLrkuh gSa tks dqN d'ehjh ;qodksa dks cgdkdj bLyke ds uke ij Hkkjr ds f[kykQ Nn~e ;qn~/k NsM+s gq, gSaA bu lcds ckotwn ikd vk, fnu lhek ij lht Qk;j dk mYya?ku djrk jgrk gS vkSj vkradokn ds tfj, u,&u, gFkdaMs viukrk jgrk gSA ftl dkjk.k ikd dks eq°grksM+ tokc nsus ds fy, Hkkjr us 29 flracj 2016 dks vius fo'ks"k lSfud ny dks dk;Zokgh ds fy, vkns'k fn;k ftlus ikfdLrku esa ?kqldj vkradokfn;ksa ds fBdkuksa ij geyk fd;kA bl fo'ks"k vfHk;ku dks lftZdy LV™kbd ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ ikfdLrku us tEew d ehj dks izkIr djus ds fy, vkradokn dk gh lgkjk fy;k gS pkgs og 2002 dk v{kj/kke (fnYyh) ;k 2007 esa vkscjk; gksVy (eqacbZ) dk geyk gks fo'o dh utjksa esa fuanuh; dk;Z fd;k gSA tEew&d'ehj Hkkjr dk vfHkUu vax gSA bls ikfdLrku le> dj Hkh vutku cu jgk gSA blesa xqyke d'ehj] fxyfxrLrku] ckfYrLrku vkSj vdlkbZ phu gfjflag dh fj;klr esa 'kkfey {ks= gSA Hkkjr dh lafo/kku lHkk us 17 vDVwcj 1949 dks /kkjk ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@126
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
370 dks viuk;k ftlds rgr tEew d'ehj dks ,d fo'ks"k jkT; dk ntZ fn;k x;kA vkSj O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd& 1- tEew d'ehj ds ewy fuoklh ds vfrfjDr 'ks"k Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;gka tehu tk;nkn ugha [kjhn ldrk gSA 2- ;fn dksbZ ;gka dk fuoklh ugh gS rks mls tEew d'ehj dh ukxfjdrk ugha fey ik,xhA 3- ;fn dksbZ yM+dk ;gk° dh yM+dh ls ëkknh dj ysrk gS rks mls tEew d'ehj dh ukxfjdrk vius vki gh izkIr gks tkrh gSA 4- tEew d'ehj esa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ewy:Ik ls vkdj O;kikj LFkkbZ rjhds ls ugha dj ldrk gSA Hkkjr o ikfdLrku ds laca/k ds ruko dks vkt ,d u, ;qx ds izkjaHk ds :Ik esa ekuk tk jgk gSA 2016 ds var rd Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa ds e/; lSfud ruko pje lhek ij fn[kkbZ nsrk jgk gSA tEew d'ehj esa ikfdLrku lefFkZr vkradoknh fonzksg QSy jgk gS vkSj ikfdLrku bu vkradokfn;ksa dks foRrh; o jktuhfrd lgk;d Hkh iznku dj jgk gSA tEew d'ehj esa fur ubZ ?kVuk,a vkradokfn;ksa n~okjk dh tkrh gSA pkgs og tuojh 2016 esa iBkudksV ,;jcsl ij geyk ;k mjh esa lSfud dSai ij lSfudksa ij geyk bu lHkh ?kVukvksa ls nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp ruko c<+ jgk gS vkSj nksuksa vksj ls lSfud Hkh grkgr gks jgs gSA bu lcdk dkj.k mHkjrk gqvk vkradokn gSA var esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tEew&d'ehj ds dkj.k ikfdLrku ds lkFk Hkkjr ds laca/k dHkh vPNs ugha jgsA Hkkjr o ikfdLrku ds laca/kksa esa ruko ds reke dkj.k fnu izfrfnu ?kfVr gksrs jgrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k nksuksa ns'kksa ds e/; ;qn~/k dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks jgh gS ,d vksj tgk° ikfdLrku ftgkn o /keZ ds uke ij tEew d'ehj esa dM+okgV iSnk dj jgk gS ogha nwljh vksj og vkradokn vkSj vkradokfn;ksa dks fNikus dh Hkjiwj dksf'k"k esa Hkh yxk gSA lanHkZ xzaFk 1- MkW- fon~;k/kj egktu] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] ,l- pan ifCyf'kax ubZ fnYyh 2- ,l- ds- ikaMs] vk/kqfud Hkkjr] iz;kx ,dsMeh ifCyds'ku ,aM fMLV™hC;wVj] bygkckn 3- izfr;ksfxrk lkfgR;] Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk ,oa Hkkjr dk lafo/kku fo'ks"kkad 2006 4- vej mtkyk] esjB 5- nSfud tkxj.k] esjB
ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@127
vkbZ,lch,u&978-93-84068-53-0 (ifjys[k izdk'ku] uthckckn)
ys[kd 1- vkdka{kk HkV~V 2- [;kfr lksuh 3- 'kcue rCclqe 4- vo/ks'k dqekj 5- MkW- Hkkjrh vxzoky 6- MkW- paÃ&#x160;dyk 7- vt; dqekj lko 8- MkW- latho dqekj fo'odekZ 9- MkW- fnfXot; 'kekZ 10- dksey flag 11- vfHk"ksd dqekj@vjfoUn dqekj flag 12- veu dqekj@vkyksd dqekj 13- nhid dqekj xksaM 14- fonq"kh 'kekZ 15- eatq flag 16- MkW- lat; tk/ko 17- f'ko dqekj [ktwfj;k 18- MkW- izhfr jpuk 19- txnh'k flag
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ifjys[k 'kks/k lanHkZ (Hkkx ,d)@128