Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin
Newsletter Date : 31st January 2017
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Volume No: 06 Issue : 01
Manu Kumar H M, 2Sharath Raju, 3Nagabhushan H V, 4Bishaja Murthy and 5Harsha 1,2,3,5 VO - VD, 4Assistant Director - VH, 1 2 Halathi, Kelagere, 3Bhogadi, 5Devalapura and 4Nagamangala Email id : manugowda634@gmail.com.
History: A cross breed H.F cow presented to Veterinary Dispensary, Halathi, Nagamangala, Mandya with the history of off fed since 2 days, sudden drop in milk production, excessive salivation, rapid breathing, difficulty in walking, getting up and lying down. Clinical Examination: On detailed clinical examination temperature was 104.40 C, sluggish ruminal motility, slight enlargement of pre-scapular lymph node, brown color urine with ketonic smell, severely congested and icteric mucuous membranes of eyes. On examination of blood using COPACK color stripes haemoglobulin found to be 6g% and after Giemsa staining of thin blood smear found to be positive for anaplasma marginale. Treatment  On 1st day Cow is treated with oxytetracycline (Ultraox DS,Neospark ltd ) at the dose of 22mg/kg B.Wt. with 200 ml of N.S (slow I.V), inj. Imidocarb dipropionate (Imicarb 12% w/v, Sava Vet ltd) at the dose of 3mg/kg B. Wt. s/c, inj. Haematamics (Feritas, Intas pharma) 8ml deep I.M, Inj. Phenaramine malate (Avilin vet, MSD. Intervet) 10 ml I.M, Inj. Catasol (Bayers pharma) 25 ml I.M, Inj. Conciplex (concept pharma) 10 ml I.M. Prescribed Vigest syrup (Bayers pharma) 200 ml P.O, Sharkoferrol suspension (Alembic Pharma) 30 grams P.O, Liver tonic Bexoliv (T.T.K Pharma) 30 ml P.O. Applied Flumetrin poron (Bayticol, Bayers Pharma) at the rate of 1ml per 10 kg B. Wt.  On 2nd day animal found to be improved and treated with long acting oxytetracyclin (Terramycin LA, Zoetis India ) at the dose of 22 mg/kg B. Wt, Inj. conciplex, Inj Avilin Vet and Inj catasol. Advised owner to continue vigest syrup, syp Bexoliv and Sharkoferrol. Cow showed clinical improvement after 5th day of treatment. Discussion Anaplasmosis causes severe anaemia and jaundice compare to other haemoprotozoan diseases. It can be effectively treated by early diagnosis with oxytetracyclin at a higher dosage with imidocarb. Managed hypoglycaemia with glucogenic syrup like Vigest and anaemia with oral haematamics like Sharkoferrol suspension.
Pashubandha 2017
Volume No: 06 Issue: 01
Parthasarathi.B.C1, Nukala Ramesh2, Shanmuganathan.S3Ashok kumar4 Ph. D Scholars, 1Division of Parasitology, 2Division of Extension Education, 3,4Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly. Email: parthb763@gmail.com Introduction: Babesiosis is a tick borne disease caused by protozoan parasite of genus Babesia. The principle species of Babesia affecting bovines are B. bigemina, B. bovis, B. divergens and B. major. Among all these B. bigemina is the main species causing disease in bovines in Indian sub-continent. It is major form of Babesia organism (4-5µm) and found in the erythrocytes. This disease is also known as Texas fever, Red water fever or bovine piroplasmosis. The incubation period of the disease is 1-2 weeks in most animals An inverse age susceptibility occurs in Babesia infections, young animals are naturally immune to babesiosis whereas adults are most susceptible. Natural immunity of calves to babesiosis usually disappears after 9-12 months of age. Exotic and crossbred animals are more susceptible than indigenous ones. This disease cause huge economic loss to the farmer in terms of reduced milk yield, reduced weight gain, cost of treatment, mortality and loss of work output in working animals. Epidemiology and transmission Bovine babesiosis is found in areas where its arthropod vector is distributed, especially tropical and subtropical climates. In India B. bigemina is the predominant species responsible for widespread morbidity and mortality in exotic and crossbred cattle. It is transmitted by various species of Ixodid ticks like Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Haemaphysalis etc. by transovarian transmission. Intrauterine infection has also been reported but it is rare. Bovine babesiosis is principally maintained by sub clinically infected cattle that have recovered from disease and act as a constant source of infection to other susceptible animals. In endemic areas, cattle become infected at a young age and develop a long-term immunity to combat with subsequent infections. The introduction of Babesia infected ticks into previously tick free areas may also lead to outbreaks of disease. Pathogenesis: The release of pharmacologically active substances and destruction of RBCs plays a major role in the pathogenesis of babesiosis. Following changes are takes place as the infection proceeds; 1. Anemia and icterus due to destruction of RBCs 2. Heamoglobinuria due to overload of the haemoglobin in the kidneys 3. Glomerulonephritis and heamoglobinuric nephrosis due to the immunological Complexes lodged in the glomerulli and death occurs due to organ failure. Besides the clinical manifestations, the disease can induce severe haemolytic anemia due to heavy destruction of infected red cells, removal of non-infected erythrocytes by phagocytes, increased fragility of non infected RBC during B. bovis infection and adsorption of circulating antigen antibody complexes to the surface of RBC leading to RBC Removal by phagocytosis. In addition to anemia, detectable haematological changes take place within 48 hours of infection like drop in Hb, PCV and TEC values. Leucocytosis with neutrophilia occurs in the beginning which comes down to normal after 12- 15 days of infection. Parasitaemia leads to rise in body temperature.
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Volume VolumeNo: No 06 : 3 Issue Issue::01 01
During the infection level of blood glucose, BUN, bilirubin and transaminase shows significant rise giving the indication of liver damage. Substantial increase in plasma kallikrein, kinin and kininogens has been observed. The increase in these values has been attributed due to activation of kallikrein system with an enzyme contained in B. bovis extracts. Kallikrein produces vasodilation, intravascular coagulation and vascular permeability leading circulatory stasis and shock. An increase in albumin and bile pigment has been reported during B. bigemina infection in cattle. CNS damage and nervous signs are observed due to deposition of parasitized erythrocytes in brain capillaries, adherence of infected cells to each other and to vessels endothelium leading to obstruction of blood flow. Clinical signs: Anorexia, weakness and cessation of rumination High fever (41-42ºC) Anemia, jaundice and emaciation Increased respiratory rate and muscles tremor Haemoglobinuria leads to red coloured urine Drop in milk yield Diarrhea followed by constipation Cows may abort in late pregnancy Nervous signs seen in B. bovis infection Post-mortem lesions: An enlarged and friable spleen; A swollen liver with enlarged gallbladder containing thick granular bile Congested, dark-colored kidneys; and generalized anemia and jaundice. The urine may often of red color. Diagnosis: 1) From history and clinical signs of the disease in a particular area. 2) Blood smear examination: Blood smear is prepared at the height of temperature and observe in oil immersion lens of microscope after staining with Giemsa stain. Pear shaped organisms are seen inside the RBCs forming an acute angle. 3) Immunological or serological methods: For detection of antibodies to Babesia in carrier animals. a) Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) b) Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) c) Compliment Fixation Test (CFT) 4) Molecular techniques like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and real time PCR are capable of detecting extremely low grade parasitaemia as detected in carrier animals. Differential diagnosis Babesiosis resembles other conditions that cause fever and hemolytic anemia. Therefore, it should be differentially diagnosed with Anaplasmosis, Trypanosomiasis, Theileriosis, Bacillary hemoglobinuria, Leptospirosis, eperythrozoonosis. Rapeseed poisoning and chronic copper poisoning. Rabies and other encephalitis may also be considered in cattle exhibiting nervous signs.
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Volume VolumeNo: No 06 : 3 Issue: Issue :01 01
Treatment Diaminazene aceturate (Berenil): Dose 3-5 mg/kg by deep I/M route Imidocarb: Dose 1-2 mg/kg by S/C route Long acting tetracycline: Dose 20mg/kg Supportive treatment is advisable in valuable animals, and may include the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants, and corticosteroids. Blood transfusions may be life-saving in very anemic animals that are valuable. Prevention and control Proper diagnosis of disease at early stage Isolation and treatment of infected animals Control of tick vectors by various methods like spraying or dipping with acaricides Young calves are inoculated with mild strains of B. bigemina and subsequent infection is controlled by drugs treatment Live vaccine is practiced by inoculation of infected blood and subsequent clinical reaction is controlled by babesicidal drugs Recently developed Babesia exoantigen vaccine by MASP (Micro Aerophilic Stationary Phase) culture technique is effective to prevent clinical disease caused by different strains of parasite.
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Manu Kumar H M, 2Sharath Raju, 3Nagabhushan H V, 4Bishaja Murthy and 5Harsha 1,2,3,5 VO - VD, 4Assistant director - VH, 1 2 Halathi, Kelagere, 3Bhogadi, 5Devalapura and 4Nagamangala . Email id : manugowda634@gmail.com. Case History: A primiparous buffalo calved 7 days back presented to Veterinary dispensary, Halathi Nagamangala with the history of sudden enlargement of right forequarter teats, difficult to milking, hard to palpate the teats, swollen at base of teats. On milking of few drops of milk from affected teats found to be normal. Diagnosis: Based on teats and milk examination diagnosed the case as Mammilitis /Thealitis. Treatment: Animal is treated with lithium antimony thiomalate (Anthiomalin 6% w/v Novartis ) at the dose of 2mg/kg B.Wt deep I.M thrice in a week interval , inj Levamisole (Lemasol -75, Zydus India) at rate of 1ml/30kg subcutaneously, Phenaramine malate (Avilin, Intervet-MSD) 5ml I.M, inj. Sulphadoxine +Trimethoprim (Tridox LA, Vet india) 20ml I.M as a single shot, Isoflupredion (Isoflud, Zydus India) 5ml deep I.M. twice at 48 hours interval. Advised farmer to spray asthalin spray (cipla) for 3 times a day , apply acyclovir ointment 5% (Herpex) and Serratiopeptidase bolus (Serra Kind) 2 bid. Animal was recovered after 7th day of third shot of inj. Anthiomalin. Discussion: Thealitis is mostly found in primiparous buffaloes due to herpes virus (etiology). It can be treated with lithium antimony thiomalate, acyclovir ointment having antiviral action, Levamisole serves as immunomodulator. Spraying of Salbutamol (Asthalin Spray) to affected teats promote blood circulation by its vasodialator action so prevent necrosis of teats. If left untreated for few days leads to necrosis and sloughing of teats.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume No: No :06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 01
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Chethana, D. H., 2Shwetha, K. S., 3Narasimha Murthy MVSc. Scholar, 2Phd Scholar, 3Assistant professor, Dept. of VGO, VCH Bengaluru Email: chethandh17@gmail.com One of the miracles in the process of species propagation on the earth is acceptance of the developing fetus from the mother and allows to complete the formation, development and delivering to the earth by providing all necessary vital nutrients. Because of this reason mother stands next to the god. In most domestic species, the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy require that the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle is prolonged by the persistence of a single corpus luteum (CL) or a number of corpora lutea (CLs). As a result of the persistence of the luteal tissue, progesterone concentrations remain elevated. The role of prostaglandin (PG) F2α produced by the endometrium, in causing regression of the CL and the consequent return to oestrus has well described by Short (1969) as the 'Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy'. The presence of a viable, developing embryo(s) prevents the CL from regressing in polyoestrous species, inhibits the return to oestrus. Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy in Cattle Bovine trophoblast protein (bTP- τ), a protein produced by the bovine conceptus with a molecular weight of 24000 has got antiluteolytic property and maximum secretion of this protein occurs between days 16 and 19 of gestation. It is first secreted at the time of elongation of the blastocyst. When it is infused into the uterine lumen of non-pregnant cyclical cows between days 14 and 17, the life span of the CL is extended. The luteolytic pulses are abolished without major increases in basal secretion. It is likely that bIFN- τ exerts its antiluteolytic effect by modifying oxytocin receptors, thereby inhibiting the synthesis from arachidonic acid and subsequent release of PGF2α. Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy in Sheep In sheep, Moor (1968) and Marta et al (1979) demonstrated the protein responsible for pregnancy recognition. Originally it was named as ovine trophoblast protein or oTP- τ. This substance has been shown to be a type 1 interferon, classified as an ovine tau interferon (oIFN- τ). The effect of IFN- τ in the maternal recognition of pregnancy is to alter the dynamics of PGF2α secretion at this early stage of pregnancy, compared with the same stage of the estrous cycle. The number of luteolytic pulses is reduced between days 15 and 17, yet surprisingly the basal secretion of PGF2α is increased at this time. A similar phenomenon was observed during spontaneous prolongation of the luteal phase in unmated cyclic ewes. IFN- τ secreted by the embryo prevents the rise in endometrial estrogen receptors that precedes the rise in endometrial oxytocin receptors. The consequence is that IFN- τ indirectly suppresses the expression of endometrial oxytocin receptors. Oxytocin of luteal origin can thus no longer bind to the uterus, and this results in a reduction 1
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Volume VolumeNo: No 06 : 3 Issue Issue::01 01
in the pulsatile secretion of PGF2α. Because basal production of PGF2α is even greater in pregnant than in cyclic sheep, and since IFN- τ does not affect expression of cyclo-oxygenase 2 in the endometrium of early pregnant sheep, other researchers have emphasized a reduced luteal sensitivity to PGF, and enhanced production of luteotrophic PGE, as the dominant mechanisms in the maternal recognition of pregnancy in this species. Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy in Pig Although in the sow the maternal recognition of pregnancy also involves the prevention of luteolysis by uterine-derived prostaglandins, the mechanisms are quite different from those described above for the domestic ruminant species. After their entry into the uterus on day 4, some 2 days after ovulation, embryos start migrating throughout both uterine horns so that by day 12 they have more or less become evenly distributed; a process called 'spacing'. The early porcine conceptus has been shown to convert progesterone to oestrone and oestradiol-17β, as well as another isomer of 16α, 17–estradiol. The production of estrogens increases with the rapid elongation of the blastocysts, so that the conceptus is able to stimulate locally a large surface of the endometrium. This oestrogen production by the conceptus plays a vital role in the maternal recognition of pregnancy and the extension of the life span of the CLs. In addition, a wide range of maternal (endometrial) and conceptus-derived products, such as: proteases, calcium, growth factors, adhesion molecules and cytokines, are involved in a complex signalling cascade to establish pregnancy, as well as attachment and implantation. After the initial secretion of oestrogens at day 11, a second sustained release of oestrogens by the conceptus is necessary between days 14 and 18 for luteal persistence beyond day 25. Several mechanisms have been proposed by which the conceptus-secreted oestrogens may prevent luteal regression. These include a direct luteotrophic effect, a reduction in the endometrial synthesis and release of PGF2α.. The luteotrophic effects include maintenance of LH receptors in the CLs and secretion of prostaglandin E, to protect the CLs against the luteolytic action of PGF2α. However, there is convincing evidence that they exert their effect by altering the transport of PGF 2α from an endocrine (towards the uterine vasculature) to an exocrine (into the uterine lumen) direction, thereby preventing PGF2α from reaching the CLs. Oestrogen-induced prolactin receptors in the endometrium might facilitate this redirecting. The fate of the intrauterine PGF2α a is not known; however, fetal membranes readily metabolize it to PGFM (15-keto-13, 14-dihydro- PGF2α), which is inactive. The Oestrogen stimulation of calcium secretion into the uterine lumen also appears to be involved in the process. As in ruminant species, the pig conceptus produces interferons at the time of elongation (11-17 days of gestation) to date two interferons have been identified, a type II (IFN-y) and a type I (IFN-y). The infusion of total conceptus- derived secretory proteins into the uterine lumen failed to prolong the life span of the CLs in cyclic sows. Their precise functions are not known but it has been postulated that they may have a specific protective antiviral role or that they may act in conjunction with conceptus-derived Oestrogens in prolonging the life span of the CLs.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume No: No :06 3 Issue Issue:: 01
Species
Maternal Day of Definite Recognition of Attachment Pregnancy (days)
Cow Ewe Goat Sow
16-17 12-13 17 12
Venu R, Umashankar B. C and Farha Yasmeen Veterinary College Hebbal, Bengaluru, Email: venur1147@gmail.com Silage can be defined as any plant material that has undergone fermentation or “pickling” in a silo. And a silo is any storage structure in which green, moist forage is preserved. The primary goal of making silage is to maximize the preservation of original nutrients in the forage crop for feeding of livestock at a later date in livestock feeding programs. Advantages of Silage Making Silage preserves up to 85% of nutritive value. Silage can ensure supply of quality forage in lean period. The storage requires less space. Cubic foot of silage contains about 3 times more dry weight of feed than cubic foot of long hay stored in heap. Can be stored for long time. Each cubic foot can accommodate 15kgs of silage. How to prepare good quality silage? Preparing silo pit- The size of silo pit should be decided on the basis of Number of animals Body weight of animals Length of feeding period Amount of fodder available Types of crops suitable for silage making Crops with good % of sugar, 35-40% dry matter and 65-60% moisture are good for silage making. Crops like maize, jowar, bajra, hybrid napier, oat are most suitable for silage making. Leguminous crops like berseem, Lucerne, cowpea(not suitable unless molasses are sprayed on these crops while filling silo pit. Harvest at proper stage Crops at bloom stage should be harvested Crops should contain 65% moisture and 35% of DM. Hollow stems crop (maize, jowar, bajra, hybrid napier should be chaffed to an inch size to prevent trapping of air and spilage of silage. High moisture crops can be dried in sunshine for 4 hours to reduce moisture content by 15%. Some dry hay or straw 5-20% can also be added.
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Use of additives Urea: sprayed at a rate of 0.5-1% Salt: added at a rate of 0.5%
Molasses: up to level of 3-3.5%
Lime: at level of 0.5% to increase acid production
Filling and sealing of the silo pit
Rapid filling with proper pressing by use of tractor after each
Chaffing of fodder
filling to remove air
Silo pit filling should be completed within 4-6 days
top should be covered with polythene followed by soil layer
Top of silo pit after filling and compressing should be higher than surrounding. Plug all possible areas of air or water entry. Trampling during filling
Removing silage from pit
Will be ready within a period of 4-6 week of sealing.
Once opened the pit should be fed completely within 3-5 weeks.
On exposure to air for longer period silage get spoiled. Hence, try to prevent entry of air. Silage removed from the pit
Characteristics of Ideal silage Color
Greenish yellow to golden yellow
Flavor
Acidic
Moisture
65%
Dry matter
35%
Temperature
38o C
PH
3.5-4.2
Texture
Firm
DM digestibility
>70%
ME
>11.5MJ/kcal
Lactic acid
8-12%
Mold
Nil
Ash
<5%
CP
15%
Ammonia nitrogen
<10%
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume No: No : 06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 01
Dr. Umashankar B C., Dr.Prabhu,T M and Dr. Suma N Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College Hebbal, Bengaluru, Email: umu_bc@rediffmail.com A balanced diet is important for a bird nutrition. An unbalanced diet is a main cause of disease and early death in pet birds. When feeding pet birds, the species of birds (companion pets ) differ in their dietary needs. Most psittacines (members of the parrot family) are florivores, meaning the main portion of their diet is obtained from plants. Among florivores, there are granivores (birds that eat grain and/or seeds, including nuts), and frugivores (birds with diets based on fruits). Some pet birds are omnivores, whose diet can consist of both plant and animal components. Even for seed-eating birds, seeds alone are not a proper diet, The reasons for these are: ď&#x201A;ˇ The seeds fed to companion Pet Bird Dietary Primary Diet Examples birds are not the same seeds Classification Seeds, fruits, nuts, Military macaw, Blueand gold they would find in their Florivore bark, roots, berries macaw, Red-faced parrot native habitats. May be Granivore Grains, seeds Budgerigar, cockatiel, Hyacinth lower in protein and other macaw nutrients, such as vitamins. Frugivore Mostly fruit and Blue-throated macaw, Greenflowers; some nuts winged macaw ď&#x201A;ˇ The amount of energy used and seeds by wild birds in foraging for Omnivore Seeds, fruits, inSulpher-crested, cockatoo, food is far greater than that sects, Red-tailed Amazon invertebrates used by companion birds Nectarivore Nectar, pollen; some Lorikeet, lory Since pet birds use less insects and seeds energy, they need to eat fewer calories or they will become overweight. Eating less, however, could result in vitamin, mineral, and other nutrient deficiencies. ď&#x201A;ˇ When offered seeds, companion birds tend to pick out their favorites, and leave the rest. Limiting the diet to only several types of seeds can Vegetables Fruits Turnips, Carrots (root and tops), Apples, Berries, Mango, lead to certain nutrient deficiencies. Honeydew, Pineapple, Vegetables and fruits: Vegetables are a Cooked sweet, potatoes, Mustard & dandelion greens, Swiss Chard, Kale Cherries, Banana, Pears good source of vitamins, minerals, and Cooked red potatoes, Green beans, Peaches, Oranges, carbohydrates, and should comprise Tomato, Sweet red & green, Pomegranate, Grapefruit, 15-30% of the diet. Fruits, which are higher ,Cauliflower, Broccoli, Beet Papaya, Plums, Grapes in sugar and moisture, should comprise about 5%. It is best to provide a variety of vegetables and fruit. Feeding methods - using foraging toys is better, Always remove any uneaten vegetables or fruit at the next feeding, monitor daily intake ,decreased food intake may be the first sign that a bird is ill. No food should remain in the cage for longer than 24 hours, as the risk of fecal contamination or spoiling is high.
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Volume No: No : 06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 01
Feeding times-Formulated diet can be available at all times. After sunrise and again at 5-6 PM. Water-Fresh, clean water should always be available. If a water bottle is used, the water should be changed daily. Selection and formulation of appropriate diets for companion and aviary birds is based on wild feeding ecology, digestive anatomy and physiology, and nutritional reguirements of related species. Evolution of nutrition for birds s explained in 3 stages-Early diets were based upon food habits of wild
Water intake Budgerigar Canary Lovebird Cockatiel Cockatoo Amazon/ Grey
Body Weight (g) 30 –35 18 –24 55 100 300 –900 350 –600
Water Intake Per Day (ml) 4 4 10 13 15 17 -35
birds, Nutrient requirements that were scientifically determined for poultry were adopted, at least in part, as standards for diets of captive birds and Research populations of easily propagated species, such as budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), are being used to investigate dietary preferences, nutrient requirements, and metabolic capabilities. Desert –adapted birds require less water intake than tropical birds. Changes in diet or environmental temperatures can alter water intake Energy: When calculating energetic requirements of birds, the following equations are used: Passerine BMR kcal/day = 114.8 x kg0.726 , kJ/day = 480 x kg0.73 Non-passerine BMR kcal/day = 73.5 x kg0.734, kJ/day = kg0.73 OR (Alternate equation) => Passerine Bird Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) = body weight in kgs0.75 × 129
Non-passerine Bird Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) = body weight in kgs0.75 × 78
Maintenance Energy Requirement (MER) in kcal/day = BMR × 1.5
Adjustment for Growth = MER × 1.5–3.0
Adjustment for Sepsis = MER × 1.2–1.5
Adjustment for Mild Injury = MER × 1.0–1.2
Adjustment for Severe Injury = MER × 1.1–2.0 Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is calculated from energy expended when a bird is sleeping. Perching
can increase energy expenditure in budgies 2-fold; preening, eating and shuffling locomotion cause 2.3-fold increase and flight increases as much as 11 to 20 times over BMR. Energy requirements of free-living birds are greater than those of their captive counterparts due to the increased energy required for thermoregulation, food procurement and territorial defense. However, the daily needs for amino acids, minerals and vitamins are relatively constant regardless of energy expenditure. BMR.
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Volume No: No : 06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 01
Vitamin A Requirements of Birds, Expressed as IU/kg of Feed Dry Matter Chicken Turkey Quail, Coturnix Duck, Pekin Goose Cockatiel (Maintenance)
Growing
Laying
1,670 5,550 1,830 2,780 1,670 2,000
4,440 5,550 3,670 4,440 4,440 -
Estimated Nutritional Requirements for Psittacines:
Nutrition is the single most important aspect of bird husbandry. Nutrition impacts the health, longevity, appearance and behavior of birds in captivity. selection of a diet should include: 1. Consideration of any species â&#x20AC;&#x201D; specific dietary requirements or sensitivities 2. Avoidance of excessive amounts of nutrients 3. Analysis of the components and availability of the listed Nutrients 4. Recognition of the discrepancy between wild natural food sources and substitutions made by manufacturers.
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Volume No: No : 06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 01
Shilpa Shree, J., Satyanarayan, K., Jagadeeswary, V. and Lalith Achoth Dept, of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Veterinary College Hebbal , Email: shilpashreej23@gmail.com Crop economy is considered as dominant sector contributing about three fourth of total agricultural income. India has one of the largest livestock populations in the world and one of its prominent characteristics is that almost its entire feed requirement is met from crop residues and byproducts like grasses, weeds and tree leaves gathered from cultivated and uncultivated lands; and grazing on common lands and harvested fields. Land allocation to cultivation of green fodder crops is limited and has hardly ever exceeded 5 per cent of the gross cropped area (Government of India, 2009). The major problem being faced by this sector is shortage of quality fodder. India’s livestock sector requires 855 MT of green fodder, 526 MT of dry fodder and 56 MT of concentrates by the year 2020. Fodders are bulky in nature and difficult to transport from one place to another place due to its high cost of transportation which is uneconomical to the farmers. Generally, they are treated as non-tradable commodity in any economic analysis. The fodder crops are known to be cheaper source of nutrients as compared to concentrates and hence useful in bringing down the cost of feeding and reduce the need for purchase of feeds/ concentrates from the market. The results revealed that the production of crop residues was in hand to mouth condition in the districts like Bangalore urban, Ramanagara, Chickballapur, Tumkur, Belgaum, Gulbarga, Dharwad, Bagalkote and Shimoga to fulfill the fodder requirement of livestock population in the respective districts The surplus crop residues production was seen in Bangalore rural, Chitradurga, Mysore, Bellary, Chamrajnagar, Davanagere, Bijapur, Raichur, Gadag, Haveri, Koppal, Hassan and Kodagu and also it can be provided to deficit districts if it is properly pooled and managed. The crop residues production was deficit to meet out its requirement for livestock population in Kolar, Mandya, Bidar, Yadgir, Chickmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Uttara Kannada. The percentage of vulnerability for fodder shortage was high in Kolar, Bidar, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Uttara Kannada. This can be attributed to the high livestock population and higher preference towards cash crops by farmers.
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Volume No: No : 06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 01
The results revealed that Mandya, Kolar, Yadgir Chickmagalur, Dakshina Kannada Uttara Kannada and Udupi were the districts that comes under the category “high negative gap% and less rainfall as the district has high livestock population which increases its fodder requirement to feed them but the actual rainfall was very less than the average rainfall that directly affects the production. Bidar was the only district which comes under the category of high negative gap% and more rainfall. Eventhough Bidar has received higher rainfall than average rainfall (23%), its negative gap percentage was high due to its rainfall pattern which was not regular and stable throughout the year and also due to the high livestock population with less fodder production sometimes even land remains barren. Thus, the districts coming under the above two categories were considered as highly vulnerable districts for fodder shortage with respect to their rainfall pattern during the year. The districts like Dharwad, Tumkur, Bagalkote, Chickballapur Bangalore Urban, Belgaum, Ramanagara and Shimoga comes under the less gap percentage and less rainfall category. Though the rainfall in Dharwad and Shimoga was less, the production of fodder was sufficient to fulfill the requirement of livestock population if it is properly pooled and managed whereas in case of other districts in this category, the production was slightly less to fulfill the requirement due to the less rainfall in these areas. Gulbarga was the only district with more rainfall and less gap percentage. Thus the districts under these two categories were considered as moderately vulnerable districts because a slight change in fodder production aspects or rainfall pattern may lead these districts to high vulnerability for fodder shortage in both quality and quantity manners. Though the districts like Chitradurga, Mysore, Gadag, Haveri, Koppal, Raichur, Chamarajnagar, Bellary, Davanagere, Bijapur, Bangalore R, Hassan and Kodagu has less rainfall but their production level not only fulfills the requirement of the particular district but also can be considered as surplus districts which can supply the excess fodder to the deficit areas. Thus, these districts falls under the category “high positive gap percentage and less rainfall”. Though these districts were considered as surplus districts but still the farmers after harvesting the grains they burn the crop residues. Therefore the crop residues are not available for feeding the animals. The districts discussed above were considered as less vulnerable for fodder shortage and also as surplus districts to fulfill the fodder requirement of other deficit districts. Conclusion: In reality, fodder production is directly proportional to the livestock production. Thus it is considered as “Bloodstream for the livestock sector” in India i.e. the provision of good quality fodder to animals that directly increases the value of output from livestock sector.
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Volume No: No : 06 3 Issue Issue:: 01 01
So it is important to maintain the sustainability in livestock feed and fodder but presently the nation is facing the shortfalls of livestock feed and fodder. So the government has to take a necessary action towards it and improve the fodder production status in Karnataka, India.
Policy Recommendations Short term measures:
Management of available fodder.
Mobilization of crop residues.
Prevention of burning of crop residues in the field.
Establishment of fodder banks.
Long term measures:
Establishing the fodder demonstration units/museums at our institutions
Concerted efforts to encourage the farmers to cultivate green fodder crops.
Making available the fodder seeds and root slips.
Establishing separate feed and fodder development authority with sufficient man power under Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services.
Promoting intensive cultivation of fodder trees like Agasse, Moringa etc.
Preservation of excess green fodder in the form of silage or hay for lean period.
monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru
Associate Editor: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education
Dr. H. N. Narasimha Murthy (Ex-Officio)
Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
Pashubandha 2017 2014
PELVIC
Volume No: No :06 3 Issue Issue:: 01