Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bullletin
Newsletter Date : 31st July 2013
Dr. B. N. Nagaraja , Dr. A. S. Patil and Dr. Ramesh Rathod (settihallynag@rediffmail.com & e mail) Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, Veterinary College Hebbal, Bangalore
FODDER BOX Fodder Crop
Volume No : 2 Issue : 07
BAJRA
Introduction: Castration, stated simply, is the unsexing of a Varieties
Deenbandhu
Season
June-July
Duration
65-70 days
Seed rate/ acre
4kg/acre
male animal. Castration is a routine animal husbandry practice carried out on young cattle for on-farm management of male cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats in India. The purpose of castration is: •
To prevent mating / reproduction
•
To improve carcass quality i.e To improve the fattening and meat production capability,
Space
23.00 cms
Irrigation Stage of harvest
At sowing & Once in 10 days
•
To make the animal more docile and Prevent fighting
•
Gentle them and make them easy to handle. Among the many techniques available for “Non-Invasive
castration” (Burdizzo, Elastrator, Calicrate bander, Short-scrotumed At 65-70 days
and Chemical castration), closed method of castration using Burdizzo castrator is most commonly employed method in bulls, rams and bucks
Yield
12.5 tonne/ acre
Protein content No. of cutting
7.96 %
especially in India. It is commonly referred to as Burdizzo castration. Even though it is a simple technique, we do encounter many complications associated with it because many a times in India the
Single cutting
procedure is being performed by the paraveterinarians, animal attenders and even quacks. So it is important to ensure use of the correct technique
Fodder/
Green-25–
animal/day
30kgs
Pashubandha 2013
and perform the procedure at a time when it is best for the animal’s welfare.
Volume No : 2 Issue : 07
Age: It is recommended that bull calves and small ruminants used for meat purpose and not needed for breeding be castrated sometime between 4-10 weeks of age in case of animals. Under Indian situation where animals used for the draft purpose, it is always advised to take up castration after the animal attains maturity i.e above 3 ½ to 4 years of age. If done early it will lead to narrowed urethra and increased risk of urinary obstruction due to small Uroliths also. Season of Year: Summer and Winter are the best times of year to castrate. As these are a times when the chance of wound infestation from flies is reduced. More over during summer wound remains dry and heals faster. During winter there will be reduced post procedural edema and the testicles are pulled up. Position of Animal: Young calves, 4- 10 weeks old, should be restrained to the ground and held in a recumbent position. In case of bulls, above one year of age, they have to be properly restrained in recumbent position. Always ensure soft bedding while bringing the animal to recumbency to avoid radial nerve paralysis. In case of bucks and rams either standing or sitting on rump (Fig. 1) position can be employed safely.
Principle of Burdizzo Castration: The principle behind the technique is the crushing of the spermatic chords and associated blood vessels and nerves within the scrotum by the use of a special pressure-leverage instrument, termed a Burdizzo (Fig. 2). Thus destroying the blood supply for the testes. Without this blood supply, the testicles degenerate and atrophy (Fig. 3).
The effect of heavy metals on
Pashubandha 2013 2012
Volume No : 2 1 Issue : 07
Technique: In using this method, it is necessary to “work” a cord to the side of the scrotum i.e. during the application of Burdizzo castrator, the spermatic chord of each side is firmly held outword against the scrotal skin and then instrument’s jaws are clamped about 1 to 3/4 inches above the testicle (Fig. 4). The instrument should be held in this position for 10 seconds. In case of mature animals where the spermatic cords are thick, each cord may be crushed at two points with a gap of ½ to ¾ inch. Choose a site below the first crush to minimize acute pain from a second crush. Repeat the same procedure with the other cord, making sure the instrument is clamped about one inch below the point where the first cord was clamped. i.e both the cord should not be crushed at the same level.
It is a blood less
technique without an open wound. So there is no danger of infection or infestation by maggots. Aftercare: Watch animals closely for about 10 days after castration. Beware of fly attacks and infection. Treat wounds with aerosol spray which discourages fly attacks. If swelling and pain are severe and if the animal develops a temperature, a course of antibiotic, NSAID’s and antihistamines should be injected. Complications associated with Burdizzo castration technique: The burdizzo castrators are used in a great deal on the bovine and ovine and they have several advantages if used correctly. However use of faulty method or instruments will leads to complications and even failure of castration itself. Sometimes it may lead to decreased feeding, decreased work performance and even death. •
The scrotal skin should be crushed in such a way that the crush marks on either side should not be at the same level and should not meet each other. The burdizzo castrator clamps should include only required amount of scrotal skin and the crushing should not extend across the median raphe / septum of the scrotum or will cause undesirable wounds (Fig. 5).
The effect of heavy metals on
Pashubandha 2013 2012
Volume No : 2 1 Issue : 07
•
The use of faulty burdizzos can tear the scrotal tissue causing ischemia of the lower part of the scrotum which will occur and undergo “Necrosis / Dry Gangrene” (Fig. 6) and then slough off. These wound if unattended may get infested by maggots. This is more so if castration is done in rainy season during which fly population will be more.
•
During application there should not be any struggling from animal side or vigorous shaking of hands holding the instrument. As these jerky movements may severe the blood vessels and lead to “Hematoma within scrotum / Hematocele”. So it is always better to locally desensitize the neck of the scrotum with local anesthetics and in case of non cooperative animals sedation with Xylazine may be employed. Pulling the spermatic cord with force may lead to tear in mesentry leading to “Gut Tie” i.e. internal hernia.
•
Even while performing burdizzo castration there should not be any prior illness or wounds on scrotum. The tick infestation if any should be treated 10-15 days prior to castration. As the infection may spread to deeper parts of scrotum from these leading to abscessation / “Pyocele”. Pyocele may be unilateral or bilateral. The spread of infection across the spermatic chord will lead to “Schirrous chord / water seed” (Fig. 7). Sterilization of the area and the clamping jaws of the instrument with surgical spirit and Povidone Iodine before and after application of the clamp will minimize the incidence of pyocele.
•
In this method care should also be taken to avoid the urethra which can get crushed accidentally which may lead to urinary obstruction or urethral fistula or even end up in fatality.
•
Crushing point should be atleast ¾ to 1 inch above testicle. Crushing of testicle substance proper may end up in testicular edema which may lead to “Hydrocele” or “Testicular tumor” if not attended to. The testicular crushing injury may cause neurogenic shock also.
•
A minimum of 15 days rest should be given to animal or otherwise rubbing of already inflamed scrotum with the thighs may aggravate the condition.
•
During crushing of the spermatic cord, by application of digital pressure ensure that there is no slipping of the cord from the jaws of the instrument or else that testicle will continue to function and the whole procedure will be a failure. Repeated crushing will also injure the scrotal skin and make it prone to infection. Although the procedure is simple and easy to perform it should be performed precisely by a well
trained qualified person. So that above complications which bring about morbidity and suffering to the animal and put a financial burden on the owner both in terms of treatment cost and maintenance during the convalescent period. The effect of heavy metals on
Pashubandha 2013 2012
Volume No : 2 1 Issue : 07
Dr. M.A.Kshama, Assistant Professor Department of TVCC, Veterinary College, Bangalore -24 (email: kshamabopanna@rediffmail.com) A number of clinical cases are encountered by the field practitioners wherein diagnosis is based only on clinical signs which can lead to a great deal of dilemma to the clinician regarding appropriate therapy which has to be instituted immediately in order to ensure the well being and recovery of the patient. However,
the prospect of sending the samples to a laboratory is daunting and not always
feasible in a rural set up. Yet, several of these conditions can be diagnosed with some simple tests requiring minimal facilities. It is indeed possible to establish a reasonably effective laboratory for day to day diagnosis in every veterinary dispensary with minimum investment and a lot of commitment. Some of the commonly encountered conditions that can be diagnosed at field level using laboratory facilities
include
thieleriosis,
babesiosis,
anaplasmosis,
trypanosomiasis,
pasturellosis,
mastitis
(subclinical), ruminal acidosis (Lactic acidosis), ruminal alkalosis, ketosis in cattle and in dogs bacterial infections (leptospirosis-tentative, pyometra),viral infections (PVGE-tentative), hemoprotozoan diseases like babesiosis, parasitic infestations, skin diseases like demodicosis, scabies, pyoderma, malachezia dermatitis etc. Diagnostic techniques that can be done at field level Microscope is one important requirement in any laboratory which one cannot do without and a centrifuge if available will be a bonus.Microscope is the only major equipment required and all the remaining materials and chemicals can be procured within a budget of approximately Rs 5000-10000. Hematology: This is a very important aspect of diagnosis for most diseases. It is easy to perform and yet gives a great deal of information. Of the hematological parameters ,the total leukocyte count, differential leucocyte count and the hemoglobin level can be of great value and easily performed at any laboratory with basic facilities. Further examination of blood smear is another very important aspect of diagnosis that can be done at the veterinary dispensaries. Examination of blood smears is the standard method for diagnosis of hemoprotozoan parasites and in addition bacteria can also be detected (cocci,rods ) and sent for further testing such as culture and ABST for confirmation and therapy. The materials required for a basic hematological lab include EDTA, giemsa’s stain, methanol, distilled water, WBC diluting fluid, N/10 HCl, hemocytometer, hemoglobinometer, staining rack and glassware like glass slides, coverslips ,test tubes, beaker, conical flask. Urine reagent strips are now commercially available (a box of 100 strips costs approximately Rs 1000) in the market and upto 10 tests The effect of heavy metals on
Pashubandha 2013 2012
Volume No : 2 1 Issue : 07
Table 1: Basic materials and equipments required for setting up of a laboratory Sl No
Name of reagent/chemical/equipment
I. 1. 2. II 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. III 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. IV 1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. V.
Equipments Microscope (simple/monocular/binocular) Centrifuge (not mandatory) Other materials Mortar and Pestle Strainer Test tube Holder (not mandatory) Bunsen burner/ heater (not mandatory) Test tube stand Staining rack/ staining jar Glassware Test tubes Glass slides Cover slips, glass rod Beaker Conical flask Hemocytometer Hemoglobinometer Chemicals and Reagents Giemsa’s stain EDTA Methanol WBC diluting fluid N/10 HCl Urine reagent strips Zinc sulphate Sodium chloride Formalin Potassium hydroxide Liquid paraffin pH paper Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen peroxide Methylene blue Surgical spirit Miscellaneous Xylene, Cedar wood oil, vials /vacutainers for collecting samples, Distilled water, syringes (20 ml,2ml), needles(16g, 20G), cotton roll, urinary catheter, black cloth, scissors
The effect of heavy metals on
Pashubandha 2013 2012
Volume No : 2 1 Issue : 07
can be run simultaneously using a single strip. These are very simple to perform and are more reliable than the other more cumbersome reagents and chemical methods that were being used. Urine analysis: Urine analysis provides a great deal of information on urinary tract infections, cystitis, neoplastic conditions of bladder, urolithiasis and renal failure. Urine can be collected directly while the animal is voiding it or by catheterization and should be examined as soon as possible to get the maximum information from it. Fecal examination: Analysis of fecal samples for parasitic ova and coccidial oocysts can be done at field level so that animals can be given specific targeted therapy.the samples can be either examined directly or it can be processed using either the sedimentation or floatation technique.The fecal samples should always be examined fresh. However if this is not possible it can stored in 10% formalin. Chemicals required for fecal analysis include zinc sulphate solution and sodium chloride solution. Centrifuge if present can be of great use but fecal samples can be analysed without it. Mortar and pestle and strainer are also necessary. Skin scraping examination cutaneous cytology This is very useful for the diagnosis of demodex mites, sarcoptes scabei and other mites. Cutaneous cytology will be useful to detect inflammatory conditions, presence of malachezia and pyoderma (bacteria). The chemicals and other materials required include 10% KOH, liquid paraffin, methanol, giemsas stain, distilled water glass slides, cover slips,2ml syringes with 20G needles and BP blades. Examination of milk samples It is possible to detect subclinical and clinical mastitis using simple diagnostic tests which include physical tests such as examination of colour, consistency, odour and strip cup test which do not require any chemicals. In addition chemical tests that can be easily performed include white side test and catalase test which detects the presence of leukocytes, bacteria, pH etc. Materials required include test tube, a black cloth, glass slides, cover slips, glass rod, 4% sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and methylene blue. Rumen fluid examination Examination of rumen fluid is a very essential part in the diagnosis of diseases of forestomach in ruminants.There are several physical and chemical tests that can be done, all of which may not be practical But the rumen fluid has to be checked for pH and motility of protozoa and this goes a long way in differentiating alkalosis, acidosis and also predicting the prognosis. Rumen fluid should be examined immediately after collection and the fluid should be collected using 20ml syringes with 16G needles in dark/brown coloured bottles so as to prevent exposure to sunlight. The pH can be examined using pH papers. The effect of heavy metals on
Pashubandha 2013 2012
Volume No : 2 1 Issue : 07
Dr. Sudha G ,Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College, Bangalore (dineshtumkur@gmail.com) Repeat Breeding : High Incidence of Cows Requiring Three or More Services Possible Causes: 1. Improper timing of insemination—breeding too early or too late. 2. Frequently inseminating cattle based on secondary signs of estrus. 3. High incidence of uterine infection. 4. Improper insemination technique or use of semen damaged during storage or handling. 5. Embryonic or fetal mortality. •
Excessive weight loss or poor body condition.
•
Improper palpation technique during pregnancy exams.
•
Heat stress.
•
Inseminating cows too late in relation to ovulation.
•
Deficient crude protein or excess degradable protein intake.
6. Diseases •
Subclinical uterine infection.
•
Vibriosis and trichomoniasis in natural breeding.
•
Leptospirosis and haemophilus.
•
Viruses (IBR/IPV, BVD) and maybe others.
•
Ureaplasma and mycoplasma.
7. Toxicity (i.e., ketone bodies, mycotoxins, high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and endotoxins). 8. Imbalance of calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, D, and E and carotene. 9. Anemia. 10. Hormonal imbalance (i.e., intake of forages high in estrogen). 11. Use of low breeding efficiency sires. 12. Improper use of drugs or hormones that impact reproductive function. Suggestions. •
Evaluate the heat detection program and timing of service.
•
Use Milk Progesterone Testing to evaluate accuracy of heat detection.
•
Submit blood samples or reproductive tract swabs for disease testing.
•
Treat if infection is present.
The effect of heavy metals on
Pashubandha 2013 2012
Volume No : 2 1 Issue : 07
•
Re-evaluate semen handling and insemination techniques.
•
Test forages and the total mixed ration (TMR) for standard analysis, minerals and mycotoxins if suspected.
• •
check basic feeding practices (i.e., feed availability). If possible, provide cows with adequate amounts of fresh forage as pasture or green chop for at least four to six weeks each year.
•
Avoid moldy or apparently high-estrogen forages.
•
Purchase semen from reputable sources.
•
Review use of drugs and/or hormones administered to breeding stock.
•
Evaluate vaccination and biosecurity practices and protocols.
qÁ. ¹zÀÝgÁªÀÄtÚ, ¸ÀºÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ, ¥Áæt DºÁgÀ±Á¸ÀÛç «¨sÁUÀ (sidaramanna@gmail.com) ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ ªÀĺÁ«zÁå®AiÀÄ, ºÉ¨Áâ¼À, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ.
PÀÄj ¸ÁPÁtÂPÉAiÀÄ°è lUÀgÀÄUÀ¼À ¥ÁvÀæªÀÅ PÀÄjUÀ¼À ¥ÁvÀæzÀµÉÖà ªÀĺÀvÀézÁÝVzÉ. vÀ½ ¸ÀAªÀzsÀð£ÉUÉ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 25 jAzÀ 30 PÀÄjUÀ½UÉ vÀ¯Á MAzÀÄ lUÀgÀÄ CªÀ±ÀåPÀ. ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV lUÀgÀÄUÀ¼À DAiÉÄÌ ºÁUÀÆ ¥ÉÆõÀuÉUÉ PÀÄjUÁgÀgÀÄ ºÉaÑ£À UÀªÀÄ£À PÉÆqÀzÉ ¤®ðPÀëªÀ»¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. PÀÄjUÀ¼À ¥Á®£ÉAiÀÄ°è, lUÀgÀÄUÀ¼À DAiÉÄÌ ºUÀÆ DºÁgÀ ¥ÉÆõÀuÉUÉ ºÉaÑ£À UÀªÀÄ£À ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. MAzÀÄ lUÀj£À £ÀÆå£ÀvÉ, ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 25 jAzÀ 30 ªÀÄjUÀ¼À ¨É¼ÀªÀtÂUÉAiÀÄ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄ ©ÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀ PÁgÀt, vÀ½ ¸ÀAªÀzsÀð£ÉUÉ §¼À¸ÀĪÀ lUÀgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß GvÀÛªÀĪÁzÀ vÁ¬Ä PÀÄj¬ÄAzÀ DAiÉÄÌ ªÀiÁr F PɼÀUÉ w½¹gÀĪÀ ªÉÊeÁÕ¤PÀ DºÁgÀ ¥ÉÆõÀuɬÄAzÀ ¸À®»zÀ°è, CªÀÅUÀ¼À ¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðªÀ£ÀÄß §¼À¹PÉƼÀħºÀÄzÀÄ. lUÀgÀÄUÀ¼À DºÁgÀ ¥ÉÆõÀuÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß, CªÀÅUÀ¼À ¨É¼ÀªÀtÂUÉAiÀÄ DzsÁgÀzÀ°è, F PɼÀV£ÀAvÉ «AUÀr¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. •
ºÁ®Ä PÀÄrAiÀÄĪÀ ªÀÄjUÀ¼ÀÄ
•
¨É¼ÀªÀtÂUÉAiÀÄ ºÀAvÀzÀ ªÀÄjUÀ¼ÀÄ
•
ªÀAiÀĸÀÌ lUÀgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ.
ºÁ®Ä PÀÄrAiÀÄĪÀ ªÀÄjUÀ¼À DºÁgÀ ¥ÉÆõÀuÉ: ªÀÄjUÀ½UÉ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ wAUÀ¼ÀªÀgÉUÉ vÁ¬ÄAiÀÄ ºÁ®£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. JgÀqÀ£ÉÃAiÀÄ ªÁgÀ¢AzÀ vÁ¬Ä ºÁ°£À eÉÆvÉUÉ, GvÀÛªÀĪÁzÀ zÁt «Ä±ÀætªÀ£ÀÄß ºÁUÀÆ J¼ÉAiÀÄ CAd£ï ºÀÄ®Äè ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ®Æ¸À£Àð ªÉÄë£À 2:1 ¥ÀæªÀiÁtzÀ «Ä±ÀætªÀ£ÀÄß AiÀÄxÉÃZÀÑ (¨ÉÃPÁUÀĪÀµÀÄÖ) ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. ºÀÄ®Äè ºÁUÀÄ zÁt «Ä±ÀætªÀ£ÀÄß Cwà ²ÃWÀæ ¤ÃqÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ, ªÀÄjUÀ¼À doÀgÁ©üªÀÈ¢üÝAiÀiÁV ªÀÄjUÀ¼ÀÄ §ºÀĨÉÃUÀ vÁ¬Ä PÀÄj¬ÄAzÀ ¨ÉÃ¥ÀðlÄÖ DºÁgÀ ¸ÁéªÀ®A©UÀ¼ÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. The effect of heavy metals on
Pashubandha 2013 2012
Volume No : 2 1 Issue : 07
F ºÀAvÀzÀ°è ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀ zÁt «Ä±ÀætzÀ «ªÀgÀ F PɼÀV£ÀAwzÉ. PÀæ.¸ÀA 1 2 3 4 5
PÀZÁÑ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ ªÉÄPÉÌ eÉÆüÀ ±ÉÃAUÁ »Ar ¸ÉÆÃAiÀiÁ »Ar R¤d «Ä±Àæt G¥ÀÄà MlÄÖ
¥ÀæªÀiÁt (PÉ.f) 67 10 20 2 1 100
¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 8 jAzÀ 9 ªÁgÀUÀ¼À°è ªÀÄjUÀ¼ÀÄ 100 jAzÀ 150 UÁæA zÁt «Ä±ÀætªÀ£ÀÄß ºÁUÀÆ 200 jAzÀ 250 UÁæA Mt ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß w£Àß®Ä ±ÀPÀÛªÁzÁUÀ UÀAqÀÄ ªÀÄjUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÁ¬Ä¬ÄAzÀ ¨ÉÃ¥Àðr¹, ¥ÀævÉåÃPÀªÁV ¥Á®£É ªÀiÁqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ.
¨É¼ÀªÀtÂUÉAiÀÄ ºÀAvÀzÀ lUÀgÀÄUÀ¼À DºÁgÀ ¥ÉÆõÀuÉ : ªÀÄjUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÁ¬Ä¬ÄAzÀ ¨ÉÃ¥Àðr¹zÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ¢AzÀ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ MAzÀÄ ªÀµÀðzÀªÀgÉUÉ F ºÀAvÀzÀ ¥ÉÆõÀuÉ ªÀiÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. F ºÀAvÀzÀ°è ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀ zÁt «Ä±ÀætzÀ «ªÀgÀ F PɼÀV£ÀAwzÉ. PÀæ.¸ÀASÉå 1 2 3 4 5 6
PÀZÁÑ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ ªÉÄPÉÌ eÉÆüÀ ±ÉÃAUÁ »Ar UÉÆâü §Æ¸À ¸ÉÆÃAiÀiÁ »Ar G¥ÀÄà R¤d «Ä±Àæt MlÄÖ
¥ÀæªÀiÁt (PÉ.f) 25 20 40 12 1 2 100
F zÁt «Ä±ÀætªÀ£ÀÄß ¨É¼ÀªÀtÂUÉAiÀÄ ºÀAvÀzÀ PÀÄjUÀ½UÉ F PɼÀV£ÀAvÉ ¥Àæw ¢£À ªÉÄë£À eÉÆvÉUÉ ºÉZÀÄѪÀjAiÀiÁV ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. lUÀgÀÄUÀ¼À vÀÆPÀ (PÉ.f) 10-15 15-20
PÉÆnÖUÉ ¥ÀzÀÝw GvÀÛªÀÄ ªÉÄêÀÅ ¸ÁzsÁgÀt ªÉÄêÀÅ 50 UÁæA 150-200 UÁæA 100 UÁæA 200-250 UÁæA
ªÀ®¸É ¥zÀÝw 50 UÁæA 100 UÁæA
PÀÄjUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆnÖUÉ ¥ÀzÀÝwAiÀÄ°è ªÉÄìĸÀĪÁUÀ AiÀÄxÉÃZÀÑ ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÉÄë£À°è ºÀÄ®Äè/ KPÀzÀ¼À ªÉÄêÀÅ 2/3 gÀµÀÄÖ ¨sÁUÀ ºÁUÀÆ 1/3 gÀµÀÄÖ ¢ézÀ¼À zsÁ£ÀåUÀ¼À ªÉÄêÁzÀ C®¸ÀAzÉ, ®Æ¸À£ïð, §¹ðA ºÁUÀÆ ªÀÄgÀ VqÀUÀ¼À ªÉÄêÁzÀ ¸ÀĨÁ§Ä¯ï, CUÀ¸É VqÀUÀ¼À ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¸ÁzsÁgÀtªÁV MAzÀÄ PÀÄjAiÀÄÄ, zÉúÀ vÀÆPÀzÀ ±ÉÃ.4 gÀµÀÄÖ Mt DºÁgÀ ¥ÀzsÁxÀðUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸Éë¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÀvÀÄÛ PÉ.f zÉúÀ vÀÆPÀPÉÌ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 400UÁæA vÀÆPÀzÀ Mt DºÁgÀzÀ CªÀ±ÀåPÀvÉ EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¢ézÀ¼À ªÉÄêÀÅ) ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
Pashubandha 2013
Volume No : 2 Issue : 07
EzÀgÀ°è GvÀÛªÀĪÁzÀ ªÉÄêÀÅ ®¨sÀå«zÀÝ°è 50 UÁæA zÁt «Ä±Àæt ºÁUÀÆ 350 UÁæA ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß (230 UÁæA KPÀ zÀ¼À ªÉÄêÀÅ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 120UÁæA ¸ÁzsÁgÀtªÁzÀ Mt ªÉÄêÀÅ ®¨sÀå«zÀÝ°è, ¥Àæw 10 PÉ.f vÀÆPÀPÉÌ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 200 UÁæA UÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ zÁt «Ä±Àæt ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
ªÀAiÀĸÀÌ UÀAqÀÄ PÀÄjUÀ¼À DºÁgÀ ¥ÉÆõÀuÉ: vÀ½ ¸ÀAªÀzsÀð£ÉUÉ §¼À¸ÀĪÀ UÀAqÀÄ PÀÄjUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ±ÀjÃgÀ vÀÆPÀ ¤ªÀðºÀuÉ ºÁUÀÆ ±ÀQÛ ¤ªÀðºÀuÉUÁV ªÉÄìĸÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÀAiÀĸÀÌ vÀ½ ¸ÀAªÀzsÀð£ÉUÉ §¼À¸ÀĪÀ UÀAqÀÄ PÀÄjUÀ½UÉ ºÉaÑ£À ¸À¸ÁgÀd£ÀPÀAiÀÄÄPÀÛ DºÁgÀ ¤ÃqÀ¨ÁgÀzÀÄ. CªÀÅUÀ½UÉ ¤ÃqÀ§ºÀÄzÁzÀ zÁt «Ä±ÀætzÀ ¸ÀÆvÀæªÀ£ÀÄß F PɼÀUÉ ¤ÃqÀ¯ÁVzÉ. PÀæ.¸ÀASÉå 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PÀZÁÑ ¥ÀzsÁxÀðUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄĸÀÄQ£À eÉÆüÀ CQÌvËqÀÄ gÁV/ ©½ eÉÆüÀ ¸ÉÆÃAiÀiÁ »Ar ±ÉÃAUÁ »Ar G¥ÀÄà R¤d «Ä±Àæt MlÄÖ
¥ÀæªÀiÁt(Q,UÁæA ) 40 20 10 10 7 1 2 100
F ªÉÄÃ¯É w½¹gÀĪÀ zÁt «Ä±ÀætªÀ£ÀÄß, GvÀÛªÀÄ ªÉÄêÀÅ ®¨sÀå«zÀÝ°è, ¥Àæw 10 PÉ.f vÀÆPÀPÉÌ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 50 UÁæA ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÁzsÁgÀt ªÉÄêÀÅ ®¨sÀå«zÀÝ°è, ¥Àæw 10 PÉ.f vÀÆPÀPÉÌ 100 UÁæAUÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal Bengaluru Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Dr.S.Yathiraj (Ex-Officio)
Associate Editior: Head,Dept of Vety & Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr.K.Satyanarayana (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com
Pashubandha 2013 2012
Volume No : 2 1 Issue : 07