Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin
Newsletter Date : 30th April 2017
Volume No: 06 Issue: 04
Dr. Ranjith D1, Dr. Sindhu K2 and Dr. Viswanath S2 Dept. of VPT, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala 2 Veterinary Officer, Dept. of AH and VS, Karnataka. (email: ranjith946@gmail.com) Optopharmacology is an emerging discipline in pharmacology, works on the principle of light controlling drug activity leading to regulate the pharmacological process with spatial and temporal precisions. The initial study published on the journal eLife has come up with the novel "photo-drug" having powerful therapeutic applications for the treatment of pain in in vivoanimal models, a molecule that can be specifically activated at any wished moment with light. The Approach: A drug with a known mechanism of action is modified chemically to make it inactive and photosensitive. This drug is activated when receiving light using an optical fibre/any light source having suitable wave lengths and precision on the target tissues like brain, skin, mucous membrane and articulations etc. The newly developed photo drug also called photocaged, meaning chemically and inactively covered molecule which is activated with light. Compared to other photosensitive compounds, the photo drug has no pharmacological effect on host until the target tissue received light from a visible spectrum (405 nm wave length for cancer cells). Optopharmacology is shaping a new horizon in the process of drug discovery, their administration and control methods for specific pharmacological action. These discipline widens the therapeutic ratio and reduces the unwanted side effects which is a major concern for multifarious drugs, for example high risk of addiction in morphine therapy, the majorly known NSAID for severe and chronic pain. The Origin: Researchers at the Institute of Neurosciences of the University of Barcelona (UB) have taken part in the development of the first light-activated drug known as JF-NP-26 – for the treatment of pain by the so called “optopharmacology” technique. The drug has so far involved in research with animal models (notably mice), has just been described in a paper in the open source journal eLife, which describes the design of photo drug having powerful therapeutic applications in the treatment and management of pain, based on a molecule that can be specifically activated at any desired moment. Problems encountered while development process: To avoid the altering of drugs active ingredients while manipulating the molecules To make light to reach the inside of the body Remedies: Introduce optical fibre or LEDs inside the host (Invasive method). 1
Pashubandha 2017
Volume No: 06 Issue : 04
Less difficult if the application area will be an exposure tissues such as skin, retina and mucous membrane Making molecules more sensitive to deeper penetrating wavelengths like red and infrared (which has ten times deeper penetration than UV and is less toxic for cells). Concept of photodynamic and photoregulated drugs: Photodynamic drugs are the inert drugs that become locally toxic when illuminated, for example, to treat small tumours or vascularization’s of retina or release of toxic metals by light in order to destroy cells. But the process of photoactive drugs involves pharmacological selectivity and targeted destruction almost equivalent to radiation therapy with different molecular principles. Advantages: Pharmacologically inactive and chemically modified drugs and their activation is specific to light emitted by target tissues The activation is specific to the light emitted by the target tissues and results in blockage of the target pathways involved in specific causation of illness. Depending on the intensity of the disease the pulse of the light can be adjusted On comparison with conventional drugs, the photo drugs can act with great precision, least toxic, higher specificity, more potent, higher bioavailability and working on centralized areas with regulated dose and defined lengths. Immediate therapeutic application of photo switchable drugs is for the diseases affecting superficial tissues such as skin, retina and mucous membrane The activation of the drugs involves the time and place exactly wanted with the combination of effectiveness and localization. Patients have autonomy over the usage of drugs and can supervise the treatment. Disadvantages: Since the molecules created by the action of light does not belongs to any groups of established classic drugs, their exact mechanism of action needs to be explored. The approach is more complex compared to one in conventional methods, since apart from therapeutic features, the drug molecules photochemical and photophysical responses will be prioritized. Application: Specific role in controlling cell mediated endocytosis (Developmental biology) of substances, which are essential for the normal physiological and metabolic pathways inside the cell. Path breaking innovation in the field of potential inhibitors (Cancer biology - freezing and destroying the dividing cells especially cancer cells)
Kamal Hasan1 and D .Rathnamma2 Dept. of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College Hebbal, (email:kamalmicrobiology@gmail.com) The zoonotic disease is a disease that can be spread between animals and humans. Zoonotic diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. Many people interact with animals in their daily lives. People raise animals for food and keep them in homes as pets. And also people might come in close contact with animals at a county fair or petting zoo. Because of these interactions, it’s important to be aware of the different ways people can contract zoonotic diseases. 1,2,
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No: 06 : 3 Issue : 01 04
These include; Coming in contact with the saliva, blood, urine, or faeces of an infected animal Being bitten by a tick or mosquito Eating or drinking unsafe foods (such as unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat, or unwashed fruits and vegetables that are contaminated with faeces from an infected animal) Certain measures to be taken to protect yourself and your family from zoonotic diseases; Always wash hands and follow proper hygiene Handle foods safely Prevent bites from mosquitoes and ticks Know the simple things you can do to stay safe around your pets Be aware of zoonotic diseases both at home and when you travel. Anthrax: A bacterial infection of humans and domestic animals, which may be rapidly fatal. It is an occupational hazard of persons such as wool sorters, abattoir workers, farm workers and veterinarians in contact with infected animals or their products . Clinical forms of Anthrax include; 1) Cutaneous anthrax: localized skin lesions and fever. 2) Inhalation anthrax: Pneumonia is prominent. 3) Intestinal anthrax: acute gastroenteritis with blood mixed diarrhoea. The disease can be controlled by vaccinating livestock, Dispose of infected carcasses safely. Vaccines are now available though restricted, in Man. Non encapsulated sterne strain vaccine can be used in all species of domestic animal. Annual vaccine of grazing animals using spore or alum precipitated antigen vaccine in areas of high risk is recommended. Sterilize or avoid using meat and bone meal from high risk countries for animal feed. Formalin inactivated, aluminium hydroxide adsorbed cell-free vaccine (Toxoid) is used for people who are at risk. 2) Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by gram positive, acid fast bacillus of the Mycobacterium genus. In humans, the clinical signs depend on the organ system involved. The most familiar signs related to pulmonary TB are cough, sputum production and haemoptysis. Miliary TB is the most often seen in very young and old people. 3) Brucellosis: Brucellosis, a bacterial disease occurs by ingestion of unpasteurized milk, contact with infected animal especially aborted foetus. The disease commonly causes abortions in animals. In humans, clinical signs include lymphadenopathy, spleenomegally, fever, orchitis, nausea, weight loss, joint pains. Chronic form of the disease may include intermittent fever, with periods of normal temperature. Single drug regimens are not recommended because the relapse rate may be as high as 50%. Combination regimens of 2 or 3 drugs are most effective. Doxycycline orally for six weeks, in addition to streptomycin for two to three weeks has been efficacious. Doxycycline in combination with rifampicin for six weeks has also been used with success. 4) Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by pathogenic serovars of Leptospira interrogans. All farm animals are susceptible to the disease. People can be infected via contact by the urine or tissues from infected animal with mucous membrane or skin lesions. Rats are considered as reservoirs of bacteria. The disease in humans commonly seen immediately after floods. In humans, clinical signs and severity of disease can be highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to sepsis.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No: 06 : 3 Issue Issue::04 01
Head ache, myalgia, nausea and vomiting are common complaints. Gloves and barrier gowns should be worn when handling affected animals or urine contaminated items. An iodophore based disinfectant should be applied liberally to all potentially urine contaminated areas and should be left for 15 min and cleaned with water. 5) Rabies: Rabies is at the forefront when people think about zoonotic diseases acquired from domestic animals. this neurological disease caused by lyssa virus is of significant concern because of the very high mortality central nervous system tissue via a scratch bite, open wound or mucous membrane. pre exposure vaccination is recommended for those more likely to be exposed to rabies than in general public. cost of vaccination, particularly for short term and part time employees is likely a major factor. Serological evaluation of Antibody titres should be performed every year to ensure that adequate protection persists.
*Dr.Akshatha G M, 1Dr.Arpitha G M, 2Dr.Chamaraj Pujar and 3Dr.Pruthvishree B S Assistant professor, Veterinary College, Hassan. 1Young Professional Nivedi. Bengaluru. (email: chamskp710@gmai.com) Introduction: Navel ill is a condition characterized by inflammation, as a result of infection, in the umbilicus and its associated structures. It occurs commonly in neonatal farm animals and appears to be particularly common in calves delivered in dirty environments. Anatomically the umbilicus and its associated structures comprised of the amniotic membrane, umbilical vein (paired externally), paired umbilical arteries and the urachus. At birth the amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord breaks followed by gradual closure of the umbilical vein and the urachus. The smooth muscles of the umbilical arteries contracts thereby forcing the umbilical arteries retract as far back as the top of the bladder. The umbilical cord normally dries up within a week, usually 1 to 8 days, after parturition. The infection may manifest in any of the clinical entities or combination of omphalitis, omphalophlebitis, omphaloarteritis or infection of the urachus. It usually occurs as a mixed bacterial infection usually with possible localization of infection occurring in the joints (joint ill), bones, meninges, eyes, endocardium and end arteries of the feet, ears and tail. The clinical findings in navel ill are usually the enlargement of the umbilicus with purulent material, chronic toxaemia and unthriftiness. 2,3*
Fig:1
Fig:2
Fig. 1: Swollen navel with dark necrotized tissue within the navel opening Fig. 2: Swollen carpal joints with alopecia
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No: 06 : 3 Issue Issue::04 01
Predisposing factors: The occurrence of this condition is mostly associated with poor hygienic maintenance of maternity pen, prolonged residency of new born calf in unhygienic maternity pen, lack of adequate and early intake of good quality colostrum and immediate navel antisepsis after parturition. It has been observed that in new-born calves that previously had failure of transfer of maternal immunity during foetal life, navel infection may act as source of infection leading to septicaemia. Therefore this article describes the successful medical management of clinical navel and joint ill in a calf. Treatment: A calf with a navel infection is often given systemic antibiotics to combat bacteria. If the calf is sick (fever or other signs of bacteremia or septicemia) and not nursing enough, it may need supportive fluids administered by a stomach tube or intravenously (IV) if the gut shuts down. Antibiotics should be continued until the calf is completely well and has normal vital signs with no more heat, pain or swelling in the joints — perhaps two weeks or more. If treatment is halted too soon, the infection may relapse. Inflammation of external portions of the umbilicus (without systemic illness) is very common in calves and occurs within two to five days after birth. The navel becomes enlarged and painful to the calf when touched. It may be a closed swelling, or open and draining. The umbilical stump has usually not dried up yet. Merely opening the abscess and flushing it generally won’t get rid of the infection. Infected navel tissue must be surgically removed and flushed with an antiseptic solution for swift healing. If the umbilical veins have become infected, the inflammation may travel along them, possibly extending to the liver. A large abscess may take up as much as half of that organ. Affected calves are usually 1-3 months of age when this illness becomes obvious, and they are usually unthrifty because of chronic toxemia. The navel may be enlarged, but in some cases there may be no external swelling. Laying the calf on its back and palpating the abdomen beneath the navel area in the direction of the liver may reveal a firm abscess. You will need veterinary assistance, since removal of the abscess is necessary to save the calf. If the liver abscess is quite large, there may be no hope for saving the calf. Infection of the urachus can sometimes occur — anywhere from the navel to the bladder. The navel is usually enlarged and draining, but not always. Deep palpation of the calf’s abdomen may reveal an abscess. If the infection extends to the bladder, the bladder itself may be infected (with pus in the urine). Surgical removal of these abscesses usually results in complete recovery. Prevention: If calves are born where there is risk of infection, the navel stump of each calf should be immediately dipped and fully saturated with a good disinfectant. Tincture of iodine has been traditionally used because it is an astringent and acts as a drying agent, helping the navel stump dry up and seal off more quickly. It is usually better to dip the navel cord than to squirt iodine up into it, since the latter method tends to irritate the tissues (veins and urachus) more, making them slower to heal. The navel of a heifer calf usually dries up in 24 hours or less if it is not infected, but that of a bull calf takes longer. The navel stump is close to the sheath in a bull, and if the calf urinates while lying down (as many bull calves do), the cord may become repeatedly wet with urine, making it slow to dry up and seal off. If calves are born in a clean stall, they may not pick up an infection at birth. But if they are put out into holding pens or contaminated pastures before the navel stump has dried, they may still be at risk. The best way to prevent problems is to make sure the navel stump is completely dry before a calf leaves the barn. One dipping with iodine at birth is often adequate for a heifer, but not for a bull. It may take several dippings during the first 12-24 hours to get the umbilicus dried and safe from outside contamination.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 01 04
On farms where navel ill is a problem, multiple applications of iodine may be necessary during the first day after birth to prevent infections. Conclusion: “The umbilical care by debridement of necrotic tissues and debris with topical antisepsis, coupled with systemic antibiotic is effective in the treatment of navel ill. Advise to the farmers to improve maternity pen hygiene, navel antisepsis with repeated cord dipping with chlorhexidine and ensure adequate early intake of good quality colostrum by calves will prevent the occurrence of condition”.
Dr. Sandeep.K.S, Dr. Sathish.E.S and Dr. Shwetha.K.S Nandini Sperm Station,Kakolu, Bangalore-89. (Email.Id: sdvety91@gmail.com) Eversion of Uterine horns is a movement/slipping of uterus from inside out through opened cervix into the vagina or outside the vulva. Occurs due to weak muscles of uterus, over strectching ligaments where they're no longer able to support the uterus, hypocalcemia, aged animal with more parity causing prolapsed. Occurrence: It may occur in any species of animals, most common in dairy cows and ewes, less frequent in sows, rare in mares, bitches, queens, and rabbits. Causes: Invagination of the tip of the uterus, Excessive traction to relieve dystocia or retained fetal membranes Injury to the genital tract at the time of calving causes straining. Uterine atony, hypocalcemia, and lack of exercise have all been incriminated as contributory causes. Prolapse of the uterus invariably occurs immediately after or within several hours of parturition, when the cervix is open and the uterus lacks tone. Prolapse of the postgravid uterine horn usually is complete in cows, and the mass of uterus usually hangs below the hocks. Diagnosis: Determined based on presenting uterine material i.e, hanging of uterus outside the vulva and confirming that the no rectal tissue/intestines, fetuses, fetal membranes is involved, which can be confused in some cases. Complications include oedema, excessive bleeding, cyanosis, necrosis, traumatic injury (by both the cow and farmer/vet) and milk fever which must be addressed. Treatment: In rare cases where severe trauma of the everted uterus has occurred as a result of trampling by the cow, uterine resection or culling of the cow due to economical constraints may be necessary. In the majority of cases, the owners usually present the cow to the veterinarian promptly, and manual reduction of the prolapse is successful.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::05 3 Issue : 01 04
In recumbent cows, It is important to place the patient in sternal recumbency with the hindlegs extended backward in order to ease the egress of the uterus back into the abdominal cavity. In reinserting the uterus into the vaginal cavity, it is usually best to start from one side and steadily work a small portion of the uterine body at a time, rather than attempting a large insert at once. The use of assistance is invaluable in returning the uterus as quickly and atraumatically as possible. Attempting to return the uterus in a laterally recumbent cow can be physically demanding and result in excessive trauma to the uterine tissue. After the uterus has been manually returned to the abdominal cavity, a hand should be inserted to the tip of both uterine horns to be sure that there is no remaining invagination that could incite abdominal straining and another prolapse. Installation of warm, sterile saline solution is useful for ensuring complete replacement of the tip of the uterine horn without trauma. Modified Buhner’s suture method A retention suture is placed to prevent recurrence. Retention sutures are usually kept in situ for 7 - 10 days to ensure proper shrinkage of the uterine body. Broad spectrum antibiotic pessaries are recommended as well as parenteral antibiotic coverage. Prevention: Advice farmers to maintain the animal with well balanced diet, giving proper exercise daily, time duration of parturition ( animal may get exhausted and uterine atony may happen). Proper approach and handling of fetus during dystocia, donot apply excessive traction while removing the fetus which may cause trauma Support given at perinial region – conventional method to genital tract, loosening of uterine ligaments. Animals with previous history of prolapse may given support at perinial region (below vulva) with ropes -conventional method
Dr. Muraleedharan, K. Retd. Univ. Head & Prof. of Parasitology,UAS, Bangalore. (email:kandayath@rediffmail.com) The various parasitic infections are responsible for enormous loss to livestock farming in India. The group of parasites includes many species of Helminths, Protozoa, Arthropods. Schistosoma Trypanosoma Rhipicephalus (B)
Pashubandha 2016 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 01 04
Which can cause : Malaise, Morbidity, Mortality. Bring about great loss in Productivity, Performance , Profitability. LOSS can be reduced by timely treatment and application of control measures Earlier position in treatment front : Traditional medicines of plant origin were the main pillars to support the health care of humans as well as livestock prior to the advent of era of industrial chemicals. Present status is entirely different: On the advent of 20th century, A liver fluke affected sheep synthetic chemicals were found a high place in consumer preference due to Easy availability, Spectacular actions, Rapid recovery from illness. Although this is the present state of even today, so called main pillars of synthetic chemicals are started shaking and their efficacy was questioned from last 3-4 decades for the reason. Large scale erosion in the use of these drugs. Results are uncontrollable emergence of Resistance to parasites Toxicity in animals carried to man through milk & meat environmental pollution by spill over But scientists are constantly searching for solution: They are compelled a relook for alternative control strategies and renewal of interest for drugs which possess the following benefits Evincibly effective, Especially cheaper, Easily available Drugs’ action is: Sure, Safe, Sustainable. Nearly 750 medicinally active plants /herbs/trees have been identified, many of them are household culinary items or grown in your garden which part of the traditional medicines followed from time immemorial by our ancestors. Trends have developed not to neglect the high potentialities of these plants. Encourage and promote their use. Epoch making discoveries of Cinchona for Malaria and Penicillin for bacterial infections were all of plant origin. These researches prompt to create more such epics. Currently world-wide intensive search for plant-derived bioactive compounds is going on. Finally for their global acceptability, the proven plant materials should have necessary scientific validation fulfilling the prescribed WHO/ FAO standard. Several controlled studies have been also carried out recently in the Indian sub-continent. A large amount of data was generated after conducting in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials on these bio-active plants, either singly or in combination for synergetic effects. Some of the plants those are frequently proven for their anthelmintic efficacy include Butea frondosa (palas)
, Allium sativum
(garlic),
ಎರ
, Embelia ribes (Baberang) vayubaliga, Azadirachta indica (Neem)
Butea frondosa
Allium sativum
Embelia ribes
Azadirachta indica
The result of farm trials conducted at Zonal Research Station (UAS) at Konehalli, Tiptur (Karnataka) indicated that the azadirachtin fraction of neem seeds was found to reduce the egg output of Haemonchus contortus the stomach worm of goats markedly which could reduce the usage of resistance building modern chemical anthelmintics.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 01 04
This fraction can kill the snail intermediaries of important flukes acting as a good molluscicide. In general, the scientists had showed special interest in the identification of certain forage plants containing condensed tannins (CT) which could have combine good nutritional value and anthelmintic effect for management of GI nematodes. Some of the well-known tanniferous plants with anthelmintic property are  Prosopis cineraria (khejri), perumbai Prosopis cineraria  Artemesia absinthium, pachepathri in Kannada For haemoprotozoan parasites, artemisin derived from a Chinese herb Artemesia annua and halofuginone from extract of Dichroa febrifuga (Basak in Hindi) are potent anti-theilerial drugs and Punica granatum (Pomegranate) possesses anti-trypanosomal activity. Needless say that the practice of prophylactic incorporation of certain coccidiostats in commercial poultry feeds resulted in emergence of resistance strains and undesirable residues in poultry products. Intense Artemesia absinthium search has now led towards plant products which exhibit growth-promoting, immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant effects besides their role for direct coccidia-suppression by neutraceuticals.
Artemesia annua Dichroa febrifuga Punica granatum Arthropod parasites cause their direct ill-effects of discomfort, blood loss and dermatitis to their hosts by their thirsty bites. Besides ticks play as well known vectors for a variety of disease agents like Babesia bigemina and Theileria annulata in bovines and flavivirus of Kyasanur Forest Disease in man and monkeys of Karnataka. Clerodendron innerme Calotropis gigantea Croton bonplandianus
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No : 06 : 3Issue Issue: :04 01
For tick control the active ingredients of some of the local plants and herbs were tested at Konehalli Farm. These plants should have Insecticidal, Growth-inhibitory, Anti-moulting activities. The researches have been conducted to enhance the parasiticidal activity of plants by innovative as well as latest approach utilizing the benefit of nanotechnology. It involves the use of very tiny nanoparticles of those of nickel, silver, titanium etc. These minute fraction metals processed with plant materials are convincingly effective to control parasites avoiding above mentioned ill effects, at the same time they are cost effective and eco-friendly, which will be widely accepted soon.
Nanotechnology (Green synthesis) So a very strong case is in the court for promoting the scientific exploration of plants for potential for efficient and effective parasiticidal activities. (Photos and diagram by the courtesy of Google).
Pushpa Malagittimath, and Mutturaj Yadav, E. Dept. of VAHE, Veterinary College Shivamogga (email: pushpamalagittimath@gmail.com) Various conditions affect the teat causing difficulty in milking and some may even be transmitted to the milker’s hands. TEAT WARTS: Teat warts are caused by virus and heifers are more prone to infection. Teat warts may appear as fleshy lumps or they may be of the feathery type. Teat warts are generally more of an unsightly appearance issue rather than a serious physical problem. But may hamper milking process. Treatment Treatment is not usually required, as most warts eventually regress spontaneously. Surgical removal is possible but may lead to recurrence. Removal should only be done on mature growths, since removing warts too soon can stimulate the growth and spread the virus. Large pedunculated warts can be removed slowly by tying a ligature around the base. The will dry up and fall off within a month. Feathery wart on teat Prevention: Disinfection of stalls can reduce transmission. The virus is thought to be transmitted by flies, so fly control is also important. Teat warts can sometimes be prevented by mixing heifers with cows when they are younger. Ulcerative Mammillitis: Ulcerative mammillitis is a relatively uncommon condition but it can spread rapidly in herds which are affected for the first time and cause significant pain and discomfort. It tends to occur most commonly in first lactation cows. It is also caused by a virus. Fleshy teat wart
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 01 04
Lesions of mammillitis can spread over the entire udder and perineum. Mouths of nursing calves might be affected. The clinical signs vary from small irregular fluid-filled blisters to larger areas of ulcers and scabs. Treatment: Infected cows should be separated from others, Iodine dips may help disinfect teats to prevent the spread of the disease. An emollient udder cream can speed healing of skin. PSEUDO COWPOX (MILKERS NODULE) Ulcerative mammalitis The most commonly infectious cause of teat disease in cattle. Caused by a virus and not to be confused with cowpox, which is rare. Since immunity is short-lived, cows can get infected fairly soon (often less than six months) after recovering from the disease. Symptoms: Initial infection causes a small area of swelling and reddening on the teat. Over the next two days, the affected area elevates into an orange papule, which then scabs over. Seven to ten days after first signs the scabs start dropping Pseudo cow pox off. This often leaves a horse-shoe ring shaped area, which is very characteristic of pseudo cowpox. Affected areas may grow together leading to scabs covering the entire length of the teat. Lesions of pseudo cowpox are usually found on the teat. However up to 10% of affected cows may have lesions on the udder skin. It can spread from cattle to man by contact. Skin infection in man is known as milker’s nodules, and is a painful localized infection. Treatment: Removal of scabs followed by application of a suitable disinfectant. Scabs covering the teats Emollient teat dips and sprays have a beneficial effect of reducing bacteria and in pseudo cow pox viruses on teat skin. Consult a veterinary doctor if above symptoms are seen. Prevention: Proper quarantine of newly purchased cows before introducing into the herd. Proper teat dipping using iodophor is one of the most effective means of control. Maintain proper hygiene in the shed.
HUMP-BACKED MAHSEER
monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Dr. H.N. Narsimha murthy (Ex-Officio)
Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No : 06 : 3 Issue Issue::04 01