June 2014

Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin

Newsletter Date : 30th June 2014

Volume No: 3 Issue : 06

qÁ|| ±ÁgÀzÀ, Dgï. ªÀÄvÀÄÛ qÁ|| ²æÃPÀȵÀÚ E¸À¼ÀÆgÀ ¸ÀÆPÁë÷ätÄfë ±Á¸ÀÛç «¨sÁUÀ, ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ ªÀĺÁ«zÁå®AiÀÄ, ºÉ¨Áâ¼À, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ – 560024. ( kisloor@rediffmail.com)

ZÀ¥Éà gÉÆÃUÀ •

eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀÄ

§gÀĪÀAvÀºÀ ¥ÀæªÀÄÄRªÁzÀ MAzÀÄ ¸ÁAPÁæ«ÄPÀ gÉÆÃUÀ. EzÀ£ÀÄß Black

Quarter / BQ CAvÁ£ÀÄ ºÉüÉÛêÉ.

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EzÀÄ Clostridium chauvoei JA§ ¨ÁåQÖÃjAiÀÄ / gÉÆÃUÁtÄ«¤AzÀ §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

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¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV ºÀ¸ÀÄ, PÀgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ, JªÉÄä, PÀÄj ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÉÄÃPÉUÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀÄ §AzÀÄ ºÉZÁÑV ºÀ¸ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÀÄjUÀ¼À°è PÁt§ºÀÄzÀÄ.

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ºÉZÁÑV ªÀļÉUÁ®zÀ ¢£ÀUÀ¼À°è / ªÀÄÄAUÁgÀÄ ªÀļÉAiÀÄ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀzÀ°è PÁt¹PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ (dÆ£ï ¤AzÀ £ÀªÉA§gï wAUÀ¼ÀÄUÀ¼À°è)

ªÀiÁzÀjUÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀħgÀĪÀ gÉÆÃUÁtÄ

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gÉÆÃUÀPÉÌ vÀÄvÁÛzÀ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À°è, ºÉ¸ÀgÉà ¸ÀÆa¸ÀĪÀAvÉ (ZÀ¥ÉàgÉÆÃUÀ) zÉÆqÀØ ªÀiÁA¸ÀRAqÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¨ÁvÀÄPÉƼÀÄîvÀÛªÉ.

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¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV »A¢£À PÁ®ÄUÀ¼À ªÀiÁA¸ÀRAqÀUÀ¼À°è (ZÀ¥Éà ¨sÁUÀzÀ°è) GjAiÀÄÆvÀ PÁt¹PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ C®èzÉà «µÀAiÀÄÄPÀÛ gÀPÀÛ£ÀAdÄ GAmÁV ºÉaÑ£À ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄ°è eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸Á«VÃqÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

gÉÆÃUÀ ºÀgÀqÀÄ«PÉ •

F gÉÆÃUÀPÉÌ PÁgÀtªÁzÀ Clostridium chauvoei JA§ ¨ÁåQÖÃjAiÀÄ UÁ½AiÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀPÀð ºÉÆA¢zÁUÀ Spore / ©ÃdPÀtUÀ¼ÁV ¥ÀjªÀvÀð£É DV ªÀÄtÂÚ£À PÀtzÀ°è ºÀÄzÀÄVPÉÆArgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

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¥ÀæwPÀÆ® ªÁvÀªÀgÀtUÀ¼À°è F gÉÆÃUÁtĪÀÅ ©ÃdPÀtUÀ¼ÁV §ºÀÄPÁ® vÀªÀÄä gÉÆÃUÀPÁgÀPÀ ±ÀQÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß G½¹PÉÆAqÀÄ ¸ÀÄ¥ÁÛªÀ¸ÉÜAiÀÄ°ègÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

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gÉÆÃUÀ¢AzÀ ªÀÄgÀt ºÉÆA¢zÀ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À zÉúÀ¢AzÀ F gÉÆÃUÁtĪÀÅ ºÉÆgÀV£À ªÁvÁªÀgÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÉÃj, Erà ¥ÀæzÉñÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÀ®Ä¶vÀUÉƽ¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

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ªÀļÉUÁ®zÀ°è ¤ÃgÀÄ ºÀjAiÀÄĪÁUÀ, PÀ®Ä¶vÀUÉÆAqÀ eÁUÀ¢AzÀ E£ÉÆßAzÀÄ PÀqÉUÉ ºÀgÀqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

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F ©ÃdPÀtUÀ½AzÀ ªÀÄ°£ÀUÉÆAqÀ DºÁgÀ / ªÉÄë£À ¸ÉêÀ£É¬ÄAzÀ F SÁ¬Ä¯É eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À°è PÁt¹PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ.

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PÀ®Ä¶vÀUÉÆAqÀAvÀºÀ ªÉÄêÀÅ, DºÁgÀ, ¤ÃgÀÄ CxÀªÀ UÁAiÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄSÁAvÀgÀ (PÀÄjUÀ¼À°è GuÉÚ PÀvÀÛj¸ÀĪÁUÀ) F gÉÆÃUÁtĪÀÅ zÉúÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀæªÉò¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

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zÉúÀzÀ M¼ÀUÉ EªÀÅ ºÉaÑ£À ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄ°è ªÀÈ¢ÞUÉÆAqÀÄ, PÉ®ªÀÅ «µÀAiÀÄÄPÀÛ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ©qÀÄUÀqÉ ªÀiÁr eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß «µÀªÀÄ ¹ÜwUÉ

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06

PÉÆAqÉÆAiÀÄÄåvÀÛzÉ. gÉÆÃUÀzÀ ®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ gÉÆÃUÀªÀÅ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV 6 wAUÀ½¤AzÀ 3 ªÀµÀðzÀ M¼ÀV£À eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀħgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÉZÁÑV, ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀĪÀAvÀºÀ DgÉÆÃUÀåªÀAvÀ ºÁUÀÆ zÀµÀÖ¥ÀŵÀÖªÁVgÀĪÀAvÀºÀ eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀħgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

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wêÀæ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀzÀ°è ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼ÀÄ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà ªÀÄÄ£ÀÆìZÀ£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß / ®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÉÆÃj¸ÀzÉ ¸ÁªÀ£ÀߥÀÅöàvÀÛªÉ.

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ZÀ¥ÉàAiÀÄ ¨sÁUÀzÀ°è HvÀ

PÉ®ªÉǪÉÄä, 1. ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸À¥ÉàAiÀiÁV ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß w£ÀÄߪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß ¤°è¹©qÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

2. CwAiÀiÁzÀ dégÀ (106 – 1080 F), ¸ÉÆgÀUÀÄ«PÉ PÀAqÀħgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

3. PÀÄAlĪÀÅzÀÄ, ªÀÄ®VgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ DxÀªÁ zÉúÀzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄvÉÆî£À PÀ¼ÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîvÀÛªÉ.

4. ºÁ°£À ¥ÀæªÀiÁtªÀÅ §ºÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

5. £Ár §rvÀ »ZÁÑVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

6. UÀªÀĤ¹ £ÉÆÃrzÁUÀ, PÁ°£À ªÉÄïÁãUÀzÀ°è, PÀÄwÛUÉ, vÉÆqÉ, ¨sÀÄd ªÀÄvÀÄÛ EvÀgÉ ¸ÁßAiÀÄÄUÀ¼À°è HvÀ PÀAqÀħgÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ.

7. HvÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄnÖ £ÉÆÃrzÁUÀ, ¥ÁægÀA©üPÀ ºÀAvÀzÀ°è EzÀÄ ©¹AiÀiÁVzÀÄÝ vÀÄA¨Á£ÉÆêÀÅ EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. £ÀAvÀgÀ CzÀÄ vÀtÚUÁV PÀÆqÀ

£ÉÆêÀÅ

EgÀĪÀÅ¢®è. EzÀ®èzÉÃ, HvÀ«gÀĪÀ°è ¤ÃgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ UÁ½ vÀÄA©PÉÆAqÀAwzÀÄÝ ªÀÄÄnÖzÁUÀ “¥Àgï ¥Àgï” CAvÀ ±À§Ý §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

PÀæªÉÄÃt, F ¨sÁUÀzÀ°è ZÀªÀÄð ºÀ¹gÀÄ CxÀªÀ ¤Ã° §tÚPÉÌ wgÀÄV, MtVzÀAvÁV ©gÀÄPÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ §gÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. gÉÆÃUÁtĪÀÅ ©qÀÄUÀqÉ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ «µÀAiÀÄÄPÀÛ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ½AzÁV, eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ §ºÀÄ ¨ÉÃUÀ (12 – 36 hr.) «µÀªÀÄ ¹ÜwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß vÀ®Ä¦ ªÀÄgÀt ºÉÆAzÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

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ªÀÄgÀt ºÉÆA¢zÀAvÀºÀ eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À°è, 1. ZÀªÀÄðzÀ PɼÀUÉ UÁ½ vÀÄA©PÉÆAqÀAvÉ EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

2. gÀPÀÛ §ºÀÄ ¨ÉÃUÀ ºÉ¥ÀÅöàUÀnÖ, zÉúÀ ¸ÉmÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ.

3. HvÀzÀ eÁUÀ/ªÀiÁA¸ÀRAqÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÀvÀÛj¹zÁUÀ – “¥Àgï ¥Àgï” ±À§Ý«zÀÄÝ CªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀ¥ÁàV PÀAqÀÄ, PÉƼÉvÀ ªÁ¸À£É

ºÁUÀÆ UÁ½AiÀÄÄPÀÛ

zÀæªÀ ¨sÀjvÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. gÉÆÃUÀ PÀAqÀÄ §AzÁUÀ K£ÀÄ ªÀiÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ ? gÉÆÃUÀ PÁt¹PÉÆAqÀ MAzÉgÀqÀÄ vÁ¹£À M¼ÀUÉ CªÀÅUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀÆPÀÛ aQvÉìAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆr¹zÀgÉ CªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß G½¹PÉƼÀÀÄzÀÄ.

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gÉÆÃUÀ¢AzÀ §¼À®ÄwÛgÀĪÀ

eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß

ªÉÆzÀ®Ä EvÀgÉ eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ½AzÀ ¨ÉÃ¥Àðr¹ ¥ÀævÉåÃPÀªÁVqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À

NqÁlªÀ£ÀÄß ¤¨sÀðA¢¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

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UÁAiÀÄUÀ½UÉ vÀPÀët DAn¸É¦ÖPï zÁæªÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ¯Éæ¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

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gÉÆÃUÀ ®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ §AzÀ vÀPÀët, ºÀwÛgÀzÀ ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀågÀ£ÀÄß PÀAqÀÄ ¸ÀÆPÀÛ aQvÉì PÉÆr¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ CªÀgÀ ªÀiÁUÀðzÀ±Àð£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀĨÉÃPÀÄ.

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gÉÆÃUÀ¢AzÀ ªÀÄÈvÀ¥ÀlÖ eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀ£ÀÄß ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåjUÉ vÉÆÃj¹ gÉÆÃUÀªÀ£ÀÄß zÀÈqÀ¥Àr¹PÉƼÀî¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

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gÉÆÃUÀªÀ£ÀÄß zÀÈqÀ¥Àr¹PÉƼÀî®Ä PÉ®ªÀÅ ªÀiÁzÀjUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÁ®AiÀÄPÉÌ PÀ¼ÀÄ»¹ PÉÆqÀ¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀÝjAzÀ ªÀiÁzÀjUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÉUÉzÀÄPÉƼÀî®Ä ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåjUÉ ¸ÀºÀPÀj¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

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gÉÆÃUÀ zÀÈqsÀ¥Àr¹zÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ G½zÀ eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ½UÉ ªÀÄÄAeÁUÀævÁ PÀæªÀĪÁV ®¹PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÁQ¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

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eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀÄÈvÀ zÉúÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÉgÉPÀnÖUÀ¼À°è CxÀªÀ §AiÀÄ°£À°è J¸ÉAiÀÄzÉ D¼ÀªÁzÀ UÀÄArAiÀÄ°è ºÀƼÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

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gÉÆÃUÀ

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eÁ£À ĪÁgÀ ÄUÀ ¼ÀÄ

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

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ªÀÄÈvÀ eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀiÁA¸À, ZÀªÀÄð, GuÉÚ EvÁå¢UÀ¼À£ÀÄß G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¸À¨ÁgÀzÀÄ.

gÉÆÃUÀ ¤AiÀÄAvÀæt •

gÉÆÃUÀ vÀqÉUÀlÖ®Ä ¸ÀÆPÀÛªÁzÀ ®¹PÉAiÀÄÄ ®¨sÀå«gÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

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ªÀļÉUÁ® ±ÀÄgÀĪÁUÀĪÀ MAzÀÄ wAUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄ£ÀߪÉà F ®¹PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÁQ¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

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6 wAUÀ½¤AzÀ 3 ªÀµÀðzÉƼÀV£À J¯Áè zÀ£ÀUÀ½UÉ F gÉÆÃUÀ ¤gÉÆÃzsÀPÀ ®¹PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆr¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. EzÀ£ÀÄß PÀÄwÛUÉ CxÀªÀ vÉÆqÉAiÀÄ ¨sÁUÀzÀ°è ¤ÃqÀ¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

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gÉÆÃUÀ ºÉZÁÑV PÀAqÀħgÀĪÀAvÀºÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À°è ªÀµÀðPÉÌ JgÀqÀÄ ¨Áj F ®¹PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆr¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

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£ÉʪÀÄð®åzÀ §UÉÎ JZÀÑgÀªÀ»¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

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MAzÀÄ ªÀµÀð ªÉÄîàlÖAvÀºÀ PÀÄj ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÉÄÃPÉUÀ¼À°è F ®¹PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÁQ¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

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ªÀÄj ºÁPÀĪÀ 3 ªÁgÀUÀ¼À ªÉÆzÀ®Ä UÀ¨sÀð¸ÀÜ PÀÄjUÀ½UÉ F ZÀÄZÀÄѪÀÄzÀÝ£ÀÄß ºÁQ¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. EzÀjAzÀ ªÀÄj ºÁPÀĪÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è DUÀĪÀAvÀºÀ F gÉÆÃUÀzÀ ¸ÉÆÃAPÀ£ÀÄß vÀqÉUÀlÖ§ºÀÄzÀÄ.

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PÀÄjUÀ¼À°è GuÉÚAiÀÄ£ÀÄß vÉUÉAiÀÄĪÀ 2 jAzÀ 3 ªÁgÀUÀ¼À ªÉÆzÀ®Ä F ®¹PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÁQ¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

qÁ|| ²æÃPÀȵÀÚ E¸À¼ÀÆgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ qÁ|| ±ÁgÀzÀ, Dgï.

¸ÀÆPÁë÷ätÄfë ±Á¸ÀÛç «¨sÁUÀ, ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ ªÀĺÁ«zÁå®AiÀÄ, ºÉ¨Áâ¼À, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ – 560024. ( kisloor@rediffmail.com)

UÀ¼À¯É gÉÆÃUÀªÀ£ÀÄß UÀAl®Ä ¨ÉãÉ, UÀ¼ÀUÀAqÀ

SÁ¬Ä¯É, gÀPÀÛ£ÀAdÄ CxÀªÀ ¸ÁUÁtÂPÉ dégÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CAUÀè ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ°è

ºÉªÉÆgÉÃfPï¸É¦÷ֹëÄAiÀÄ (HS) CxÀªÀ £ÀÆåªÉÆäAiÀÄ JAzÀÄ ºÉüÀ¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. F gÉÆÃUÀªÀÅ ¥Áå±ÀÄÑgɯÁè ªÀįÉÆÖùqï JA§ ¸ÀÆPÁë÷ätÄfë ¨ÁåQÖÃjAiÀÄ gÉÆÃUÁtÄ«¤AzÀ GAmÁV ¸ÁzsÁgÀtªÁV J¯Áè ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À®Æè PÀAqÀħgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV zÀ£ÀPÀgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ, ºÉZÁÑV JªÉÄäUÀ¼À°è, PÀÄj, ªÉÄÃPÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ºÀA¢UÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀħgÀĪÀ F SÁ¬Ä¯É ºÉZÁÑV 6 wAUÀ½AzÀ 2 ªÀµÀðzÉƼÀV£À gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À°è PÁt¹PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ. F gÉÆÃUÁtÄ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV DgÉÆÃUÀåªÀAvÀ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À UÀAl®Ä, ±Áé¸À£Á¼ÀzÀ°è PÉ®ªÀÅ ¨Áj PÀgÀ½£À°è EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÁvÁªÀgÀtzÀ ¥ÀæwPÀÆ® ¥Àj¹ÜwUÀ¼À°è F gÉÆÃUÁtĪÀÅ ªÀÈ¢ÝUÉÆAqÀÄ gÀPÀÛ £ÀAfUÉ PÁgÀtªÁV Cw wÃPÀë÷ÚªÁzÀ gÀPÀÛ £ÀAd£ÀÄß GAlÄ ªÀiÁr gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀÄgÀtPÉÌ PÁgÀtªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

1. AiÀiÁªÀ AiÀiÁªÀ §UÉAiÀÄ ¥ÀæwPÀÆ®/MvÀÛqÀzÀ ªÁvÀªÀgÀtzÀ°è UÀ¼À¯É gÉÆÃUÀ GAmÁUÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ: •

¸ÀjAiÀiÁzÀ ¥Ë¶×PÀ DºÁgÀ zÉÆgÉAiÀÄzÉà EzÀÝ°è

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PÉÆnÖUÉAiÀÄ°è ¸ÀjAiÀiÁV UÁ½ ¨É¼ÀPÀÄ E®è¢zÀÝ°è,

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PÉÆnÖUÉAiÀÄ°è ¸ÀéZÀÑvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÁ¥ÀqÀ¢zÀÝ°è

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gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À°è DUÀ¯Éà gÀPÀÛ »Ã£ÀvÉ CxÀªÁ EvÀgÉ ¸ÉÆÃAPÀÄ EzÀÝ°è.

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¸ÀjAiÀiÁzÀ DºÁgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤Ãj®èzÉ zÀÆgÀ¥ÀæAiÀiÁt ªÀiÁrzÀ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À°è

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§gÀ, ºÉaÑ£ÀvÉêÁA±À«gÀĪÀUÁ½, DAiÀiÁ¸À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÉÄë£À C¨sÁªÀ EzÀÝ°è.

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Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

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Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

*

Dr. Madhukar* and Prof. H. A. Upendra# Assistant Professor, The Director, Institute of Wildlife Veterinary Research, KVAFSU, Doddaluvara, Kodagu – 571232.

(E-mail: madhukar262@gmail.com ) #

Delivery of the chemical immobilization agent in wild animals requires special equipments.

Choosing the right equipment depends on species, animal, distance from operator, skills of the operator, and efficacy of the equipment.

Oral Delivery Oral administration of immobilization agents is not a suitable method for wild animals. Apart from being a very difficult method, the animals may spit the drug even after masking and the drug may not be absorbed properly from the gastrointestinal tract. However, sometimes oral medication may be required.

An interesting method used for primates is squirting the drug in their mouth when they are screaming. Oral medication can only be delivered successfully by regular feeding of the masking agent to adapt the animal to its taste. Using food as a masking agent is the best option, especially for primates and carnivores. Due to advent of new and improved methods, oral delivery is rarely preferred for immobilization. However, premedication is routinely done through this route.

Hand-held Syringe • Use of hand-held syringes is one of the very old methods to deliver immobilization drugs in captured or captive wild animals.

• This can be a quick method to administer a drug that can be effective through intramuscular route.

• Aspiration to check veni puncture may not be possible.

• A plastic syringe can be used as it will not break easily due to movements • The largest syringe that can accurately measure the required quantity of drug and largest needle suitable for the animal are preferred to achieve rapid delivery.

• The needle should be tightened to prevent dislodge during rapid injection on animal movement.

• This method is suitable for vaccination of small and large herbivores.

• Kicks can be avoided by standing on one side but pricking on other side, as animals kick on the side the needle is pricked.

Figure 1: Proper (A) and • The needle should be quickly pricked on identified musculature with siimproper (B) methods of multaneous rapid injection of the drug as animals jump on injection. holding a syringe.

• Proper holding of syringe prevents injury to the rapidly moving animal or bending of needle.

Stick Syringe (Jab stick, Pole syringe) • A stick syringe, home-made or commercial acts as a long hand that can be used to inject nearby animals. Stick syringes inject the drug immediately on insertion of the needle with a quick jab.

The pressure has to be maintained till the drug is delivered.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

The animal should not jump during this procedure.

• Sharp and largest needle suitable for the animal are used for this procedure.

• The animal may immediately bite the syringe, even sometimes attempting to swallow it.

• Bovines and equines may kick the syringe.

Figure 2: Variations in jab sticks (Left • Jabbing can be done with high success by cornering the panel). Injecting a bear with jab stick animal so that a wall or cage is present on the other side.

(Right panel).

Blowgun • Blowguns were basically developed for hunting.

• Blowguns are one of the most commonly used instruments for wild animal immobilization.

• Blowguns project darts with minimal noise.

• Blowguns inflict minimal trauma upon impact.

• Blowguns can be easily adapted for animal size and require very less maintenance as no mechanical parts are involved.

• Long length, short range (10-13 meters) and need for skill Figure 3: Polyvinyl chloride plastic, are the major limitations of blowguns.

Plexiglas, aluminum electrical conduit Darts or Projectile Syringe tubing, and bamboo tubing used for • With increasing need felt for long distance delivery of immobilization, especially in free ranging animals, gun based syringe or darts were developed by Jack Crock ford.

• Palmer Cap-Chur equipment was one of the best initially used equipment for this purpose.

• Any dart delivery system has 3 categories – short, long and extra-long range. However, present day dart guns can work Figure 4: Typical projectors: Long range, at all these ranges using some settings. carbon dioxide-powered, top; extra long • Compared to traditional methods and other newly range, powder cap-charged, middle; and developed techniques, projectile syringes have numerous advantages. For details on all the aspects of projectile darts, you may refer to 3 articles published in previous issues of Pashubandha.

Availability of Delivery Systems in India Tranquilizer delivery systems are currently not manufactured in India. These must be imported.

This is a serious shortcoming, as post-purchase repairs and services are very difficult to obtain. Daninject® provides the best quality guns and systems which are popular all over the world. They have a dedicated sales channel in India through which these machines can be procured. For further details contact: Hitech Advance Products, P-27, Sukhlia INDORE – 452010, India, Tel: 0731-2550499, Mobile: 9302550499, Fax no: 0731-4001336, E-mail: hitechadvance@gmail.com The authors have used images and illustrations for educational purpose only and neither claims their ownership nor endorses these brands.

•

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

M.A.Kshama and A.Muralidhara Dept of TVCC, Veterinary College, Bangalore, KVAFSU (kshamabopanna@rediffmail.com) The pug is a breed of dog with a wrinkly, short-muzzled face and curled tail. They are Happy-go-lucky and full of energy. The Pug is a vivacious, fun-loving breed, with loads of personality packed into a small package. Pugs are often called “shadows,” as they love to glue themselves to their owners’ sides and stay close to the action. They are also called the” clowns of the canine world”.

Pugs originated in China, dating back to the Han dynasty (B.C. 206 to A.D. 200). They were brought from China to Europe in the sixteenth century and were popularized in Western Europe by the House of Orange of the Netherlands, and the House of Stuart. As the story goes, Pugs became the official dog of the House of Orange in 1572 after a pug named Pompey saved the life of the Prince of Orange by alerting him to the approach of assassins. Pugs as breeding animals may have contributed to the English Bulldog, the modern Pekingese and the King Charles Spaniel. A pug is said to have travelled with William III and Mary II when they left the Netherlands to accept the throne of England in 1688. During this period, the pug is believed to have been bred with the old type King Charles spaniel, giving the modern King Charles Spaniel its pug characteristics. Pugs were painted by Goya in Spain, and in Italy they rode up front on private carriages, dressed in jackets and pantaloons that matched those of the coachman. They were used by the military to track animals and people, and were also employed as guard dogs. The English painter William Hogarth was the devoted owner of a series of pugs and his 1745 self-portrait, which is now in London's Tate Gallery, includes his pug, Trump. In nineteenth century England, the breed flourished under the patronage of Queen Victoria. Her many pugs, which she bred herself, included Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fatima and Venus. The British aristocrat Lady Brassey is credited with making black pugs fashionable after she brought some back from China in 1886.

Description Pugs reach a height of 10 inches to 1 foot and weigh about 14 to 18 pounds. Their average lifespan is 12-15 years. The Pug has a comical face, with deep wrinkles around big, dark eyes and a flat round face. It is believed that the Pug's name comes from the Latin word for "fist" because the face resembles a human fist. Pugs are square and thickset, usually weighing no more than 20 pounds. Their heads are large and round, with large, round eyes. They have deep and distinct wrinkles on their faces. Legend has it that the Chinese, who mastered the breeding of this dog, prized these wrinkles because they resembled good luck symbols in their language. The moles on a Pug's cheeks are called "beauty spots."The muzzle or mask is black, with a clearly defined "thumb mark" on the forehead and a black trace down the center of the back. The ears are smooth, black and velvety. It has a characteristic undershot jaw (the lower teeth extend slightly beyond the upper teeth) and a tightly curled tail. Pugs have two distinct shapes for their ears, "rose" and "button". "Rose" ears are smaller than

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

than the standard style of "button" ears, and are folded with the front edge against the side of the head.

Breeding preference goes to "button" style ears. Pugs' legs are very strong, straight, of moderate length, and are set well under. Their shoulders are moderately laid back. Their ankles are strong, their feet are small, their toes are well split-up, and their nails are black. The lower teeth normally protrude further than their upper, resulting in an under-bite. Their smooth and glossy coats can be fawn, apricot fawn, silver fawn, or black. The markings are clearly defined and there is a trace of a black line extending from the occiput to the tail. The tail normally curls tightly over the hip.

Temperament This breed is often described as "much in little" (multum in parvo,), alluding to the pug's remarkable personality, despite its small size. Pugs are strong willed but rarely aggressive, and are suitable for families with children. Though playful and rambunctious, the Pug is a low-maintenance companion, making it ideal for older owners. Because they are a small, quiet breed and are relatively inactive when indoors, they are a good choice for apartment dwellers as well. The majority of the breed is very fond of children and sturdy enough to properly play with them. Depending on their owner's mood, they can be quiet and docile but also vivacious and teasing. Don't expect a Pug to hunt, guard or retrieve. Pugs were bred to be companions, and that's exactly what they do best. The Pug craves affection and your lap and is very unhappy if his devotion isn't reciprocated. He tends to be a sedentary dog, content to sit in your lap as you read a book or watch a movie. This doesn't mean the Pug is a stick-in-the-mud. On the contrary, he is a playful, comical dog that enjoys living it up, and delights his owner with silly antics. Temperament is affected by a number of factors, including heredity, training, and socialization. Puppies with nice temperaments are curious and playful, willing to approach people and be held by them. Choose the middle-of-the-road puppy, not the one who's beating up his littermates or the one who's hiding in the corner. Like every dog, the Pug needs early socialization exposure to many different people, sights, sounds, and experiences when they're young.

Socialization helps ensure that your Pug puppy grows up to be a well-rounded dog. Since Pugs are stubborn, independent and smart enough to get bored quickly with repetitive exercises, they are not always easy to train. However they are exceptionally eager to please their owners, and owners who are consistent and patient can usually train their Pugs to exhibit the desired response to his or her prompts. This breed is very fond of food and treats, so using treats as rewards may provide some additional motivation for dogs that are especially strong-willed. Due to their small size and rather lazy nature, Pugs do not require a lot of physical activity to stay healthy and in-shape. A daily walk around the neighbourhood or a romp in the backyard should easily meet these dogs’ exercise requirements; in fact, too much exercise can exacerbate Pugs’ tendency to wheeze.

Issues regarding health Pugs are generally healthy, but like all breeds, they're prone to certain health conditions. Not all Pugs will get any or all of these diseases, but some of these problems can be serious and it's important to be aware of them if you're considering keeping this breed. • Brachycephalic airway syndrome- this is seen in brachycephalic breeds and especially pugs which

blo wguns (upper panel).

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

makes them hyperventilate on slightest exertion or exposure to high temperatures because of certain anatomical defects in the respiratory system and nares.

• Cheyletiella Dermatitis (Walking Dandruff): This is a skin condition that is caused by a small mite.

• Pug Dog Encephalitis: PDE is a fatal inflammatory brain disease that is unique to Pugs. Medical researchers don't know why Pugs develop this condition; there is no way test for it or to treat it. A diagnosis of PDE can only be made by testing the brain tissue of the dog after it dies. PDE usually affects young dogs, causing them to seizure, circle, become blind, then fall into a coma and die. This can happen in a few days or weeks. Since PDE seems to have a genetic component, the Pug Dog Club of America, along with the American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, is sponsoring research projects to try to learn more about this devastating disease.

• Idiopathic Epilepsy: They are prone to a condition called idiopathic epilepsy • Corneal Ulcers: Because his eyes are so large and prominent, the Pug's eyes can be injured easily or develop ulcers on the cornea . Corneal ulcers usually respond well to medication, but if left untreated, can cause blindness or even rupture the eye.

• Dry Eye: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca and pigmentary keratitis are two conditions seen in Pugs. They can occur at the same time, or individually. Both of these eye conditions require life-long therapy and care.

• Eye Problems: Because their large eyes bulge, Pugs are prone to a variety of eye problems, including proptosis, distichiasis , progressive retinal degeneration and entropion.

• Demodectic Mange • Hemi-vertebrae: Short-nosed breeds, such as Pugs, Bulldogs and French Bulldogs, can have misshaped vertebrae. Sometimes, only a few of the vertebrae are affected and the dog is able to live a normal life. Others will stagger and display an uncoordinated, weak gait between 4 and 6 months of age. Some dogs get progressively worse and may even become paralyzed. The cause of the condition is unknown. Surgery can help.

• Hip Dysplasia: Many factors, including genetics, environment and diet, are thought to contribute to this deformity of the hip joint. Affected Pugs are usually able to lead normal, healthy lives with proper veterinary attention.

• Legg-Perthes Disease: This is another disease involving the hip joint. Many toy breeds are prone to this condition.. Usually, the first signs of Legg-Perthes, limping and atrophy of the leg muscle, occur when puppies are 4 to 6 months old. The condition can be corrected with surgery to cut off the diseased femur so that it isn't attached to the pelvis any longer. The scar tissue that results from the surgery reates a false joint and the puppy is usually pain free.

• Patellar Luxation: . This can be crippling, but many dogs lead relatively normal lives with this condition.

• Vaccination Sensitivity: There are reports of Pugs suffering from sensitivity to routine vaccinations.

Usually, symptoms include dyspnoea, facial swelling, soreness and lethargy. A dog that is sensitive to vaccines can develop complications or die, though this is rare.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

Dr.G.S.Naveen kumar, Srikanth Dodamani & Dr. M.A.Sunil kumar.

Dept. of Animal Genetics & Breeding Veterinary College, Hassan.(gsnaveenkumar@yahoo.com) Physical disorders Enzyme-deficiency disorders Achondrogenesis Deafness Oligodendroglial Marfan syndrome dysplasia Epitheliogenesis Adontia Progressive ataxia imperfecta Factor XI Simmental Anasarca Hair lip deficiency encephalomyelopathy Arthrogryposis multiplex Hernias Leukocyte adhesion Progressive myelopathy deficiency Cleft palate Hip dysplasia Citrullinemia Murray Grey cattle Complex vertebral Hypotrichosis Uridine Mucopolysaccharidosis malformation monophosphate (type IIIb) Congenital chondrodystrophy Marfan's synthase deficiency Syndrome Complex vertebral Chediak-Higashi syndrome Congenital muscular dystonia Megaoesophagus - systemic tyrosinase malformation deficiency Congenital myoclonus Neuropathic Gangliosidosis Lipomatous myopathy (Neuraxial edema) hydrocephalus - neuronal betaOsteogenesis Contracted flexor tendons galactosidase imperfecta Contractural arachnodactyly Polymelia Mannosidosis & Maple syrup urine disease (Fawn calf syndrome) ι-mannosidosis & β-Mannosidosis Double muscling Umbilical hernia Hyperlipidemia Congenital myoclonus lipoprotein lipase (Neuraxial edema) Multicystic renal Dwarfism deficiency dysplasia Neuronal ceroid Niemann-Pick disease Osteopetrosis Polydactyly lipofuscinosis neuronal accumulation of Chediak-Higashi syndrome Syndactyly neuronal lipid cholesterol accumulation Cleft palate Testicular Protein storage hypoplasia diseases - Uridine monophosphate Cryptorchidism (retained Tibial hemimelia testicle) Skin disorders Albinism / ChediakAlopecia areata Higashi syndrome Epitheliogenesis imperHypotrichosis fecta Polydactyla Protoporphyria Ectodermal dysplasia Ichthyosis

Pashubandha 2014

Neurological disorders Arthrogryposis Neuropathic multiplex hydrocephalus Progressive Spinal muscular degenerative atrophy myeloencephalopathy 'weaver syndrome' Simmental Progressive myelopathy encephalomyelopathy

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

Hormonal disorders Dwarfism

Hypothyroidism

Visual disorders Dermoids Coloboma

Heterochromia iridis Microlentia

Cataracts Microphthalmos Acorea

Retinal dysplasia Anterior segment dysgenesis Microcornea

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Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

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Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

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Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

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Dr. R JAYASHREE Asst. Professor (AGB), Veterinary College, Hebbal. (jayavet@gmail.com) Goat species is one of the modest species amongst the livestock that can survive on natural fodder resources and also has the ability to utilize the feeds normally not preferred by cattle and sheep. The upper lip of the goats is highly mobile because of which they can browse on varieties of plants to meet the requirements for maintenance and productivity. They have the ability to consume a diet diet composed of tree leaves and shrubs (browse) which ensure a reliable and steady supply of food all year round, albeit

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

from a low to medium quality food. The physiological features like the large salivary gland, large absorptive area of their rumen epithelium, and the capacity to change the volume of the foregut rapidly in response to environmental changes are most likely responsible for goat’s superior digestion capacity.

In India goats are reared mainly by the small and marginal farmers, including landless agricultural labourers who depend on naturally available fodders. Varieties of tree leaves are usually fed to goats, the more common ones being, Soobabul (Leucaena leucocephala), Gliricidia (Gliricidia maculata), Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus), Pigeon pea (Cajanus, cajan), Indian coral tree (Erythrina Indica), Agasse (Sesbania grandiflora), Babool (Acacia sp.), Banyan (Ficus bengalensis), Sarasa (Albizia sp.) Aavarike (Cassia auriculata), Rose wood (Dalbergia latifolia), Mahua (Madhuca indica), Pilu (Salvadora oleoides), Kamara (Hardwickia binata), Burmese teak (Tectona grandis), Matti (Terminalia tomentosa), Jujube (Zizyphus. sp.) etc.

Leguminous tree fodders serve as a buffer to overcome feed gaps that arise due to adversities of climatic conditions. They are of perennial in nature which requires less maintenance at the same time provide high quality forage. They also supply help in fixation of the atmospheric nitrogen thereby enhancing the soil fertility. Apart from these they help in prevention of soil erosion in sloping lands and serve as a source of timber and firewood. With all these the tree legumes are regarded truly as multipurpose trees.

At present, most of the trees and shrubs used in farming systems comprise those that grow naturally in the forest and in uncropped marginal lands. There are evidences to show that improved animal production can be obtained by incorporating shrub and tree fodders as protein supplements. Goat rearers and consultants should be aware of propagating tree.

Pre-germination treatment methods to be adopted for leguminous trees Scarification The hard or waxy coats on the seed of many tree legumes inhibit the absorption of water and prevent uniform germination. The seed coat must be broken or scarified before germination. Without scarification, the germination percentage may be <10%. Some of the methods adopted are as follows: • Pour boiling water over seeds, at the rate of about 1 litre water per 250 g of seeds or about five times as much water as seed, stir gently, pour off after 2 min (or as specified), replace with tap water and soak overnight.

• Cover seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid, stir gently for 10-15 minutes, pour off acid and rinse well in water.

• Scratch or nick the round end of each seed with a file, knife or nail clipper. Do not cut the cotyledon.

• Soak in cold/moderately warm water for 24 hr.

Methods of incorporation of fodder shrubs and trees: 1. Planting a living fence around the household 1 Fodder shrubs such as Leucaena leucocephala, Pithecellobium dulca, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania grandiflora and Artocarpus heterophylus can be grown as living fences which provide not only human food and fuelwood but also animal feed.

Pashubandha 2014

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

2. Vegetation on un cropped lands In many of even the most intensively cropped areas of the region there are pockets of land which cannot be used for cropping. These may be in the form of farm boundaries, paddy bunds or forest margins which could be used to grow some shrubs and trees. These areas could be planted with fodder shrubs and trees to augment protein needs of livestock and integrated with plantation agriculture.

3. Hedgerows in alley cropping Shrubs and fodder trees are grown as hedgerows in cropped land. These serve as windbreaks or heat breaks and provide green manure fertilizer for the crops. During the productive period, the cut material from the hedgerow species often provides fodder in excess of the amount needed from green manure for animals.

4. Component species in inter-cropping In this system, shrubs or fodder trees are grown in alternate rows or rows adjacent to food crops. Trees are pruned once or twice for fodder or to reduce competition and shading during the growing period of the crops. Species used in this system are limited to fast growing ones and those tolerant to frequent cuttings.

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Prasoon, S.,*Pathak, S. S.,* Malathi, V.,** and Venkata reddy, K.*** *Ph.D. Scholars **Assistant Professor, ***Professor and Head Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary College, Bangalore. (prasoon04vet@gmail.com) INTRODUCTION Vaccination is one of the major aspects of bio-security for prevention of diseases. Various poultry diseases caused by virus, bacteria and protozoa can be controlled through regular vaccination. Viral infections cannot be treated, but can be prevented by sanitation, bio-security measures and vaccination.

Vaccines are intended to stimulate the immune mechanism of an bird to produce antibodies, which will inactivate pathogens and also produce minimal harm. Vaccine is a protective measure against outbreak of contagious and infectious diseases and for maintaining productive health of poultry.

Vaccine contains specific biological substances called antigens (Ag) and it is recognized as a foreign body and responds by producing specific antibodies (Ab). An ideal virus vaccine is made from a nonpathogenic, highly immunogenic virus having little reaction and much protection in the individual.

Live and killed or attenuated vaccines are available in market.

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Volume No : 3 Issue : 04 01

POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED 1. High level of passive immunity: Primary protection comes from immunity passed on by hen to the chicks called maternal immunity and is passive. Maternal antibodies may neutralize vaccine in young chicken, if given at too early stage. When the maternal antibodies disappear, the chick is left unprotected and at this time chicks should be vaccinated. Thus it is better to administer the vaccine when the passive immunity is low after about 5 to 7 days.

2. Stress: Anything which affects psychological stability of bird is a “stressor” and reaction of an individual to the stressor is called “stress”. Stress leads to severe immune-suppression which may result in failure of vaccination. So, vaccination should be done under stress free condition.

3. Inactivation of live vaccine & Spilling of vaccine: Improper handling during transportation, storage and at the time of administration may lead to failure of vaccines. Vaccine contamination must be prevented as it can cause serious complications. Live vaccines should always be stored and transported at 2-8oC and never exposed to sunrays.

4. Health Status of birds: Immune system of a sick bird is weak and cannot satisfactorily withstand a vaccine. Vaccination of sick birds can precipitate the incidence of disease and induces stress which may further lead to occurrence of other diseases. Sick birds should therefore be allowed to recover before vaccination. Immunosuppressive disease cause immune-suppression in birds and the birds will not respond properly to the vaccine resulting in vaccine failure 5. Temperature & Ventilation: Ambient temperature above 30oC affects the immune system of the birds adversely, so vaccination of birds should be done during cooler parts of the day. Ammonia is produced as a result of breakdown of uric acid (an end product of protein metabolism). Improper ventilation leads to higher concentration of ammonia (NH3) in poultry house, due to which there is immune-suppression and failure of vaccination. Proper ventilation reduces ammonia level in the poultry house.

6. Age, dose and route of vaccine: Route and dose prescribed by the manufacturer must be followed strictly. Under dosing will not protect the birds adequately. The age of the bird at vaccination, proper timing of revaccination affects the level, quality and duration of immunity. Vaccines may be administered as follows: a) Parenterally: Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal, intraocular are the common parenteral routes of vaccination. b) Orally: The vaccine is given orally through drinking water. Following precautions should be taken for proper oral vaccination in birds: • Water supply to the birds should be stopped for one hour before vaccination in hot weather and two hours in cool weather.

• Plain water without any water sanitizer should be used for mixing the vaccine.

• Skimmed milk powder should be mixed in water before adding the vaccine @ 3g/Lit of water.

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Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

This prevents the microbicidal activity of the residual sanitizer and it stabilizes the antigens. The vaccine should be mixed one third the quantity of water consumed by bird in a day, so that it will be consumed with in one hour. â&#x20AC;˘ Instructions from the manufacturer should be followed.

Care during vaccination programme: 1. Vaccine should be procured from a reliable, well recognized source after checking the expiry of the vaccine, as they have limited lifespan.

2. Vaccines should be stored at a temperature of 2 - 8 oC. The cold chain is to be maintained during transportation till vaccination. A flask with ice cubes is also suitable for the purpose.

3. Vaccination should be carried out during the cooler parts of the day which will reduce stress in birds.

Ambient temperature above 30oC may affect vaccine potency. Reconstitution of vaccines should not be done under the sun, as direct sun rays will affect the potency and inactivates the vaccines. Vaccines should be reconstituted and kept in ice pack during vaccination and should be used within one hour.

4. Each vaccine is designed for a specific route of administration, so one should use only the recommended route.

5. Sick birds should not be vaccinated (except in outbreak of laryngeotracheitis or fowl pox).

Vaccination schedule for broilers Disease

Name of vaccine

Age of the bird

Dosage

Route of administration

ND

F/LASOTA

5-7 days

1 drop

Ocular

IBD

Live Georgia strain LASOTA

14days

1 drop

Ocular

Intermediate strain

28 days

ND IBD

Pashubandha 2014

21 days

Through drinking water using skimmed milk powder.

Through drinking water using skimmed milk powder.

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

Sudha G and Yugandhar Manvi Dept. of Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore-560024. (dineshtumkur@gmail.com) Fertility in rabbits is influenced by temperature, light and feeding. Does born in summer reach puberty later than those born in other seasons. Does are mated when the reach 80-85% of the mature weight for their breed. Major factor influencing fertility is receptivity. Receptivity is willingness to allow mating, which is estimated by the color of the vagina at mating time.

Three different management systems exist in rabbit reproduction. â&#x20AC;˘

The extensive system: Does are mated when the kits are weaned (5-6weeks after parturition). There is usually 2-2.5moths between litters.

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The semi-intensive system: In this system the does are mated 10-12 days after kindling. Weaning of young takes place at 4-5 weeks of age. It is the most widely used system in commercial rabbit production.

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The intensive system: in which the does are mated just after kindling (2days). Weaning takes place at 4weeks at the latest. In this system, the interval between litters is around 5weeks, the conception rate and the litter size is usually somewhat lower than in the semi-intensive system, but the number of litters per doe per year is higher.

A combination of last two systems is also used, does with small litters (<5 kits) are mated 2 days after parturition, while does with normal litters are mated 10-12 days post-partum.

In intensive system in European rabbit farm one doe can produce 50-60 weaned young annually.

At the same technological level 45-55 rabbits can be produced in a semi- intensive reproductive system.

Using the extensive rate the best breeders obtain 30-35 weaned young doe per year.

The reproductive life time of the doe is generally less than 1 year with an average of 8 kindling.

The reproduction lifetime of the wild male can be 5-6 years. Under farming conditions however, males are usually replaced after 1 year, most of the time due to libido problems.

Natural mating Young females are usually mated for the first time at 16-17 weeks of age, but puberty is generally reached earlier (12weeks) (Rommers et al., 2001). Consequently it is important to take males away from the lot before 10th week .natural mating is widely used in rabbit farming , generally with high fertility rates.

The scheme of the management system using natural mating s based on one or two fixed days of mating per week. Breeders select the lactating does for mating 10 days after parturition. This method of management is a semi-intensive reproduction system at 42 days (31 days of pregnancy plus 10 days before a new mating). It means that, in favourable condition, a doe is mated every 6 weeks on the same day of the week.

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Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01

Induction of receptivity Receptivity is a major problem in the doe. This can be improved using pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG, Folligon ) and synthetic gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH, receptal, 0.2 ml). The aim of this protocol is to increase follicular maturation by injection of receptal 35 iu PMSG, 48 hours before the expected day of natural mating or AI. GnRH is administered at the time of AI. This results achieved with this protocol are particularly good in females mated for the second time (primiparous) and in lactating does . Receptivity can also be improved by transient doe-litter separation which results in a reduction in prolactin concentrations and an increased response to GnRH administration.

Source: Compendium of Animal Reproduction

monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal Bengaluru Editor:

Associate Editior:

Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru

Head, Dept of Vety & Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Dr.S.Yathiraj (Ex-Officio)

Dr.K.Satyanarayana (Ex-Officio)

Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: www.pashubandhavch.blogspot.in

â&#x20AC;˘

Pashubandha 2014

PELVIC

Volume No : 3 Issue : 06 01