Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin
. Newsletter Date : 30 th November 2016
Volume No: 5 Issue –11
Sunitha R., Bhanuprakash A.G., Vidyalakshmi G.M., Rajanna R., Gowtham Prasad B. and Parthasarathi B.C. P.hD. Scholar, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly Mail ID: sunithasrinivasvet@gmail.com Kyasanur forest disease is also known as monkey fever. It is an emerging tick borne viral haemorrhagic disease that affects mainly monkeys. Every year lots of human cases are reporting with a morbidity rate of around 2–10% in South India. It was first noticed when cases of monkey mortality occurred in a forest area of Shimoga district, India, followed by acute, febrile haemorrhagic disease in humans during 1957. As a tick borne infection, it has a seasonal occurrence from January to June. Monkeys and humans are the only known host species that build up clinical disease with Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) virus. History: KFDV was first isolated during an outbreak of febrile illness in 1957 in people living in the Kyasanur forest area of the Shivamogga district in the Karnataka state of India. Reports of a large number of deaths among local nonhuman primates (NHPs) which included red-faced bonnet macaques and black-faced langurs provided the first evidence of an epizootic of unknown etiology. Reasons for emergence: The place where first monkey death that marked the beginning of KFD in In 1950s, there had been Kyasanur forest area of the Shimoga district- March, 1957. a significant increase in the human population in the Sagar taluk within the Shimoga district. Changes in the local ecosystem: deforestation, new land-use practices for farming and timber harvesting. Livestock grazing in cleared forested areas and grasslands also cause the ticks to attach to livestock and herders which in turn are accidentally introduced to human settlements. Lack of awareness among tribal community residing in forest belt.
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Etiology: Family: flaviviridae Genus: flavivirus Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV),-Positive sense with single stranded RNA virus. Host range and vector involved:
Bland fort Rat
Porcupine
House Shrew
Striped Forest Squirrel
Black Faced Langur
Bonnet Monkey
Man is dead end host as there is no adequate vireamia to infect the ticks. Large animals affected: cows, goats and sheep may become infected with KFD but play a limited role in the transmission of the disease but can maintain the infected tick population for long time. In ticks the virus is maintained throughout the life, the virus is passed to next generation through trans-ovarian and transstadial transmission. The nymphal stages are the anthrophilic ones which are involved in the transmission of the disease. Monkey fever: an example of human -animal conflict: Deforestation Reservoir hosts to relocate into human settlements. Monkeys to come to human settlements in search of food. Livestock grazing in cleared forested areas and grasslands also cause the ticks to attach to livestock and herders which in turn are accidentally introduced to human settlements. Mode of transmission: Infected tick Humans Monkeys Horizontal transmission between humans not reported. Viraemic birds play an important role in distant spread of virus and may also carry tick infected with virus. Current Scenario in India: Endemic in six districts of Karnataka (Chamarajanagar, Chikkamagalore, Dakshina Kannada, Shimoga, Udupi and Uttara Kannada) and malappuram of Kerala where each year 100–500 persons are affected during January–May. In other parts of India: Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat state and in parts of West Bengal. In February, 2012: an outbreak of KFD in Tirthahalli and Hosanager taluks in the Shimoga district of India, with 176 suspected and 38 confirmed cases. In November 2012: an outbreak in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In 2013: confirmed in Wayanad district of Kerala In December, 2014: more than 100 monkey deaths were reported in Wayand wildlife sanctuary, followed by cases of Monkey Fever in humans in Wayanad. In January, 2015: 127 reported cases including seven deaths in humans. Most of the affected have been tribals, the indigenous people who live in the forest and mountains of Western Ghats.
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In April 2015, 18 people were found positive for Kyasanur Forest Disease with four deaths among Pali villagers of Sattari taluk, Goa. Clinical Symptoms: Incubation period: 3-8 days Symptoms: fever, severe headache, severe muscle pain, cough, diarrhoea and dehydration. Sometimes, bleeding from nasal cavity, throat, gums and gastrointestinal tract may also occur. Patients often experience abnormally low blood pressure and low blood counts. A small fraction of patients recovers after 1-2 weeks of symptoms without complications. Diagnosis: Confirmatory diagnosis: isolation of virus from blood by cell culture methods. PCR: diagnosis in the early stages of the disease. ELISA: in later stages of the disease developments include a nested RT-PCR and a Taq Man-based real time RT-PCR and IgM anti-bodies capture ELISA. Vaccines: A formalin-inactivated, chick embryo fibroblast vaccine, developed in the early 1990s, is currently licensed and available in India. It is given in a two-dose schedule at an interval of one month, followed by routine boosts. It was well tolerated and was relatively protective. The initial series is followed by a booster at 6–9 months and subsequent booster every 5 years. Guidelines for management of KFD: For better organization of the health-care-delivery system, mapping of primary, secondary and tertiary care health facilities in high-risk areas is to be made available. KFD cases should be recorded annually, thereby monitoring the annual disease burden at all the health facilities, for better understanding and preparedness. Continuous information, education and communication activities with regard to early recognition of suspected KFD cases are carried out among newly recruited medical officers and other relevant populations. State government should educate the villagers and tourists who visit the forest about using repellent, gumboots and having prior vaccination. Whenever monkey deaths are reported, rapid action should be taken to transmit information to health officers and veterinary staff for necropsy of monkeys, collection of specimens for diagnosis of monkey samples, and proper disposal of dead monkeys. If a monkey is found positive for KFDV, vaccination of human subjects should be carried out in those areas. Prevention and control: Destruction of infected ticks would necessitate control of ticks throughout the entire forested area. Use of spray insecticides has been recommended in a 50-m radius around a dead monkey. Alternative tick control strategies: use of anti-tick vaccines and of biological control agents, such as entomopathogenic fungi. Removal of attached ticks using a curved forceps or fine point tweezers. Care should be exercised to avoid crushing the tick’s body, so as to prevent the contact of potentially infectious tick fluids with skin. It is important to wash the bite wound area with antibacterial soap and water after tick removal and
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the disinfection of bite wounds with ordinary antiseptics is also recommended.  Use of protective clothing should be advised as well as the use of tick repellents which might be availabl for use on clothing and/or skin.  Vaccination in endemic areas.
Chaitra K. Gowda., Netra. K. Gowda and Kavya B.A. MVSc Assistant Manager, KMF, Bidadi Mail ID: chaitrakgowda03@gmail.com History: A Jersey crossbred cow was presented in Bidadi hobli, which accidentally fed with castor bean extract, showing symptom of severe foul smelling watery diarrhoea. Examination: On examination, animal was weak, reluctant to move with profuse foul smelling watery diarrhoea with intestine mucosal sloughing. Temperature(101.20 F), conjunctival mucosa and oral mucosa were congested. Treatment and Discussion: There is no specific antidote for the castor bean extract poisoning, treatment is done symptomatically. The treatment includes inj. Normal Saline 1L i/v, inj. Fortivir (Enrofloxcin) 20ml i/m, inj. Belamyl (Liver extracts) 10 ml i/m, inj. Cadistin 20ml i/m, inj. Atropine sulphate 10ml i/m. Symptoms were resolved within a day however, treatment was continued on second day also. inj. Normal Saline 500 ml i/v, inj. Belamyl 10 ml i/m, inj.cadistin 10ml i/m. Liv 52 bolus and Livotas syrup was prescribed for next 5 day. The castor bean extract poisoning resulted in immediate symptoms of severe foul smelling diarrhoea with some effects on liver and kidney functions. The timely therapy could save the sick animals and reminants of castor beans need to be safely disposed to control such incidences.
Dr. Soumya., Dr. Chetan Kumar GK and Dr. Mayur Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Bangalore 560024. Mail ID: soumyashara@gmail.com Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) or Auto immune hemolytic anemia is a complex disease in which hemolysis occurs because of antierythrocyte antibody production. IMHA is the result of a type II antibody-mediated immune response directed against molecules expressed on the surface of erythrocytes. Depending on the causative agent IMHA is classified as primary or idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia and secondary IMHA. Primary or idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia refers to immune-mediated hemolysis in the absence of an identifiable trigger factor, whereas secondary IMHA results from an underlying process such as neoplasia, infectious disease, or drug reaction.
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IMHA may also be categorized based on whether it results in intravascular or extravascular hemolysis. Intravascular hemolysis results from the lysis of red blood cells by complement within the vasculature, and may be identified by the presence of free hemoglobin within the plasma and urine. Extravascular hemolysis results when there are insufficient antibodies present to cause complement fixation, and antibody-labeled red blood cells are removed by the reticuloendothelial system within the spleen and liver. IMHA may also be classified based on the presence or absence of autoagglutination. Autoagglutination is the spontaneous clumping of red blood cells and results from the cross-linking of ery throcytes by large numbers of antibodies. In secondary IMHA immunologic events are triggered by particular events or secondary to other underlying diseases. The causative factors include Infectious (Bacterial endocarditis, Ehrlichiosis, Leptospirosis, Babesiosis, Bartonellosis, Chronic bacterial infections, Systemic fungal infections, Intestinal helminthes), Neoplasia (Lymphoma, Myeloma, Haemangiosarcoma), Drugs (Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Sulphonamides, Blood transfusions), Toxic (Beestings, Snake bites), Immune disorders (Systemic lupus erythromatosis, Hypothyroidism, Primary and secondary immunodeficiency). The widespread lysis of red blood cells causes disease in the following ways:  Blood oxygen carrying capacity is greatly reduced causing exercise intolerance, collapse and tissue hypoxia.  The release of endogenous procoagulant molecules from lysed cells increases the risk of thromboembolism in various tissues, particularly the lungs, spleen and liver. Clinical signs of IMHA may be acute or chronic, depending upon the rate of hemolysis. With chronic disease, symptoms such as lethargy, weakness, inappetance, vomiting and diarrhea are most commonly reported, whereas with more rapid hemolysis, acute collapse may be the first symptom noted. Symptoms related to anemia, including tachycardia, tachypnea, and systolic ejection murmurs may also be noted on physical exam. Hepatosplenomegaly is not unusual as these organs are common sites for extramedullary hematopoiesis as well as clearance of antibody. Fever is frequently seen as a result of release of endogenous pyrogens like IL-1 and IL-8. Reactive lymphadenopathies may also be seen. labeled erythrocytes. Diagnosis involves identification of hematologic and immunologic abnormalities and rigorous search for underlying disease or historical trigger factors. Thorough history and investigation for potential neoplastic or idiopathic inflammatory disease are vital. Physical examination reveals pallor and/ or icterus of the mucous membranes, heart murmur and a hyperdynamic peripheral pulse, hepatosplenomegaly, Tachypnoea and/or Dyspnoea. On haematology affected animals have a reduced packed cell volume (PCV) or haematocrit (HCT) and often a reduced haemoglobin concentration. Polychromasia and spherocytes are often visible on a blood smear from an animal undergoing regeneration and reticulocytosis can be confirmed using a supravital stain such as new methylene blue. Reactive thrombocytosis and leucocytosis may be present with any cause of anaemia. In-saline agglutination test is used to diagnose cases of IMHA that involve auto-agglutination. To diagnose cases of IMHA that are caused by incomplete antibodies Coomb's test is commonly employed. Diagnostic imaging like x-rays and abdominal ultrasound used to screen for evidence of Hepatosplenomegaly and tumourous condition. Some laboratories now offer flow cytometric testing for detecting RBC-bound immune reactants, but there is reportedly wide variation in the sensitivity and
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specificity of this method compared with the Coomb’s test. Treatment: Affected animals often present acutely and may require intensive care. Whatever supportive measures are taken, the autoimmune response must be controlled to prevent the continuing lysis of red blood cells. The following types of drug are typically used to achieve this goal: Corticosteroids such as prednisolone and dexamethasone are used universally as a first-line treatment for IMHA as they are frequently effective, act rapidly and are available in a variety of preparations. Traditionally, very high doses of corticosteroids have been used to try to control the autoimmune response but dose rates beyond 2-3 mg/kg/day may be associated with significant adverse effects. Corticosteroids act to control both the cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses. Azathioprine is frequently used in the management of IMHA and it has effects on both cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses. It may take 3-4 weeks of treatment before the patient experiences the maximal effects of the drug. Azathioprine is a cytotoxic drug and gloves should be worn to administer tablets. Cyclosporin A is a fungal metabolite that inhibits a signaling molecule (Cyclophilin) involved in T cell activation. Since B cells require T cell help to become activated, differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies. Other less commonly-used drugs include Danazol (a steroid related to testosterone), Mycophenolate mofetil, Cyclophosphamide and Human gamma globulin. Human gamma globulin is not widely available in veterinary practices and it is very expensive. Due to the risk of thrombo-embolism caused by the release of endogenous procoagulant molecules, low doses of heparin or aspirin are often administered to dogs with IMHA to try to prevent the formation of thrombi in the lungs, liver or spleen. In animals that have lost a large percentage of their PCV acutely, it is likely that a blood transfusion will be required. Animals with IMHA frequently suffer from concurrent vomiting, regurgitation and diarrhea. These conditions are frequently managed with gastro-protectant drugs such as sucralfate, ranitidine and omeprazole to prevent the development of gastro-duodenal ulceration and oesophagitis. Antibiotics are frequently administered to animals which present with acute haemolytic crises but these should be used judiciously on a case-by-case basis.
Beena V. and Aneesha V. PhD scholar, Division of pathology, IVRI, Izzatnagar, Uttar pradesh Mail ID: drbeenadevs@gmail.com Cerebral parasitic cysts constitute a major problem for livestock. Among these, coenurosis and toxoplasmosis are predominant. Coenurosis is one of the most common central nervous system diseases in sheep and goats. Coenurus cerebralis, the metacestode or larval form of the dog tapeworm
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Taenia multiceps, causes coenurosis, otherwise known as gid or stagger. C. cerebralis causes a serious problem in sheep production. Both cerebral and non cerebral forms seen in goats are zoonotic. Higher prevalence of non-cerebral coenurosis reported in goats than sheep. Goats and sheep of all ages are susceptible to coenuriasis, caused by Coenurus cerebralis. Aberrant sites of prediction of this metacestode, especially in goats, with an alternate name (Coenurus gaigeri). One to three weeks after infection with the metacestodes of Taenia, they migrate via bloodstream normally to the central nervous system (CNS). However metacestodes migration in other organs such as intramuscular fascia, peritoneal cavity, subcutaneous tissues, tongue, parotid area and tunica adventitia of the aorta in goats are recently reported. Goats, being intermediate host usually get the infection from the dog’s excreta. Various diagnostic methods of cerebral coenuris in small ruminants Identification of the parasite- The gross and morphological features of the cysts were identified and evaluated. Grossly the cysts appears as a large white structures filled with translucent fluid containing numerous spherules (protoscolices) attached to the wall, and the scolex had a double ring of rostellar hooks. To check the motility and evagination of the protoscolices the samples were incubation at 37 °C for 5 minutes. Adults worms are up to 1 metre or more long, are found in the intestine of dogs and wild canids, and have an armed rostellum. Metacestodes (C.tenuicollis) can be large, from 1 cm up to 6–7 cm, and the scolex has a long neck. They are found attached to the omentum, mesentery and occasionally protruding from the liver surface, particularly of sheep. Histopathology: The size and location of cyst is most important in describing the pathogenesis. In sheep, the migrating larvae may leave reddish or gray purulent tracks in the brain, or cause meningoencephalitis. More mature larvae can compress the tissues of the brain or spinal cord or block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The scolex were seen as invaginated into the cavity lined by germinal tissue membrane. In cerebral form the cyst exerts pressure atrophy and liquefactive necrosis due to degenerative changes, with satellitosis, neuronophagia and diffuse gliosis. The main distinguishing feature in cerebral form to non cerebral form is absence of fibrous connective tissue encapsulation whereas in non cerebral form the varying degree of thick connective tissue and muscles get infiltrated with mononuclear cells together with repair of the surrounding tissues by proliferation of the fibroblasts and endothelial cells. A non purulent granulomatous inflammation with necrotic debris accumulated in center and few calcification areas were also seen. In periphery, cellular infiltrate associated many foreign body giant cells, eosinophils, histiocytes, epithelioid histiocytes and lymphocytes cell. Also severe hyperaemia and perivascular cuffing coupled to infiltrates with mononuclear cells and thickening of meninges. Neurons progressively degenerated to necrosis and demyelinated areas associated with diffuse microgliosis and astrocytosis were found.
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Serological test- It is mainly to detect the presence of circulating antibodies. Ag-ELISA, antibody ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoelectro transfer blot (EITB). This could indicate point sources of infection, season of transmission and age of animals at risk. Imaging studies including computed tomography (CT) scan and MRI are used to identify cysticerci in the brain. Inactive (calcified) cysts in various parts of the body including muscle and brain may be seen on x-ray. Conclusion: The prevalence of cysticercosis varies from country to country, insanitary conditions and the dog population. Feeding of dogs with infected viscera from sheep or goat is main source. Due to unhygienic food habits, poor health conditions and lack of education in India make the spread of food borne zoonotic diseases at faster rate. In India the occurence of cysticercosis caused by Taenia solium is more than Taenis saginatta infection. Proper diagnosis by suitable identification techniques will help us to understand the current prevalence and incidence of cysticercosis in animals and humans.
Nishanth. C, Mohan H.V. and Leena Gowda Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary College Bengaluru, KVAFSU, Bidar Mail ID: nishanthvet@gmail.com Cryptosporidiosis is caused by an enteric apicomplexan parasite of the genus cryptosporidium causing diarrhoea in multiple hosts such as calves, lambs, foals, piglets and humans. It was first discovered by “Ernest Edward Tyzzer” in the year 1907 in the gastric mucosa of mice. The parasite has more impact on young animals, childrens and immune-compromised individuals in both developed and developing countries. Etiology: Cryptosporidium spp. are obligate, intracellular and extra cytoplasmic protozoan parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. Currently there are 22 species of cryptosporidium of which C. parvum and C. hominis are of Zoonotic importance. It is a highly infectious parasite with a minimal infectious dose as low as 10 oocysts and is listed as a category B pathogen by CDC and NIH. Economic importance: Cryptosporidiosis is responsible for significant neonatal morbidity and mortality in farmed livestock causing calf diarrhea, weight loss, growth retardation, leading to large economic losses. In humans, Cryptosporidium spp. is increasingly being recognized as an important pathogen causing diarrhea in children, with the highest associated morbidity and mortality, especially among children and immune-competent individuals in developing countries. Transmission: The main mode of transmission both in humans and animals is by ingestion of sporulated oocysts of Cryptosporidium (faecal–oral) via contaminated water or food. Diagnostic techniques (i) Microscopic Techniques: Traditionally, the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental, water, food, faecal and/or tissue samples has primarily relied on examination by microscopy. Commonly employed staining methods include carbolfuschin, safranin-methylene blue, and acid fast staining (modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining).
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Disadvantages of Microscopic technique: Morphology identification and species characterization is difficult, un realibility, and relatively more time consuming. (ii) Immunological Assays: Various immunological methods are available for diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis like fluorescence microscopy, direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA) (which uses fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibody i.e.FITC-C-mAb), enzyme linked immunoassays (ELISA), immunochromographic (IC) assays, flow cytometery etc. Advantages of immunological assay: The immunological assays bears advantages like higher specificity (for some tests it is 96-100%), higher sensitivity (98.5-100%). Advantages of coproantigen detection assays have over microscopy is that they can detect (prepatent) infections in animals not excreting oocysts in faeces and can be employed for the rapid and cost-effective screening of large numbers of faecal samples. Disadvantage: It is reported fact that the sensitivity of coproantigen detection can be lower than most of microscopic approaches as they rely on a visual inspection of the results. (iii) Molecular Methods These mainly includes- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), Fingerprinting, Real time PCR coupled to high resolution melt (HRM) analysis, sequencing, Electrophoretic mutation scanning, Nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) etc. Advantages: 1. The PCR based tests detection of microbes in clinical samples are attractive due to their extreme sensitivity and specificity. 2. Genetic characterization could be made and the genetic information obtained from the sample may permit nonhuman pathogens to be distinguished from human pathogens 3. These methods bear advantages like enabling specific identification species, detection of genetic variation within and among species. 4. These methods lead to enhanced knowledge and understanding of epidemiology, ecology and population genetics of the cryptosporidium Disadvantage: Non standardized methods, high cost, specialized training and equipment required Zoonotic importance Cryptosporidium spp is ubiquitous contaminant of water and food, leading to cause of diarrhoeal disease both in humans and animals causing massive outbreaks. The agent can also be served as bio-terrosim agent and is listed as a category B pathogen by CDC and NIH. TREATMENT One of the most biologically intriguing, and clinically frustrating, features of cryptosporidiosis is its resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Unlike many of its relatives (Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria and Plasmodium) there is no curative therapy for cryptosporidiosis. In humans, the treatment option mainly depends upon the immune status of the patient. In immunocompetent patients usually disease is self-limiting and sign and symptoms usually abate in less than 2 weeks. So no specific therapy indicated, however, as in any diarrheal illness, hydration must be carefully monitored.
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Nitazoxanide has been FDA-approved for treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in people with healthy immune systems but only in immunocompetent children and adult patients. In animals, it is reported that supportive intra-venous therapy of fluid supplementation with sodium bicarbonate yields good results. Therapeutic management of cryptosporidium—related diarrhea in bovine calves with anti-coccidial like furazolidone has also proven to be effective.
Dr. Sindhu K., Dr. Ranjith D. and Dr. Vishwanath K. Veterinary Officer, Dept. of AH&VS, Govt. of Karnataka. Mail ID: drsindhu.vet@gmail.com. Animal disease emergency is a frequently presenting complaint in general and emergency clinics of Veterinary practice. Acute poisonings represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for veterinary professionals, whether single or multiple animals are involved. The key to success in treating animals with toxicosis is early diagnosis and therapy. Prognosis varies considerably, depending on the toxin involved, the amount of exposure and the length of time that has elapsed between the exposure and presentation to the hospital. The general approach to the poisoned animal includes stabilization of vital signs and institution of supportive care measures, obtaining a detailed clinical history and samples of the suspected toxic substance or source (eg., feed samples, plants) if possible, decontamination to prevent further absorption of the toxicant, elimination of absorbed toxicants and administering a specific antidote if one exists and is available. Selective antidotes and non-selective supportive drugs are used in the treatment of poisoning. Antidote (Greek word, anti = against, dotes = what is given) is an agent that selectively neutralizes or antagonizes adverse effect of a poison. Multifarious ways of antidotes action includes enzyme inhibition, receptor antagonism or chelation and are classified on the basis of their mechanism into chemical, functional and pharmacological antidotes. Antidotes for Food-Producing Animals Currently, there are no antidotal drugs approved for use in food animals, with the special exceptions of atropine sulfate and epinephrine, as has been previously noted. The lack of safe and effective antidotes has been a long-standing problem for food animal veterinarians. Human food safety concerns are the major issue for food animal drugs. In addition, there is little economic incentive for veterinary pharmaceutical companies to pursue approval of antidotes and other animal drug products which have a very small market. This leaves the food animal practitioner with few options for legally obtaining and administering antidotal therapies. Unfortunately, the economic impact of exposure of an entire herd to a toxicant can be devastating to food animal producers, since very large amounts of antidotes may be needed to treat an entire herd. Obviously, the need is great to provide food animal veterinarians more options for obtaining antidotes for use in their patients. Common food animal toxicoses involve exposures to copper, lead, organophosphates, arsenic, nitrates, and cyanide.
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The extra label use option does apply to food animals, but with specific restrictions. These restrictions are meant to ensure that no drug or toxic residues will be present in edible tissues from food animals treated with these drugs. Poisonings
Name of the antidote
Dosage for large ruminants
Organophosphate/ carbamate insecticide toxicosis
Atropine sulfate
Single dose @ 0.03-0.06 mg/kg, IM, SC, IV or Multiple doses up to0.2 mg/ kg Ammonium molybdate@ 200 mg per head PO once daily for 3 weeks Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate @ 1.7-3.4 mg per head IV or SQ every other day for 3 treatments
Copper poisoning
Ammonium molybdate and Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
Intoxication caused by Arsenic and Mercury (Antimony, Bismuth, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Gold And Nickel) Lead poisoning
British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) / Dimercaprol
@ 3 mg/kg, IM – every 4 hours for first 2 days followed by every 6 hrs for 3rd day and 2 times daily for next 10 days until recovery.
Ethylene Diamine TetraAcetic Acid (EDTA)
Nitrite/nitrate and chlorate poisoning
Methylene blue
Organo phosphorous Poisoning
Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
@ 110 mg/kg as 1-2% solution in 5 % dextrose, IM, IP or slow IV – 2 times daily for 4 to 5 days. If required, dose may be repeated for 3 to 5 days depending on the severity. @ 4-8 mg/kg slow IV as 1% solution in normal saline repeat in 6 - 8 hrs. (~ 20 mg/kg, if poisoning severity is high) @ 25 – 50 mg/kg, slow IV infusion, followed by IM route at 8-12 hrs intervals. *It should not be used after 24-36 hrs of poisoning.
Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning; sweet clover (Dicoumarol) poisoning
Phytonadione (vitamin K1)
@ 0.5- 2.5 mg/kg IM or diluted with normal saline and given slowly IV; subsequent doses IM or SQ
Cyanide poisoning in conjugation with sodium nitrite (Sometimes used for the treatment of copper, arsenic and Mercury poisoning)
Sodium (Na2S2O3)
Cyanide poisoning: 500 mg/kg slow IV as 25% solution & 30g/cow, PO (to detoxify HCN in rumen if poisoning occurs through oral cyanogenic plants)
thiosulphate
Arsenic poisoning: 8-10 g total, IV as 10-20 % solution and 20-30g total dose, per os dilute in 300 ml of distil water. Copper poisoning: 500 mg per os, in conjugation with 200 mg of ammonium or sodium molybdate daily for upto 3 weeks. Reversal of Xylazine/ Xylazine over dosage Prophylaxis and or therapeutic management of tetanus Anticoagulant rodenticides, sweet-clover toxicosis
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Tolazoline
@ 2-4 mg/kg
Tetanus antitoxin/ antitetanic serum Vitamin K1
@ 1,50,000-3,00,000 I. U. total dose, slow IV. @ 0.5-2.5 mg/kg IV, IM, SC.
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Thus, Veterinarians play an important role in health maintenance, productivity, animal management, and consulting, emergency care is still an area of primary veterinary involvement. Contemporary therapeutic approaches to emergency conditions on pain management, treatment of poisoning due to toxic plants, blood/component therapy and toxicological emergencies. Emergencies are a certainty in ruminants and veterinarians are judged on their ability to respond, assess and react in a timely fashion for betterment of livestock.
Shilpa Shree, J and Serma Saravana Pandiaa A. Asst. Professor, Dept of VAHE, Veterinary College, Bangalore – 24 Mail ID: shilpashreej23@gmail.com During the last three decades, our Nation’s milk producers have transformed Indian dairying from stagnation to world leadership. In India, dairying is recognized as an instrument for social and economic development. The Nation’s milk supply comes from millions of small producers. India ranks first in the world in milk production. The per capita availability of milk is 322 grams in 2014-2015. Milk emerged as one of the biggest contributor to the value of agricultural output in the country. Increase in milk production with limited resources like quality and quantity of feed, labour, genetic potential of the animal and to nsure the optimal use of various inputs used by the milk producers is matter of primary concern. It is important to know whether the inputs owned by milk producers are used efficiently or not. However, dairy farmers are still faced with key decisions on how best to produce milk and what will be the optimum farm size to achieve maximum profit with their given limited resources. For the study, 180 dairy farmers were selected by Simple random sampling technique. Information relating to various aspects of dairy farming was collected from selected farmers by survey method with a well-designed and pre-tested interview schedule. Details of inputs used like green fodder, dry fodder, concentrates with their quantities and price, labour employed with wage particulars veterinary and breeding expenses, miscellaneous expenses and data on outputs like milk, manure and gunny bag were also collected from the dairy farmers. Various studies were conducted to obtain the optimum farm size. It was found that there was a skewed distribution of the farms with the dominance of small farms was the characteristics of the dairy farming i.e. among the total 180 sample dairy farms, 112 were small farms (62.2 per cent), 46 were medium farms (25.5 per cent) and 22 were large farms (12.2 per cent). This might be due to the availability of space, funds, market potential and the preference of the farmers could also contribute to the determination of farm size. The results revealed that the average sizes of dairy farms were 2, 4 and 8 in these categories of farms. If the resources are not used efficiently in the dairy cow farms, that augments the cost of production which in turn leads to decline in profit level i.e. the maximum possible profit was not realized. Hence, it could be inferred that the small, medium and large categories of dairy farms should maintain the optimum size to reduce the cost of production by using the limited resources efficiently and to reap up the maximum possible potential profit from milk production in India. .
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CONCLUSIONS The study may assist agricultural economic advisors and dairy extension agents to advise farmers on how to optimize the farm size so as to receive maximum profit with the scarce factors of production. The results may also provide dairy farmers and policy-makers with a better insight into the optimum number of animals to be allocated in a farm.
Dr. Pradeep Kumar S. Dept. of VAHE, Veterinary College Hebbal. Mail ID: drpradeep9522@gmail.com gÁ¶ÖçÃAiÀÄ PÀȶ «PÁ¸À AiÉÆÃd£ÉAiÀÄr ¥À±ÀÄ¥Á®£Á ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀå ¸ÉêÁ E¯ÁSɬÄAzÀ 2014-15£Éà ¸Á°£À 500 ªÀiÁA¸ÀzÀ PÉÆý ¸ÁPÁtÂPÉ AiÉÆÃd£ÉAiÀÄrAiÀÄ°è ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃd£À ¥ÀqÉzÀ ªÉÄnæQ UÁæªÀÄzÀ ¥ÀæUÀw¥ÀgÀ gÉÊvÀ ²æà µÀtÄäPÀ¥Àà vÀAzÉ ºÁ®¥Àà. §¼Áîj f¯ÉèAiÀÄ ¸ÀAqÀÆgÀÄ vÁ®ÆèQ£À ªÉÄnæQ MAzÀÄ ¥ÀÄlÖ UÁæªÀÄ. F UÁæªÀÄzÀ°è ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 244 PÀÄlÄA§UÀ½zÀÄÝ, 500 ªÀiÁA¸ÀzÀ PÉÆý ¸ÁPÁtÂPÉ AiÉÆÃd£ÉAiÀÄ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃd£À ²æà µÀtÄäPÀ¥Àà vÀAzÉ ºÁ®¥ÀàgÀªÀgÀÄ §qÀ PÀÄlÄA§zÀªÀgÁVzÀÄÝ MAzÀÄ PÁ®zÀ°è ªÀÄ¼É DzsÁjvÀ ¨É¼ÉUÀ¼ÁzÀ ºÀwÛ, ªÉÄt¹£ÀPÁ¬Ä, eÉÆüÀ ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ, ªÀÄ¼É ¸ÀªÀÄ¥ÀðPÀªÁV DUÀ¢zÀÝ°è PÀÆ° £Á° ªÀiÁr §zÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÁV¸ÀÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄ. 2014-15 ¸Á°£À°è gÁ¶ÖçÃAiÀÄ PÀȶ «PÁ¸À AiÉÆÃd£ÉAiÀÄr ¥À±ÀÄ¥Á®£Á ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀå ¸ÉêÁ E¯ÁSɬÄAzÀ 500 ªÀiÁA¸ÀzÀ PÉÆý ¸ÁPÁtÂPÉ AiÉÆÃd£ÉAiÀÄrAiÀÄ°è ¥sÀ¯Á£ÀĨsÀ«AiÀiÁV DAiÉÄÌAiÀiÁVzÀÄÝ, ¸ÀzÀj AiÉÆÃd£ÉAiÀÄ°è zÉÆgÉvÀ gÀÆ.50,000/- ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄzsÀ£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ gÀÆ.50,000/- ¸ÀéAvÀ §AqÀªÁ¼ÀzÉÆA¢UÉ 500 ªÀiÁA¸ÀzÀ PÉÆýUÀ¼À WÀlPÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÁægÀA©ü¹zÀgÀÄ. AiÉÆÃd£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀzÀÄ¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀ ¥Àr¹PÀÆAqÀÄ, FUÀ ªÀÄvÉÛgÀqÀÄ ±ÉqïUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¤«Äð¹zÀÄÝ, 500 jAzÀ 3000 PÉÆýUÀ½UÉ «¸ÀÛj¹gÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ªÀµÀðPÉÌ 12 ¨ÁåZïUÀ¼À£ÀÄß (¥Àæw ¨ÁåZïUÉ 800 jAzÀ 1000 PÉÆýUÀ¼ÀAvÉ) ¸ÁPÁtÂPÉ ªÀiÁqÀÄwÛzÀÄÝ, ¥Àæw ¨ÁåZïUÉ gÀÆ.10,000/- ¯Á¨sÀ ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÁÝgÉ ºÁUÀÆ ¥À±ÀÄaQvÁì®AiÀÄ, ªÉÄnæQAiÀÄ ¥À±ÀÄ ªÉÊzÁå¢üPÁjUÀ¼ÁzÀ qÁ:¥Àæ¢Ã¥ïPÀĪÀiÁgï.J¸ï, EªÀgÀ ªÀiÁUÀðzÀ±Àð£À ºÁUÀÆ £ÉgÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸Àäj¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ²æà µÀtÄäPÀ¥ÀàgÀªÀgÀÄ PÉÆýUÀ¼À ªÀiÁgÁl¢AzÀ §gÀĪÀ DzÁAiÀÄ¢AzÀ ¸Á® ªÀÄgÀÄ¥ÁªÀw ªÀiÁqÀÄvÁÛ, eÉÆvÉUÉ ªÀÄPÀ̽UÉ M¼ÉîAiÀÄ «zÁå¨sÁå¸À PÉÆr¸ÀÄwÛzÁÝgÉ ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÀéAvÀ ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤«Äð¸À¨ÉÃPÉ£ÀÄߪÀ ºÁ¢AiÀÄ°èzÁÝgÉ. MmÁÖgÉ µÀtÄäPÀ¥Àà£ÀªÀgÀÄ vÀªÀÄä fêÀ£ÀªÀÄlÖ FUÀ ¸ÀÄzsÁj¹zÀÄÝ F AiÉÆÃd£É¬ÄAzÀ vÀÄA¨Á C£ÀÄPÀÆ®PÀgÀªÁVzÉ JAzÀÄ C©ü¥ÁæAiÀÄ ªÀåPÀÛ¥Àr¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ.
Pashubandha 2016 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::05 3 Issue : 01 11
Dr Pushpa Malagittimath., Dr Mutturaj Yadav, E. and Dr. Subhash Rodagi. Dept. of VAHE Veterinary college Shivamogga Mail ID: pushpamalagittimath@gmail.com Farmers need to monitor sheep and goat herds for diseases. Following is a list of common diseases among sheep and goats, as well as recommended treatment options. Pneumonia is primarily caused by bacteria such as Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, or Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Stress, poor ventilation and other environmental conditions are predisposing factors for pneumonia, particularly among lambs and kids. Sometimes it is associated with diarrhea Enterotoxaemia or overeating disease caused by the bacteria Clostridium perfringens types C and D. Enterotoxaemia may occur when sheep and goats experience a sudden change of diet , stress. A gradual introduction of grain to the winter diet over a week or two will help to prevent enterotoxaemia among animals. Pregnancy toxemia or ketosis is a metabolic disorder that occurs as a result of improper feeding. This condition generally occurs in does and ewes during late gestation. Affected females are usually carrying multiple fetuses and are either too fat or too thin. Pregnant ewes or does may experience a debilitating and negative energy balance. Infectious abortion is always a health concern among small ruminant producers. Infectious diseases such as chlamydiosis, campylobacteriosis (sheep), leptospirosis, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, and Q fever must be controlled. Non-infectious abortions may also occur as a result of head-butting or when animals compete for space, food or social ranking. External parasites may be prevalent when there is close animal-to-animal contact during the winter months. Common parasitic diseases could include: - Ringworm, a fungal skin infection (dermatophytosis). - Mange caused by parasitic mites such as Sarcoptes scabiei (sarcoptic mange), Chorioptes caprae (chorioptic mange), Psoroptes cuniculi (psoroptic mange) and Demodex caprae (demodectic mange). - Damalinia caprae a species of lice that infects goats or Linognathus pedalis that infects sheep. Linognathus ovillus and Bovicola ovis are the most common species of lice in sheep. Other contagious diseases such as pinkeye (keratoconjunctivitis), sore-mouth (contagious ecthyma), caseous lymphadenitis (CL) and lameness such as foot rot and foot scald, may be prevalent during the winter as animals remain in close contact. Pinkeye can be of the non-infectious form caused by dusty feed and hay. It can also be highly infectious and spread by direct contact with the microorganism. Isolation and daily eye treatments are generally required to cure sick animals. Sore-mouth (scabby mouth) requires isolating sick animals and iodine treatment. In some severe cases antibiotics are required. Caseous lymphadenitis requires isolating animals, careful drainage and cleaning of abscesses and the culling of affected animals. Lameness can affect animal wellbeing, body condition and general health.
Pashubandha 2016 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::05 3 Issue : 01 11
Foot baths with concentrated zinc sulfate solution should be available at all times as a preventive measure. An iodine solution can also be used as well as local antibiotics in severe cases. Prevention and control: Housing management : the orientation of the house should be east-west direction. House is built with thermostatic materials, house should be provided with gunny bags so that during severe cold atmosphere the shed should be closed with gunny bags to prevent the effect of cold air Feeding management : Provide winter supplementation. Assess feed options in advance to ensure that animals receive adequate protein, energy, and mineral supplements. It is wise to consider feed costs, availability, ease of handling and storage, animal acceptance and nutrient contents. Producers may encounter problems if you wait until winter begins to secure fodder and other nutritional resources. It’s important to secure enough quality fodder to provide supplemental forage until spring pastures are able to support the breeding herd. Fodder should be tested for quality to determine if additional supplementation is needed. However, you should avoid overfeeding non pregnant or early pregnant females since overfeeding could lead to metabolic disorders, reproductive failures, and higher feed costs. Grouping does or ewes by pregnancy status will help you to better manage nutritional resources. To prevent pregnancy toxemia make sure females are in moderate body condition going into the last six weeks of gestation and are provided grain as needed based on forage nutrient content. This condition is highly fatal when animals are not treated in time. Treatment involves the oral administration of propylene glycol or a liquid nutrient supplement to rapidly increase energy levels. The control and treatment of skin parasites require closer observation for signs of lesions or other hair, wool or skin problems. Affected animals may require isolation from the herd or flock for treatment and to minimize further infections. A variety of ointment, powder and spray products are available to treat external parasites and fungal infections. For infectious abortion adequate shelter and trough space are provided for all animals in the herd. Grouping animals in shelters during the winter could increase susceptibility to infectious agents that can lead to abortions. Also vaccinate or treat as necessary for any prevalent infectious diseases that could result in pregnancy losses. Avoid the contaminating feed and water supplies with pathogens that cause conditions such as listeriosis, chlamydiosis and toxoplasmosis. Vaccination : Animals should be vaccinated against enterotoxaemia, pneumonia before onset of winter.
You are looking at the most interesting list of animal facts, best fun & random facts about animals! 1. Gorillas can catch human colds and other illnesses. 2. A newborn Chinese water deer is so small it can almost be held in the palm of the hand. 3. Ostriches can run faster than horses, and the males can roar like lions. 4. A lion in the wild usually makes no more than twenty kills a year. 5. The female lion does ninety percent of the hunting. 6. The only dog that doesn’t have a pink tongue is the chow.
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Volume VolumeNo No::05 3 Issue : 01 11
7.
Turtles, water snakes, crocodiles, alligators, dolphins, whales, and other water going creatures will drown if kept underwater too long.
8.
Almost half the pigs in the world are kept by farmers in China.
9.
On average, dogs have better eyesight than humans, although not as colourful.
10.
Deer have no gall bladders.
11.
There is an average of 50,000 spiders per acre in green areas.
12.
Snakes are carnivores, which means they only eat animals, often small ones such as insects, birds, frogs and other small mammals.
13.
In Alaska it is illegal to whisper in someone’s ear while they’re moose hunting.
14.
The bat is the only mammal that can fly.
15.
The leg bones of a bat are so thin that no bat can walk.
16.
Some male songbirds sing more than 2000 times each day.
17.
The only mammals to undergo menopause are elephants, humpback whales and human females.
18.
Blue-eyed lemurs are one of two (non-human) primates to have truly blue eyes.
19.
A tarantula spider can survive for more than two years without food.
20.
For every human in the world there are one million ants.
21.
If you lift a kangaroo’s tail off the ground it can’t hop – they use their tails for balance.
22.
If you keep a goldfish. in a dark room, it will become pale!
23.
Cows can sleep standing up, but they can only dream lying down.
24.
The sentence “The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.” uses every letter of the alphabet. HUMP-BACKED MAHSEER
monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Dr. S. Yathiraj (Ex-Officio)
Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
Pashubandha 2016 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::05 3 Issue Issue::01 11