Feb2014

Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bullletin

Newsletter Date : 28th February 2014

Volume No: 3 Issue : 02

Dr. B. N. Nagaraja, Sangeeta Jadhav, Dr. Ramesh Rathod, Dr. A. S. Patil, and Dr L. Ranganath Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, Veterinary College Hebbal, Bangalore (settihallynag@rediffmail.com)

Anal glands Anal glands or anal sacs are small glands located beneath the skin on either side of anus between external and internal sphincter muscle at about the four and eight o'clock positions (Fig. 1). In dogs, these glands are occasionally referred to as "scent glands", because they enable the animals to mark their territory and identify other dogs. They are connected with the anus by means of small canals or ducts. The secretion that comes from these glands is brown in color and about the consistency of water or oil. The secretion has a very disagreeable odor to humans. As the pet defecates, the anal sphincter squeezes the sacs against the hard passing feces and causes the anal secretion to discharge onto the fecal mass, lubricating the anal opening. The sacs are also emptied when the dogs are frightened or scared. The external anal sphincter is innervated solely by the caudal rectal nerves.

Affections of anal glands

Position of anal glands

Nowadays the pet dogs are kept in an enemy free environment, so anal sacs are rarely emptied.

Similarly, if dogs ate large quantities of meat and bone making their feces hard in consistency anal sac emptying becomes easier but feeding of vegetable proteins produces a much softer stool so there is nothing for the glands to be squeezed against. Under such conditions the fluids build up and solidify thus presenting an ideal environment for bacterial growth. Disorders that occur in the anal sacs are impaction, infection, abscessation and neoplasia.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02

Analsacculitis is common affecting approximately 10% of dogs, and usually is caused by infection or duct obstruction, and inflammation. Inflammation enhances secretion which serves as an ideal medium for bacterial growth. Secretions continue to accumulate despite ductal obstruction, and the sacs become impacted and eventually rupture. Chronic fistulation may result if infection or duct obstruction persists.

Anal sacculitis also occurs without duct obstruction. In these cases hypersecretion occurs and the sac is easy to express. Secretions are more liquid than normal with yellowish white granules. Factors that may cause chronic hypersecretion include infectious, endocrine, allergic, behavioral, and idiopathic mechanisms. Malfunction of the anal sphincter mechanism secondary to chronic diarrhea, anal laxity,constipation and obesity may contribute to retention of anal sac secretions and the development of anal sacculitis.

Anal sac tumors arise from the glands of the anal sac, and may be benign (anal sac adenomas) or malignant (anal sac adenocarcinomas) most anal sac tumors are of the malignant type. These anal sac adenocarcinomas make up approximately 2% of all skin tumors seen in dogs, and of these dogs, the majority are older females. There are no obvious breed predilections and this type of tumor occurs in both intact and neutered animals. Anal sac adenocarcinoma is very rare in cats, but has been reported. The tumor itself is usually unilateral (affecting only one of the anal sacs), however bilateral tumors have been recognized, so both anal sacs should be carefully examined. The mass may be discrete or infiltrative, and can be very small (less than 1 cm in diameter) or quite large (up to 10 cm or more in diameter). It frequently produces a hormone which causes blood calcium levels to rise above normal levels. This is known as hypercalcemia of malignancy, and can cause problems with other organs such as the kidneys. In addition, anal sac adenocarcinomas have often metastasized (spread) by the time they are initially diagnosed. They may spread first to regional lymph nodes, such as the sublumbar lymph nodes and later to the lumbar spine or more distant sites such as the liver, spleen, or lung. Many dogs have recurrent anal sac disease. It may occur in an animal of any age, breed or gender however, it is most common in small and toy breed dogs and rare in cats. Some breeds of dogs, like Poodles, commonly have problems. In some animals anal sacculitis may be associated with seborrhoic dermatitis or other dermatoses.

Symptoms • • • • • • •

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Scooting or dragging the anal area Excessive licking and biting of the anal area Pain, sometimes severe, near the tail or anus A swollen area on either side of the anus Bloody or sticky drainage on either side of the anus Tail chasing behavior and other behavioral changes Tenesmus, dyschezia, constipation and hematochezia occasionally occur.

Generalized dermatitis or dermatitis at a secondary site sometimes are recognized.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

Diagnosis Physical examination: Routine palpation and expression of the anal sacs during physical examination will help for early detection of anal sac disease. Impaction is diagnosed when the sac is distended and mildly painful and cannot be readily expressed. Anal sacculitis is diagnosed when moderate or severe pain is elicited on palpation, and secretions are liquid, yellowish, blood tinged or purulent. The diagnosis of anal sac abscessation is made when there is marked distention of the sac with a purulent exudates, cellulitis of surrounding tissues, erythema of overlying skin, pain and fever. An anal sac rupture is diagnosed by finding a draining tract associated with the anal sac.

Radiography and ultrasonography: Plain radiograph are recommended if neoplasia is suspected. A fistulogram may help determine whether a draining tract is associated with the anal sac region or some other perineal location.

Laboratory findings: Hematologic and serum biochemistry changes are nonspecific. Leukocytosis with a left shift may be noted with anal sac abscesses. Cytological studies from diseased anal sac secretions reveal cellular debris, large numbers of leukocytes, and numerous bacteria. Culture and sensitivity testing of the anal sac is recommended. The normal bacterial flora of anal sac include small numbers of micrococci, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus spp. Bacteria typically cultured from diseased anal sacs include S. faecalis, Clostriduium perfringens, E. coli, Proteus spp., Staphylococcus spp., micrococci and diphtheroids. Blood calcium level is increased in anal sac tumor.

Differential diagnosis: Primary differential diagnoses for anal sacculitis are flea allergy (from licking and biting), perianal tumor (caused by swelling and ulceration), perianal fistulae or tail fold pyoderma (resulting in absceasation and draining tracts). Differential diagnoses for anal or perianal irritation includes anal sacculitis, dermatitis, endoparasites, perianal fistulae, vaginitis or tumors.

Differential diagnoses for perianal swelling include perianal hernia, perianal neoplasia, perianal gland hyperplasia, anal saccuulitis, anal sac neoplasia , antresia ani, rectal pytiosis, and vaginal tumors differential diagnoses for dyschezia include rectal foreign body, perineal hernia, perianal fistulae, anal stricture, rectal stricture, anal sac abscess, rectal neoplasia, anal neoplasia, anal trauma and dermatitis, rectal pythiosis and rectal prolapse.

Medical treatment: Treatment depends on the stage of infection. Most anal sac problems can be medically managed by manual expression, lavage, antibiotics and dietary change. Treatment of concomitant dermatoses facilitates treatment of anal sacculitis. Mild sacculitis or impaction is treated by expressing, lavaging with saline, and infusing the glands with antibiotic- corticosteroid preparations. Dry secretions may be softened by lavaging with saline or infusing a ceruminolytic agent. If the anal sacs are infected, 0.5% chlorhexidine or 10% povidone iodine may be added to saline flushes.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

Adding fiber to the diet makes the feces bulky, which may stretch the anus during defecation, causing the anal sacs to be compressed and emptied,. In more severe cases, weekly evaluation, expression, and lavage with a dilute antiseptic solution or saline may be required. Oral antibiotics in chronic cases are chosen based on sensitivity results. Anal sac abscesses should be lance, drained, and flushed. Hot compresses, applied two or three times daily for 15 to 20 minutes each, are beneficial for abscesses.

Appropriate oral antibiotics should be administered to patients with anal sac abscesses. Chemical cauterization is not recommended, because severe perineal sloughing may result.

Manual Expression / Evacuation of anal sacs: A rubber glove should be worn for this procedure and lubricating jelly should be applied to the gloved index finger. Be sure to have lots of paper towels ready as well as this can be a nasty job.

In the dog, insert the lubricated finger through the anus gently. It will most likely be an uncomfortable feeling for the dog but shouldn't cause any pain. Feel for the glands at the 4 and 6 o'clock positions. They might feel like anything from a small pea to a grape. Sometimes, they will be slightly higher or lower as well.

With your index finger inside and your thumb on the outside, gently squeeze the gland to express the material outwards. It might take a little bit of pressure to excrete the discharge. Be careful to keep your face out of the line of fire as sometimes the material will come out with a force, squirting on anything in its path. When all the material is expressed, rotate your arm and express the remaining gland.

With your index finger inside and your thumb on the outside, gently squeeze the gland to express the material outwards.

Surgical treatment (anal sacculectomy) Failure of medical therapy and suspicion of neoplasia are indications for anal sacculectomy. If a draining tract persists after anal sac rupture, surgery should be delayed until inflammation is controlled.

Both anal sacs should be removed, even if only one is obviously involved.

Surgical anatomy: At the junction of the rectum and anus, the mucous membrane contains the anal glands. A small opening on either side leads to two lateral anal sacs. These anal sacs contain a dirty grey fatty substance which has very unpleasant odor. The anal sac orifice is located at the anal orifice at approximately 4 and 8 o’clock position. The skin which lines anal sacs contains oil glands.

Surgical technique There are several different methods for anal sacculectomy, but surgical approaches can be simply categorized as open or closed techniques. Some surgeons prefer an open approach because of its speed and simplicity and because the lining of the anal sac is visualized to ensure complete removal. However, more extensive contamination of the surrounding tissue occurs than with use of a closed technique, which may increase the potential for postoperative incisional infection. Closed techniques are indicated in animals undergoing anal sacculectomy for tumor excision; however, some surgeons also prefer closed methods for cases of anal sacculitis due to the decrease in surgical site contamination.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

Regardless of the technique used, the potential for hemorrhage exists, particularly with aggressive dissection. Hemorrhage can be controlled with digital pressure or electrocautery. Blind grasping for bleeding tissue using hemostats or forceps can result in damage to the caudal rectal nerve and should be avoided. Both open and closed techniques for anal sacculectomy can be performed using a carbon dioxide laser. The proposed advantages of this modality include decreased bleeding, reduced pain, less swelling, and decreased rate of infection relative to standard techniques. Perioperative antimicrobial use is advocated because anal sacculectomy is considered a contaminated procedure based on the location of the surgical site.

Open method Open techniques involve direct incision of the anal sac to expose the secretory lining. Using a scalpel blade, incise from the duct orifice down the entire length of the gland. Alternatively, pass one blade of sharp Metzenbaum scissors into the duct and anal sac. Elevate the tissue toward the surface while closing the scissors, thereby incising the gland and the overlying external anal sphincter muscle fibers, subcutaneous tissue, and skin. The open technique can also be accomplished by placing a grooved director through the duct into the most ventral part of the sac. Bring the tip toward the skin surface and make an incision over the director with a scalpel blade, spanning the entire length of the duct and sac.

Regardless of how the open incision is performed, grasp the anal sac with forceps and retract it through the incision. Thesac can be distinguished from the surrounding tissue by the uniquely gray color of the epithelial lining, which may also have a shiny appearance. Using sharp and blunt dissection, completely remove the anal sac from the surrounding external anal sphincter. Take care to stay as close as possible to the anal sac to avoid additional damage to the sphincter muscle. A modified open technique that requires only partial opening of the sac has also been described. This technique allows for a smaller incision and less trauma to the external anal sphincter than a traditional open technique. To perform this procedure, incise the duct orifice and continue the incision only until the lining of the sac is identified. Clamp hemostats on the incised tissue and continue dissection from the sac orifice in a ventrolateral direction toward the base of the sac. Keep dissection as close as possible to the anal sac to avoid damaging surrounding tissue without perforating the anal sac.

Closed method Closed techniques attempt to keep the anal sac completely intact, and dissection is directed from the base of the gland toward the duct. Make a vertical incision lateral to the anal orifice over the base of the sac. Use careful sharp and blunt dissection to free the anal sac from the muscular fibers of the external anal sphincter. The most difficult part of the procedure can be dissecting the anal sac away from the surrounding tissue. Tools that can help with this aspect of the surgery include delicate, curved Metzenbaum scissors,which can be used to follow the angles of the sac; a scalpel blade held at a flat angle, used to peel the muscle fibers away from the sac; and low-voltage electrocautery, used to strip away the surrounding tissue. Continue dissection from the base of the gland toward the duct. Ligate the duct with a small (4-0)monofilament absorbable suture before transection.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

Several materials have been used to fill the sac to allow easier resection like Suture material, Umbilical tape, String or thread, Anal sac gel, Self-hardening resin, Dental acrylic, Plaster of paris, Melted paraffin, Curved hemostat, Grooved director, Foley catheter etc. however, some heated or self-hardening materials could cause dermal or subcutaneous inflammation. Foley catheter is inflated with 3 mL of saline.

The distal part of the catheter beyond the balloon can be cut off to allow easier placement, particularly in smaller patients. The balloon is deflated, the catheter is inserted into the anal sac, and the balloon is reinflated. An incision is made over the base of the sac, which is now easily palpated. The sac is easily dissected from the tissue, and the balloon allows the sac to be removed with minimal disruption of the external anal sphincter. The size of the patient can be a limitation to the use of this technique because even the smallest Foley catheter may be too large for small dogs and cats.

Closure Regardless of the technique used, the area should be thoroughly lavaged and closed routinely. In an open technique, the fibers of the external anal sphincter are reapposed with 3-0 or 4-0 monofilament absorbable suture using a simple interrupted pattern. Subcutaneous tissues are closed in a simple interrupted or simple continuous pattern using 3-0 or 4-0 monofilament absorbable suture. The skin is closed with simple interrupted or cruciate sutures using 3-0 monofilament nonabsorbable suture.

Sudha. G and Lakshmikanth .T .R Department Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore – 560 024 (dineshtumkur@gmail.com)

Metritis Supportive clinical tests • If the problem persists more than three weeks postpartum, uterine culturing for anaerobic and aerobic bacteria should be requested.

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A metabolic profile on dry and fresh cows should include a white blood cell count, selenium, zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, blood urea nitrogen, vitamins A and E, and beta-carotene.

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Test water for bacterial contamination and mineral content.

Supportive treatment • Injectable selenium-vitamin E and fat-soluble vitamins can be used if clinical tests suggest they are needed.

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Remove or greatly reduce the level of any feeds containing molds or mycotoxins.

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Natural or induced estrus is probably the best therapy for uterine infection.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

Prevention • Maintain good sanitation in the calving area and during the first 72 hours after calving.

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A well-balanced ration, especially protein, minerals, and vitamins are essential for dry cows as well as the lactating animals.

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Avoid extremes in body condition (too thin to too fat).

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Maintain clean insemination equipment. In chronically infected herds use a protective sheath or double-rod technique of insemination.

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Avoid using natural service.

Infertility: Supportive clinical tests • A disease profile can be requested including BVD, IBR, Leptospirosis and Hemophilus.

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Uterine and/or vaginal cultures using culturettes with Amies media can be requested to check for Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma, Hemophilus and others.

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Milk progesterone testing can be performed to check on the accuracy of heat detection and timing of insemination.

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Metabolic profiling may be useful and parameters to include are: white blood cell count, red cell count or packed cell volume, blood urea nitrogen, serum minerals, especially magnesium, copper, iron and selenium, vitamins A and E, and beta-carotene. Four to 12 problem animals should be selected as well as a similar number of more fertile cows at the same stage of lactation.

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Milk urea nitrogen testing can be used to determine if any nutritional problems exist.

Supportive treatment • Make ration adjustments and supplement ration as indicated by clinical testing.

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Vaccination protocols may need to be updated as indicated by clinical testing.

Prevention.

• Feed a balanced ration with a focus on avoiding high serum phosphorus levels. This may result from a deficient or excess intake of phosphorus and vitamin D. Rations containing excessive levels of protein, coupled with excessive degradable intake protein or soluble protein, may result in milk urea nitrogen values over 19 mg%. This can cause infertility problems. Check rations for adequate levels of magnesium and copper. Avoid gross excesses in calcium and also rations low in calcium.

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Evaluate the body condition of the herd. Cattle should be maintaining or gaining weight at time of breeding. Animals are less likely to show heats and conceive if they are extremely thin or are losing considerable weight between calving and first service (>1 body condition score change).

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

Cystic Ovaries Supportive clinical tests • Testing should be considered when the incidence of cystic ovaries is more than 15% in a Holstein herd and more than 5% in dairy heifers. A metabolic profile should include calcium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamins A and E, and beta-carotene.

• A mycotoxin screen should be done on a total mixed ration or on individual grains and forages.

Zearalenone should be included in the screen.

• Using the milk progesterone test can aid in differentiating luteal and follicular cysts.

Supportive treatment • Supplement the ration with selenium if tests indicate a deficiency.

• Maintain adequate levels of fat-soluble vitamins.

Prevention • Minimize metabolic problems and disorders during calving or early lactation.

• Avoid over-conditioning during late lactation and during the dry period.

• Maintain adequate intakes of selenium and fat-soluble vitamins.

• Avoid feeding rations heavy in forages containing high levels of estrogen. Ingredients that can be a problem are moldy feeds and fresh forage legumes such as alfalfa, birdsfoot, ladino clover, and white clover.

Abortions Supportive clinical tests • Some infectious causes of abortions that should be included in a disease profile are BVD, Brucellosis, Chlamydia, IBR, Leptospirosis, Listeriosis, Mycoses, Neospora, Trichomoniasis and Vibriosis.

• Submit vaginal swabs on culturettes with Amies media for Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma • Submissions to a diagnostic lab should include the placenta, fresh fetus, and a blood sample from the dam. Another blood sample should be taken approximately three weeks after the abortion occurred and submitted to the diagnostic lab.

• Metabolic testing of aborting individuals or specific groups if a herd problem should include a white blood cell count with differential, blood urea nitrogen, selenium, vitamins A and E, and beta-carotene.

• Test the ration and water for nitrates. Check for evidence of silo gas, prussic acid poisoning and ingestion of toxic plants.

Supportive treatment Treatment will depend on results from items sent for testing. A veterinarian should be consulted.

Prevention • Establish and maintain biosecurity practices. Quarantine new additions to the herd.

• Evaluate feedstuffs for nitrates and mycotoxins. Evaluate the ration for selenium, iodine, and vitamins A and E. • Avoid conditions where pregnant animals may be injured or bruised.

• A good rodent control program should be in place. They can spread disease.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

Dr. Sunil Kumar M.A., Dr. Shrikant Dodamani, Dr. Naveen Kumar, G.S., Dr. Basavraj Inamdar, Dr. Chandre Gowda C.T, Dr. Adarsha, D.B Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, Hassan (sunilvetagb@gmail.com, shri537@gmail.com)

Skin Defects Congenital hypotrichosis.

The most common skin defect is congenital hypotrichosis, which is the complete or partial congenital absence of hair. Six forms have been described, varying from complete hairlessness to semi hairlessness. The semi-hairless types generally occur in Polled Herefords. They have a very thin hair coat at birth. The hair is sparse and patchy, and the skin may be wrinkled and scaly. Histologically, degenerative changes in the hair follicles can be observed. This is a recessive trait. Hairless conditions are also caused

by BVD or bluetongue virus.

Protoporphyria.

Protoporphyria is also known as Photosensitivity. Animals are sensitive to sunlight and develop scabs and open sores when exposed to sunlight. The liver is also affected and the animals may suffer from seizures.

Inherited as a simple recessive trait.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is characterized by extreme fragility of the skin and laxity of joints.

Collagenous tissues of the body exhibit fragmentation and disorganization of collagen fibers. Affected calves show delayed healing of skin wounds. Minimal trauma gives rise to hematomas due to a deficiency of procollagen peptinase.

Eye Defects Albinism Albinism (congenital absence of pigment of the eye) in cattle has been described in numerous breeds. The most recent condition has been partial albinism (heterochromia iridis) in Black Angus cattle. The most distinguishing factor involves the iris color. Angus cattle usually have a dark black iris; the heterochromia iridis calves have a light, usually two-colored iris. This gives a double ring appearance to the iris when viewed closely (an outer faintly brown ring and an inner light blue ring circling the pupil). The pupil always appears constricted in daylight. From a distance the eyes appear white or silver. The fundus of the eye appears albinotic. The animal will show photophobia and may be prone to eye irritation. However, this does not impair the animal's ability to reproduce. This defect is inherited as a simple autosomal recessive.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

Ocular dermoids Ocular dermoids are peculiar defects characterized by solid skin-like masses of tissue on or in various ocular structures. They generally occur in one eye only and their cause is controversial. Although a cosmetic blemish, the main concern is that they are a continual source of irritation and cause visual impairment if large areas of the cornea are involved. Depending on the breed, they show characteristics of both autosomal recessive and polygenic inheritance.

Congenital and Inherited Anomalies of the Mouth Cleftlip This is due to a disturbance of the processes that form the jaw and face during embryonic development. Cleft of the lower lip is rare and usually occurs on the midline. In large animals, cleft palate or lip is commonly seen with other defects, such as arthrogryposis, which is inherited in a simple autosomal recessive manner in Charolais cattle.. The primary etiology is hereditary, although maternal nutritional deficiencies, drug or chemical exposure, mechanical interferences with the fetus, and some viral infections during pregnancy have also been implicated.

Brachygnathia Brachygnathia is also called as overshot, short lower jaw, or parrot mouth in horses.

Brachygnathia is manifest when the mandible is shorter than the maxilla. It can be found, with varying severity and incidence, in all species of animals. In cattle, it is inherited as a polygenetic factor and can be associated with other anomalies such as impacted molar teeth and osteopetrosis or with chromosomal aberrations such as trisomy, which is lethal. It is thought to be due to homozygosity of a simple autosomal recessive gene.

Prognathia Prognathia is also called as undershot or monkey or sow mouth in horses. It is found when the mandible is longer than the maxilla. It is identified on oral examination by finding the mandibular incisors in contact with or rostral to the maxillary incisors. In brachycephalic dogs and Persian cats, it is considered a normal breed characteristic. Despite being seen to varying degrees, it rarely requires any specific treatment. In ruminants, it is often seen, to minor degrees, at birth, and it corrects spontaneously as the animal grows. More severe anomalies can impair the ability to graze and masticate and, therefore, have more serious repercussions. In Angus calves, a facial defect characterized by a broad, short face is accompanied by degenerative joint disease and has a complex genetic inheritance.

Other Congenital Anomalies Cryptorchidism One or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum. Inherited as a sex limited trait and Probably involves at least two sets of genes.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

Prolonged gestation The fetus fails to trigger parturition. Parturition must be induced or the calf removed. The calf is often extremely large and often dies. Inherited as a simple recessive trait.

Atresia Coli – Atresia Ani Atresia ani and coli are congenital defects that result in an inability to pass feces since birth.

Atresia is a term that describes a body orifice that is abnormally small or completely closed. In the case of atresia ani, an animal either has a very small opening or no opening at all at the anus due to a failure of the anal membrane to break down. Atresia coli is similar in that the colon or large bowel has a section missing and thus the animal cannot defecate. Atresia ani is an inherited abnormality.

There is some evidence that suggests that Holstein-Friesian calves are at greater risk for atresia coli than all other breeds. Another possible source of atresia coli is damage to the amniotic vesicle during early pregnancy palpation leading to poor blood supply to the fetal intestine. Atresia ani is an inheritable defect in cattle.

Pseudo hermaphrodite The term pseudo hermaphrodite is used to describe the intersex condition in which an animal has gonads (ovaries or testicles) of one sex but external genitalia that resemble the opposite sex to a varying degree. The male pseudo hermaphrodite (often referred to as suffering from testicular feminization) is much more common than the female pseudo hermaphrodite. A male pseudo hermaphrodite is an animal with testicular tissue within the abdomen but with some form of female external genitalia. Overall, pseudo hermaphrodism is rare in cattle and is not associated with any other congenital defects.

The cause of pseudo hermaphrodism in cattle is often not specifically identified because there are a number of different causes. In the cast of male pseudo hermaphrodism (sometimes referred to as testicular feminization), the causes of the defect include translocation of the Y chromosome, chimerism, sex chromosome aneuploidy, and gene mutation. Most of the time, these are random events. It is possible that male pseudo hermaphrodism is inherited as an X-linked trait in cattle. Male pseudo hermaphrodites have the normal XY chromosomal arrangement. In the case of female pseudo hermaphrodism, the defect is the result of a gene mutation, which is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.

Conclusions Many abnormal conditions are not heritable. Two headed calves and calves with extra legs are caused by mistakes during development and not by hereditary transmission of the defective genetic material from the parents. Freemartin heifers are caused by circulation of the male twin's hormones through the developing female fetus. Some hydrocephalus can be caused by BVD (bovine virus diarrhea) infection during pregnancy. Crippled-calf disease is caused by the cow eating lupines between days 40 and 60 of pregnancy. Flexed pasterns (contracted flexor tendons) are usually caused by a large fetus developing in a small uterus. However, both crippled calf and flexed pasterns can also be genetically caused, inherited as simple recessive traits.

In most of the hereditary congenital defects the increased incidence in certain breeds and mode of inheritance forms the base to categorize the congenital defect as hereditary. The detailed molecular genetic causes for these defects need to be investigated so as to develop molecular marker for utilizing in breeding to eradicate the hereditary congenital defects.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

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Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

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Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

M.A.Kshama and A.Muralidhar Dept of TVCC, Veterinary College, Bangalore, KVAFSU (kshamabopanna@rediffmail.com) The German Shepherd (also called Alsatian and Alsatian Wolf Dog in UK) is a large-sized dog that originated in Germany. German Shepherds are a relatively new breed of dog, with their origin dating to 1899. These are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. In Europe during the 1850s, attempts were being made to standardize breeds. The dogs were bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting flocks from predators. In Germany this was practiced within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs. They were believed to have the skills necessary for herding sheep, such as intelligence, speed, strength and a keen sense of smell. Though these dogs were able to do the various activities, they differed significantly both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another.To combat these differences, the Phylax Society was formed in 1891 with the objective of standardizing the characteristics for native dog breeds in Germany. Though the society was disbanded after just three years due to differences of opinion among members, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardizing dog breeds independently. Later on, Max von Stephanitz, an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College, and an ex-member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working, continued the search for the perfect breed of dog that combined physical attributes of agility and strength with intelligence of Germany's native sheepdogs .

In 1899, when attending a dog show, he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein. Hektor was the product of few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what Von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and was so taken by the animal's intelligence, loyalty and beauty, that he purchased him immediately. After purchasing the dog he changed his name to Horand von Grafrath and went on to found the Society for the German Shepherd Dog. Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog and was the first dog added to the society's breed register. Horand became the centre-point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable and similar traits and a new breed was born.

In UK the dog was renamed as Alsation and the name remained for five decades. In 1977 the British kennel clubs allowed the breed to be registered again as German Shepherd but the word "Alsatian" was removed in parentheses as part of the formal breed name only in 2010.

Description German Shepherds are large sized dogs. The breed standard height at the withers is 60–65 cm for males and 55–60 cm for females. The weight standard is 30–40 kilograms for males and 23–33 kilograms for females. They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle and a black nose. The jaws are strong, with a scissor-like bite. The eyes are medium-sized and brown with a lively, intelligent and self-assured look. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. They have a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

German Shepherds come in a variety of colors, the most common of which are tan/black and red/black. Most color varieties have black masks and black body markings. Rarer colour variations include the sable, all-black, liver and blue varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification in some standards. German Shepherds sport a double coat.

The outer coat, which sheds all year round, is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants; medium and long. Their average life span is 9-13 years and the average litter size is 5-10.

Temperament The German Shepherd dog is aloof but not usually aggressive. He's a reserved dog; he doesn't make friends immediately, but once he does, he's extremely loyal. With his family he's easy-going and approachable, but when threatened he can be strong and protective, making him an excellent watchdog. German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient and self assured. His intelligence makes him easily trainable and he thrives on having a job to do. The German Shepherd can be trained to do almost anything, from alerting a deaf person to a doorbell ring to sniffing out an avalanche victim. The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. However, he does not like being left alone for long periods of time. Without companionship as well as exercise and the chance to put his intelligence to work he becomes bored and frustrated. A German Shepherd who's under-exercised and ignored by his family is likely to express his pent-up energy in ways such as barking and chewing and aggression. Like every dog, the German Shepherd needs early socialization i.e exposure to many different people, sights, sounds, and experiences when they're young. Socialization helps ensure that the German Shepherd puppy grows up to be a well-rounded dog. Their intelligence coupled with their strength, make them ideal for police, guard and search and rescue duties, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other large breeds.

Issues regarding health Many common ailments of the German Shepherds are a result of the inbreeding practiced early in the breed's life. One such common ailment is hip and elbow dysplasia, a painful condition, which may cause arthritis later on. Degenerative myelopathy, a neurological disease, is another condition that occurs specifically in the breed suggesting a genetic predisposition. A very inexpensive DNA saliva test is said to be now available to screen for Degenerative Myelopathy. German Shepherds also have a higher than normal incidence of Von Willebrand Disease, a common inherited bleeding disorder.They are also predisposed to a severe and deep form of pyoderma, the German Shepherd Pyoderma which is not amenable to treatment. Further they are also predisposed to gastrointestinal disorders like Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( IBD).

The show-strains are being bred with an extremely sloping topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind limb and predisposition to limb weakness which is a cause of controversy between breeders clubs and Kennel Clubs which are now opposed to it. The Kennel Clubs have decided to retrain judges to penalize dogs suffering these problems. Working-pedigree lines, such as those in common use as service dogs, generally retain the traditional straight back of the breed.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01

Close-up of a German Shepherd's face showing the long muzzle, black nose and brown, medium-sized eyes

Though an adult German Shepherd's ears are large and stand erect a puppies' ears are often not completely erect yet.

German Shepherds bred for show usually have an extremely sloping topline (back), which causes poor gait in the hind legs.

Congratulations!!

Dr. Suresh S Honnapagol, former Vice-Chancellor of Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar and former Assistant Director General Education, ICAR has assumed the charge of the post of Animal Husbandry Commissioner, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI. He is the first Veterinarian from Karnataka to occupy this prestigious position.

Pashubandha team congratulates the Animal Husbandry Commissioner and wishes him the best in his new endeavour.

monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal Bengaluru Editor:

Associate Editior:

Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru

Head, Dept of Vety & Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Dr.S.Yathiraj (Ex-Officio)

Dr.K.Satyanarayana (Ex-Officio)

Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavcheb.in

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Pashubandha 2014

PELVIC

Volume No : 3 Issue : 02 01