Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin
Newsletter Date : 28 February 2017
Volume No: 06 Issue : 02
Malasri G., Meghashree C. S., Sudha G. Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. Email ID: malasrigond5@gmail.com Abortion is the expulsion of dead foetus before the completion of the term. Gestation length in ewes is usually 147 days (ranging from 140 to 150 days). It is normal for 1.5–2% of ewes to abort in any one year, but abortion 'storms' with rates above 5% should be investigated. Abortion in sheep can be due to infectious or non-infectious agents. Non-infectious Causes Non-infectious abortions are less common. They include inadequate nutrition and trace element deficiencies, trauma such as fighting or rough handling, vaccination, heat stress, transport, ingestion of toxic plants, chemical poisoning etc. Infectious causes The major infectious agents that cause abortion in sheep are Campylobacter spp (Vibriosis), Chlamydia spp (Enzootic Abortion of Ewes or EAE), Toxoplasma spp, Listeria sp, Brucella spp, Salmonella spp, Border Disease Virus and Neospora caninum. Some of the fungal organisms have also been involved as a cause of abortion such as Aspergillus and Claviceps spp. The most important causes of abortion are Enzootic Abortion caused by Chlamydia spp and Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma spp which account for over 40% and 35% respectively. Summary of Main Infections Causes
Enzootic abortion
Toxoplasmosis
Chlamydia psittaci
Toxoplasma gondii
Sources of Aborted placenta/ lamb Carrier sheep Infection Fresh lambs, Thickened Gross findings placenta Long acting Treatment oxytetracycline Cull aborted ewes, Control Vaccination*
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Hay, straw contaminated with cat faeces Fresh lambs, mummified lambs, leathery placenta, white pinhead lesions on the cotyledons In-feed coccidiostat Vaccination* , medicated feed
Volume No: 06 Issue: 02
*These vaccines are not available in India. Therefore control measures have to be implemented. Investigations of an outbreak History: History of feeding management, flock density, Housing system, abortion history Clinical signs: Investigation based on appearance of the aborted foetus, Physiological parameters of dam etc. Samples to be submitted: part of the placenta, foetal fluid, Abortion caused by foetal stomach contents and fresh spleen can be collected. Toxoplasma gondii Identification of infectious agents: This includes Ziehl-Neelsen staining, gram staining, cultures of placenta and foetal stomach contents and foetal serology. Virus isolation, PCR and histopathology. Control measures Supplement ewes during late gestation with a coccidiostat. Aborting ewes should be marked for later identification. Samples should be collected for diagnosis. Isolation of the affected animals. The bedding and aborted products should be removed and the area should be disinfected thoroughly. Antibiotic therapy can be initiated if the ewe is unwell or has retained foetal membranes. Lambs should not be fostered onto ewes that have aborted due to the risk of enzootic abortion. Good hygiene and bio security should be maintained to avoid zoonotic disease
Dr. Shwetha K. S*, Dr. Narasimha Murthy and Dr. Chethana D. H Nandini Sperm Station, Kakolu, Hessaghatta. Email: dr.shwetha.k.s@gmail.com Pathological condition in pregnant domestic animals or dropsical conditions of the conceptus may be seen in veterinary obstetrics: These may occur separately or in combination. Oedema of the placenta, Dropsy of the fetal sacs Dropsy of the fetus. Oedema of the Placenta: This frequently accompanies a placentitis: for example, Brucella abortus infection in cattle. It does not cause dystocia but is frequently associated with abortion or stillbirth. Dropsy of the Fetal Sacs: Both the amniotic and allantoic sacs can contain excessive quantities of fetal fluid. When this occurs it is referred to as hydramnios or hydrallantois, depending on which sac is involved. Hydrallantois is much more common than hydramnios. Hydramnios/ hydrops of the amnion: Characterized by a gradual enlargement or filling of the amniotic cavity that associated with a genetic or congenitally defective fetus. Commonly seen in cattle, occasionally in sheep, rarely in pig, not reported in horse.
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At mid gestation the amniotic fluid is watery and slight yellow and in normal bovine conceptuses only increases in amount very slowly until the last month of pregnancy. From mid pregnancy onwards the amniotic fluid becomes s more viscid and glary because early watery fluid is swallowed or possibly inhaled into large bronchi and absorbed and a large volume of the saliva is continually produced. In defective fetus swallowing is impaired and amount of amniotic fluid is increased gradually to 15lt – 90 lt. Genetic or hereditary conditions resulting in defective fetus associated with hydroamnios is 1. Bulldog’ calf in the Dexter 2. Angus cattle pregnant with small brachignathic 3. Schistosomus reflexus Which may occur as early as the third or fourth month, most instances of dropsy of the fetal sacs of cattle are seen in the last 3 months of gestation. The cause is not known. Histologically, there was a non infectious degeneration and necrosis of the endometrium Differentiation of Hydrallantois and Hydramnios Item
Hydrallantois
Hydramnios
Incidence
85 - 95 %
5 - 15 %
Rate of development
Rapid, within 1 month
Slow, over several months
Shape of abdomen
Round and tense
Piriform, not tense
R/E of placentomes and fetus
Cannot be palpated
Can be palpated
Gross characteristics of liquid
Watery, clear, transudate
Fetus
Small seldom malformed
Malformations present
Allantois chorion diseased and abnormal with placentomes hypertrophied and reduced number
Placenta, allantois chorion and placentomes normal
Refilling of cavity after removal of excess fluid
Rapid
Does not occur
Occurrence complications
Common (retained placenta and severe metritis)
Uncommon
Outcome
Abortion or maternal death common
Parturition at approximately full term
Prognosis
Guarded to poor for life and fertility
Fair to good for life and fertility
Placenta placentomes
and
of
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amber
coloured,
Vi s ci d, m a y meconium
cont ai n
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Hydrallantois/ hydrops of the allantois: It is often associated with a diseased uterus in which most of the caruncles in one horn are functional and rest of the placentomes greatly enlarged an diseased-this increase may become uncontrolled and lead to massive accumulation Adventitious placenta are commomly observed Portion of the placenta may be necrotic and odematous Mostly seen in cattle carrying twin fetus and greater multiples Caused by structural or functional changes in the allantois chorion. Presence of cystic kidney, hydronephrosis or dysfunction of the fetal renal tubules resulting in polyuria might be concerned with pathogenesis of the hydroallantois All cases of hydrallantois are progressive, but they vary in time of clinical onset (within the last 3 months of pregnancy) and in their rate of progression The volume of allantoic fluid varies up to 273 liters and such large amounts impose a serious strain on the cow and greatly hamper respiration and reduce appetite. There is gradual loss of condition, eventually causing recumbency and death. Dropsy of the Fetus: There are several types of fetal dropsy and those of obstetric importance are Hydrocephalus Ascites Anasarca Hydrocephalus: Hydrocephalus involves a swelling of the cranium due to an accumulation of fluid which may be in the ventricular system or between the brain and the dura. It affects all species of animals and is seen most commonly by veterinary obstetricians in pigs, puppies and calves. In the more severe forms of hydrocephalus there is marked thinning of the cranial bones. This facilitates trocarisation and compression of the skull so as to allow vaginal delivery. Where this cannot be done, the dome of the cranium may be sawn off with fetotomy wire or a chain saw. If the fetus is decapitated there is still the difficulty of delivering the head. Caesarean section may be performed, but there is no merit in obtaining a live hydrocephalic calf; however, this operation, may be necessary in severe cases affecting pigs and dogs, and in cattle when the calf is presented posteriorly or when hydrocephalus is accompanied by ankylosis of the limb joints. Fetal ascites: Dropsy of the peritoneum is a common accompaniment of infectious disease of the fetus and of developmental defects, such as achondroplasia. When the fetus is full-term, ascites may cause dystocia. This can usually be relieved by incising the fetal abdomen with a fetotomy knife.
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Fetal anasarca  The affected fetus is usually carried to term, and concern is caused by the lack of progress in second-stage labour.  This is due to the great increase in fetal volume caused by the excess of fluid in the subcutaneous tissues, particularly of the head and hind limbs. In the case of the head, there is so much swelling that the normal features are masked and the resultant appearance is quite grotesque. It is an interesting point that an undue proportion of these anasarcous fetuses are presented posteriorly, in which case the enormous swelling of the presenting limbs is very conspicuous. There is frequently an excess of fluid in the peritoneal and pleural cavities with dilatation of the umbilical and inguinal rings as well as hydrocoele. The substance of the fetal membranes is also oedematous and occasionally there is a degree of hydrallantois.
Dr Manu Kumar Veterinary Officer, VD, Halathi. Email: manugowda634@gmail.com Milk collected in K.M.F milk collection centre in Karagere village, Nagamangala (Tq), Mandya district rejected regularly due to low fat and S.N.F content in milk and farmers suffered financial loss due rejection of their milk. A 40 lactating cows of different age group and lactation stage screened for subclinical mastitis using CMT kit and pH examination using pH paper to ruled out SARA (Subacute ruminal acidosis). Out of 40 cows, 37cows are suffered from subclinical mastitis and all cows found to be having normal ruminal liquor pH. Out of 37 cows,7 cows having history of recurrent mastits and all 4 quarters are shown positive for CMT test i.e, gel formation after mixing milk and reagent in equal amount. In remaining 30 cows, in 17cows 2quartes are positive for subcinical mastitis. In remaining 13 cows one quarter is positive for subclinical mastitis. Advised farmers to examine dung by pressing between thumb and fore finger to notice the presence of undigested fiber and grains. All the farmers reported the presence of undigested materials in dung. Treatment : Out of 40 cows, severely infected, 7 cows are treated with long acting enrofloaxcin @10 mg/ kg B.wt (Floxidin LA Intervet -MSD) I.M route, Inj Lavitone-H (A.D3, E Plus Biotin)@ 5ml for 300 kgs, adminster trisodium citrate powder 30gms orally once for 3 days. Prescribed Digri fat powder (Vet pet formulations, Mangalore) @ 30 gms for 3 days, Powder VMall chealated @ 50 gms once and advised farmers to apply mastilep ointment (Ayurvey ltd) for entire quarter for 3 days. On 4th day 7 cows were again screened using CMT kit, out of 7 cows 4 cows shows negative for CMT test and remaing 3 CMT positive test cows are administered one more dose of long acting enrofloaxcin @ 10mg/kg Bwt. On 7th day all 7 cows are found to be negative for CMT test and milk of these cows having normal SNF and lactometer reading. For remaining 33 cows are treated with trisodium citrate @ 30 gm P.O for 5 days, Digri fat powder @ 30 grams for 3 days and 4 th day onwards 10 grams regularly. Prescribed VMall chealated @50 gms
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once regularly and mastilep ointment for external application. Out of 33 cows except 4 all yielding normal fat/SNF and shows normal lactometer reading. For all cows advised using 30 grams trisodium citrate, digri fat powder @10 grams VMall chealated @ 50 gms P.O once and sealing of teats opening with mastilep ointment post milking. After treatment as above quality in terms of fat/SNF and quantity improves minimum of half liter to 3 liters per cow depending on yielding capacity. Discussion: Subclinical mastitis found to be a major cause for poor quality and quantity of milk production. It can be treated and controlled using trisodiun citrate and mineral mixture feeding. Severely infected cows are treated with enrofloaxcin because in subclinically infected quartes milk on microbial examination found to be positive for staphylococcus, streptococcus spp etc....in field condition enrofloaxcin found to be highly efficient due sensitivity of isolates and long half life of 72 hours. Trisodium citrate turns udder acidic from alkaline and inhibits the proliferation of bacteria due acidic pH in udder quarters. In Digri fat powder having propriobacterium and bypass fat. Propriobacterium helps in digestion and production of proprionic acid which is responsible for Fat/SNF in milk. Microminerals like selenium, zinc and Vitamin E helps to control subclinical mastitis by boosting udder immunity. Mastilep oin found to be efficient in mastitis control by increasing keratin formation as a line of udder defense.
Dr. Ranjith D1, Dr. Sindhu K2 and Viswanath S3 1 College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala. 2 &3 Veterinary Officer, Dept. of AH&VS, GOK. Email: ranjith946@gmail.com Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary gland affecting all the species of domestic animals and is of great concern to dairy industry. The current annual losses due to mastitis in India have been calculated to be Rs. 7165 crores. The causal estimate is attributed to environmental factors (25%), genetic factors (20%) and herd management (50%). According to the study report, economic loss in mastitis is due to reduced milk yield (up to 70%), milk discard after treatment (9%), cost of veterinary services (7%) and premature culling (14%). Approximately 70% of economic losses to diary industry occur due to sub-clinical mastitis. Apart from economic losses, mastitis also poses the risk for transmission of zoonotic diseases like tuberculosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis and streptococcal sore throat to human beings. Antibiotics are most commonly used for the treatment and control of mastitis, but intramammary infusion of antibiotics was cited as a major reason for milk contamination and development of antibiotic resistance. For this reason, alternative therapy to antibiotic for mastitis has to be developed like use of herbal preparation. The plant based traditional medicine systems continue to play an important role in health care, with more than 80% of the world’s farmer rely on traditional medicines (Ethnoveterinary practices) for treating routine maladies for their livestock. The preliminary ethnoveterinary study was conducted by Mooventhan and his team in 2016 in the Haniyuru village of Bangalore Urban district where agriculture and dairy farming is the main economic activity. In the first practice, the local community used the combination of Benachu kallu, Desi butter, Betel leaf (Piper betle) and Sambrani (Benzoin resin) to treat the mastitis disease.
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The mastitis infected udder was cleaned with fresh warm water containing turmeric powder and common salt mixture in equal amount. The medicinal paste prepared by above formulation was applied over affected udder of cow or buffalo and left for drying for about 20-30 minutes. Finally, the Sambrani (Benzoin resin) smoke was fumigated on affected udder for 5-10 minutes (twice in a week). In the second practice, they used a paste by combining Turmeric powder (Curcuma longa), Drumstick leaves (Moringa oleifera) and Common salt (Sodium chloride) to control the clinical mastitis and applied over the infected udder (thrice weekly). In an extensive study of Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Tosham block of district Bhiwani (Haryana), India the following plants used by the local healers to treat mastitis.
Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.: Warmed leaves are tied over cracked nipples in case of lactating animals especially buffaloes.
Gossypium hirsutum L.: Provided as dietary supplement to increase the milk quality for butter yield especially in case of buffaloes.
Maytenus emarginata (Ruiz & Pav.) Loes : Leaves are burnt and ash mixed with mustard oil is applied over cracked nipples in and cows and buffaloes.
Musa paradisiaca L. : Tablet of camphor inserted in a ripened banana is given as feedstuff to cows and buffaloes to treat mastitis.
Salvadora persica L. : Leaves are given as feedstuff twice daily to goats and cows to increase the milk production.
Syzygium aromaticum L. : Clove oil is applied over udder to treat mastitis.
Tamarix aphylla L. : Ash of bark mixed with Vaseline is applied over cracked nipples and any burnt injury in buffaloes. The herbal preparation practised in India also included the extracts of Cedrus deodara, Curcuma
longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Eucalyptus globulus for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antihistaminic and immunomodulatory effects to treat sub clinical mastitis. The Western Ghats of Karnataka has got rich treasure of herbs used by tribal/traditional healers for mastitis. They use a paste of Aloe vera extract, Curcuma longa powder and lemon juice and desi sunna applied on udder twice daily for 5 to 7 days. The central and north Karnataka healers practice a mixture of Curcuma longa powder and lemon juice applied on affected udder pre-treated with cold water fomentation. Folklore practices for the treatment of Mastitis in Uttar Pradesh:
About 100 gm of Shatavari, 25 gms of methi (seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), 25 gm of Saof (fruit of Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), 250 gm of Haraya (fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz.), 50 gm of Bahera (fruit of Terminalia bellirica Rox.), 25 gm. of kali mirch (fruit of Piper nigrum L.), 25 gm. of Long (Syzygium aromaticum (L.), 25 gm. of Choti Elachi, 250 ml Sarsoo tale (seed oil of Brassica napus L.) and 250 gm of Pyaaj (bulb of Allium cepa L.) are crushed together and boiled in four litres of water until the remaining liquid is one quarter of the original volume. This mixture is then administered orally with one kg of Gur (Jaggery) to the cattle with a Naar (Bamboo glass).
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About 100 gm of Satawar (root of Asparagus racemosus), 250 gm of Mangraill (fruit of Mesua ferea) and 200 gm of Sooth (rhizome of Zingiber officinale) are crushed together and orally administered with Naar (Bamboo glass) as well as applied externally on the udder as ointment.
Leaves of Patthar-Choor (Trianthema portulacastrum L.) are crushed, mixed with a little salt and applied to the udder as ointment.
Essential oils of peppermint, tea tree and oregano applied to the outside of the udder can be very helpful in treating mastitis.
Folklore practices for the treatment of Mastitis in Punjab includes the use of lemon-grass, Aloe vera, turmeric and Azadirachta indica have been used extensively in the treatment and control of mastitis.
Marketed herbal products for the control of Mastitis:
InflaminTM Vet cream (Himalaya® animal health): Indicated in the treatment of subclinical mastitis and as adjuvant therapy in clinical mastitis.
Mastilep Gel (Ayurvet Ltd): Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-histaminic and immunomodulatory properties.
Pre mast powder (Rakesh pharmaceuticals): Prevention and control of mastitis and recommended Just after calving
Wisprec cream and spray (Natural remedies): Anti-inflammatory & antiseptic cream
Wisprec Advanced cream and spray (Natural remedies): Enhanced anti-inflammatory and local anaesthetic properties, recommended for supportive treatment for faster recovery in Clinical Mastitis. The study of ethno-veterinary practices is a growing area of inter-disciplinary research having
immense potential to understand various nuances of folk knowledge on domesticated animals. According to an estimate, over 80% of the developing world’s population use the traditional medicine for treatment of animal diseases. Ethnoveterinary information is in danger of extinction because of current rapid change in communities all over the world. Excessive use of some of the wild plants is leading to the destructive harvesting and as loss of local plant diversity. Therefore, there is a need to generate awareness among the local population towards the sustainable utilization and conservation of these medicinal herbs. It is now realized that this kind of complementary medical approach is crucial and necessary to boost livestock production at community level. The confident use of safe and effective traditional medicines may improve livestock health and productivity that will ultimately improve income and quality of life of poor households owning livestock. The development of ethnoveterinary medicine and the promotion of its rational use may improve its sociocultural status, adding to the self-esteem of its users. These findings can aid the development of indigenous knowledge and its use of various fields of study such as pharmacology, pharmacognosy, pharmaceuticals, toxicology, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, taxonomy, anthropology and Veterinary Science in toto.
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Chamaraj pujar*., Nitish puro1., Akshata G.M2., Pruthvishree B.S3., and Arpitha G.M4. *,2&3Assistant Professor, Veterinary College, Hassan. 1 Veterinary officer, Bhagyalaxmi farm, Pune. 4 Young Professional Nivedi, Bengaluru. Email: chamskp710@gmail.com Calf care and management: Care and management of newborn calf is very critical for the farmers to benefit from the calf’s future performance. New born calf is the replacement heifers and bulls are crucial for the profitability of farmers in the field level. Therefore, the success mainly depends to a great extent on the proper scientific management and critical care of the calves. The essential criteria’s for dairy calves management begins with cow transition nutrition, clean comfortable environment, pre calving care, identification and traceability, colostrum management, good nutrition, risk management, health management, weaning management and care before transport. Cow transition nutrition: Getting transition nutrition right is important for the health and welfare of the cow and the calf. The transition period is defined as the four weeks before and after calving. The transition period needs careful attention to ensure that the cow is in optimal health for calving and beyond. Drying off the cow in optimum body condition promotes the production of high quality colostrums and a trouble-free birth. During this stage, avoid negative energy balance, manage dietary cation & anion balance, use of energy dense feeds like concentrates and provide the right amount of calcium. Calving environments (clean, observable, well drained and sheltered): Avoid exposing newborn calves to mud and manure it significantly increases the likelihood of diseases such as Johne’s disease and scours. Calving shed should be maintained clean, disease free and it should be built in such a way that it easier to keep an eye on calving cows. Avoid mixing of dairy yard effluent into calving areas and also exposure to harsh climatic conditions compromises the welfare of the calf. The calf shed should be well ventilated and the thermal condition should be optimum. Pre calving care: The cow in advanced stage of pregnancy should be separated from other cows. The room in which the pregnant cow is to be maintained must be clean, properly disinfected, bedded with clean soft absorbent litter. In advanced pregnancy stage high yielding & first calvers are susceptible to milk fever. To avoid it, provide enough minerals especially calcium by bone meal in daily diet. Give large doses of Vit.D about a week prior to calving. 45 to 60 days of drying off milking is essential for good health of pregnant cow, normal development of foetus and for optimal milk production in the subsequent lactation period. The farmer should well acquainted about the parturition signs like udder becomes large, distended, hard, depressed or hollow appearance on either side of tail head, vulva enlarged in size, thick mucus discharge from vulva, and uneasiness of the animal. Care to be taken at birth: At the time of parturition the cow should not be disturbed and attended for any assistance should be done. After parturition let the cow licks the calf or otherwise wipes and cleans the mucous from the nostril and body of the newborn. If the calf does not start breathing, artificial respiration should be used by pressing and relaxing alternatively, the chest walls with hands. Keep both the cow and calf warm by providing dry and clean bedding materials. Cut the naval cord of the newborn calf with a sterile scissors or knife leaving at least 1-2 inch from the naval area.
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Dress the cut end with 2-7% tincture iodine solution and let it dry. It prevents pathogens from calfs body through cord. Record weight of the calf for future purposes. If muconium (first faecal matter) is not voided out, mild enema by dissolving soap in a litre of warm water should be given. Feeding of Colostrum: The newborn calf should be fed colostrum during the first few days after birth for reducing health problems and ensuring better growth. The calf may be allowed to suckle the mother's udder or may be pail or bottle fed within one hour of birth. Train for pail feeding as follows: At the beginning offer a finger to the calf for suckling and then slowly dip the finger in the milk pail. Subsequently the Bottle feeding finger has to be lowered and gradually taken out of the pail till the calf begins to drink directly from the pail. A newborn calf ideally should receive 10 percent of their body weight, the fresh, creamy colostrum during its first 24 hrs of life. Feeding Schedule: Generally calves are fed milk up to 3 months of age (Table 1). Milk may be substituted gradually with milk replacer/substitute that has to be equally nutritious as milk. A well balanced milk replacer consisting of wheat flour 10 kg, fish meal 12 kg, linseed meal 40 kg, coconut oil 7 kg, linseed oil 3 kg, butyric acid 0.3 kg, citric acid 1.5 kg, molasses 10 Pail feeding kg, mineral mixture 3 kg, aurofac 0.3 kg (antibiotic), rovimix 15 g and milk 13 kg calves (21% crude protein, 13.5% ether extract, 4% crude fibre, 50% nitrogen free extract and 11.5% ash) has been found to give satisfactory growth and health. This milk replacer has to be diluted with clean water at the ratio of 1:8 prior to feeding. Feeding calf with milk replacer saves milk and renders more profit to the farm. Table 1: Feeding schedule of dairy calves from birth to four months; BW: body weight Age in days 0-5 >5 -14 >14-28 >28-42
Colostrum 1/10 BW -
Whole milk th 1/10 BW 1/20th 1.0 kg/d
Skim milk 1/20th 1/10th
Calf starter (g/d) 100-150 250-300
Good quality hay (g/d) 250-300 400-500
>42-56 >56-70 >70-90
-
0.5 kg/d -
2.5 kg/d 2.0 kg/d 1.0 kg/d
450-500 700-800 1000
500-600 650-750 1000
>90-120
-
-
0.5 kg/d
- 1250-1500
1500
Growth performance: The potential for attaining optimum body weight is an important factor that affects the economy and success of a dairy farm. The ideal birth weight of a calf may range between 15 to 35 kg depending on the breed and sex. The body weight of calves should be recorded at weekly intervals. Weaning management: Weaning or discontinuing milk feeding in calves is a major challenge. The primary criteria for determining weaning of calves are age, grain intake and body weight gain. Depending on various factors and preferences, in a dairy farm, calves are weaned between 4 to 8 weeks of age.
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The most important point is that the calf should be healthy enough before weaning and should be able to consume at least 0.5 to 0.8 kg of concentrate in a day. Health and Disease prevention: Calf hood diseases have major implications on economic viability of a dairy farm. The calf has to be observed for scouring and concomitantly the dam has to be observed for mastitis. Calves should receive ample amount of water till four weeks of age that facilitates adequate consumption of calf starter, lessens few scouring days and accelerates body weight gain. It is also very essential to follow a routine deworming and vaccination schedule for dairy calves in the dairy farms. Table 2: Deworming Schedule Type of worm Anthelmintic Dose and route Age Round worm (Ascaris vitulorum) in calves
Fenbendazole/ Albendazole
5ml/10kg Orally
First dose within 10 days of birth. Repeat up to 6 months at 45 days intervals
Table 3: Vaccination Schedule Vaccine Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) Black Quarter (BQ)
Disease HS vaccine
Brucella
Brucella Vaccine Theileia Vaccine
Theileriosis
BQ Vaccine
Schedule Dose and route st 1 Dose: 6 months, Six monthly 5ml, s/c revaccination 1st Dose: 6 months and above 5ml, s/c Only once at 4-8 months
2-5ml, s/c
1st Dose: above 2 months, Annual re- 3ml, s/c vaccination
Conclusion Raising dairy calves with minimum mortality is very crucial for a profitable dairy business. Ideally the calf mortality should not be more than 5% which is possible only when all the above mentioned managemental strategies are followed meticulously. A dairy farmer should always remember that proper management at young stage will ensure a good productive life when the animal is grown.
Parthasarathi. B.C, Shanmuganathan. S, Ashok kumar, Sunitha R Ph.D Scholar, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P). Email: Parthb763@gmail.com Coccidiosis is one of the most economically important and “Stress induced parasitic disease� in cattle. Coccidiosis usually is sporadic during the wet seasons of the year, but may develop any time cattle are crowded together as animals confined in feedlots or calves brought together for weaning or crowding around a limited water source, which concentrates the hosts and parasites within a restricted area that may cause severe losses. Outbreaks usually occur within the first month of confinement. The immunosuppressive effect of various stressors such as weaning and change of feed or severe weather or overcrowding and poor sanitation is important in precipitating clinical disease.
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Etiology: Bovine Coccidiosis is caused by unicellular protozoan parasites, chiefly of the genus Eimeria. Twenty-one species of Eimeria have been reported in cattle. Eimeria species that infect cattle, Eimeria zuernii, Eimeria bovis Eimeria auburnensis Hosts: Coccidiosis is commonly a disease of young cattle of all breeds (1-2 months to 1 year). Coccidiosis is mostly uncommon in adult cattle. Predisposing factors Poor hygiene – particularly wet and soiled bedding; High stocking density Concurrent disease Poor nutrition Physiological stress – weaning, transportation etc. Transmission The fecal-oral route transmits coccidiosis from animal to animal. Infected fecal material contaminating feed, water, or soil serves as carriers of the oocyst for the susceptible animal to contract the disease by eating, drinking, or licking itself. Calves become infected when placed on pastures or lots contaminated with sporulated oocysts from older cattle or other infected calves. Mature cattle may be infected when they are brought in from pastures and crowded into feedlots or barns. Recovered animals continue to carry and excrete small numbers of oocysts. Clinical signs: The most typical syndrome of coccidiosis is chronic or subclinical disease in groups of growing animals. Calves appear unthrifty and have fecal-stained perineal areas. In light infections, cattle appear healthy and oocysts are present in normally formed feces, but feed efficiency (FCR) is reduced. The most characteristic sign of clinical coccidiosis is watery feces, with little or no blood, and animals show only slight discomfort for a few days Severely affected cattle develop thin, bloody diarrhea that may continue for more than one week, or thin feces with streaks or clots of blood, shreds of epithelium, and mucus. Animals may develop a fever; become anorectic, depressed, and dehydrated; and lose weight. Tenesmus is common because the most severe enteritis is confined to the large intestine, although pathogenic coccidia of cattle can damage the mucosa of the lower small intestine, cecum, and colon. During the acute period, some calves die; others die later from secondary complications (eg, Pneumonia). Calves with concurrent enteric infections (eg, Giardia) may be more severely affected than calves with coccidia infections alone. Affected calves may die less than 24 hr after the onset of dysentery and nervous signs, or they may live for several days, commonly in a laterally recumbent position with a mild degree of opisthotonos. Economic losses from Coccidiosis in the form of weight loss with possible death in acute cases and growth retardation in the chronic form that may act as a stressor causing an increased susceptibility to
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Volume No: No :06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 02
other infections such as salmonellosis or Bovine Respiratory Disease. Nervous signs 1. Muscular tremors 2. Hyperesthesia 3. Clonic-tonic convulsions 4. Ventroflexion of the head and neck 5. Nystagmus 6. High mortality rate (80–90%) are seen in some calves with acute clinical coccidiosis. Outbreaks of “Nervous form” are seen most commonly during, or following, severely cold weather in midwinter Postmortem lesions Fecal staining of hindquarters and tissue pallor of the carcasses are common. The pathogenic coccidia of cattle can damage the mucosa of the lower small intestine, cecum, and colon causing congestion, hemorrhagic enteritis, and thickening of the mucosa. Ulceration or sloughing of the mucosa may occur in severe cases. The first-generation schizonts of Eimeria bovis appear as white macroscopic cyst-like bodies in the villi of the terminal ileum. Diagnosis: Diagnosis of clinical coccidiosis can be made from a combination of herd history, clinical signs, gross lesions at necropsy, and microscopic examination of faeces or scrapings of the intestinal mucosa at necropsy. Diagnosis is by finding oocysts on fecal flotation, direct smear, or McMaster's technique. An accurate way to diagnose coccidiosis at necropsy is to examine scrapings of the small intestine or colon for oocysts and merozoites. Merozoites can be looked for in direct smears; they do not float on the conventional concentrated sugar or salt solutions used for flotation of oocysts. The presence of large numbers of oocysts i.e a count of 5000 oocysts per gram of faeces is considered significant and below this count does not usually clinical disease but may act as a potential source of severe infection with favorable environmental conditions. Care should be taken in interpretation of oocyst counts since in severely affected diarrheic calves the main oocyst production phase may have passed or their numbers is misjudged due to the dilution factor of liquid faeces. Differential diagnoses Parasitic gastroenteritis in grazed young stock Salmonellosis BVDV (type one and type two) Bovine neonatal pancytopenia Necrotic enteritis Nutritional scours Cryptosporidium Immunity Cattle that recover from coccidiosis usually become immune to later infections, but they may continue to pass oocysts in the manure, thereby providing a source of infection for susceptible calves.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume No: No :06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 02
Immunity against intestinal coccidiosis is attributed to both humoral and cell-mediated immune mechanisms but cellular immunity is more important in resistance against reinfection than humoral immunity. Bovine coccidiosis is immunosuppressive and acts as a stressor causing an increased susceptibility to other infections such as salmonellosis or bovine respiratory disease. Treatment In clinical coccidiosis, the clinical signs do not become noticeable until the disease is advanced and much of the invasion of intestinal mucosa has already occurred. Thus, treatment administered at this time can at best result in a lessening of the signs of coccidiosis. Drugs are given at an earlier stage of the disease, the clinical signs of infection can be largely or entirely prevented. The major benefits of the coccidiostats are through improved feed efficiency and rate of gain. Drugs that can be used for therapy of clinically affected animals include; 1. Sulfadimidine (sulfamerazine) 140 mg/kg BW /day for'3days orally. 2. Sulfamethazine 110 mg/kg BW daily for 5 days. 3. Sulfaquinoxaline 6 mg/lb BW /day for 3-5 days. 4. Amprolium: 10 mg/kg BW /day for 5 days or 65 mg/kg 6W one dose followed by 5 mg/kg for 16 more days in feed or water. Drugs can be very useful in helping to prevent coccidiosis during periods when coccidiosis is likely to be a hazard and some of these are; 1. Amprolium 5 nig/kg BW/day for 21 days in feed 2. Monensin (Rumensin®) 16.5-33 gm/ton for 31 days or 100-360 mg/head/day. 3. Sulfadimidine (Sulfamerazine) 35mg/kg BW /day for 15 days in feed. 4. Lasalocid (Bovatec®) 1 mg/kg BW/day to a maximum of 360 mg/head/day. 5. Sulfonamides and chlortetracycline combination has given protection in calves (lambs). Prevention and control measure Good management practices play a critical role in the establishment of effective control programs. Because several days are required for sporulation, the oocyst stage in manure is the weakest link. Since moisture Favors the development of parasites, correction of housing and ventilation deficiencies that reduce the moisture on pasture will decrease contamination. Excessive moisture should be drained from the pens and replaced with ample dry bedding and pastures should be well-drained. Cattle, especially calves, should not be fed directly on the ground where manure can contaminate the feed and the drinking water should be protected from contamination by raising watering troughs above the ground. In these areas where cattle congregate, overgrazing should be avoided and grazing should be kept to a minimum on lush grass along the edges of ponds. Infected animals should be isolated and treated to avoid exposure to other cattle The passive immunity acquired from colostrum is important considering oocyst excretion from the dam increases around calving.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume No: No :06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 02
Management of Herd Outbreaks 1. Identify and isolate all affected animals and treat them for the effects of the dysentery. Intensive fluid therapy over a period of three to five days may be necessary in severe cases. 2. Attempt to reduce the stocking rate of the animals in affected pens . Overcrowding is a common occurrence in epidemics of coccidiosis. 3. Ensure that all feed is fed in troughs to avoid fecal contamination. 4. Provide extra bedding in an' attempt to reduce oocyst concentration and to minimize the stress of cold weather when most epidemics occur.
Pushpa Malagittimath, G, K.C.Veeranna and Mutturaj Yadav, E. Dept. of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education. Email (mutturaj5426@gmail.com) Diarrhoea in calves can occur due to various reasons. Calves with diarrhoea lose considerable amounts of water and electrolytes. Diarrhoea and rapid loss of fluid and ions can cause the calf to die very quickly. Management of calf diarrhoea Replace the lost water and electrolytes at the earliest - Feed 2-4 liters of electrolyte solution every day. The electrolyte solution provided should be over and above the normal feeding. Consult a veterinarian at the earliest to determine the cause of diarrhoea and to provide appropriate treatment. Home electrolyte solution formula (For 1 litre of warm water) Glucose * - 5 teaspoons Soda bi carbonate - 1 teaspoon Table salt - 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon=5 g (approx) *Calves do not digest table sugar (sucrose) effectively and addition may worsen diarrhoea leading to more fluid and electrolytes lose. Hence glucose is preferred Dehydration level (%) Up to 5% 5 -6 % 6-8 % 8-10 % 10 – 14 % Above 14 %
Dehydration level and its symptoms Symptoms No symptoms, animal is normal Diarrhoea, no clinical signs, strong suckling reflex Mild depression, skin tenting 2-6 seconds, still suckling, sunken eyes, weak. Depressed, laying down, eyes very sunken, dry gums, skin tenting more than 6 seconds Cannot stand, cool extremities, skin remains tented, comatose. Leads to death
Prevention of calf diarrhoea Ensure that adequate quantities of colostrum have been fed to the calf within 6 hours of birth to avoid failure of transfer of immunity. Ensure that the calf is maintained in a hygienic and dry environment. Ensure udder cleanliness before allowing the calf to suckle.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume No: No :06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 02
Vidyalakshmi G.M., Sunitha R. and Rajanna R Ph.D. Scholar, IVRI, Izatnagar. Email ID: drvidyavet@gmail.com Urea poisoning is one of the more commonly suspected toxicities of cattle. Urea with 46.7% of Nitrogen is a cheap source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) for animals; 100g urea gives 220g digestible crude protein so it can replace 16% of total dietary-nitrogen for dairy animals. If added in inappropriate amount becomes toxic to the animals and causes death which in turn causes economic loss to the farmers. Ingestion of excess urea or other NPN generally leads to acute, rapid progressive and highly fatal urea poisoning. Various sources of NPN have different levels of toxicity and it also depends on age of ruminants like mature ruminants are more affected than young ones. Cause for urea poisoning:
The most common source of poisoning is through the ingestion of toxic levels in concentrate feed, due to an error in urea addition or due to uneven mixing.
Other source of poisoning is by means of direct ingestion of liquid preparations of urea, from bags of urea or of urea granules concentrated on pasture due to spillage or uneven spread of fertilizer.
Urea is also used as a means of fortification of hay, straw or whole-crop cereals. Excessive addition of urea or failure to convert to ammonia (NH3) in the treated feed can lead to urea poisoning in animals.
Uncontrolled intake of urea or sudden intake of large amount leads to urea toxicity.
Mechanism of urea poisoning: When urea and other NPN substances are ingested they undergo hydrolysis and releases ammonia (NH3) into GI tract, excess NH3 enters into urea cycle, converts to urea (less toxic compound than NH3) and excreted via urine (fig). But in case of urea toxicity, excess amount of NH3 will be released and it will be absorbed leading to hyperammonemia.
Rumen
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Liver
Kidney
Volume VolumeNo: No 06 : 3 Issue: Issue :02 01
Symptoms Acute (severe): in cattle it is seen within 20-60 min and sheep 30-90 min. symptoms are bloat, frothy salivation, forced rapid breathing, severe abdominal colic, muscle tremor progress to in coordination and weakness (especially of face and ears), polyuria and bruxism, bellowing, violent struggling, recumbence, coma and death. Sub-acute (moderate): abdominal colic and milder nervous and circulatory signs. Chronic (mild): poor appetite, listlessness and lethargy. In later stages, animals become cyanotic, dyspneic, anuric, and hyperthermic, and blood pH decreases from 7.4 to 7.0. Regurgitation may occur, especially in sheep. Death related to excess NPN usually occurs within 2 hr in cattle, 4 hr in sheep and 3–12 hr in horses. Diagnosis Veterinarian can easily identify the signs of urea toxicity in animals, but proper diagnostic facilities are not available in rural area.
Based on history of access to urea. Amount of urea in feed: 1. Tolerable level: 35g urea/450KG of B.wt/day i.e., 0.1g/Kg B.wt and should be 1% in feed, 2. Toxic level: >1% leads toxicity Blood test: Detecting high NH3 level, the PCV and serum concentrations of NH 3, glucose, lactate, potassium, phosphorus, AST, ALT, and BUN usually are significantly increased. Postmortem examination: carcass will degenerate at faster rate. Early PM examination: Reveals changes like bloat, high amount of pericardial fluid, enlarged lung and formation of white layer, enlarged heart, hemorrhagic spots on pericardium and NH3 smell from carcass.
Treatment A stomach tube can be passed to relieve the bloat and then used to drench the animal with large volume of cold water: 45 L for an adult cow is suggested, followed by 2-6 L of 5% acetic acid or vinegar. This method helps to keep rumen pH (acid- neutralize NH3) and helps in maintaining favorable conditions of rumen. This treatment may need to be repeated within 24hrs.
Antihistamines, antibiotics and corticosteroids should be given to prevent secondary complications. Rumenotomy and removal of rumen contents is suggested Measures to prevent urea poisoning Fertilizers and feeds containing urea should be stored, used and disposed of properly. If urea is added to ruminant diets, it should be introduced gradually and increased to a safe level. Regular monitoring of urea level in feed. Concentrate feeds with 3% urea or more in the DM should be regarded as high-urea feeds. Such feeds should be fed in restricted amounts, preferably spread over 12 hours or more of each day. Mixing urea with molasses, fodder/sugar beet or good quality silage reduces the risk of poisoning.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume No: No :06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 02
Yes India had Cheetah - The Asiatic Cheetah The Asiatic cheetah, also known as the "hunting leopard" in India was kept by kings and princes to hunt gazell the Moghul emperor Akbar kept them for hunting gazelle and blackbucks. He was said to have had 1,000 cheetahs at one time for assisting in his royal hunts. Trapping of large numbers of adult Indian cheetahs, who had already learned hunting skills from wild mothers, for assisting in royal hunts is said to be another major cause of the species rapid decline in India as they never bred in captivity The last physical evidence of the Asiatic cheetah in India was three, all shot by the Maharajah Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo of Surguja in 1947 in eastern Madhya Pradesh, a man also noted for holding a record for shooting 1,360 tigers.
monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru
Dr. H. N. Narasimha Murthy (Ex-Officio)
Associate Editor: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education
Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
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Pashubandha 2017 2014
PELVIC
Volume No: No :06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 02