Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin
Newsletter Date : 31st December 2016
Volume No: 5 Issue –12
Pavan Belakeri, Mohan Kumar S., K. Satyanarayan and V. Jagadeeswary Veterinary college, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka E mail id:- pavanbelakeri@gmail.com. Introduction:Knowledge is a primary resource, no less important than land, labour or capital for improving the lives of our people. It is a vital tool for empowering people to attain sustainable development has long been recognized in India. Information and communication technology (ICT) refers to the broad range of hardware, software, network infrastructure and media that enable the processing, storage and sharing of information and communication among humans and computers, locally and globally. ICT is a merger of computing and telecommunication technologies for information acquisition, retrieval and dissemination. Changing scenario: In the rapidly changing scenario, the modern ICT tools and the widespread introduction of infrastructure in India made it possible to consider a business model for proliferating information nodes throughout the country in a manner that is financially viable and therefore sustainable. Modern ICTs have the potential to increase agricultural productivity through communicating knowledge and information to rural agricultural communities, providing capacity building, accessing markets and credit, restructuring of extension and scaling up inter-linkages of development interventions. Dissemination of agricultural related information is important to ensure farmers have adequate knowledge and skills to address their needs and sustain production. India’s Vision 2020:- Nowadays, digital technology has generated a new dimension to information as it is being turn out to be a prime commodity. In addition, connections of networks have attributed to the fast communication with a real time feeling among the people across the world. Out of the five thrust areas earmarked for India’s Vision 2020, the information and communication technologies, like the other four, have also given us vital tools to achieve our development strategies. These tools and technologies coupled with the power of knowledge can enable citizens in developing countries to join the battle for economic,
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social and political empowerment. ICTs will help in providing need based, timely, accurate and quality information at a faster rate. ICTs include a basket of technologies such as radio, television, telephone, modern technologies like mobile phone, multimedia, internet, satellite based communication systems and some live examples are Kisan call center, mkisan portal- mobile based services, Warana wired village project, e-choupal, e-arik, e-sagu, digital green, e-krishe, aAQUA, Agropedia, MSSRF, AGRISNET, AGMARKNET, HORTNET, various Mobile Apps etc Provision of specified version of information through ICT tools backed by easy to flow content and illustrations in vernacular language emphasizing the improved livestock production technologies would prove to be cost effective and powerful tool to empower livestock farmers to manage animal health and productivity. Researchers and policy makers need to scale up the use of ICTs in agricultural information system, there is need for government and research institutions to establish radio and TV channels for broadcasting relevant, timely and effectiveness agricultural information. E-Pashuhaat- Web Portal: It is a web portal under new schemes proposed for 2016-17 by department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of agriculture, GOI. An e- market portal for bovine germplasm for connecting breeders and farmers Aims and Objectives: E-Trading Market portal for livestock germplasm and additional related services. Will connect farmers with breeders - Central, State, Co-operative and private agencies. Real time authentic certified information on availability of germplasm. Centralized repository of information for Central and State Governments. Details of the Portal: Will provide direct access to the farmers/ breeders to various organizations/sources wherein frozen semen, E– pashuhaat Home Page embryos and livestock certifications are available. Will connect farmers to 56 semen stations (20 states), 4 CHRS (4 States) and 7 CCBFs (6 states) in the country. Details like, animal / frozen semen ID, progeny particulars (sire directory), rates and other terms & conditions will be available on designated pages of the portal. Farmers can directly get the details like address, contact numbers, photo gallery etc. of individual Institutes / Agriculture universities in States. It will establish links between “farmer to farmer” and “farmer to Institutes”. The dissemination of the information to farmers will be through landline and mobile phone Portal Features: Database of Livestock, frozen semens and embryos Stock position/availability Advance search on multiple parameters. Photo-zoom facility for better details of animals. Regional Languages selection menu. User feedback & rating. Online Payment facility with Aadhar integration. Help desk and Toll Free Number.
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Nishanth C, Mohan H.V. and Leena G. Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary College Bengaluru, KVAFSU, Bidar E mail id:- nishanthvet@gmail.com Ebola virus disease (also known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever) is a severe, often-fatal disease caused by infection with a species of Ebola virus. The first Ebola virus species was discovered in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near the Ebola River. Since then, outbreaks have appeared sporadically. Etiology: It is a negative sense, non-segmented, single stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Filoviridae, genus Ebola. This genus Ebolavirus comprises of 5 distinct species namely Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), Reston ebolavirus (RESTV), Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), Tai Forest ebolavirus (TAFV). Among these BDBV, EBOV, and SUDV have been associated with large EVD outbreaks in Africa. The RESTV species, found in Philippines and the People’s Republic of China, can infect humans, but no illness or death in humans from this species has been reported till date. Epidemiology: The ebola disease was first identified in 1976, causing two outbreaks in Sudan and another in Congo (previously Zaire) both of them caused hundreds of deaths followed by multiple, mostly limited outbreaks over the years. Recent outbreaks have occurred mainly in Guinea in December 2013 and then spread to Liberia, Sierra Leone. The virus causing 2013-2014 outbreak belongs to Zaire Spp. Countries with widespread transmission as on March 31, 2015 (Source WHO 2015) Country
LaboratoryConfirmed Cases 3073
Total Deaths
Guinea
Total Cases (Suspected, Probable, and Confirmed) 3494
Liberia
9712
3151
4332
Sierra Leone
12022
8547
3810
Total
25228
14771
10462
2320
Transmission: The virus is of zoonotic importance transmitted through close contact with infected animals, including chimpanzees, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope, contaminated environment, wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. The main Sources of transmission are blood, secretions, organs or other body fluids such as tears, saliva, urine and sweat. Human to Human transmission occurs through contact. For example: Ritual washing of ebola victims at funerals.
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Host: Fruit bats of the family pteropodidae, genera Hyposignathus monostrosus, Epomops franquetiare considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus. Humans are the accidental host. Cultural practices for spread of ebola virus Consumption of bush meat from animals such as bats, antelopes, porcupines and monkeys is a prized delicacy in much of West Africa which can be a source of Ebola. Ebola spreads through close physical contact with infected people. Hugging is a normal part of religious worship in Liberia and Sierra Leone, and across the region the ritual preparation of bodies for burial involves washing, touching and kissing. Those with the highest status in society are often charged with washing and preparing the body which may be a route of dissemination of the virus. PATHOGENESIS Cell entry and tissue damage GI dysfunction Systemic Inflammatory Response Coagulation defects Death SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Incubation period of the disease varies from 2 to 21 days. Symptoms are manifested in terms of sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, rashes on the body, impaired kidney and liver function finally leading to both external and internal bleeding which relapse into death. DIAGNOSIS: Molecular and immune based techniques are used for the detection of ebola virus which includes-Antigen-capture enzymelinked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), antigen detection test, serum neutralization test, RT-PCR assay, electron microscopy, cell culture etc. TABLE OF DIAGNOSTICS APPROVED Product / Company Description RealStarÂŽ Filovirus Screen RT-PCR In vitro diagnostic test that detects filovirusKit 1.1 Altona Diagnostics GmbH, specific RNA in human plasma using the German QIAampÂŽ Viral RNA Kit for RNA extraction. The assay is designed to detect all filoviruses. ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test Kit This is an antigen test based on detection of Corgenix, USA the Ebola matrix protein VP40 rather than nucleic acid.
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TREATMENT: There are no licensed vaccines or no specific treatment available for the disease. However patients are monitored by intensive supportive care such as oral rehydration with solutions containing electrolytes, intravenous fluids therapy. Currently trials are being carried out on some of the anti-viral drugs such as BCX-4430, TKM-Ebola, and Favipiravir, however their efficacy is still questionable. MEASURES FOR CONTROL In Animals: Routine cleaning and disinfection of pig or monkey farms (with sodium hypochlorite). Culling of infected animals with close supervision of burial or incineration of carcass. Active Animal Health Surveillance System to detect new cases is essential in providing early warning for veterinary and human public health authorities. In Humans: Animals should be handled with gloves and other protective clothing, avoid physical contact with infected patient, regular washing of hands and hospital premises, people who died from ebola should be incinerated or buried properly GOVERNMENT STEPS: Mandatory self-reporting f any outbreak of ebola viral disease has come across. Designated facilities at airports- Screen thoroughly the persons who arrive from the EBV affected places. Designate hospitals with isolation wards for the ebola victims. CONCLUSION: EVD outbreak is a grade three emergency viral disease of public health concern which threatens international public health. India needs to further strengthen its infection control mechanism and surveillance to prevent an outbreak of ebola like the one in West Africa so as to prevent the worst-case scenario not to come.
1
Ranjith D1, Sindhu K2 and Viswanath S3. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala. 2,3 Veterinary Officer, Dept. of AH&VS, Govt. of Karnataka. ranjith946@gmail.com.
Introduction: Neutraceuticals are the natural bioactive, chemical compounds that have health promoting, disease preventing or medicinal properties. Some of the most useful veterinary therapeutic aids are neutraceuticals which consists of micronutrients, macronutrients, and other nutritional supplements as therapeutic agents. They are defined as non-drug substances in a purified form derived from food, or a component of food, and have physiological effects and therapeutic benefits. Neutraceuticals are generally very safe to use having few, if any side effects and may be used as a primary therapy or an adjunct to conventional medicines. The neutraceutical industry lies under three main segments which include functional foods, dietary supplements, and herbal/natural products. According to Nutrition Business Journal (NBJ), Boulder, CO, natural and organic pet foods, pet supplements and other natural and organic pet supplies grew 5.2% in 2010 to reach$3.2 billion, with the animal supplement category alone adding $80 million in new sales dollars to reach $1.6 billion. Packaged facts reported the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of U.S. retail sales of pet supplements and neutraceutical treats for dogs, cats and other small animals was 6.6%
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between 2006 and 2010 and projected to hit 7.4% during the 2010 to 2015 period. The market researcher also reported the percentage of dog and cat owners who purchased pet supplements and neutraceutical treats increased from19% and 12%, respectively, in 2005 to 31% and 22% in 2010. Global neutraceuticals market was estimated at US$182.6 billion in 2015. Neutraceuticals is still in its stage of infancy in India. The neutraceutical market in India is estimated to grow to US$2,731 million in 2016 at a CAGR of 13%. Use of dietary supplements and neutraceuticals for pets and companion animals is booming, and its growth mirrors the ‘boom’ in the human market. Many veterinarians and veterinary practices have added private label, brand label, or even their own label supplements and neutraceuticals for sale in-clinic, and certainly have fielded questions from their clients about adding supplements to their pet’s diet. While much of the research as to the benefits and value of neutraceuticals and supplements is still evolving, it’s clear that consumers have made some decisions as to the value - to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars. Classification: Neutraceuticals are classified on the basis of foods available in the market A. Traditional neutraceuticals B. Non-traditional neutraceuticals Traditional neutraceuticals - They are simply natural with no changes to the food. The main constituents of traditional Neutraceuticals includes 1. Chemical Constituents: a) Nutrients: Vitamins, minerals, amino acids and fatty acids b) Herbals: Willow bark, flavanoids, Legumes c) Phytochemicals: Isoprenoids 2. Probiotic Microorganisms: Bacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus, Propioni-bacterium 3. Neutraceuticals Enzymes: Hemicellulase, Amyloglucosidase, Ascomycetes, Lactase –β Galactosidase (bacteria), Cellulase (all living cells) Non-traditional Neutraceuticals - They are artificial foods prepared with the help of biotechnology. Food samples contain bioactive components which are engineered to produce products for human- wellness. They are again classify into two groups namely a. Fortified nutraceuticals b. Recombinant nutraceuticals. Classification of Non-traditional Neutraceuticals Based on Food Resources: 1. Plant origin: Beta glucan, Pectin, Ascorbic acid, Daidzein, Gamma Tocotrienol, Glutathion, Quercetin, Geraniol, Luteolon, α-tocopherol, Cellulose, β-carotene, Allicin (onion), Genestien, d-L-Monene, Lycopene, Perillyl, Hemicelulose, Indolo-3-Carbonol, Lignin, Gallic acid (garlic) and Lutein. 2. Animal origin: Conjugate Linoleic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Docosahexonoic acid, Spingolipids and Choline. 3. Microbial origin: Sacchromyses boulardii(yeast), Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Streptococcus saluarius. Commonly used pet Supplements: Growing numbers of pet owners are giving their pets dietary supplements in hopes of supporting their health. This increased use of animal dietary supplements has raised concerns regarding the safety of
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specific supplements and the guidelines for determining safety of dietary supplements for dogs, and cats. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria that have the potential to improve host health, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Fructo oligosaccharides (FOS) act by stimulating the growth of Bifidobacterium species in the large intestine. Not much is known about the correct and effective dosage levels of prebiotics for dogs or cats, but preliminary evidence seems to indicate that very low levels (0.3% of a dog’s diet) are most effective and produce the least number of side effects (bloating, gas, etc.) Probiotics are friendly bacteria, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, that help to keep harmful bacteria from colonizing and creating digestive problems, and thus support the body in fighting illness and disease. If beneficial bacteria become depleted or the balance is disturbed, potentially harmful (pathogenic) bacteria can overgrow. Probiotics are live cultures unstable at temperatures over 75 degrees and thus need be applied to pet foods after cooking. Most veterinarians feel that standalone supplementation is more efficacious. Glucosamine and chondroitin are critical components of cartilage, but the body’s natural production diminishes with age. Many manufacturers formulate these chondroprotective nutrients into their pet foods to help stimulate cartilage metabolism and inhibit its degeneration as well as provide anti-inflammatory properties. Omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil or other marine sources contain high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) capable of modifying inflammatory skin responses of healthy dogs. Pet foods supply ample omega 6 fatty acids, but not omega 3. Omega 9 fatty acids have no benefit to dogs or cats. Flaxseed oil contains alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), but its conversion by the body to EPA and DHA is slow and inefficient, and thus flaxseed oil does not appear to be as effective as fish oil in reducing inflammation. Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, zinc and other trace elements help neutralize the effects of stress and environmental irritants. Although dogs—unlike humans—manufacture vitamin C, many veterinarians. Drug interaction with dietary supplement: Xenobiotic interaction may arise either from alteration of the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, or excretion of one drug by a food/dietary supplement or from a combination of their actions or effects. Food–drug interactions can result in two main clinical effects: 1. Decreased bioavailability of a drug, which predisposes to treatment failure 2. Increased bioavailability, which increases the risk of adverse events and may even precipitate toxicities. Many nutraceuticals have come to be accepted by mainstream medicine for their proven therapeutic benefits eg. Glucosamine, Omega 3 fatty acids, anti-oxidants, S-Adenosyl methionine etc. Additionally, many products have limited bioavailability which has a substantial impact on their efficacy. Thankfully, there are some superb products available in the veterinary market today, many of which have undergone scientific trials and proven their value in case studies. Conclusion Neutraceuticals are micronutrients, macronutrients and other nutritional supplements that are used as therapeutic agents. They are defined as non-drug substances in a purified form derived from food, or a component of food, and have physiological effects and therapeutic benefits. Clinical application of nutrition in the treatment of disease and metabolic disorders form the base for complimentary veterinary
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medicine. Neutraceuticals are usually dosed orally. It is commonly stated that malnutrition is the underlying cause of many of the disease syndromes encountered in birds and exotic pets. For convalescing animals, adding such a supplement usually assists with improved healing, increased strength and vitality, promotion of weight gain and increased appetite. Integrative therapy signifies the comprehensive approach to animals by combining conventional medicine with alternative therapies. "Neutraceuticals appear to be of benefit in both the treatment and prevention of disease." Usually the medicines and therapies that complement one another and work for prevention and treatment of diseases are preferred. Many challenges stand in the way of determining whether or not animal dietary supplements are safe and at what dosage. Supplements considered safe in humans and other cross-species are not always safe in horses, dogs, and cats. An adverse event reporting system is badly needed. And finally, regulations dealing with animal dietary supplements are in disarray. Clear and precise regulations are needed to allow only safe dietary supplements on the market. The ultimate challenge is to minimize the adverse effects, maximize successful treatment and improve the quality of life of animals.
Commercial pet products: Marketed Neutraceuticals
Category
Ingredients
manufacturer
Threptin® Diskettes
Protein supplements
Protein and Vitamin B
Protein X ®
Protein supplement
Calcirol D-3®
Calcium supplement
Vitamin, Mineral, Predigested protein and Carbohydrates Calcium and vitamin
Seltoc AC ®
Nutritional supplement
Antioxidant
Revital ®
Daily health supplement Health supplement
Vitamin and mineral
Ranbaxy, India
Vitamins and Minerals
Sanfoi, India
Multivite ®
Raptokos, Brett and Co Ltd. Mumbai, India. Pfizer Ltd, Mumbai, India Cadilla health cared limited, Ahmedabad, India Fourtts India private limited, India
Mohan Kumar S, Pavan Belakeri, K Satyanarayan and V Jagadeeswary Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary college, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka E mail id: - mohanvet8333@gmail.com Introduction:Organic animal husbandry is a system of livestock production that promotes the use of organic and biodegradable inputs from the ecosystem in terms of animal nutrition, animal’s health, animal housing and breeding. It deliberately avoids use of synthetic inputs such as drugs, feed additives and genetically
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engineered breeding inputs. It is designed to provide livestock with comfortable and stress-free living in accordance with their natural needs that promotes the use of certified organic and biodegradable inputs from the environment in terms of animal nutrition, animal’s health, animal housing and breeding and deliberately avoids use of synthetic inputs such as drugs, feed additives and genetically engineered breeding inputs. Objectives of organic animal husbandry: To raise animals in a system that takes into consideration the wider issues of environmental pollution, human health on consumption of animal products allowing them to meet their basic behavioral needs and reduce stress. Exploit the natural behavior of animals in their production systems to reduce stress e.g.. Goats being browsers in nature like having their forage suspended high enough so that they can attain an upright posture. Use of low external input which lessen the cost of production and allow for a sustainable system of since most materials can be recycled in the farm and also locally available Bridging of nutrients gap in soil, crops and animals i.e. animals feed on crops and cultivated crops by products. The animal’s waste in form of farmyard manure is composted and taken back to the soil to replenish the lost soil nutrients through cultivation. This ensures the completion of nutrient cycle in the ecosystem. Roles played by animals They provide food to human in forms of meat, milk and honey. They utilize lands that are not suitable for cultivation to produce animas product foods of high value e.g. arid and semiarid areas, rocky and hilly topographies. Ruminants are able to convert waste crop by-products in high value human food. They can be used to generate income when their surplus products are sold for cash. They also play the role of insurance in families where they are sold in case of emergencies like sickness and other eventualities that require immediate funds that may not have been planned for. They play a social cultural role in terms of wealth expression, prestige, payment of dowry and other social obligations like worship. They provide energy through draft power and domestic fuel e.g. dry cow dung and biogas. They play an essential role in closing the carbon and nitrogen cycle in the ecosystems by provided in manure used for fertilizing the soil. The ash obtained by burning dung is incorporated in compost manure to provide nutrient for crops. Organic Farming systems aims at growing and producing most of the animal feeds in the farm to enable sustainable production and minimize the risk of contamination of these feeds by chemicals, which may be in use at other sources where such where such feeds may be procured. Farm production of animal’s feeds also promotes the achieving of the basic objective of organic farming which is use of low external inputs.
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Conversion of a livestock farm to an organic livestock farm. The following impact points must be considered when converting to an organic system of production for live: Animals shall not be fed with feeds, which incorporated feed additives like growth hormones, bacteriostats e.t.c. Animal waste e.g. poultry manure shall not be used to feed livestock. Animal manures require to be handled properly, removed from animals housed regularly and be composted before taking them to the fields to kill harmful organisms that may be present e.t.c nematodes. The health of animals shall be paramount selection for breeding animals should be based on the resistance to diseases and pests. The farmer should administers only the herbal and natural treatment conventional drugs may only be used as a last resort to save the life of the animals will not be certified as from an organic source for the next three (3) months. The farm should strive to produce most of the feeds from the farm to avoid procurement of contaminated feeds from other sources. Conclusion:The Government of India (GOI) has taken several initiatives to boost organic agricultural production in the country. The launching of National Programme of Organic Production (NPOP) in 2000-2001, setting up of National Centre of Organic Farming (NCOF) in 2003, ICAR Network Project on Organic Farming (2004) & recent establishment of National Organic Farming Research Institute (NOFRI) under ICAR in Sikkim are some important milestones. These steps have resulted into production and export of certified organic agricultural products from India. At present scenario, organic Animal Husbandry can be alternative (Not wholly) venture for the farming communities, which can be adopted by seeing the market potentials.
Manu kumar H.M, Sharath Raju, Nagabhushan H.V, Bishaja Murthy and Harsha Veterinary officer, VD, Halathi. Email id : manugowda634@gmail.com CASE HISTORY A cow is presented to veterinary dispensary, Halathi, Nagamangala with the history of sudden drop in milk yield, normal feeding by cow, due to low fat/SNF milk is rejected by local KMF milk collection center, on boiling of milk gets coagulated. CLINICAL EXAMINATION AND DIGNOSIS On detailed clinical examination temperature is 102 deg celcius, ruminal motility and ruminal liquor pH is normal. On physical examination of milk found to be normal in color, consistency, pH of milk found to be 8. On examination of milk using CMT (california mastitis test) shows thickening of milk from all quarters after mixing with CMT reagent, S.F.M.T (surfa field mastitis test) and mastistripes (Ayurvet ltd) shows positive for subclinical mastitis.
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TREATMENT Cow is treated with long acting enrofloaxcin (Bayrocin 1shot, Bayers Pharma ) @ dose of 7.5 mg/ kg BW, inj AD3E (Lavitone H, TTK Pharma) 5ml I.M, inj cadistin 10 ml I.M, infuse 100 ml of 10% trisodium citrate freshly prepared solution slow I.V for 2 days. Prescribed bolus Mammiup (virbac india pvt ltd ) 2 bolus per day and Mastilep ( Ayurvet India ) ointment for external application of teats and udder twice a day. After 3 days of treatment milk yield returns to normal quantity and quality. DISCUSSION Subclinical mastitis affects quality in terms of fat/SNF and quantity, predisposes the animal to mastitis. In India more than 50% of lactating cows suffering from subclinical mastitis due to poor management and poor feeding practices. Subclinical mastitis is controlled by regular screening of milk using pH paper, S.F.M.T test etc, supplementation of Vitamin E and Selenium in feeds, clean milking practices.
Shwetha.K.S, NarasimhaMurthy and Chethana.D.H Nandini Sperm Station , Kakolu, Hessaragatta dr.shwetha.k.s@gmail.com Bovine Ephemeral Fever is an infectious disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by a bullet shaped virus (Rhabdovirus) and is characterized by inflammation of mesodermal tissue resulting in fever, muscular shivering, lameness and enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes. Transmission: BEFV is transmitted through mosquitoes and biting midges. BEFV is not spread by close contact, body secretions, or aerosol droplets. Animals can be infected in the laboratory by intravenous inoculation of small amounts of blood. This virus does not seem to be transmitted in semen and it is rapidly inactivated in meat. There is no evidence that animals become carriers. Occurrence: Bovine ephemeral fever occurs in some tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, Australia, the Middle East and Asia. The disease occurs in summer months usually between January and April; however, it can still occur between December through to early June. It rarely occurs in winter and spring. Cattle and any age group can be affected but commonly adults are affected. Zoonotic potential: There is no evidence that humans can be infected by BEFV. Incubation Period: Based on natural and experimental infections, the incubation period is thought to be 2-4 days in most cases, with a maximum of 10-11 days. Clinical signs: Infected cattle can show a wide spectrum of clinical signs. Clinical signs include 0 A sudden onset of fever (temperature as high as 105-106 F) with loss of appetite and increased breathing and heart rate, peripheral lymph node enlargement.
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Affected cattle often shiver and become very stiff and lame on all four legs. There may be severe constipation in some cases and diarrhoea in others, which is caused by reduced rumen function. Watery discharges from the eyes and the nose often occurs. The first sign in dairy cattle is often A sudden and sharp drop in the milk production. In some cases, lactation may stop completely. The highest producing animals are usually most severely affected. In most of the cases, milk production returns to normal progressively with recovery but the level is always lower than pre-illness. Cows in late stage of pregnancy may abort. The disease is more severe in Adult cattle than in young animal In fat animals than in lean animals In heavy bulls than in light steers In high lactating cattle than in dry cows Bulls and fat cows loose condition rapidly and regain their body weight slowly after recovery. Calves are least affected, those less than 12 months of age usually show mild clinical signs and calves less than 3-6 months of age are not affected by the disease. Pathogenesis: The virus introduced into the blood through the bite of the flies and there will be a viral septicemia later on The virus localized in the mesodermal tissue like joints , muscles and lympnodes (here it causes hyperplasia of the endothelium of the venules and capillaries) later on There will be edema and perivascular neutrophilic infiltration lead to Partial /complete occlusion of vessels which may results in Necrosis of the vessel walls. The skeletal muscles will have focal necrosis Complications: Recovery is usually rapid and complete unless the affected animals are exposed to extreme weather conditions or aspiration of the stomach content. If affected cattle are without shade and water, they may suffer from severe dehydration. Occasionally affected bulls are temporary infertile (up to 6 months) because of the high fever. Permanent infertility is uncommon but can occur.
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A small proportion of affected animals may suffer permanent paralysis due damage to the spinal cord, either from effect of the virus or injury as the animal goes down. Deaths from BEF are uncommon, and usually because of misadventure or being down for a long period. Diagnosis: History and clinical signs. Diagnosis can be made from the sudden onset of fever lasting for 2-5 days followed by spontaneous recovery. Serological tests- Virus neutralization or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays are used regularly for diagnosis in some countries. Confirmation of diagnosis can be made by the laboratory either by isolation of the BEF virus or detecting the antibody level. One blood sample can be taken during the fever and isolation of BEF virus from the blood confirms BEF infection. Antibody level can be tested by taking two blood samples, one during the illness and another one two or three weeks later. BEF infected cattle will have much higher BEF antibody levels in the second sample compared to the first. Deferential diagnosis: Traumatic reticulitis- no enlargement of lymph nodes, no lameness Acute laminitis: very rare Parturient paresis/Milk fever: response t calcium therapy and milk fever-no fever Acute mastitis- by examining the milk. Treatment: Treatment may be unnecessary in milder cases, but more severely affected animals are often treated symptomatically, particularly when they have become recumbent. Animals are often given anti-inflammatory drugs, with the addition of calcium borogluconate injections if they have signs of hypocalcemia (e.g., ruminal stasis, paresis, loss of reflexes). Antibiotics may be administered to control secondary infections, and rehydration with isotonic fluids is sometimes employed. Good nursing can also aid recovery. Recumbent animals should be provided with water, food and shelter if necessary, but animals should not be forced to stand or move. Force-feeding is not advisable due to the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Laterally recumbent animals may be rolled periodically to prevent loss of circulation and muscle damage. Control and prevention: In most cases, cattle that have been infected with BEF are resistant to the infection for life. However, some animals, especially older animals may lose immunity after a few years. Moving valuable animals into insect-proof facilities may be considered during outbreaks or in high-risk seasons. Vaccination is the only effective method of control. The modified live vaccine is the commercially available vaccine in Australia. It is available through veterinarians only and can provide protection against BEF for 12 months. Initially, two doses are required 2 weeks to 6 months apart to achieve adequate protection. Animals can be vaccinated from 6 months of age and then have an annual booster vaccine.
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Volume VolumeNo No::05 3 Issue : 01 12
Dr. Pushpa Malagittimath Dept. of VAHE Veterinary college Shivamogga Mail ID: pushpamalagittimath@gmail.com Breed: A decision on what breed one wants to keep depends on the resources available with the farmer and the suitability of the breed to the locale. A decision on the breed should be taken only after detailed discussions with your local veterinarian/Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)/Kisan Call Centres, and should conform to the breeding policy of the State. Source: Known disease free farms (either govt or private) where regular testing for diseases like TB, JD and brucellosis are done and positive animals removed would be ideal sources to procure your animals. It is better to buy animals from the owners’ premises rather than from cattle markets/shanties since chances of the animal being exposed to diseases is high at these locations. General signs to observe for in healthy animals during purchase Eyes: bright, clear and not runny (no discharge), crusty or bloodshot. Nose: cool, moist muzzle, with frequent licking; breathing should be regular and not labored; beware of discharge, coughing, wheezing or irregular breathing. Coat: Glossy, clean and un-matted, free of ticks/lice, other parasites or eruptions. Weight: Average weight for the breed; beware of emaciated or thin animals. Attitude: Curious, alert and contented; beware of cattle that stand apart from the herd, that seem disinterested or that show signs of a bad temper. Mobility: Walking should be easy and free of limps; beware of slow or uneven gaits or hunched positions when sitting; the animal should be able to rise from seated positions with ease. Udder: Healthy; size isn’t necessarily an indicator of a good udder. It should sit forward with prominent milk veins, not sag and not be too meaty. Observe the cow when she walks, the udder should not show too much sideways movement. Body score: This is an important indicator of the health of the animal. An animal in good health will have a body score between 3-4. Body scoring is very important in assessing the health status of an animal. A low score may indicate diseases or improper feeding while a high score may indicate a high probability of breeding and metabolic problems. History: It is important to have a record of the detailed history of the animal on number of calving, recorded milk yield during previous lactation, any specific disease occurrence like mastitis, prolapsed of uterus, ROP, dystocia, hypocalcaemia etc. Age: Though not directly related to health, the farmer should also ensure the age of the animal by referring to its dentition and horn rings. Horn ring is not a good guide and may give only a very rough idea. The first horn ring appears at 10-12 months. One ring is added approximately in a year. But at the fifth year, the first three rings may not be visible and after 8 years, none may be visible.
Pashubandha 2016 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::05 3 Issue : 01 12
Body 1
Characteristics
2
3.
4
5
Picture
Extremely thin. No fat in brisket or tail docks. All skeletal structures are visible. Dull hair May be diseased and survival during stress is doubtful. Will not milk well or reproduce Thin. Vertebrae, hips and pin bone prominent. Some tissue covers around tail dock, hip bones and the flank. Muscle tissue evident but not abundant, health may be OK.
Ribcage only slightly visible. Fat deposit behind shoulder obvious, ideal condition for calving. Fat deposit in brisket area. Hook and pin bone visible, but not prominent. Skeletal structure difficult to identify. Obvious fat deposits behind shoulder and tail head. Flat appearance to the top line. Folds of fat starting to develop over ribs and thighs.
Animal is obese, flat appearance dominates Brisket is heavy and bone structure not noticeable. Tail head and hip bones completely buried in folds of fat. Back is flat and completely covered by fat. Mobility impaired by large fat deposits.
Pashubandha 2016 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::05 3 Issue : 01 12
Veterinary College Hebbal, Bengaluru, KVAFSU, Bidar
HUMP-BACKED MAHSEER
monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by
Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru.
Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru
Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education
Dr. H.N.Narasimha Murthy (Ex-Officio)
Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
Pashubandha 2016 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::05 3 Issue Issue::01 12