Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin
Newsletter Date :
31st March 2015
Volume No: 4 Issue : 3
Prof. H. A. Upendra# and Dr. Madhukar* # Director, *Assistant Professor, Institute of Wildlife Veterinary Research, KVAFSU, Doddaluvara, Kodagu – 571232. ( E-mail: madhukar262@gmail.com, uppisri2003@yahoo.com ) With increasing incidences of Human-Tiger conflicts during recent times, a Veterinarian may be called for identification of pug marks to confirm the presence of a Tiger in the vicinity. Though an ancient art, reading pug marks is a sophisticated science that requires an understanding of the basic behaviour of tigers as well as its habitat. Shikaris, the traditional wild animal tracers were so apt in their ability that they could determine the sex, age as well as size of a tiger based on their pug marks. In this brief bulleted article, we present the basics of tiger pug marks identification. •
Identification of pug marks helps in indirect confirmation of the presence of an animal, and detailed analysis can even lead to deduction of the population, sex ratio as well as range of a tiger.
•
Members of the antelope and deer family like Cheetal, Hog deer, Neelgai, Sambar, Barking deer, Barasingha and Chausingha do occur in the vicinity of the habitat of Indian tigers.
•
Other major species of animals that occur commonly in the tiger habitat are Rhinoceros, Wild pig, Elephant, Wild dog, Wolf, Ratel, Hyena, Jackal, Indian fox, Porcupine, Sloth bear and Gaur.
•
Other cats that commonly co-in habitat tiger habitats are Leopard, Caracal, Leopard cat, Jungle cat, Fishing cat
•
Other animals like civets are also commonly found in tiger habitats.
•
The pug marks of the members of cat family are commonly confused with that of the dog family members. However, there are remarkable differences like: claw marks are always visible for dog family but only on slippery or steep ground for cat family; the gap between the top of the pad and the two middle toes is distinctly more than that in cats (except in Hyenas); toes in dog and pad in cats are relatively larger.
•
A tiger’s paw consists of four toes and a pad. A small fifth toe, the dew claw is placed high on the front limb only.
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The dew claws are retractable and usually do not touch the ground. The pad is tri-lobed at the end.
Figure 1. Commonly seen footprints of soft-padded animals other than cats.
Figure 2. Understanding the placement of limbs gives idea about location of the four pugs on the ground.
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•
The pugmark length (PML) is the length from the tip of the farthest toe to the base of the pad along the line of walk. Pugmark breadth (PMB) is the distance between the outer edges of the first and last toe. These are measured by drawing a box with all angles measuring 90 degree. The sharp image can be printed or edited in computer using basic image software to get these measurements.
•
The hind pugs can be distinguished from front pugmarks by following these points: front pugs are larger; the foreword most point of the two middle toes is always almost placed equally in front pugs whereas they are distinct in hind pugs; PMB of the front pug is greater than PML in male tigers; front pugs are more prone to hunting injuries which can be appreciated in the pug marks.
•
The handedness of the pugmarks is much easier to deduct using our hands. When our thumbs are folded and fingers are stretched, the third finger will be the longest from left in left hand and third finger from right will be longest in the right hand. Tiger paws too show these characteristics.
•
The hind pugmarks of male and female tigers can be distinguished using features like: the male pugmarks almost fits into a square whereas pugmarks of a female fits into a rectangle; the male toes are more rounded whereas females have elongated toes; a male pugmark is likely to have a difference of 1.5 cm between PML and PMB whereas this value is higher than 1.5 in females.
•
The location for searching tiger pugmarks is also important. Tiger pugmarks will be more easily traceable on dusty forest roads, tracks and animal trails, near water-holes, river and stream beds, dry nala beds, and in the vicinity of natural salt licks.
•
The soil conditions influence the pugmarks, hence it is important to collect the pugmarks from similar condition soils. This is not a practically feasible method and advanced methods like placement of man-made pug impression pads (PIPs) are used for this.
•
In case of tiger enumeration, following items are carried in the kit: tiger tracer, ball pen, sketch pen, 2m long measuring tape, form-d, 2 litre water bottle, 500 ml mug, medical grade plaster of Paris, census bag and flexible aluminium strips. Newer and much more sophisticated methods are used for enumeration during recent censuses.
Further important things to remember: • A 3-4 month old tiger cubs pug marks may be confused with those of leopard. However, the tiger cub pugs will be accompanied by its mother’s pugmarks, the leopard pugmarks are compact as pads and toes are held closely, whereas those of cubs are splayed out. Leopard’s toe prints
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are relatively smaller than that f the tiger cub. The stride of a tiger cub is about ten times its PML, whereas it is 13-14 times in leopards. •
Lesser cat pugmarks have a PML of less than 6 cms. Leopard cubs have a PML of 5-7 cms. Adult leopards have a PML of 7-9.5 cms. Tiger cubs make a pugmark with PML 7-10 cms. Adult tigers make a pugmark with PML of 9-17 cms.
Mrs. B.P. Pushpa1 and Mr. C. Kempanna2, Assistant Professor1 Associate Professor and Head2 of the Department, Dairy Chemistry Department, Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024 ( E.mail: pushpadc08@gmail.com ) According to Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) 2011, the definition of MILK is the normal mammary secretion derived from complete milking of healthy milch animal without either addition thereto or extraction there from unless otherwise provided in these Regulations. It shall be free from colostrum. Milk of different classes and of different designations shall conform to the standards laid down by FSSAI for milk fat and milk Solids Not Fat (mSNF), independently are given in the Table1.
Buffalo Milk Cow milk Goat or sheep milk
Table 1: Legal Standards for different classes of milk. MiniMinimum Designation mum mSNF Milk Fat (%) (%) Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, sterilized 5.0a 9.0 b Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, sterilized 3.5 8.5 c Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, sterilized 3.0 9.0
Mixed milk Standardized milk Recombined milk Toned milk Double toned milk Skimmed milk
Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, sterilized Pasteurized, Flavoured sterilized Pasteurized, flavoured, sterilized Pasteurized, flavoured, sterilized Pasteurized, flavoured, sterilized Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, sterilized
4.5d 4.5d 3.0d 3.0d 1.5d Max.0.5d
8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 9.0 8.7
Full cream milk
Pasteurized and sterilized
6.0d
9.0
Class of milk
a -In some states of India Min. Fat% is 6.0 b-In some states, Min.Fat % is 3.0 and 4.0 c-In some states, Min. Fat % is 3.5 d-All over India NOTE : When milk is offered for sale without indication of the class, the standards prescribed for buffalo milk shall apply.
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Milk Composition and Nutritional content of milk: The milk in nature is to nourish and provide immunological protection for the mammalian young. Major constituents present in milk are water, fat, proteins, lactose and minerals. Minor constituents are phospholipids, cholesterol, pigments, vitamins and enzymes. The composition and nutritional content of milk from different animal species such as cow, buffalo, goat and sheep milks are given in the Table 2. Table 2: Nutritional content of milk from different animal species Cow milk
Buffalo milk
Goat milk
Sheep milk
87.07
82.76
82.14
70
101
87.0 3 79
106
Thiamine(B1)(mg)
Sl. No
Constituents (per 100 g)
1.
Water(g)
2.
Energy(kcal)
3.
Carbohydrate(g)
4.64
4.9
4.45
4.8
Riboflavin(B2)(mg)
4.
Fat(g)
4.2
7.8
4.5
7.6
Niacin(B3)(mg)
5.
Protein(g)
3.4
3.75
3.2
4.5
6.
Mineral ash(g)
0.69
0.79
0.82
0.96
Calcium(mg)
113
169
134
193
Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg) Vitamin-C (ascorbic acid) (mg) Vitamin-A(Retinol)(ug)
Phosphorous(mg)
91
117
111
158
Potassium(mg)
143
178
204
137
Zinc(mg)
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.54
Sl. No
Constituents (per 100 g)
7.
Vitamins (ug or mg)
Vitamin-D (IU)
(calciferol)
Cow milk
Buffalo milk
Goat milk
Shee p milk
0.06 5 0.35 5 0.41 7 0.40 7 4.2
0.04 4 0.18 3 0.10 7 0.36 2 2.0
0.052
2.3
0.04 8 0.13 8 0.27 7 0.31 0 1.3
28
53
57
44
40
-
12
-
0.135 0.091 0.192
At present, in India 54 % milk of total milk production is from buffalo, 43 % from cow and 3% from goat and sheep. The major difference in the composition of these milks show that there is higher total solids content in buffalo and sheep milk due to higher fat, protein, lactose and minerals. The total solids content of cow and goat milk are less compared to buffalo and sheep milk. The dietary energy value of buffalo and sheep milk is high compared to cow and goat milk because of higher total solids content. Milk Fat is easily digestible nutritious fat and most important source of dietary energy, while supplies 9 kcal/g of fat. Milk fat contains nutrients such as essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. The conjugated linoleic acid may prevent colorectal and breast cancer, by reducing Prostagladian PGE -2, reduce chronic inflammation and normalize blood glucose level by increasing insulin sensitivity. Butyric acid found in milk fat works as a substratum for colon cell and confers anticancer properties. The intake of milk and milk products except butter appears to lower the blood cholesterol content. 60 % of the fatty acid in milk fat has no cholesterol raising properties. The free fatty acids and mono glycerides in milk fat are anti infective. Medical community has projected unhealthy image of milk fat because it contains cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. Milk proteins are the building blocks of body containing all 11 essential amino acids, which supplies energy 4 kcal/g of protein. Casein and whey proteins are the major proteins present in milk. Milk is the only source of animal protein for vegetarians. Milk proteins are considered superior compared to other proteins because of its higher biological value, digestibility and immunological properties .
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Milk protein consumption may relieve joint pains and enhances iron absorption. Milk protein hydrolyzate shows anti stress effect and the whey proteins offer protection against tumor incidence. Lactose is a carbohydrate present in milk which supplies 4 kcal/g of energy. Lactose is a disaccharide that yields D-glucose and D-galactose on hydrolysis. Lactose is commonly referred as ‘brain sugar’ because it helps in the development of brain. It also helps in the absorption of calcium and magnesium by the body and suppresses the development of putrefying microorganisms in the intestine. Of all the mammalian milk, human milk contains highest lactose content (7.0 %). Milk is an excellent source of Minerals. The major minerals present in milk are calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphate, sulphate, citrate, carbonate and bicarbonate. The minerals present in trace quantities include aluminium, chromium, iron, zinc etc. Calcium and phosphorus help in building up of skeleton and teeth in children. The other minerals which act as building materials of the body are also essential components in enzymatic reactions in digestion system. Vitamins in milk include fat soluble (vitamin A,D, E & K) and water soluble vitamins (B complex & C). Milk is an important source of vitamin A, vitamin B1-thiamin, B2-riboflavin B6-pyridoxine, B12- cyano cobalamin or Biotin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid and Folic acid. Vitamins play a vital role in human health, the deficiency of vitamins may cause many diseases and hence these vitamins have to be supplemented in the diet by including milk and dairy products. Nutritional value of Milk from different animal species: 1.Cow and Buffalo milk: Much of the milk produced and processed in India is buffalo milk. Buffalo milk contains more fat, solids not fat and total solids and hence yield of products prepared from buffalo milk will be always higher. The compositional differences between buffalo and cow milk are reflected on their physico-chemical properties. Milk from buffalo is preferred for preparing milk and dairy products of western and traditional type and is nutritionally superior. However, due to some differences in physico-chemical properties, the use of buffalo milk creates a few problems during product manufacture and storage of some dairy products. There is difference in the quality of protein in terms of structure of casein and mineral distribution in the casein micelle. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of buffalo milk is 2.74 and cow milk is 2.39. Buffalo milk fat is higher in fatty acids such as butyric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid but lower in caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric and myristic acids. Calcium, phosphorus and iron are higher in buffalo milk than cow milk. Higher levels of various protective factors are found in buffalo milk such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozymes, lactoperoxidase and bifidogenic factors. Buffalo milk contains less cholesterol (total cholesterol 275 mg and free cholesterol 212mg per 100 g of fat) compared to cow milk (total cholesterol 330 mg and free cholesterol 280 mg per 100 g of fat) and more tocopherol (334.21 µg per kg for buffalo and 312.3µg per kg of cow milk). Buffalo milk can be preserved naturally for a longer period due to higher peroxidase activity. Buffalo milk contains more Vitamin A as it metabolises all the carotene. 2.Therapeutic value of Goat milk:
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The composition of cow and goat milk do not differ significantly and the total solids content is almost same and give energy of 70 kcal and 79 kcal (100g milk). The size of casein micelle is more in goat milk (100-200 nm) compared to cow milk (60-80 nm). The minerals in goat milk slightly high in calcium, phosphorus and potassium content. The cow and goat milk differs significantly in the physico - chemical structure and composition of milk fats. The average size of fat globule of goat milk is about 3.5 micrometers as compared to 4.5 micrometers for cow milk fat. So it is normally referred as ‘homogenized milk’. Smaller fat globules make a better dispersion and helps in formation of more homogeneous mixture of fat which also helps for better digestion by lipase action. The value of curd tension test of goat milk is less than cow milk and hence the better digestion and absorption of goat milk. The fatty acid profile of goat milk reveals higher concentration of short chain and medium chain fatty acids. The ‘goaty odour’ can be attributed to higher short chain and free fatty acids in goat milk. The importance of feeding of infants with goat milk has been recognized since ancient days. In developed countries like U.S and South Africa, the goat milk is specifically marketed for the infants. The milk allergy problem common in infants fed with cow milk is rarely encountered when replaced with goat milk and it plays an important role in the formulation of infant formula. This is a proof of the ‘medicinal property’ of goat milk. The symptoms like gastrointestinal disturbances, vomiting colic, diarrhea, constipation and respiratory problems can be eliminated when goat milk is fed to infants. Goat milk is better substitute for people suffering from eczema asthma, chronic catarrh migraine, colitis, hay fever stomach ulcer , epigastric distress and abdominal due to allergic reaction to cow milk protein. Nutritional value of buffalo milk and sheep milk are high because of higher total solids and provides 101 kcal and 106 kcal (100g milk) of dietary energy respectively. Sheep milk is rich in fat, SNF and minerals and also more nutritious than cow and goat milk. It is also rich in calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, zinc and vitamin A, C and folate. Sheep milk contain higher amount of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6 and B12 compared to other species. 3.Nutritional value of Deshi (zebu/Indian) cow milk: The milk from Indian cows is thicker and sweeter and good for children’s growth and can make tastier milk products. Scientific evidence suggests that milk from zebu (humped) cattle has several advantages over the milk of exotic European varieties of cattle like Holstein Friesian (HF), which were introduced in India as a measure to enhance milk production through cross breeding. The key difference between the two types of milk is the crucial A2 variety of β-casein protein, which is found in the milk of the zebu cows, camel, goat, donkey, buffalo, yak, sheep and even jersey cows. European breeds like HF, which spread across the developed world due to their high milk yield, contain the A1 variant of β-casein protein, which has been related to allergies and serious health conditions. The process started in New Zealand, where the process for identification of A1 and A2 proteins was developed, and in 1994, a patent was registered by the NZ Child Health Research Foundation for ‘A Method of Selecting Non-Diabetogenic Milk or Milk Products’. In recent years, evidence has started piling up linking A1 protein with higher risks of type-1 diabetes, coronary heart disease, allergies, irritable bowel syndrome, arteriosclerosis, sudden infant death syndrome, autism, schizophrenia etc. Popular testimonies show that a switch from A1 to A2 milk leads
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to significant improvement in a host of health issues. With rising awareness the demand for A2 milk has gone up phenomenally in countries like Australia, UK and NZ. A few people around the country are working to document this knowledge and a few non-profit organizations are working to set up farmer groups for marketing deshi cow milk. A few scientists are trying to start fledgling conservation programs and a few Swadeshi groups are making an emotional appeal based largely on vague claims of health benefits.
Dr. Sakshi, S1., Dr. Kshama, M. A2., Dr. Kavya, P. S3, Dr. Soumya, B4. 2 Assistant professor Dept. of TVCC,1 M.V.Sc. scholar Dept. of VAHEE,3M.V.Sc. schlor Dept. of Animal nutrition,4M.V.Sc. scholar Dept of Vety. Med.(sakshinitya2@gmail.com) A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be passed from an animal to a human. There are many diseases that can be zoonotic and many species of animals can spread zoonotic diseases. In general these diseases are of most significance to immune-compromised people and children. It is important to remember that preventive methods for these diseases should be used when dealing with all animals, even animals that appear healthy. Here is an overview of some common or important zoonotic diseases which can be passed from dogs and cats to humans DISEASE
Rabies
Staphylococcal Infections
PATHOGEN
Lyssa virus
TRANSMISSION
Bites from rabid animals
SYMPTOMS IN ANIMALS
Progressive neurologic dysfunction, death
SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS
Progressive neurologic dysfunction, death
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA- infection from man to animal more common) Bacterial contamination following bite wounds Fever, Skin lesion(s), Skin swelling, Slow to heal wound(s) Pyoderma, mastitis Skin or soft tissue infection, such as a boil or abscess at the site of wound. It can develop into more serious invasive infections, such as bloodstream infections or pneumonia, leading to a variety of other symptoms including shortness of breath, fever, chills, and death
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Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) Dermatophytes spp.
Direct contact with infected animals Asymptomatic or skin lesions with alopecia, hyperkeratosis, erythema and crusts Raised circular lesions, with erythema and hyperkeratosis. Common in children and immune-compromised people
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DISEASE
Campylobacteriosis
Salmonellosis
Giardiasis (beaver fever)
Toxocariasis
PATHOGEN
Campylobacter spp.
Salmonella spp.
Toxocara spp.
TRANSMISSION
Feco-oral
Ingestion of embryonated eggs from environment
SYMPTOMS IN ANIMALS
Asymptomatic or bloody diarrhea in young animals Severe vomition, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea
Feco-oral or ingestion of contaminated food Asymptomatic or diarrhea
Giardia spp. (only type A and B are zoonotic) Fecal-oral, contaminated food or water sources Diarrhea
Diarrhea
Diarrhea, fever, vomiting
Usually asymptomatic Visceral or ocular larva migrans
SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS
Gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, vomition, nausea, fever, myagia, dehydration
DISEASE
Leptospirosis
Ancylostomiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Tuberculosis
PATHOGEN
Leptospira spp.
Ancyclostoma spp.
Cryptosporidium spp.
Mycobacterium spp.
TRANSMISSION
Direct contact with infected urine
Direct contact with infected material
Feco-oral route
Airborne
SYMPTOMS IN ANIMALS
Malaise, icterus, nephritis
Diarrhea
Severe diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss
Fever, Weight loss, Anorexia ,Harsh, non-productive coughing
SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS
Malaise, acute nephritis, icterus, hepatitis, uveitis
Cutaneous larva migrans Eosinophilic enteritis (A.caninum)
Watery diarrhea, vomiting, stomach, cramps, loss of appetite, weight loss, slight fever
A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer, Pain in the chest, Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs), weakness or fatigue, weight loss, Loss of appetite, Chills, Fever, Sweating at night
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DISEASE
Brucellosis
Toxoplasmosis
PATHOGEN
Brucella spp.
TRANSMISSION
Exposure to aborted fetuses, placental material, urine, or vaginal discharges Orchitis, scrotal dermatitis, generalized lymphadenopathy, abortion Intermittent fever, malaise
Toxoplasma gondii (Cats are definitive host) Feco-oral or ingestion of contaminated tissues
SYMPTOMS IN ANIMALS
SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS
Bartonellosis (Cat Scratch Fever) Bartonella henselae
Contamination of bite site with flea excreta or scratch
Abortions, still births, encephalitis, myositis, birth defects, death
Subclinical
Abortions, still births, encephalitis, myositis, birth defects, death
Lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise, encephalitis, local inflammation, abscess
External Parasites External parasites of dogs and cats are capable of transmitting several diseases to humans. Environmental conditions, and geographic location influence the incidence and risk associated with ectoparasites. Preventive measures should be designed to limit exposure, careful examination during quarantine is recommended to detect and eliminate external parasites. Below is a list of the most common ectoparasites and the zoonotic diseases they can transmit. PARASITES
DISEASES
SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS
• • • •
Ehrlichiosis Lyme borreliosis Tularemia Rocky mountain spotted fever
• •
Fleas
• •
Bartonellosis Plague
• •
Mites
• •
Scabies Cheyletiellosis
• •
Flies
•
Trypanosomiasis
•
Ticks
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• •
Fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches Fatigue, chills, fever, headache, rash, arthritis, neurologic signs Fever, skin lesions, lymphadenopathy Fever, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, rash, muscle pain Fever, lymphadenopathy, papules or pustules Fever, chills, cough, pneumonia, chest pain, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, bleeding, shock, death Pruritus, dermatitis Erythematous macules or papules on the limbs and sometimes on whole body In the first phase, fever with lymphadenopathy together with other non-specific signs and symptoms. The second stage neurological symptoms like changes in personality, alteration of the biological clock (the circadian rhythm), confusion, slurred speech, seizures and difficulty in walking and talking.
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Prevention of Zoonotic Disease: Owning a dog and cat is generally a very positive experience for all the family and brings many benefits to humans. By taking a few precautions as listed below, one can ensure that diseases will not spread to one’s own family or neighbours. These include: • Isolate sick animals and seek immediate veterinary advice. • Hands should be washed regularly after touching sick pets or handling their waste. If it is a cat, scoop the litter box daily and dispose of the stool in a tightly sealed plastic bag. If it is a dog, clean up the stool while on walks or from the yard and dispose of the stool in a tightly sealed plastic bag. • Clean pets food and water dishes in a separate sink or tub, not in the kitchen or bathtub. • Wash hands after contact with pets, pet food and pet bowls. Wash with soap and running water for at least 20 seconds, then rinse and dry your hands with a paper towel. • Routinely clean pet food bowls and feeding areas. • Keep exercise enclosures, fencing, walls and kennels etc. as clean as practicable. • Keep children younger than age 5 away from pet food and feeding areas. • Vaccinate and deworm dogs and cats at regular intervals as per schedule.
J. Shilpa Shree Assistant professor ( contract ), Dept. of LPM, Veterinary College, Bengaluru. (Shilpashreej23@gmail.com) Global trade in livestock products is expanding rapidly and significantly due to increase in consumer demands linked to growing educational and awareness of consumer, internationalisation of tastes and habits, developments in science and technology and improvements in communication and transportation. Sustained economic growth and rising incomes during the past two decades have been fuelling rapid growth in the demand for livestock products in India. Consequently, the livestock sector has emerged as one of the important drivers of agricultural growth and diversification in India. The 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) and the National Agricultural Policy (2000) gave much focus on livestock sector to achieve the target growth rate of 4% in the agricultural sector. The rising global demand for livestock products, various global trade negotiations and domestic reforms in India, have improved the access to international markets substantially, particularly during the post-WTO period. Such developments offer an opportunity to India to increase its exports, especially for livestock products like bovine meat, whose domestic demand is low. However, at the same time, apprehensions are being raised about the ability of Indian livestock farmers, a majority of whom are small and marginal, in taking the advantage of emerging opportunities, under the liberalized trade scenario. Thus, a deeper understanding of the dynamics of trade performance of livestock sector in India would contribute towards the development strategy of this sector. Role of livestock sector in agricultural economy: The livestock sector could play an important role in the process of socio-economic development of India. India is rich in livestock genetic resource. The total Bovine population (Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun and Yak) is 299.9 million numbers in 2012. The number of milch animals (in-milk and dry) in cows and
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buffaloes has increased from 111.09 million to 118.59 million, an increase of 6.75%. The number of animals in milk in cows and buffaloes has increased from 77.04 million to 80.52 million showing a growth of 4.51%. India possess 512.1 million livestock and 729.2 million poultry birds. The country occupies first position in milk production despite the fact that the production system is predominantly based on agro- by-products and crop residues, third in egg and fifth in broiler production in the world. Livestock sector has maintained a steady growth particularly, the dairy and poultry sectors. Investments in the livestock sector can significantly contribute to economic growth, poverty reduction and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals in India. India’s livestock sector has been booming. India has become the leading exporter of buffalo meat and it has turned from a milk-deficient nation into the world’s largest dairy producer in the world. While the contribution of agriculture to the country’s GDP continues to fall with industrialization, the contribution of the livestock sector to India’s agricultural output only continues to increase. Livestock now contribute 28% of the output of the agricultural sector and the sub-sector is growing at a rate of 4.3% a year while that for the agricultural sector as a whole is growing at just 2.8% a year. Last year, India’s livestock sector output value was estimated to be over USD40 billion—more than all grains combined. Livestock sector are a prime force in this country’s economy and the well-being of hundreds of millions of its people. Livestock sector stand as a central pillar for India’s economic development. The present contribution of livestock to the national economy is estimates to 18,000 crores mainly from milk and milk products (70%), meat and meat products (11.5%), poultry (8.8%) and dung for fuel (7.8%). In addition the value of other animal products as eggs, wool, leather goods etc. make the total 18,000 cores. Data Base and Objectives of the Study: The data used in this study were collected from various secondary sources. Time series data for twenty year (1991 – 2011) on export and imports (quantity in tonnes) of various livestock products for the world and India were collected from Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, FAO trade statistics and FAO commodity Review and outlook. Trade Performance and Livestock Sector in India: Export of livestock products from India have gained a considerable momentum since the early nineties chiefly because of liberalization of trade and several trade policy changes coupled with surge in international prices of many livestock based products (Bairwa et al. 2013). Export of livestock products in terms of quantities in India over a period of twenty years from 1991 to 2011 is given in Table 1. From this table 1, it could be inferred that the export performance of bovine meat has registered the highest position (945935 tonnes in 2011), followed by poultry products. Dastagiri, 2010 showed that meat products constituted the largest share in the total exports and he suggested that government should increase its spending to increase livestock production and which in turn will increase livestock export. Import of livestock products in terms of quantities in India over a period of twenty years from 1991 to 2011 is given in Table 2. India does not import bovine meat. The import of dairy products has shown a fluctuating trend over the period of study. The import of sheep and goat meat had almost not take place, while the import of swine meat and poultry products had registered a significant growth. India is a potential competitive exporter to Asia and the world. Trade liberalization will help to increase its producer surplus while decreases consumer surplus (Peng and Cox, 2006). Anand and Varalaxmi, 2011 in their study, evaluated the exports and imports of principal commodities from India during 2004 to 2010.
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Eggs
Swi ne meat
Poultry meat
Natural honey
sheep and goat meat
Bovine meat
Meat offals
Hide s and Skins
Wool and Hair
processed meat
2314
5794
0
215
0
7622
81459
2497
0
1964
191
1994
8204
6200
742
101
120
10819
116138
76
0
63
192
1997
1968
9382
252
344
752
7547
176329
95
0
418
240
2000
9897
11344
3
259
1534
11903
288027
183
49
383
137
2003
7745
42319
640
6918
6964
16821
343817
1158
942
357
1012
2006
41874
49070
1672
1072
8136
5482
494112
399
2077
256
752
2009
29254
44180
1414
1656
13311
52252
484689
6166
4945
1117
476
2011
16039
33915
612
10548
28940
10744
945935
10910
1872
2554
598
Period
Dairy products
1991
Table: 2 Import Performance of Livestock Products in India: (Quantities in tonnes)
Period
Dairy products
Egg s
Swin e meat
Poultry meat
Natural honey
Sheep and Goat meat
Bovine meat
Meat offals
Hides and Skins
Wool and Hair
Processed meat
1991
2135
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
5281
30437
0
1994
998
0
0
0
162
0
0
0
11348
43180
0
1997
804
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
13479
66145
0
2000
1624
23
20
1
1163
6
0
0
18179
59651
13
2003
12071
43
86
18
155
2
0
0
9288
91511
47
2006
3522
239
331
25
1008
9
2
5
19319
102881
76
2009
8719
66
1520
61
1104
39
0
0
27553
69901
217
2011
50057
315
1202
124
859
8
0
0
21323
80059
383
qÁ. ºÉZï. J. G¥ÉÃAzÀæ ¤zÉÃð±ÀPÀgÀÄ, ªÀ£Àåfë ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA±ÉÆÃzsÀ£Á ¸ÀA¸ÉÜ, zÉÆqÀØC¼ÀĪÁgÀ. ( uppisri2003@yahoo.com ) EzÀÄ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 1986 - 1987 gÀ ¸ÀAUÀw. ¸ÉßûvÀ qÁ. ªÀrªÉÃ®Ä zÀÆgÀªÁ¤ ªÀiÁr PÉýzÀ “ ¸Ágï PÉÆýUÀ¼À°è ªÉÆmÉÖ MqÉAiÀÄ®Ä ªÀÄvÀÄÛ vÉÆUÀ®Ä ªÉÆmÉÖUÉ PÁgÀt K£ÀÄ? ” £À£Àß GvÀÛgÀ “ PÉÆý ªÉÆmÉÖ MqÉAiÀÄ®Ä C£ÉÃPÀ PÁgÀt, Tape worm infestation CxÀªÁ PÉÆý DºÁgÀzÀ°è Calcium PÉÆgÀvÉ, PÉ®ªÀÅ «µÀ ¥ÀzsÁxÀðUÀ¼ÀÆ ¸ÀºÀ PÉÆý ªÉÆmÉÖ MqÉAiÀÄ®Ä ªÀÄvÀÄÛ vÉÆUÀ®Ä ªÉÆmÉÖUÉ PÁgÀtªÁUÀÄvÉÛ.” qÁ. ªÀrªÉÃ®Ä zÀé¤AiÀÄ°è ºÀvÁµÉ PÁtÄwvÀÄÛ, “ ¸Ágï J¯Áè ¸Àj EzÉ, DzÀgÉ £ÁªÀÄPÀÌ°è£À°è MAzÀÄ PÉÆý ¥sÁgÀA£À°è §gÉà vÉÆUÀ®Ä ªÉÆmÉÖ §gÀvÁ EzÉ, ¤ªÀÄä ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄ ¨ÉÃPÀÄ, §wÃðgÀ ºÉÆÃV §gÉÆÃt JAzÀgÀÄ. £Á£ÀÄ ¸ÀºÁ ºÉÆÃUÀ®Ä M¦àPÉÆAqÉ. D MAzÀÄ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀ £À£Àß ªÀÈwÛ fêÀ£ÀPÉÌ ¸ÀªÁ¯ÁUÀ §ºÀÄzÀÄ JAzÀÄ M¼À ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄì ºÉüÀ¯ÁgÀA©¹vÀÄ, ºÁUÀÄ ºÉƸÀzÁV PÉÆAqÀ PÁgÀÄ Nr¸ÀĪÀ ºÀÄZÀÄÑ ¸ÀºÁ EvÀÄÛ.
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 03 01
DV£À PÁ®zÀ°è ¸ÉîA, £ÁªÀÄPÀ̯ï, gÁ¹¥ÀÄgÀA ದ ಣ ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ¯Éèà PÉÆý ªÉÆmÉÖ GvÁàzÀ£ÉUÉ ºÉ¸ÀgÀĪÁ¹ DVzÀݪÀÅ. £ÁªÀÄPÀ̯ï£À°è PÉÆý DºÁgÀ GvÁàzÀ£É ªÀiÁrPÉÆArzÀÝ ²æà ¸ÀĨsÀæªÀÄtåAUÉ PÉÆý ¸ÁPÁtÂPÉ ºÉƸÀzÀÄ. DzÀgÉ vÁ£ÀÄ PÉÆý ¥sÁgÀA MqÉAiÀÄ JAzÀÄ PÀgɹPÉƼÀÄîªÀ D¸É. »ÃUÁV MAzÀÄ zÉÆqÀØ PÉÆý ¥sÁgÀA PÀnÖ¹ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 22,000 PÉÆýUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÁPÀ®Ä ¥ÁægÀA©¹zÀÝ. ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀzÀ°è J¯Áè ¸ÀjAiÀiÁVAiÉÄà EvÀÄÛ. DzÀgÉ ¤zsÁ£ÀªÁV PÉÆý ªÉÆmÉÖ MqÉAiÀÄĪÀÅzÀÄ ºÉZÁÑV £ÀAvÀgÀ vÉÆUÀ®Ä ªÉÆmÉÖ vÀÄA¨Á ºÉZÁÑVvÀÄÛ. ºÀtzÀ vÉÆAzÀgÉ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁVvÀÄÛ, AiÀiÁPÉ PÉÆý ¥sÁgÀA ªÀiÁrzÉ JAzÀÄ vÀ£ÀߣÀÄß vÁ£É ¨ÉÊzÀÄPÉƼÀî®Ä DgÀA©¹zÀ. DzÀgÉ «¢ü EgÀ°®è, PÉÆý ¥sÁgÀA ªÀÄÄZÀÄѪÀAwgÀ°®è. C£ÉÃPÀ ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀågÀ ¸À®ºÉ ªÉÄgÉUÉ OµÀzÉÆÃ¥ÀZÁgÀ ªÀiÁrzÀgÀÆ ¸ÀºÁ vÀÆAzÀgÉ eÁ¹Û D¬ÄvÀÄ «£ÀºÀ PÀrªÉÄ DUÀ°®è. F ¥Àj¹ÛwAiÀÄ°è £Á£ÀÄ ²æøÀħæªÀÄtåA ¥sÁgÀAUÉ qÁ. ªÀrªÉÃ®Ä eÉÆvÉUÉ ºÉÆÃzÉ. PÉÆý ¥sÁgÀA M¼ÀUÀqÉ ºÉÆÃzÀ PÀÆqÀ¯É £À£ÀUÉ CZÀÑj. J®Æè PÉÆý ªÉÆmÉÖ PÁtÄwÛ®è. DzÀgÉ vÀÆUÀ®Ä ªÉÆmÉÖUÀ¼ÀÄ PÉÃf¤AzÀ PɼÀUÉ ©Ã¼ÀÄvÁÛ EgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ §AvÀÄÛ. CAzÀgÉ AiÀiÁªÀ ªÉÆmÉÖUÀ¼ÀÄ UÀnÖAiÀiÁV®èzÉ vÉÆUÀ®Ä ªÉÆmÉÖAiÀiÁV PɼÀUÉ ©Ã¼ÀÄvÁ EzÉ EzÀPÉÌ PÀgÀt K£ÀÄ CAvÀ AiÉÆÃZÀ£É. ¸Àj PÉÆýUÀ¼À ¥ÀjÃPÉë ªÀiÁrzÉ. PÉÆýUÀ¼ÀÄ £ÉÆÃqÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ DgÉÆÃUÀåªÁVzÀÄÝ ZÀlĪÀnPɬÄAzÀ EzÀݪÀÅ. PÉÆýUÀ¼ÀÄ DºÀgÀ ¸ÉêÀ£É ¸ÀjAiÀiÁVvÀÄÛ. AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà gÉÆÃUÀzÀ ®PÀët PÁt°®è. PÉÆýUÀ¼À ¸ÁPÀtÂPÉ §UÉÎ ²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtåAgÀªÀgÀ£ÀÄß ¥Àæ²ß¹zÁUÀ CªÀgÀÄ PÉÆÃ¥À¢AzÀ “ £Á£ÀÄ PÉÆý ¥ÁægÀA FUÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀ ªÀiÁrgÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ, DzÀgÉ PÉÆý ¸ÁPÁtÂPÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¨ÉÃgÉAiÀĪÀjAzÀ PÀ°AiÀĨÉÃQ® è” CAzÀgÀÄ, CªÀgÀ ªÀÄÄR¨ÁªÀ, JvÀÛgÀªÁzÀ ªÀåQÛvÀé, UÀqÀĸÁzÀ zsÀé¤ £À£ÀUÉ ºÉzÀjPÉ GAlĪÀiÁrvÀÄÛ. PÉÆýUÀ¼À°è ¸Àé®à ¸À¥ÀàVzÀÝ £Á®ÄÌ PÉÆýUÀ¼À£ÀÄß Dj¹ CªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀÄgÉÆÃvÀÛgÀ ¥ÀjÃPÀëUÉ M¼À¥Àr¸ÀÄvÉÛÃ£É JAzÁUÀ CªÀgÀ PÉÆÃ¥À £ÉwÛUÉÃj “ K£ï qÁPÀÖgï ¤ÃªÀÅ ZÉ£ÁßVgÀĪÀ PÉÆý ¸Á¬Ä¸ÀÄvÉÛÃ£É CAwÛÃgÁ” JAzÁUÀ qÁPÀÖgï ªÀrªÉÃ®Ä vÁ£ÀÄ PÀ°vÀ ¥ÁoÀªÉ¯Áè G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¹ CAvÀÆ ²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtågÀªÀgÀ M¦àUÉ ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄĪÁUÀ £À£Àß vÁ¼Éä PÀtägÉAiÀiÁVvÀÄÛ. PÉÆýUÀ¼À ªÀÄgÀuÉÆÃvÀÛgÀ ¥ÀjÃPÉë ªÀÄÄV¸ÀzÁUÀ K£ÀÄ vÉÆAzÀgÉ PÁt°®èè, DUÀ ²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtåA CªÀgÀ ªÀÄÄR £ÉÆÃqÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ »AdjPÉAiÀiÁ¬ÄvÀÄ. “F PÉÆý£Á w£ÀߧºÀÄzÁ ” JA§ ¥Àæ±Éß ²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtåA PÉýzÁUÀ £Á£ÀÄ GvÀÛgÀ PÉÆqÀĪÀ ªÉÆzÀ¯É qÁ. ªÀrªÉÃ®Ä “ K£ÀÄ vÉÆAzÀgÉ E®è w£ÀߧºÀÄzÀÄ ” JAzÀÄ GvÀÛgÀ PÉÆmÁÖVvÀÄÛ. wgÀÄV £ÉÆÃqÀĪÀµÀÖgÀ°èà ²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtåA ºÉAqÀw ¸ÀvÀÛ PÉÆýUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀÄ£É M¼ÀUÉ vÉUÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ ºÉÆÃzÀgÀÄ. PÉÆý DºÁgÀzÀ §UÉÎ ¥Àæ±Éß GvÀÛgÀ £ÀqɸÀĪÁUÀ ªÀÄvÉÛà ²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtåA CªÀjUÉ PÉÆÃ¥À §gÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ JAzÀÄPÉÆAqÉ. CzÀPÁÌV qÁ. ªÀrªÉîī£À ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄ ¥ÀqÉzÀÄ GvÀÛgÀ ¥ÀqÉzÁUÀ £À£ÀUÉ C¤¹zÀÄÝ PÉÆý DºÁgÀzÀ°è K£ÀÄ vÉÆAzÀgÉ E®è CAvÀ. ªÀÄvÉÛà £À£Àß JzÀÄjUÉ ¥Àæ±Éß, “ K¤zÀÄ ºÉƸÀ PÁ¬Ä¯É ” ¥Àæ±ÀßUÉ GvÀÛgÀ ¹UÀzÉà PÉÆý ¥ÁgÀA AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£À£À JzÀÄgÀÄ £À£ÀUÉ CªÀªÀiÁ£À DUÀĪÀ ¥Àj¹Üw. ªÀÄÄAZÉAiÉÄà ²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtåA CªÀjUÉ £À£Àß §UÉÎ £ÀA©PÉ PÀrªÉÄ, eÉÆvÉAiÀÄ°è ©¹ ¨ÉùUÉ £À£Àß ±ÀQÛAiÀįÁè »ÃjAiÀiÁVvÀÄÛ. “ ¤ÃgÀÄ ¨ÉÃQvÀÄÛ PÀÄrAiÉÆÃPÉ ” CAzÁUÀ ²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtåA CªÀjUÉ K£ÀÄ C¤¹vÀÄ UÉÆwÛ®è “§¤ß D¦üù£À°è PÀĽvÀÄ ªÀÄfÓUÉ PÀÄrAiÉÆÃt ” JAzÁUÀ ºÉÆÃzÀ ¥Áæt ªÁ¥À¸ï §AzÀAUÁ¬ÄvÀÄ. CAvÀÆ JgÀqÀÄ ¯ÉÆÃl ªÀÄfÓUÉ PÀÄrzÁUÀ ªÉÄÊ £ÉÆëAzÀ ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄì CUÀÄgÀªÁ¬ÄvÀÄ. D¦Ã¸ÀÄ PÉÆoÀrAiÀÄ°è PÀĽvÀÄ C¯Éèà PÀtÄÚ wgÀÄV¹zÉ. ªÀÄƯÉAiÀÄ°è MAzÀÄ OµÀzÀzÀ CAUÀrAiÉÄà EvÀÄÛ. ¸Àj AiÀiÁªÀ AiÀiÁªÀ OµÀ¢ EzÉ JAzÀÄ £ÉÆÃrzÁUÀ C°è PÁ° OµÀzÀzÀ qÀ©âUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀAqÀħA¢vÀÄ. ºÀwÛgÀ ºÉÆÃzÁUÀ CªÉ¯Áè Hostocycline OµÀzÀzÀ qÀ§âUÀ¼ÀÄ. J¯Áè SÁ°, Jt¹zÁUÀ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 187 SÁ° qÀ§âUÀ¼ÀÄ “ F OµÀ¢ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÀPÉÌ G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¹¢ÝjÃ? ”JAzÀÄ PÉýzÁUÀ, §AzÀ GvÀÛgÀ “ ªÉÆmÉÖ ºÉÆqÉAiÀÄĪÀÅzÀÄ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁzÁUÀ E°èUÉ §gÀÄwÛzÀÝ Sales Reprepresentative UÉ vÉÆAzÀgÉ ºÉýzÉ, zÀÆgÀªÁtÂAiÀÄ°è CªÀ£ÀÄ F OµÀ¢ PÉÆqÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ ºÉýzÀ, £Á£ÀÄ PÉÆqÀÄwÛzÉÝÃ£É DzÀgÉ K£ÀÄ G¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀ«®è. Hostocycline UÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÉÆmÉÖ MqÉAiÀÄĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ ¸ÀA¨sÀAzÀ K£ÀÄ ?”
CAvÀ PÉüÀ®Ä ¨Á¬Ä vÉgÉAiÀÄĪÀ ªÀÄÄ£ÀߪÉà ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ PÁ¯ÉÃf£À°è ºÉý
PÉÆlÖ ¥ÁoÀ YÕ¥ÀPÀPÉÌ §AzÀÄ ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄì ºÉývÀÄ “ ºÀÄZÀÑ Hostocycline PÉÆýUÀ½UÉ PÉÆmÁÖUÀ CzÀÄ DºÁgÀzÀ°ègÀĪÀ Calcium PÉÆýUÀ½UÉ ¹UÀzÀAvÉ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. CAvÀÆ F ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀPÉÌ PÉÆ£É PÁt¸ÀÄwÛzÉ J¤¹vÀÄ. ²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtåAgÀªÀjAzÀ
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 03 01
D Sales Reprepresentative zÀÆgÀªÁt £ÀA§gï ¥ÀqÉzÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀQð¹zÁUÀ CªÀgÀÄ ºÉýzÀÄÝ “ ¸Ágï £Á£ÀÄ ºÉýzÀÄÝ Ostocalcium, Hostocycline C® è”
²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtåA CªÀjUÉ F vÉÆÃAzÀgÉ Ostocalcium §zÀ®Ä Hostocycline
PÉÆnÖzÀPÉÌ DVzÉ. PÉÆýUÀ½UÉ PÉÆlÖgÉ ªÀÄvÉÛ ªÉÆmÉÖ ¸ÀjAiÀiÁV §gÀÄvÉÛ CAvÀ w½ ºÉýzÁUÀ ²æà ¸ÀħæªÀÄtå ªÀÄÄRzÀ°è ªÉÆzÀ® ¨ÁjUÉ £ÀUÀÄ PÁt¹vÀÄ. DzÀgÉ CªÀjUÉ DzÀ £ÀµÀÖ¢AzÀ CªÀjUÉ E£ÀÆß PÉÆÃ¥À §gÀÄwÛvÀÄÛ. CªÀjUÉ ºÉýzÉ “AiÀiÁªÀ PÁgÀtPÀÆÌ qÁPÀÖgï ¸À®ºÉ ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄzÉ PÉÆýUÀ½UÉ OµÀ¢ PÉÆqÀ¨ÉÃr, E®è¢zÀÝgÉ F jÃw vÉÆAzÀgÉ vÀ¦àzÀÝ®è” qÁ. ªÀrªÉÃ®Ä ¸ÀAvÉÆõÀ¢AzÀ “ £ÀªÀÄä ¸Ágï §AzÁUÀ¯É £À£ÀUÉ UÉÆwÛvÀÄÛ, F vÉÆAzÀgÉUÉ ¥ÀjºÁgÀ ¹UÀÄvÉÛ CAvÀ” £À£ÀߣÀÄß ªÉÄÃ¯É PÀÆj¸ÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ ¥ÁægÀA©¹zÀ. ¨É¼ÀV¤AzÀ Hl E®èzÉ EzÀÝ PÁgÀt PÉÊ PÁ®ÄUÀ¼À°è £ÉÆêÀÅ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁVvÀÄÛ. E£ÀÄß Hl JAzÀgÉ J°è £Á£Éà PÉÆÃAiÀÄÝ
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qÁ: ¥Àæ«Ä¼À3, qÁ: PÉ. ¸ÀvÀå£ÁgÁAiÀÄuï1, qÁ: «. dUÀ¢Ã±Àéj2 ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ ºÁUÀÄ ªÀÄÄRå¸ÀÜgÀÄ1 , ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ2,, ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÁå¢üPÁj3 , UÀÄr§AqÉ vÁ. ( ksnkmk1960@gmail.com ) PÀ£ÁðlPÀ gÁdåzÀ°è 18£Éà eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄ UÀtwAiÀÄ ¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ ªÀĤ¸À¨ÉÃPÁzÀ CA±ÀªÉãÉAzÀgÉ, ±Éà 70 QÌAvÀ C¢üPÀ eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀtÚ gÉÊvÀgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ Cwà ¸ÀtÚ gÉÊvÀgÀÄ ºÉÆA¢zÁÝgÉ, EªÀgÀÄ vÀªÀÄä PÀrªÉÄ d«Ää£À°è ªÀļÉAiÀiÁ±ÀævÀ CxÀªÁ ¤ÃgÁªÀj d«Ää£À°è ¨É¼ÉzÀ DºÁgÀ zsÁ£Àå ¨É¼ÉUÀ¼À G½PÉUÀ¼ÁzÀ gÁV ºÀÄ®Äè, ¨sÀvÀÛzÀ ºÀÄ®Äè, eÉÆüÀzÀ zÀAlÄ EªÀÅUÀ¼À£Éßà vÀªÀÄä eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ½UÉ ªÉÄêÁV §¼À¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. C®èzÉ vÀªÀÄä eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÁªÀðd¤PÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼ÁzÀ ºÀÄ®ÄèUÁªÀ®Ä, PÁqÀÄ ¥ÀæzÉñÀ, PÀȶUÉ AiÉÆåÃUÀåªÀ®èzÀ §AdgÀÄ ¨sÀÆ«Ä ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À½î ªÉÄÃAiÀÄ®Ä ©qÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ºÉZÀÄÑ zÀĨÁjAiÀiÁzÀ ¥Ë¶ÖPÀ zÁ¤ «Ä±ÀætªÀ£ÀÄß PÉêÀ®Ä ºÉZÀÄÑ GvÁࢸÀĪÀ ºÉÊ£ÀÄgÁ¸ÀÄUÀ½UÉ ¤ÃqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. DzÁUÀÄå PÀÆqÀ, zÉñÀzÀ f.r.¦ UÉ eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄ GvÀà£ÀßUÀ¼À PÉÆqÀÄUÉ ¸ÀvÀvÀªÁV ºÉZÀÄÑvÀÛ¯Éà EzÉ. EwÛÃa£À zÀ±ÀPÀzÀ°è, DºÁgÀ zsÁ£ÀåUÀ¼À eÉÆvÉUÉ EvÀgÀ ªÁtÂdå GvÀà£ÀßUÀ½UÉ ºÉZÀÄÑwÛgÀĪÀ ¨ÉÃrPÉ, PÀȶ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ «¨sÀd£É, ªÀļÉAiÀÄ C¨sÁªÀ, CAvÀdð® ªÀÄlÖ PÀĹvÀ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ºÀ®ªÁgÀÄ PÁgÀtUÀ½AzÁV, eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ½UÉ CUÀvÀå«gÀĪÀ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀÅ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ Mt ªÉÄë£À GvÁàzÀ£ÉAiÀÄ°è PÉÆgÀvÉAiÀÄÄAmÁVzÉ. DºÁgÀ zsÁ£Àå ¨É¼ÉUÀ¼À G¼ÀPÉUÀ¼ÀÄ C®à ªÀÄnÖUÉ ®¨sÀåªÁUÀÄvÁÛzÀgÀÆ EzÀjAzÀ ±ÉÃ. 50 gÀµÀÄÖ CªÀ±ÀåPÀvÉAiÀĵÉÖà ¥ÀÆgÉÊPÉAiÀiÁUÀÄwÛzÉ. £ÀªÀÄä gÁdåzÀ°è ºÀ¹gÀÄ ¨ÉêÀÅ ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄĪÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ MlÄÖ ¨É¼É ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄĪÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ PÉêÀ® ±ÉÃ. 0.7 gÀµÀÄÖ ªÀiÁvÀæ (8.4 ®PÀë ºÉPÀÖgÀÄUÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ). EzÀ®èzÉ, EvÀgÉ ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÁzÀ PÁqÀÄ ¥ÀæzÉñÀ. PÀȶUÉ AiÉÆÃUÀåªÀ®èzÀ §AdgÀÄ ¨sÀÆ«Ä, ºÀÄ®ÄèUÁªÀ®Ä, UÉÆêÀiÁ¼À, PÀȶ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ §zÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄwÛvÀÛgÉ C£ÀÄ¥ÀAiÀÄÄPÀÛ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À°è ¸Àé®à ªÀÄnÖUÉ (30%) ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀÅ ¹UÀÄvÁÛzÀgÀÆ ºÉZÀÄÑwÛgÀĪÀ £ÀUÀjÃPÀgÀt, UÉÆêÀiÁ¼À ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À MvÀÄÛªÀj, PÀrªÉÄ ªÀÄ¼É ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ PÁgÀtUÀ½AzÁV F ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ½AzÀ zÉÆgÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄëUÀÆ PÀÄvÀÄÛ GAmÁVzÉ. MAzÀÄ ¸À«ÄÃPÉëAiÀÄ ¥ÀæPÁgÀ EAzÀÄ gÁdåzÀ°è ±ÉÃ. 35 gÀµÀÄÖ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄë£À PÉÆgÀvɬÄzÉ.
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 03 01
ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄë£À ¥ÁæªÀÄÄRåvÉ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀÅ ºÉÊ£ÀÄ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À°èè ºÁ®Ä GvÁàzÀ£É ¥ÀæªÀiÁt ªÀÄvÀÄÛ UÀÄtªÀÄlÖªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉaѸÀĪÀ°è ¥ÀæªÀÄÄPÀ ¥ÁvÀæ ªÀ»¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¥Ë¶ÖPÀªÁzÀ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß AiÀÄxÉÃZÀѪÁV ºÉÊ£ÀÄ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À DºÁgÀzÀ°è ¸ÉÃj¸ÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ºÉÊ£ÀÄ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À°èè ¥ÀZÀ£À QæAiÉÄ GvÀÛªÀÄUÉÆAqÀÄ, ¨É¼É G½PÉUÀ¼ÁzÀ gÁV ºÀÄ®Äè, ¨sÀvÀÛzÀ ºÀÄ®Äè ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ Mt ªÉÄë£À fÃtðvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀÈ¢ Þ¸ÀĪÀ°è ¥sÀ®PÁjAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. C®èzÉ ºÁ°£À UÀÄtªÀÄlÖªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÈ¢Þ¸À®Ä CªÀ±Àå«gÀĪÀ PÉ®ªÉÇAzÀÄ gÀ¸ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß GvÁࢸÀĪÀ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀðªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉaѸÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀ®èzÉ ªÁvÁªÀgÀtzÀ GµÀÚvÉ ºÉZÁÑzÁUÀ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀÅ ºÉÊ£ÀÄ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À zÉúÀzÀ GµÀÚvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉÆgÀºÁPÀĪÀ°è ¸ÀºÀPÁjAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¥ÀæªÀÄÄRªÁV, ¥Ë¶ÖPÀªÁzÀ DºÁgÀ CAzÀgÉ GvÀÛªÀÄ ¥ÉÆæÃn£ï, ¦µÀ×, R¤eÁA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ «l«Ä£ïAiÀÄÄPÀÛ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÁPÀµÀÄÖ ¥ÀæªÀiÁtzÀ°è ¤ÃqÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ºÉÊ£ÀÄ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ½UÉ CUÀvÀåªÁV ¤ÃqÀĪÉÇÃvÀ zÁt «Ä±ÀætzÀ ¥ÀæªÀiÁtªÀ£ÀÄß PÀrªÉÄ ªÀiÁqÀ§ºÀÄzÁVzÉ. ªÉÄë£À ¨É¼ÉUÀ¼À ¸ÁA¢æÃPÀÈvÀ ¸ÁUÀĪÀ½ CAzÀgÉ gÉÊvÀgÀÄ vÀªÀÄä PÀȶ d«Ää£À MAzÀÄ ¨sÁUÀªÀ£ÀÄß ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀÅ GvÁàzÀ£ÉUÉAzÉà «ÄøÀ°lÄÖ DAiÀiÁ ¨sËUÉÆýPÀ ªÁvÁªÀgÀtPÉÌ C£ÀÄUÀÄtªÁV, GvÀÛªÀÄ E¼ÀĪÀj ¤ÃqÀĪÀAvÀ ªÉÄë£À vÀ½UÀ¼À£ÀÄß CAiÉÄÌ ªÀiÁrPÉÆAqÀÄ ¸ÀAgÀPÀëuÁ ¤ÃgÁªÀj ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÉÆnÖUÉ UÉƧâgÀ CxÀªÁ gÁ¸ÁAiÀĤPÀ UÉƧâgÀ ¤ÃqÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄë£À E¼ÀĪÀjAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉaѸÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀµÀð«rà ºÀ¹gÀÄ GvÁࢸÀĪÀÅzÁVzÉ. AiÀiÁªÀ AiÀiÁªÀ ¨É¼ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß F jÃwAiÀiÁV ¨É¼ÉAiÀħºÀÄzÀÄ? ªÉÆzÀ®£ÉAiÀÄzÁV gÉÆÃqïì ºÀÄ®Äè - EzÀÄ Cwà ²ÃWÀæªÁV ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄĪÀ §ºÀĪÁ¶ðPÀ ¨É¼ÉUÀ¼À°è MAzÀÄ. ¤ÃgÀÄ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁzÀgÀÆ vÀqÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ºÉZÀÄÑ PÀªÀ¯ÉÆqÉAiÀÄÄ«PɬÄAzÁV ªÁ¶ðPÀ 7 jAzÀ 8 ¨Áj PÉƬÄèUÉ §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. dÆ£ï - dįÉÊ wAUÀ¼ÀÄUÀ¼À°è £Án ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä ¸ÀÆPÀÛ PÁ®, 50 jAzÀ 60 ¢ªÀ¸ÀUÀ¼À £ÀAvÀgÀ PÀmÁ«UÉ ¹zÀÞªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. V¤ ºÀÄ®Äè- F ºÀÄ®è£ÀÄß ¥ÁèAmÉñÀ£ï ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄ°è GvÀÛªÀÄ ªÀÄzsÀåAvÀgÀ ¨É¼ÉAiÀiÁVAiÀÄÆ ¨É¼ÉAiÀħºÀÄzÀÄ. ¥ÁågÁ ºÀÄ®Äè- ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV, ¥ÁågÁ ºÀÄ®è£ÀÄß PÉƼÀZÉ ¤ÃgÀ£ÀÄß §¼À¹ ¨É¼ÉAiÀįÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. F ºÀÄ®Äè ºÀ§ÄâªÀ ¸Àé¨sÁªÀªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢zÉ C®èzÉ eËUÀÄ, PÁëgÀ ºÁUÀÄ ºÀĽ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°èAiÀÄÆ ºÀĮĸÁV ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. £Án ªÀiÁrzÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ 15 ªÀµÀðzÀªÀgÉUÀÆ ¸ÀvÀvÀªÁV ¥sÀ¸À®Ä PÉÆqÀÄwÛgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. dÆ£ï -dįÉÊ wAUÀ¼ÀÄUÀ¼À°è £Án ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä ¸ÀÆPÀÛ PÁ®ªÁVzÉ. VæÃ£ï ¥Áå¤Pï ºÀÄ®Äè, CAd£ï ºÀÄ®Äè, PÁAUÉÆÃ-¹UÀß¯ï ºÀÄ®Äè, ¸ÉÖöʯÉÆÃgÀhiÁAvÀ¸ï ¸Ą́Áæ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ºÉªÀÄl, ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÉÄë£À ¸ÀeÉÓ »ÃUÉ C£ÉÃPÀ jÃwAiÀÄ vÀ½UÀ½ªÉ. F ºÀÄ®ÄèUÀ¼À°è PÀZÁÑ ¸À¸ÁgÀd£ÀPÀ 8 jAzÀ 12 gÀ¶ÖgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀ®èzÉ PÀZÁÑ £Áj£ÁA±À, PÉÆ©â£ÁA±À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÁå°ìAiÀÄA gÀAdPÀ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ®ªÀuÁA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ C¢üPÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ¥sÀ®ªÀvÁÛzÀ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ°è ºÉPÉÖÃjUÉ ªÀµÀðzÀ°è ¸ÀgÁ¸Àj 90 jAzÀ 100 l£ï E¼ÀĪÀj ¤jÃQë¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. ªÀļÉAiÀiÁ²ævÀ ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÁzsÁgÀt ¥sÀ®ªÀvÁÛzÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ªÀµÀðPÉÌ ºÉPÉÖÃjUÉ 35 jAzÀ 40 l£ï E¼ÀĪÀj ¥ÀqÉAiÀħºÀÄzÁVzÉ. ªÉÄë£À ªÀÄgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ- PÀrªÉÄ ªÀÄ¼É ©Ã¼ÀĪÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ½UÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ §gÀ¦ÃrvÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ½UÉ ªÀµÀðzÀ J¯Áè PÁ®zÀ°èAiÀÄÆ eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀUÀ½UÉ GvÀÛªÀÄ ¥Ë¶ÖPÀvÉAiÀÄ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß MzÀV¸ÀĪÀ°è ªÉÄë£À ªÀÄgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀĺÀvÀÛgÀ ¥ÁvÀæ ªÀ»¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À ªÉÄëUÉ ºÉ¸ÀgÁzÀAvÀºÀ ªÀÄgÀUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ ¸ÀĨÁ§¯ï, CUÀ¸É, £ÀÄUÉÎ, ºÀ¨ÉâêÀÅ, ºÁ®ªÁt ªÀÄvÀÄÛ Vèj¹ÃrAiÀiÁ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. ©ÃdUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ©vÀÛ£É ªÀiÁr £ÀAvÀgÀ ¸À¹UÀ¼À£ÀÄß £Án ªÀiÁqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. C®èzÉ CgÀtå E¯ÁSÉ ªÀwAiÀÄAzÀ ¸À¹UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀºÀ £Án ªÀiÁqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. ªÀļÉUÁ®zÀ DgÀA¨sÀzÀ°è CAzÀgÉ dÄ£ï -dįÉÊ wAUÀ¼ÀÄ £Án ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä ¸ÀÆPÀÛ PÁ®. ªÉÄë£À ªÀÄgÀzÀ ¸À¹UÀ¼À£ÀÄß JgÀqÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ°è £Án ªÀiÁqÀ§ºÀÄzÁVzÉ. ªÉÆqÀ®£ÉAiÀÄzÀÄ, vÉÆÃlzÀ §zÀÄUÀ¼À°è CxÀªÁ ¥ÁèAmÉñÀ£ï ¨É¼ÉUÀ¼À ªÀÄzsÀåAvÀgÀ ¨É¼ÉAiÀiÁV CxÀªÁ ¨ÉðAiÀÄAvÉ £Án ªÀiÁqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. JgÀqÀ£ÉAiÀÄzÀÄ, ¸ÁA¢æÃPÀÈvÀ ¸ÁUÀĪÀ½ ¥ÀzÀÞwAiÀÄ°è, ºÉÊ©æqï eÁwAiÀÄ £ÉæAiÀÄgï ºÀÄ®è£ÀÄß ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄĪÀAvÉ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À°è £Án ªÀiÁrAiÀÄÄ ¨É¼ÉAiÀħºÀÄzÁVzÉ. jÃw ¨ÉüÉAiÀÄĪÀzÀjAzÀ ¥Àæw ªÀÄgÀzÀ E¼ÀĪÀjAiÀÄ£ÀÄß zÀÄ¥ÀàlÄÖUÀĽ¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV PÀ¤µÀÖ £Án ªÀiÁrzÀ ¢£À¢AzÀ 6 wAUÀ½£ÉƼÀUÉ PÀmÁ«UÉ ¹zÀÞªÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. »ÃUÉ ªÀµÀðPÉÌ 6-7 PÀmÁªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀħºÀÄzÀÄ.
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 03 01
C®èzÉ 2-3 ªÀµÀðUÀ¼À PÁ® ¥sÀ¸À®£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DUÀ¸É ªÉÄë£À ªÀÄgÀUÀ¼À ¸ÁA¢æPÀÈvÀ ¸ÁUÀĪÀ½ CUÀ¸É ºÉaÑ£À ¤ªÀðºÀuÉ E®èzÉ PÀȶUÉ C£ÀÄ¥ÀAiÀÄÄPÀÛªÁzÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À®Æè PÀÆqÀ Cwà ²ÃWÀæªÁV ¨É¼ÉAiÀħ®èzÀÄ §ºÀĪÁ¶ðPÀ ªÉÄë£À ªÀÄgÀ. CUÀ¸É ªÀÄgÀUÀ¼À C£ÉÃPÀ ¥Àæ¨ÉÃzsÀUÀ½ªÉ. CªÀÅUÀ¼À°è eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À ªÉÄëUÁV ¸ÁA¢æÃPÀÈvÀªÁV ¸ÁUÀĪÀ½ ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä ¥ÀæªÀÄÄRªÁzÀÄzÉAzÀgÉ ¸É¸Éâ¤AiÀiÁ UÁæAr¥sÉÆèÃgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸É.¸É¸Áâöå£ï. ¸É.UÁæAr¥sÉÆèÃgÀ ©vÀÛ£É ©ÃdUÀ¼À£ÀÄß G¼ÀĪÉÄ ªÀiÁr ºÀzÀ ªÀiÁrzÀ ªÀÄtÂÚ£À°è ¸Á°¤AzÀ ¸Á°UÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ VqÀ¢AzÀ VqÀPÉÌ 50 ¸ÉA.«Äà CAvÀgÀzÀ°è ©vÀÛ£É ªÀiÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ (CAzÀgÉ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 100 UÁæA ©Ãd DxÀªÁ 400 VqÀUÀ¼ÀÄ/UÀÄAmÉ). ©vÀÛ£É ªÀiÁrzÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥Àæw 10 ¢£ÀPÉÆ̪ÉÄä ¤ÃgÀÄt¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. £Án ªÀiÁrzÀ MAzÀÄ ªÀµÀðzÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ (VqÀzÀ PÁAqÀ ZÉ£ÁßV §°vÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ) £É®¢AzÀ 1 CxÀªÁ 2 «Äà JvÀÛgÀzÀ°è VqÀzÀ ¸ÀĽAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀvÀÛj¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. F PÀvÀÛj¹zÀ eÁUÀ¢AzÀ VqÀ PÀªÀ¯ÉÆqÉzÀÄ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ¸ÉƦà£À GvÁàzÀ£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉaѸÀĪÀ°è ¸ÀºÀPÁjAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. vÀzÀ£ÀAvÀgÀ 12 ªÁgÀ CxÀªÁ ¸ÀĽAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀvÀÛj¹zÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ PÀªÀ¯ÉÆqÉzÀ gÉA¨É PÉÆA¨ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÉÄêÁUÀÄ PÀvÀÛj¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. F jÃwAiÀiÁV ªÀµÀðPÉÌ £Á®ÄÌ PÀmÁªÀÅ ¥ÀqÉAiÀħºÀÄzÀÄ. VqÀUÀ½UÉ PÁ®PÁ®PÉÌ UÉƧâgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤ÃgÀÄt¹zÀgÉ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 4 ªÀµÀðUÀ¼À PÁ® ¥sÀ¸À®£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀÄvÀÛªÉ. MAzÀÄ VqÀ¢AzÀ ¸ÀgÁ¸Àj 1.5 PÉ.f/PÀmÁ«£ÀAvÉ (4 PÀmÁ«UÉ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 6 PÉ.f/ªÀµÀðPÉÌ) MAzÀÄ UÀÄAmÉ d«Ää£À°è ªÀµÀðPÉÌ 2 l£ÀßµÀÄÖ ¥Ë¶ÖPÀ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀħºÀÄzÀÄ. EzÉà jÃw ¸É. ¸É¸Áâöå£ï ©vÀÛ£É ©ÃdUÀ¼À£ÀÄß (¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 100 UÁæA/UÀÄAmÉ ©vÀÛ£É ©Ãd) 10 × 15 cm CAvÀgÀzÀ°è £Án ªÀiÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. £Án ªÀiÁrzÀ 2 wAUÀ¼À £ÀAvÀgÀ £É®¢AzÀ 10 cm JvÀÛgÀzÀ°è ¸ÀĽAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀvÀÛj¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. vÀzÀ£ÀAvÀgÀ ¥Àæw 6 ªÁgÀUÀ½UÉƪÉÄä ¸ÉÆ¥Àà£ÀÄß ªÉÄëUÁV PÀmÁªÀÅ ªÀiÁqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. MAzÀÄ UÀÄAmÉ ¥ÀæzÉñÀ¢AzÀ ªÀµÀðPÉÌ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 2.5 l£ï ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀħºÀÄzÀÄ.
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Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 03 01
eÁ£ÀĪÁjUÉ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 300-500 UÁæA G¥ÀÅöà ¸Éë¹zÀgÉ «µÀ¨ÁzsÉAiÀÄÄAmÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¤Ãj£À ®¨sÀåvÉ ¸ÁPÀµÀÄÖ EzÀÝ°è «µÀ¨ÁzsÉAiÀÄ wêÀævÉ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. G¦à£À «µÀ¨ÁzsÉAiÀÄÄ ¸ÉÆÃrAiÀÄA CA±ÀzÀ KgÀÄ¥ÉÃj¤AzÀ GAmÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÀgÀĽ£À°è G¦à£ÀA±À eÁ¹ÛAiÀiÁzÁUÀ EzÀÄ ¨ÉâAiÀÄ£ÀÄßAlÄ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀjAzÀ ±ÀjÃgÀzÀ°ègÀĪÀ ¤Ãj£ÀA±À PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁV ¤dð°ÃPÀgÀtªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. eÁ¹Û ¸ÉÆÃrAiÀÄA CA±À¢AzÀ ¥Áæ gÀA©üPÀªÁV ªÀÄÆvÀæ «¸Àdð£É eÁ¹Û A iÀiÁV £ÀAvÀgÀzÀ ºÀAvÀzÀ°è PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁV
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Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 03 01
Dr. Naveen kumar,. G.S., Dr. Basavaraj Inamdar & Dr. Shrikanth Dodamani Assistant Professors, Department of AGB, Veterinary College, Hassan. ( gsnaveenkumar@yahoo.com ) •
Champion draft animal of karnataka, developed by vijayanagara empire
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Two strains– sannamallige & gujumavu
•
Medium sized animal
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Long slender compact and muscular body
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White to light grey with darker fore and hind quarters
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Horns emerge close from top of the poll and ends up with sharp points
•
Head is graceful with concave forehead
•
Irregular patches around eyes and cheeks
•
Ears are held in horizontal position
•
Muzzle is black or pinkish in color
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Medium size dewlap and hump
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Tail is long reaches below knee joint
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Small and Bowl shaped fore and rear udders, teats are funnel shaped with rounded tips
•
Moderate temperament
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 03 01
Adult male weight
453 kg
Adult female weight
425 kg
Load pulling capacity
2-3 tones at 5km/hr speed
Daily Milk yield
0.5-4 kg
Average Lactation Milk yield
541 kg
Lactation Length
285 days
Age at First calving
1370 days
Calving Interval
600 days
Breeding Farms
CBF Hesarghatta, CBS Kunikenhalli
monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Dr. S. Yathiraj (Ex-Officio)
Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
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Pashubandha 2015 2014
PELVIC
Volume No : 43 Issue : 03 01