June 2015

Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin

Newsletter Date : 30 JUNE 2015

Volume No: 4 Issue : 6

Dr A. S. Patil, Dr Ramesh Rathod, Dr B. N. Nagaraj and Dr L. Ranganath Veterinary Hospital, University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad-580 005 (Email: patilas@uasd.in) The umbilical cord is a connection between the fetus and mother, which provides necessary nutrient for the development of the fetus during intrauterine life. The umbilical cord consists of the amniotic membrane, the umbilical veins, the umbilical arteries and the urachus. The amniotic membrane of the umbilical cord is torn at birth and gradually the umbilical vein and the urachus closes but they remain temporarily outside the umbilicus. The umbilical arteries retract as far back as the top of the bladder and become round ligament of the urinary bladder. Normally umbilical cord dries up within one week after the birth.

Infection of the umbilicus and its associated structures occurs soon after birth and may result in omphalitis, omphalophlebitis, infection of Fig. 1: a calf suffering from the urachus, with possible extension to the bladder, causing cystitis. joint and naval ill.

The majority of infections progress to sites beyond the umbilicus.

There is usually a mixed bacterial flora including E. coli, Proteus spp., Staphylococcus spp., A. pyogenes, Bacteroides spp, F. necrophorum and Klebsiella Spp. Bacteremia and localization with infection may occur in joints (Fig. 1), bone, meninges, eyes, endocardium and end-arteries of the feet, ears and tail. The Navel infection, act as source of infection leading to septicemia in neonates due to failure of transfer of maternal immunity to the fetus. In omphalophlebitis and omphaloarteritis, the clinical findings are enlarged umbilicus with purulent material, chronic toxemia, unthriftiness.

Omphalitis is an inflammation of the umbilicus and it occurs 2-5 days after the birth. In omphalitis, umbilicus is enlarged, painful on palpation and may be closed umbilical abscess or draining purulent material through a fistula (Fig. 2). Treatment consists of surgical exploration and a temporary drainage or excision.

Omphalophlebitis is inflammation of the umbilical veins. It may involve only the distal parts or extend from the umbilicus to the liver Largeabscesses may develop along the course of the umbilical vein

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and spread to the liver . Antibiotic administration usually resolves the drainage temporarily. The surgery involves removing en block the infected vein. In some cases, liver adhesion around the vein might need to be dissected to gain access to an area where the vein tapers. The provision of a drain to the exterior and daily irrigation may be attempted if resection is not feasible.

Omphaloarteritis is a condition in which the abscesses occur along the course of the umbilical arteries from the umbilicus to the internal iliac arteries. When the artery is partially involved Fig. 2: Enlarged And Painfull Naval In A Calf Exuding Foul Smelling it is recommended to remove it en block.

White Creamy Pus. The Urachitis is an infection of the urachus along its course i.e., from the umbilicus to the urinary bladder. The treatment of choice is exploratory laparotomy and surgical removal of the abscesses.

The Patent urachus is a common condition in calves which is frequently associated with omphalitis and urechitis. A membranous urethral diaphragm prevent closure of the urachus in a female calf. The patent urachus is complicated by an ascending infection of the intra - abdominal umbilical remnants. The calf is Fig. 3 : Persistant urachus In Jersy likely to have a patent urachus draining urine (Fig.3). Some calves cross breed female calf with urine may present because of pollakiuria and this is often diagnosed dribbling from umbilicus. after 6 months of age. The frequent urination of small volumes is related to the urachal remnant not allowing the bladder to fully decompress and therefore the animal has the frequent urge to urinate. Another urachal condition involves uroperitoneum in older cattle (frequently yearlings) that is due to a perforation in a persistent urachus. Treatment of patent urachus usually consists of topical intra-urachal application of cauterizing agents (AgNO3 / Carbolic acid) or surgical removal of the urachus and umbilical vessels along with transsection of the membranous diaphragm.

Umbillical granuloma is a small nonpurulant mass of granulation tissue protrudes from the navel (Fig. 4). It is only slightly painfull but the calf is usually non pyrexic. The condition will not resolve unless the mass is surgically removed following ligation at the base. Umbillical Eventration is prolapse of abdominal viscera through the umbilical defect opening by birth with its serous sac (Fig. 5). Usually the intestines will be severely congested in advanced cases there may be ischemic necrosis. The condition can be surgically corrected successfully and it should be done immediately to avoid contamination and injury to organs.

Fig. 4 : Umbilical Granuloma in a calf Umbilical hernia is the most common form of hernia occurring in In calves, where portions of the abdominal contents protrude out through the natural opening

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in the ventral abdomen left by the umbilicus (umbilical ring) which fails to close properly after birth (Fig. 6). Some factors that can increase the likelihood of this happening are cutting the umbilicus off close to the body wall, and excessive traction being applied to an oversized fetus during delivery. The most frequent structure involved is the omentum followed by the abomasum and the jejunum. Treatment involves herniorrhaphy.

UMBILICAL SURGERY IN CALVES The most frequent condition is the umbilical hernia. Key points to remember are Every calf should undergo a complete physical examination prior to surgery for an umbilical pathology which includes a deep palpation of the umbilical Fig. 5 : Umbillical Eventration In A Kid structures followed by Ultrasound evaluation which will help determine the structures involved (e.g., urachus or arteries) and the severity of the pathology (does the umbilical vein go into the liver, hernia contents).

Pre-Operative Treatments: Keeping the calf off-feed prior to surgery is very important (hay is restricted for 36 hours, grain for 24 hours and water for 12 hours). Preoperative antibiotic and preemptive analgesia are mandatory.

Anesthesia and restraint : •

Premidication: xylazine (0.01mg/kg Im) or Diazepam (0.2mg/kg IV).

•

Dorsal recumbence on sand or thick bedding.

•

Local anesthesia: ring block around the umbilicus

Fig.6 : Umbillical Hernia In H.F.Deoni cross breed calf; Defect was from umbilicus to pubis.

Principles Of Hernia Repair •

First, if there is a draining tract, don’t forget to suture it. Second, if you are doing an umbilical surgery on a male, clean the prepuce and do a purse string.

•

A fusiform incision is created around the navel through the skin and subcutaneous tissue in females.

The umbilical incision in the male calf is complicated by the preputial orifice being near the umbilicus.

A pseudo median / half-moon (semi-lunar) skin incision is the suggested incision for male umbilical surgery. The skin incision is centered over the umbilicus with the concave side directed towards prepuce. The semilunar skin incision may be extended caudally on one side as a paramedian incision allowing reflection of the sheath to the contra-lateral side to facilitate a longer body wall incision.

•

The external and internal sheet of the rectus abdominal muscle are incised (small nick) The peritoneum is exposed and punctured bluntly.

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The abdomen is digitally explored and the incision through the abdominal wall is continued around the hernia ring. Adhesions with the omentum (if present) are broken down. Any hole created in the omentum is sutured with an appositional continuous pattern. The liver and bladder are palpated to avoid leaving infected tissue in the abdomen.

•

If there is adhesions between the infected urachus and the apex of the bladder (persistant urachus), partial cystectomy is performed. The incison on the bladder is closed with 2 inverting layers. The first one includes the submucosa and the second one includes the muscular layer and the serosa. Absorbable suture materials of USP 2.0 are used. It is important that the suture material is not exposed to urine to avoid early absorption or urinary calculi formation.

•

The incision is then sutured in 3 layers: linea alba, subcutaneous tissue and skin. A tension bearing layer (vest over pants, horizontal mattress with simple interrupted inbetween, inverted cruciate, a near-far-far-near pattern) is used to close the linea alba. Absorbable suture materials (polydioxanone, polyglactin-910) or nonabsorbable suture materials (polypropelene) are recommended on the body wall. A simple continuous pattern is used on the subcutaneous tissue using chromic catgut. It is important to avoid including the dermis into the subcutaneous layer to avoid contaminating the incision with bacterial flora present in the skin. A horizontal pattern is used on the skin with Non-absorbable suture material is recommended.

Yathish H M, Lavanya K V, Mohan H V and Kumara Wodeyar D S Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bidar.

(Email id:-yathish.vety@gmail.com) Parasites are one of the most successful life form on earth. Every vertebrate and many invertebrates act as host to many parasites and individual animals can harbour innumerable parasites. Farm livestock are no exception and they may be plagued by the parasites. They form a relationship with host that is characterized by exploitation and dependence. They take advantage of their unconsenting hosts' hospitality and often leaving them sick and malnourished but usually not dead. Some time in extreme infection they cause death of hosts. These parasites are species specific and only infect one or a narrow range of hosts and relatively few are zoonotic. Parasitic infections can be acquired in a many ways, but animals pick up parasites commonly by ingestion while grazing (many species of helminthes) or by direct contact (lice and mange mites). Livestock parasites are transferred to man directly or indirectly (cryptosporidia, liver fluke and sarcoptic mange mites).

Parasites are not all bad, though. Parasites are important to the natural order of things as any other living creatures and some researchers have stated that removing parasites from modern life can have serious consequences. In fact, some of the parasites can actually be quite beneficial to humans and other living creatures. One example is that leeches were thought long ago to cure a wide range of ailments, from headaches to flatulence This might seems to be absurd, but still leeches helps to reattach severed fingers and to treat circulation disorders. Hence, humans had interest since long to exploit them to heal many

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many disorders and also to use them in farming and other applications.

In spite of their beneficial role, parasites get a bad rap. These ubiquitous parasites in specific environments/ areas otherwise well suited may render livestock husbandry as less productive. Parasitic infections directly affect animal health, as infections lead to disease and also affect animal welfare. The symptoms of parasitic disease included blood loss, anaemia, diarrhea, reduced appetite, debilitation, open sores in skin etc. Also parasites such as flies annoy animals, causing them to reduce grazing behaviors.

These parasitic infections/ diseases can vary in duration and in severity, from being unnoticed to morbidity and in severe cases to mortality. Parasitic infections have direct economic impact on livestock productivity. Infected animals have reduced growth rates, decreased reproductive rates, reduced fleece weight, less fiber diameter, short staple strength, damaged hides and fleeces, rejection of carcass parts at slaughter, suboptimal / no milk production and the indirect impact come from the costs of parasite control that contribute to the loss of production. Also, parasites of livestock can also be zoonoses, meaning humans can become infected as well (e.g. hydatid tapeworm found in sheep and dogs). Additionally, ticks can act as vectors of infections that can affect animals and man (Lyme disease) Therefore, the control of parasitism demands production vaccines. Development of vaccines against parasitism is elusive because even a single celled parasite is biologically and genetically more complex than most bacteria and virus. However, with technological advances vaccines against some parasites have been developed recently. In the absence of suitable vaccines for all the parasitic infections, parasiticides can be used to limit the impact of parasitism in domestic livestock and to complement good husbandry practices. Many modern parasiticides are effective in controlling diseases and enhancing productivity. Rampant use of these parasiticides eventually leads to the development of resistance in parasites which is threatening in near future.

Hence, parasiticides should be used cautiously, taking into considering parasitic factors like epidemiology and pathophysiology as well as farm practices like handling and grazing management.

Overall, it is important that parasiticides are used responsibly so that optimum benefits are achieved and the resistance is minimized. Therefore, important considerations in management of parasites in livestock are identification and control. For this, detection of parasites is crucial to prevent and control parasitic infections in domestic animals with emphasis on their economic and public health importance. Also, detection of parasitic infection is important in designing appropriate control measures. The identification of parasites and diagnosis of parasitic infections has changed with the advancement of technical skills and knowledge. Many techniques are now available for field veterinarians and research personnel.

Many kinds of lab tests are available to diagnose parasitic diseases. For many years, as for other parasite infections, many are confirmed by the use of microscopy in conjunction to other methods of diagnosis including serology-based assays and more recently molecular-based assays. Details of the different assays are discussed below.

Microscopy: Microscopy has been an important tool available for the detection of parasites through inspection of blood smears, tissue specimens, faeces, lymph node aspirates, bone marrow and even cerebrospinal fluid.

In reality, all major intestinal helminth infections are still solely dependent on microscopy for diagnosis.

However, sample preparation for direct observation is time-consuming, labour intensive, and proper diagnosis depends on qualified laboratory technicians.

A fusiform incision is created

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Faecal examination: Faeces are examined in the first place for eggs/ova, larval stages or sometimes adult parasites/ segments of tapeworms. It may be done by using direct, concentration or floatation methods. Faecal examination is done either qualitatively or quantitatively.

Qualitative methods; Direct examination: This method is easy and simple, does not require much infrastructure, rapid in detection especially in heavy infection and very useful for field. A small quantity of faecal material is placed on a slide, mixed with a drop of water or NSS and placed a cover slip over it and examine under microscope. But it will usually liable to miss light infection therefore, at least 2-3 slides to be examined before giving conclusion, it may be found covered with detritus material and it is only a qualitative method.

Concentration methods: The purpose of these methods is to detect light infections as well as others, to save time by concentrating the eggs in a small volume and to eliminate the trouble caused by detritus particles.

Sedimentation: Take any quantity of faeces, mix it with water in a pestle mortar, strain it with a tea strainer into a urine glass/beaker, add water to wash strainer until the urine glass is almost full, then keep it standstill for 10-15 min to sediment and gently discard the supernatant. Repeat the washing step for 4-5 times till the supernatant becomes clear then take a drop of this sediment on a slide to examine under microscope. It is helpful towards full proof detection as larger amount of faeces can be used and is considered to be the best method for detection of heavier eggs like trematode and cestode eggs. But it takes longer time and not good for lighter eggs as they may be washed out before settling down.

Centrifugation: Emulsify small amount of faeces in water and strain it into centrifuge tubes at 2000 rpm for 3-4 min. Then discard the supernatant and repeat the washing process 2-3 times. Then the sediments examined under the microscope. This method is good for all kinds of eggs and light infection also be detected. Only a small amount of feces is required and time saving method. But centrifugation facilities are required and may also be covered with faecal detritus.

Floatation: It is the best method for lighter objects (nematode eggs and protozoan cyst). And even light infection can be detected. In a pestle mortar, emulsify small amount of faeces with floatation fluid (saturated solution of NaCl / sugar, 33.3% zinc sulphate solution), strain it into centrifuge tube keeping erect in stand.

Then add floatation fluid upto the brim of the tube, put a coverslip on the top of the tube. Allow it to stand for 10-20 min. Then gently lift the coverslip vertically and place it on a slide to examine under microscope. However, heavier eggs (flukes and some cestodes) cannot be detected and it is qualitative only.

Centrifugal-Floatation: This method provides higher concentration of parasite objects, practically free from detritus by

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combining the principle of both gravitation and floatation. In this method follow the steps of centrifugation method. After the last centrifugation, the sediment resuspend in floatation fluid half filled.

Mix it by light spinning again at1500 rpm for 1-2 min keep the tube in erect stand add floatation fluid with a pipette upto the brim of the tube and allow to stand for 5-10 min then gently lift the coverslip and place it on a clean slide to examine under microscope.

Formalin-ether technique: This method is very useful in the circumstances which require preservation of faecal sample and floatation method is not so effective due to presence of fat and fatty acids. Emulsify 1-2g of faeces in 15ml water. Strain it and transfer the filtrate into 15 ml centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 2 min and decant the supernatant and repeat the washing steps until supernatant are clear. Mix 10 ml of formalin (10%) to the sediment and allow to stand for 10 min or longer for fixation then add 4 ml of ether and shake vigorously using stopper and centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 2 min and carefully loosen the plug at ether- formalin interface with a pipette. Pour off the entire supernatant along with the plug and take a drop of sediment, mix with a drop of 2% iodine. Put a coverslip and examine under microscope.

B) Quantitative methods; These methods are used for quantification of the eggs or ova present in the faecal specimen. It is usually denoted by eggs per gram of faeces(epg).

1) Stoll’s method Weigh 1 g. of faecal sample in a balance, mix with 15 ml of water (1g. in 15 ml). Strain it, and then shake the filtrate to form uniform mixture. Then take out 0.15 ml (1/100th) on a slide and put coverslip over it. Count the eggs of whole content (0.15ml) and multiply the number with 100 to get e.p.g (eggs per gram of faeces) value. To get more accuracy,more quantity of faeces can be taken with same dilution (1:15) i.e 2g in 30ml or 3g in 45ml or 5g in 75ml like these. For more counting observations, then take the average and multiply with multiplication factor.

McMaster’s technique: Here, a special slide (McMaster slide) is needed. It is fast and fairly accurate as eggs are floated, less interfering faecal materials, therefore ease in counting. However, only small quantity is examined, therefore liable to miss light infection and not good for heavier fluke eggs. Weigh 1 g. of faucal sample in a balance and mix it with 15 ml of floatation fluid (1g. in 15 ml). Strain it, and then shake the filtrate to form uniform Mixture. Then charge on the slide (McMaster slide) where exactly 0.15ml can be charged into each of the 2 chambers. Count the eggs within ruled areas of both the chambers. Then multiply the number with 50 to get e.p.g (eggs per gram of faeces) value.

2) Faecal culture for coccidia: Take a small amount (3-5 g) of faeces in a pestle-mortar and add 2.5% potassium dichromate (KMnO4) to emulsify it. Filter through a tea strainer and pour the filtrate into petridish to the depth of ½ cm only. (If necessary, add KMnO4 solution). Keep at room temperature, examine every 6-12 hours for sporulation. Record shape, size by micrometry and the sporulation time of the oocyst for identification of coccidian species.

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3) Skin scrappings examination for detection of mites: A sample of skin scrapping is boiled with 5 ml of 10% NaOH or KOH solution in a test tube to digest the tissue, till a homogenous suspension is got. Pour this into a centrifuge tube and centrifuge for 2 minutes at 1000 rpm. Examine a drop of the sediment under microscope for the mites.

4) Blood examination: The routine blood smear is examined for the presence of haemoprozoans like Anaplasma, Babesia, Theileria, Trypanosoma etc. and detection of microfilariae. In the wet smear microfilariae and trypanosome are identified based upon their movements. If the parasitic load is abundant,a thin smear can be made; if they are rare, a thick film is made and this gives better results in the majority of cases. Smear should be prepared preferably from the fresh samples but coagulated blood can also be used. After air drying and fixing it will be stained with any of the Romanowsky stains.

II. Serology based assays: Serodiagnosis of parasitic infection is a valuable adjunct especially where conventional parasitological methods fail, if the density of parasites is below the sensitivity of the method employed or if the parasites cannot be traced. In situations where biological samples or tissue specimens are unavailable, serology alone is the gold standard for diagnosis. It can be divided into two categories: antigen-detection assays and antibody-detection assays. These include the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), also called enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and all its derived tests such as the Falcon assay screening test ELISA (FAST-ELISA) and the dot-ELISA. Other assays include the hemagglutination (HA) test, indirect or direct immunofluorescent antibody (IFA or DFA) tests, complement fixation (CF) test, and immunoblotting and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs).

Serology-based assays are more sensitive and specific. It becomes important for individuals whose blood smears do not permit identification of the parasite or for patients exhibiting low-parasitemia and/or who are asymptomatic (in many parasitic diseases). Classifying an infected asymptomatic patient as negative could lead to transmission of the parasite during blood transfusions or organ transplants. In the case of Fasciola infection, serology tests have also been shown to be useful in the confirmation of fascioliasis when egg production is low or sporadic or before the prepatant period. Finally, having these tests readily available allows for the surveillance and monitoring of parasite clearance following therapy.

1) FAST-ELISA (Falcon Assay Screening Test ELISA) The Falcon assay screening test ELISA (FAST-ELISA) consists of using synthetic and recombinant peptides to evaluate antibody responses to an antigen. In the past, the method has been applied to the study of malaria, fasciolosis, schistosomiasis, and taeniasis. However, this technique is subjected to the same drawbacks as most serology-based tests. Antibodies raised against a peptide from one parasite protein may cross-react with proteins from other species. Moreover, antibodies raised against a peptide may react in some assays but not in others and some regions of a peptide may be more immunogenic than others.

2) Dot-ELISA The main difference between the regular ELISA and the dot-ELISA lies in the surface used to bind the antigen of choice. Here the plastic plate is replaced by a nitrocellulose or other paper membrane onto

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which a small amount of sample volume is applied. The choice of binding matrix greatly improved the specificity and sensitivity of the assay by reducing the binding of nonspecific proteins usually observed when plastic binding matrixes are used. The principle is similar to the immunoblot. The dotted membrane is incubated first with an antigen-specific antibody followed by an enzyme-conjugated anti-antibody. The addition of a precipitable, chromogenic substrate causes the formation of a colored dot on the membrane which can be visually read. The benefits of this technique include its ease of use, its rapidity, and the ease of result interpretation. It is fast, and cost-effective and more importantly can be used in the field (e.g., as a dipstick). For all these reasons, the Dot-ELISA has been and still is extensively used in the detection of human and animal parasitic diseases, including amebiasis, babesiosis, fascioliasis, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, schistosomiasis, toxocariasis, toxoplasmosis, trichinosis, trypanosomiasis, fasciolosis, haemonchosis, etc.

3) Rapid Antigen Detection System (RDTS) Rapid antigen detection tests (RDTs) based on immunochromatographic antigen detection have been implemented in many diagnostic laboratories as an adjunct to microscopy for the diagnosis of malaria. RDTs consist of capturing soluble proteins by complexing them with capture antibodies embedded on a nitrocellulose strip. A drop of blood sample is applied to the strip and eluted from the nitrocellulose strip by the addition of a few drops of buffer containing a labeled antibody. The antigen-antibody complex can then be visualized directly from the membrane.

4) Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) The luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) is a modified ELISA-based assay in which serum containing antigen-specific antibodies can be identified by measuring light production. Basically, an antigen of choice is fused to the enzyme reporter Renilla luciferase (Ruc) and expressed as a Ruc-fusion in mammalian cells to allow for mammalian-specific posttranslational modifications. The crude protein extract is then incubated with the test serum and protein A/G beads. During the incubation, the Ruc-antigen fusion becomes immobilized on the A/G beads, which allows the antigen-specific antibody to be quantitated by washing the beads and adding coelenterazine substrate and measuring light production.

Some of the advantages of the LIPS technology include its rapidity and accuracy in detecting infected patients. Sensitivity is improved in part by the use of mammalian cells which produce fusion antigens free of contaminating bacterial proteins. In addition, low backgrounds are produced compared to the ELISA. This greatly facilitates the separation between negative and positive samples. In addition, LIPS based on the NIE antigen showed greater specificity than the ELISA as no cross-reaction was observed with serum from Strongyloides and filarial worms. In recent years, LIPS has been successfully applied for the identification of sera samples infected with stercoralis (using a Ruc-NIE fusion) and Loa loa (using a Ruc-LlSXP-1 fusion). For all these reasons, there is still a need to improve on the current diagnosis approaches available.

III. Molecular based approaches: Since the advent of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), parasitologists have turned to molecular-based approaches in the hopes to better the existing diagnosis tools.

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1) Nucleic Acid-Based Approaches: The many limitations of microscopy and serology-based assays have influenced parasitologists towards the use of gene amplification methods. Besides the traditional PCR, including nested and multiplexed PCR, implementation of the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) for the detection of several parasitic infections. Newer technologies such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification and Luminex-based assays have also emerged as possible new approaches for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases.

Molecular-based approaches based on nucleic acids offer greater sensitivity and specificity over the existing diagnostic tests. They permit the detection of infections from very low parasitized samples including those from asymptomatic patient’s samples. Moreover, multiplexed PCR allows for the detection of multiple sequences in the same reaction tube proving useful in the diagnosis of several parasitic infections simultaneously.

2) Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) RT-PCR system unlike conventional PCR, allow for the quantification of the original template’s concentration through the use of various fluorescent chemistries, such as Sybergreen, Taqman probes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and Scorpion primers. The concentration is measured through comparison to standard curves. This eliminates the need to visualize the amplicons by gel electrophoresis thereby greatly reducing the risk of contamination and the introduction of false-positives.

When multiplexed, RT-PCR allows for the high-throughput analysis of different sequences in one single-closed tube reaction.

3) Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a unique amplification method with extremely high specificity and sensitivity able to discriminate between a single nucleotide differences. It is characterised by the use of six different primers specifically designed to recognize eight distinct regions on a target gene, with amplification only occurring if all primers bind and form a product. LAMP has been successfully applied for the rapid detection of several parasitic diseases including the human parasites Entamoeba, Trypanosoma, Taenia, Plasmodium, and Cryptosporidium, the animal parasites Theilera and Babesia, and even to the identification of vector mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium and Dirofilaria immitis parasites. Most of these studies have brought to light the many advantages of this method over the common PCR technique.

4) Luminex xMAP Technology Luminex technology is a bead-based flow-cytometric assay that allows the detection of various targets simultaneously. The microsphere beads can be covalently bound to antigens, antibodies, or oligonucleotides that will serve as probes in the assay. Up to 100 microspheres are available each emitting unique fluorescent signals when excited by laser therefore allowing the identification of different targets.

Adapted to the study of parasites, the Luminex assay could identify multiple organisms or different genotypes of one particular organism during the same reaction utilizing very low volume. The approach could prove useful in the study of antigenic diversity and drug-resistance alleles and for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases.

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5) Ultrasonographies, X-ray, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, Computerized Axial Tomography Scan (CAT) These tests are mostly useful to look for some parasitic diseases that may cause swelling of internal organs or abnormal scarring, where the conventional methods failed to detect in these internal organs. (hydatiosis, spirocerca lupi, toxocarosis, heart worm disease, schistosomosis).

CONCLUSION Most parasitic diseases are less spectacular, usually causes chronic and obscured infections. In such situations, although mortality is less parasitic infections may cause havoc morbidity in terms of their widespread occurrences. This causes the economic loss through reduced livestock productivity directly.

Therefore, identification and controlling parasitic infections is imperative. In this pursuit, microscopic, serological and most recent molecular assays are method of choice employed to identify parasitic infections precisely. Identification of parasites will assist in selection of and use of suitable parasiticides effectively to control parasitic infections and also will curb the chances of development of parasiticide resistance. Hence, identification and control of parasitic diseases is critical in making animal husbandry a more economical venture.

Dr. Madhukar and Prof. H. A. Upendra Institute of Wildlife Veterinary Research, KVAFSEU, Doddaluvara, Karnataka - 571232 (madhukar262@gmail.com) The incorporation of environmental (behavioral) enrichment in the daily husbandry practices of the animals cared for in zoos and aquariums is required by the national and international governing bodies.

The AZA Behavior Scientific Advisory Group (BAG) defined enrichment as a dynamic process for enhancing animal environments within the context of the animals’ behavioral biology and natural history.

Environmental changes are made with the goal of increasing the animal’s behavioral choices and drawing out their species-appropriate behaviors, thus enhancing animal welfare.

Types of Enrichment It is important to have knowledge of a species’ natural behaviors and physiology when developing enrichment program. Several categories of enrichment are then used to enhance that species’ behavioral, physical, social, cognitive, and psychological wellbeing. These categories are not mutually exclusive and often overlap, however each, if relevant to the species, should be incorporated into an animal’s enrichment plan.

Environmental Enrichment Devices Environmental enrichment devices (EEDs) are objects that can be manipulated by the animal.

These objects may be novel or pre-existing. Natural EEDs may include browse, large and small branches, wood wool, hay, and flowers. However, these items should be kept clean to prevent bacterial growth.

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Man-made EEDs may include premade items such as car wash roller brushes or strips, Boomer balls, tires, and Kong toys, or constructed items such as puzzle boxes, and various PVC contraptions.

Habitat Enrichment Habitat design is an important consideration for providing enrichment. Habitats should provide a variety of substrates, levels, and complexities.

Considerations should be given to useable space versus total space, and ease of reaching or changing platforms, tiers, ropes, nesting/denning areas, feed/ water dispensers, and crevices/crannies for EED/ enrichment food hiding.

Sensory Enrichment Animal sensory systems are typically specialized by species and play crucial roles in their survival. Sensory enrichment is designed to address the animal’s sense of smell, touch, hearing, vision, and taste and elicit species-specific response, territorial, reproductive or hunting behaviors.

Olfactory stimuli may include natural predator, pheromone, or prey scents or novel scents such as spices or perfumes. Tactile stimuli may include a variety of EEDs that can be manipulated including materials of different textures such as straw, soft blankets, paper, burlap, cardboard, or wood. Auditory stimuli may include the presentation of natural sounds or animal vocalizations recordings. Visual stimuli may include EEDs of different colors, those that move by wind or water current, animals in the line of sight from other habitats, video presentations, or mirrors. Gustatory stimuli include food enrichment items, flavored sprays, or beverages.

Food Enrichment Food can be presented in a variety of ways elicit feeding, hunting, foraging behaviors, problem solving strategies, and to facilitate behavioral conditioning. Food may be fresh, frozen, soft, hard, smooth, rough, heavy, light, cold, or and may be incorporated into puzzle boxes, hidden in or scattered about the habitat, or buried in the substrate.

Social Groupings Social groupings should resemble those observed in the wild to facilitate feeding, grooming, social, territorial, and courtship behaviors. Mixed species exhibits may also provide symbiotic or complementary

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activities between the species.

Behavioral Conditioning Behavioral conditioning for animal husbandry and research behaviors provides cognitive stimulation that increases the intellectual focus of an animal. Animals voluntarily participate in these training sessions to maintain established or learn new behaviors.

Enrichment Plans Goal-oriented enrichment plans should be developed that identify what species-specific behaviors are desired from the animal, how the enrichment will be created or developed to elicit these behaviors while ensuring animal safety, and a means to assess and document the animal’ responses to it. Each plan should take into account the species natural history and individual history. The plans should be tailored to address these factors and also be dynamic to ensure that any changes needed to improve the enrichment or accentuate the behaviors can be well-documented.

Enrichment Schedule Enrichment devices and strategies should be presented on a varied schedule and in a variety of contexts to make sure the animals do not become desensitized or habituated to them. The animal care staff should maintain a detailed schedule for what type of enrichment will be introduced for a specified date, time, duration in the habitat (if it is appropriate to remove it), location, and type of presentation that is randomized. These records should also provide a summary of the animal’s responses to the enrichment to ensure that safety continues to be a priority and that the animals are still stimulated by it.

Dr.Rajeswari.R, Dr.K.Satyanarayan , Dr. S.Yathiraj Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024 (Email id:-rajishankarmanu@gmail.com) Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans are called Zoonoses (WHO 1959). More than 70% of emerging infectious diseases in people actually come from animals. Zoonotic diseases can cause outbreaks in endemic, epidemic and pandemic proportions.

Controlling such diseases becomes very difficult in terms of providing advanced diagnostic aids, mass scale vaccination, prevention becoming difficult due to population and movement of animals and people and expensive medical costs. There are huge losses in human resources and animal productivity,-economic loss due to restriction in Import/Export and mass scale culling procedures . Restriction in people movement in this globalized world causes heavy loss of time and monetary loss in other economic activities.

Zoonotic diseases may be viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic origin and spread from animals to man through many routes. The spread of zoonoses can take place through air, contaminated food like eggs ,meat or water , through vectors like mosquitoes, flies ,through direct contact with animals, through animal wastes, blood, body fluids or through farm equipments and handling of contaminated objects or animal products like milk, skin, hides, hair, hoof etc.and other inanimate objects .

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SOME IMPORTANT ZOONOTIC DISEASES: •

Bacterial-Typhoid, Cholera, Leptospirosis, Brucellosis, Plague, Anthrax, Campylobacteriosis, Psittacosis, Listeriosis.

•

Viral- Rabies, Pox, Herpes, Encephalitis( Brain fever) , Ebola, Dengue, viral hepatitis, Influenza ( SARS, AVIAN, SWINE )

•

Parasitic- Amoebiasis, Malaria, Trypanosomiasis, Babesia, Giardiasis, Toxoplasmosis, roundworms, tapeworms

•

Mycotic – Ringworm , Aspergillosis, dermatomycosis

•

Prions ( small viral particles) – Bovine Spongiform Encepahalopathy (Mad cow disease.)

Important Bacterial Zoonoses: 1. Salmonellosis or typhoid : This is caused by a wide range of Salmonella species bacteria that causes typhoid in animals and birds .Salmonella typhi /paratyphi are found in wide range of hosts like dogs, cats, monkeys, rodents,reptiles [especially turtles], chicken and fish, cattle, sheep and goats .Typhoid spreads either through direct contact or contaminated food (eggs, improperly cooked food, Water, meat etc.) within an incubation period of 6hrs to 3 days . The common symptoms are diarrhea, fever, severe headache, spleen enlargement. The disease is prolonged and is fatal at 5-10% if untreated using correct antibiotics .

2. Colibacilosis: This is caused by bacteria Escherichia coli commonly found as a sewage contaminant in drinking water and in stale foods. It affects all domestic animals, birds and wide range of species of animals and human. The bacteria causes food poisoning, stomach cramps, diarrhea, gastritis and dehydration and spread through contaminated water, food, improper sewage disposal, unwashed vegetables, fruits, meat and contaminated eggs and also unpasteurized dairy products. The incubation period is 18hrs – 24 hrs and is fatal due to dehydration and if untreated. In infants causes joint pain.

Antibiotics and fluid therapy followed by proper sanitation of premises are recommended.

3. Leptospirosis : ( Jaundice ) : caused by Leptospira Interrogans and many other leptosira species .

Direct contact with urine of infected dogs, mice or rats, Indirect contact with urine or contaminated materials can cause infection within 7-12 days .Droplet transmission via aerosols of urine is also possible. Predominant symptoms include, Phase1: Headache, muscle ache,eye pain with bright lights, chills and fever.Phase 2: fever with stiffness of the neck and inflammation of the nerves to the eyes,brain, spinal column. The disease causes severe damage to liver and kidneys. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential.

4. Tuberculosis(TB) : Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB. This disease affects primarily human, cattle, non-human primates, other animals (rodents) Inhalation of aerosol droplets, contaminated equipment, bites an initiate the disease within 2-5 weeks incubation period. Close contact with infected

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animals can initiate the disease in human. The symptoms ranges from fever and fatigue to chronic pulmonary disease (fatal). It affects Lungs, kidney, vasculature (affects all parts of body) . Treatment is prolonged with specific TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin which when used long term can cause drug resistance 5. Brucellosis : Brucella mellitensis and B.abortus Infected animals (swine, cattle, goats, sheep, dogs) transmit the infection to human beings through skin or mucous membrane , blood, dead tissues like aborted materials and other body fluids. Unpasteurized dairy products can also spread the infection. The incubation period of Brucellosis ranges between 1-15 weeks. Infection is characterized by high and extended fever. Infection affects bone, heart, gallbladder, kidney, spleen, and causes abscess.

VIRAL ZOONOSIS : 1. Rabies : Rabies is caused by Rhabdoviridiae -genus Lyssavirus . It is a 100% fatal viral infection caused

by Dog bites. Vampire bats are the reservoir hosts and the virus infects wild carnivores like foxes, jackals, skunks, raccoons and monkeys and some of them are carriers with a dumb form of rabies .It is transmitted through infected stray dogs or pets in a population by bite and symptoms appear in human in 2 -8 weeks .

The symptoms range from headache, fever, nervousness, dilation of pupils, salivation, excessive perspiration, insomnia, paralysis of throat resulting in hydrophobia. There may be convulsions, seizures, generalized paralysis and death.100% fatal if untreated . Antirabies vaccine before clinical onset of symptoms; post exposure treatment with rabies immunoglobulins can save the patient from infection. Pets and in-contact animals should be vaccinated for protection .

2. Herpesvirus : Herpes infection is caused by Herpes hominis and Herpes simiae found in Hominids and they are DNA viruses latent in nature and transmissible between simian species and human .Herpes hominis virus Type 1 (fever blister, cold sore) are not fatal ,frequently asymptomatic sometimes causing vesicular lesions ,neurological or flu like symptoms . The incubation period may range between 5days to one month and Type 2 (genital herpes).Herpes simiae may be 100% fatal if left untreated. Antiviral therapy is recommended in these cases .

3. Poxvirus : Pox viruses are DNA viruses and named after the respective host it affects -Monkeypox,vaccinia, cowpox,buffalopox, etc . Human beings can acquire pox by direct contact with the infected lesions on animals . The incubation period in man may range between 5-10 days starting as localized rash and later show fever, sore throat, malaise , encephalitis in severe conditions .Pox vaccines are available as a precaution.

4. Viral Hepatitis : Hepatitis types A,B,C,D ( delta) E,F,G viruses are transmitted from animals to man . Hepatitis infection has an incubation period of 3-6 weeks. Disease symptoms start with mild fever ,anorexia, abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomition, sometimes rash often progressing to jaundice . Hepatitis A has no carrier state ,Hepatitis B is 20% chronic and Hepatitis C 85% chronic . Vaccines are available only for Hepatitis A and B. Treatment with alpha interferon and immunoglobulins is always recommended .

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5. Influenza Virus : H1N1 strain and H5N1 influenza virus –various strains ( swine flu virus, avian influenza) can affect human beings . the virus can cause symptoms in 1-7 days starting with fever, sore throat, runny nose , chills, vomition, head ache , body ache and diarrhea. Predominantly affects children and young adults. Prevention is through vaccination and strict hygiene maintenance of premises .

6. Ebola Virus : Fruit bats are reservoirs of Filo viruses that can cause Ebola infection . with an incubation period of 2 -21 days a Close contact with infected material like blood tissues, body fluids of chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines can cause the disease . symptoms of the disease start with sudden onset of fever fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding (e.g. oozing from the gums, blood in the stools. No vaccines are available .Prevention from handling wild animals and sanitation is the only option for control of disease .

Zoonoses of parasitic Infections 1.Amoebic Dysentery ( Amoebiasis) : Monkeys can readily transmit the agent Entamoeba histolytica to humans. Infection can set in within 2 days to several months to even years. Harmless amoebas can live in the intestines for years without causing symptoms. Attacks can last from a few days to few weeks. Transmission is through food, water, fomites, insects. fecal-oral route. Cyst is resistant to drying. Symptoms include frequent passage of feces/stool, loose stools and vomiting. Sometimes associated with mucus and blood. Control is through Anti-amoebic drugs and antibiotics to treat any associated bacterial infections.

2. Giardiasis: The organism Giardia lamblia is transmitted to human by dogs and monkeys . Drinking contaminated water, person-to-person contact, eating contaminated food, and direct contact with infected animals can infect a human host within 3- 25 days . Symptoms range from nausea, fatigue, anorexia, severe diarrhea and high fever, the infection can be controlled with antibacterials and antidiarrhoeals .

3.Toxoplasmosis : Primates, carnivores (felines),rodents, birds, can transmit Toxoplasma gondii . Infection is seen in 10-23 days following ingestion of contaminated meats, or inhalation of aerosols. Infection affects one third of the human race, especially infective to immune-suppressed individuals. Consuming under-cooked infected meats; ingestion of oocysts in milk, food or water; inhalation of oocysts;-contact with soil containing contaminated cat feces. Symptoms include localized lymphadenopathy accompanied with fever, sore throat, rash, pneumonitis, myocarditis, and encephalitis. Antibiotic therapy is adopted to control the infection.

4.Ascariasis (Round Worms) : Infection is caused by Multiple Ascaris species (A.lumbricoides, A.suum ).Pigs and human are the definitive hosts. Ingestion of contaminated food and water can cause the infection in 4-8 weeks . The worm elongates into adult Ascaris lumbricoidesis the largest and, globally, the most widespread of all human intestinal roundworms causing intestinal dmage and lung infection.

Regular deworming with antihelminthics can prevent the infection .

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5.Tapeworms : ( Cysticercosis) : Infection is caused by Taenia solium/Taenia saginata in human and pigs . Direct contact of infected material , contaminated food with fecal matter , eating uncooked meat causes the infection in 2-21 days .

Symptoms include diarrohea with blood , anaemia , cysts can be formed even in the eyes, brain causing epilepsy, stroke . Infection is fatal if cysts are formed in the brain. Infection can be best controlled by periodical deworming ,therapy against neurological symptoms and sanitation.

6. Tapeworms ( Hydatidosis): Caused by Ecchinococcus species . Human and Dogs , sheep and wild carnivores are the hosts which can get affected . Infected meat, contaminated surface of vegetables, fruits and fur of animals are the routes of spread of the infection . Hydatid cysts in liver , lungs and brain are formed and often the cysts are fatal. Regular deworming is the only preventive measure.

Zoonotic diseases can be prevented by following strict hygiene at farm level and environment.

Usage of clean drinking water, sanitation of equipments and proper waste disposal measures can prevent the infection to a greater extent. Handling of sick animals, wild animals should be done with precaution and all preventive measures to be strictly adhered. Creating public awareness is utmost important to prevent endemic infections. Quarantine procedures are to be followed while transporting animals from place to place. Regular deworming, vaccination schedules to be adhered to prevent transmission of infection .

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F «ZÁgÀ¢AzÀ £À£ÀUÉ w½zÀ «µÀAiÀÄ: F vÉÆAzÀgÉ ¤Ãj¤AzÀ DVzÉ. PÉÆý DºÁgÀ¢AzÀ §A¢gÀĪÀÅzÀ®è. EzÀPÉÌ §ºÀıÀB PÉÆý ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀįÉèà K£ÉÆà ¤ªÀðºÀuÉ vÉÆAzÀgÉ PÁgÀt. ¸Àj ªÀÄvÉÛ D 8 PÉÆý ªÀÄ£ÉUÉ £Á£ÀÄ ºÉÆÃV ¥ÀjÃPÉë ¥ÁægÀA©ü¹zÉ. PÉÆýUÀ¼À ¥ÀAdgÀ, CzÀgÀ ¤ªÀðºÀuÉ, ¢Ã¥ÀzÀ ¤ªÀðºÀuÉ ¥Àæw ¥ÀAdgÀzÀ°ègÀĪÀ PÉÆýUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå, DºÁgÀzÀ ZÁ£À¯ï, ¤Ãj£À ZÁ£À¯ï »ÃUÉ «ªÀgÀªÁV ¥ÀjÃQë¸ÀÄwÛgÀĪÁUÀ £À£Àß UÀªÀÄ£ÀPÉÌ MAzÀÄ «µÀAiÀÄ §A¢vÀÄ. ¦.«.¹ ¥ÉÊ¥À£ÀÄß GzÀÄÝzÀÝ ¹Ã½ CzÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆýUÀ½UÉ ¤ÃgÀÄ ¤ÃqÀĪÀ ZÁ£À¯ï DV G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¸ÀÄwÛgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ §A¢vÀÄ. CzÀgÀ eÉÆvÉAiÀÄ°è ¦.«.¹ ¥ÉÊ¥ï vÀÄA¨Á ªÀÄÈzÀĪÁVzÀÄÝ PÉÆýUÀ¼ÀÄ ¤ÃgÀÄ PÀÄrAiÀÄĪÁUÀ PÉÆPÀÄÌ ¦.«.¹ ¥ÉÊ¥ïUÉ vÀUÀÄ°zÀgÀÆ ¸À»vÀ ¦.«.¹ ¥ÉÊ¥ï ªÀÄÈzÀĪÁVgÀĪÀ PÁgÀt PÉÆýUÀ¼À PÉÆPÀÄÌ ªÉÆAqÀ DUÀzÉ ZÀÆ¥ÁV H½AiÀÄÄwÛvÀÄÛ. EzÀjAzÀ PÉÆýUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀAdgÀzÀ°ègÀĪÁUÀ MAzÀ£ÀÄß E£ÉÆßAzÀÄ PÉÆý PÀÄQÌ UÁAiÀĪÁV PÉÆý ¸ÁAiÀÄÄwÛvÀÄÛ.

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Pashubandha 2015 2014

Volume No : 43 Issue : 06 01

§zÀ¯Á¬Ä¸À®Ä ºÉýzÉ. PÉÆýUÉ UÁAiÀÄzÀ aQvÉì OµÀ¢ ¨gÉzÀÄ PÉÆmÉÖ. F «µÀAiÀÄ ºÉýzÀ vÀPÀët gÁuÉAiÀĪÀgÀ ªÀÄÄRzÀ°è ¸ÀAvÉÆõÀ PÀAqÀgÀÆ ¸ÀºÀ £À£Àß ºÉýPÉAiÀÄ §UÉÎ ¥ÀÆwð £ÀA©PÉ §AzÀAvÉ PÁt°®è. §AzÀ PÉ®¸ÀªÁ¬ÄvÀÄ JAzÀÄ £Á£ÀÄ D ¢£ÀªÉà ¥Àtf¬ÄAzÀ ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆjUÉ ¥ÀæAiÀiÁt ªÀiÁrzÉ. §gÀĪÁUÀ gÁuÉ zÀA¥ÀwUÀ¼ÀÄ PÉÆlÖ UÉÆÃqÀA© £À£Àß PÉÊ vÀÄA©vÀÄÛ.

PÁ® PÀæªÉÄÃt F «µÀAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß £Á£ÀÆ ªÀÄgÉvÉ.

EzÁzÀ 6 wAUÀ¼À £ÀAvÀgÀ UÉÆêÁ ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀågÀ ¸ÀAWÀzÀ CzÀåPÀëjAzÀ £À£ÀUÉ zÀÆgÀªÁtÂAiÀÄ°è ¸ÀAWÀzÀ vÁAwæPÀ ¸ÀªÉÄäüÀ£ÀPÉÌ G¥À£Áå¸À PÉÆqÀ®Ä DªÀÄAvÀæt §AvÀÄ. vÁAwæ PÀ ¸ÀªÉÄäüÀ£ÀPÉÌ ºÉÆÃzÁUÀ D vÁAwæ PÀ ¸ÀªÉÄäüÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄRåªÀÄAwæ ²æà ¥ÀævÁ¥ï ¹AUï gÁuÉAiÀĪÀgÀÄ GzÁÏn¸À°zÁÝgÉ JA§ «µÀAiÀÄ w½¬ÄvÀÄ. PÁAiÀÄðPÀæªÀÄzÀ GzÁÏl£É ªÀÄÄVzÀÄ vÁAwæ PÀ ¸ÀªÉÄäüÀ£À ¥Áæ gÀA¨sÀªÁ¬ÄvÀÄ. £À£Àß G¥À£Áå¸ÀPÉÌ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä ¸ÀAWÀzÀ ¥ÀzÁ¢PÁjAiÉ Æ§âg ÀÄ £À£Àß ¥ÀjZÀAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁrzÀgÀÄ. £À£Àß G¥À£Áå¸À ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁUÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ DUÀ ²æà gÁuÉAiÀĪÀgÀÄ ªÉâPÉAiÀÄ ªÉÄÃ¯É §AzÀgÀÄ.

PÁAiÀÄðPÀæªÀÄzÀ°è §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉ EgÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ JAzÀÄ £Á£ÀÄ ªÉâPɬÄAzÀ PɼÀUÉ §gÀÄwÛzÁÝUÀ ¸ÀAWÀzÀ ¥ÀzsÁ¢PÁj “ ªÀÄÄRåªÀÄAwæUÀ¼ÀÄ ¤ªÀÄä£ÀÄß ªÉâPÉUÉ §gÀĪÀAvÉ PÀgÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÁÝgÉ “ JAzÀÄ ªÀÄvÉÛ £À£ÀߣÀÄß ªÉâPÉUÉ PÀgÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ ºÉÆÃzÀgÀÄ. ªÉâPÉAiÀÄ ªÉÄÃ¯É ²æà gÁuÉAiÀĪÀgÀÄ £ÉgÉzÀ J¯Áè ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåjUÉ £Á£ÀÄ CªÀgÀ PÉÆý ¥sÁgÀAUÉ ¨sÉÃn ¤ÃrzÀ «µÀAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß «ªÀgÀªÁV w½¹ £À£Àß ¸À®ºÉ¬ÄAzÀ CªÀgÀ PÉÆý ¥sÁgÀA£À°è DUÀÄwÛzÀÝ PÉÆýUÀ¼À ªÀÄgÀt ¸ÀASÉå vÀÄA¨Á PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁVzÉ JAzÀÄ £À£ÀߣÀÄß ºÉÆUÀ½zÀgÀÄ. £ÀAvÀgÀ ²æà gÁuÉAiÀĪÀgÀÄ £À£Àß ºÀwÛgÀ §AzÀÄ £À£Àß PÉÊUÉ MAzÀÄ ºÉƸÀ PÉÊ UÀrAiÀiÁgÀ vÉÆqɹ E£ÉÆßAzÀÄ PÉÊ UÀrAiÀiÁgÀªÀ£ÀÄß £À£Àß ²ÃªÀÄwUÉ JAzÀÄ PÉÊ UÀrAiÀiÁgÀzÀ qÀ§âªÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆlÖgÀÄ. £ÉgÉzÀ UÉÆêÁzÀ J¯Áè ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀågÀ ªÀÄÄAzÉ £À£ÀUÉ ¸À£Áä£À ªÀiÁrzÀ ²æà gÁuÉAiÀĪÀgÀ ºÀÈzÀAiÀÄ ªÉʱÁ°PÉUÉ £Á£ÀÄ ªÀÄÆPÀ£ÁVzÉÝ.

F £É£À¦£À ¸ÀgÀ¥À½¬ÄAzÀ £À£ÀߣÀÄß ºÉÆgÀUÉ vÀA¢zÀÄÝ £À£ÁßPÉAiÀÄ PÀÆUÀÄ “ ºÀ¼É ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÉUÉzÀgÁ? ºÀ¼É ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀÄ vÉUÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÀ ªÀåQÛ §A¢zÁÝ£É. ªÀÄ£Éð G¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀPÉÌ ¨ÁgÀzÀ ºÀ¼Éà ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Éà vÀÄA©zÉ. ¤ÃªÀÅ ¸ÀĪÀÄä£É PÀĽvÀÄ K£ÀÄ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÁÛ E¢ÝÃgÁ? ¤ÃªÀAvÀÆ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÀPÀÆÌ G¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀ E®è“. £À£ÀߣÉßà ºÀ¼Éà ¸ÁªÀiÁ¤£ÀªÀ¤UÉ PÉÆlÄÖ ©mÁÖ¼ÀÄ CAvÁ “vÀÄA¨Á PÉ®¸À EzÉ “ JAzÀÄ ªÀģɬÄAzÀ ºÉÆgÀUÉ §AzÉ.

monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru.

Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Dr. S. Yathiraj (Ex-Officio)

Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)

Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in

Pashubandha 2015 2014

Volume No : 43 Issue : 06 01