Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin
Newsletter Date : 30 November 2015
Volume No: 4 Issue : 11
Dr. Chetan Kumar G. K, Dr. Shivakumar.V and Dr. Shivaraju. M.V Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Bangalore (drchetanvet@gmail.com) Poisoning by toxic chemicals can cause serious losses. Historically, lead and arsenic have been the most common causes of inorganic chemical poisoning in farm animals. Lead is a heavy, low melting, bluish-gray metal, which is rarely found naturally as metal. Lead is commonly used in many of human activities and it is widely spread in the nature. The toxicity of lead has been recognized for 4000 years. Lead poisoning or plumbism was a disease of the wealthy in Ancient Rome. Lead salts were used in cosmetics, sweeteners, cooking pots, wine urns, and aqueducts. Today, lead poisoning is primarily associated with lower socio-economic status. The majority of human lead exposure comes from environmental sources such as old paint, PVC blinds, ceramics, and lead pipes in older homes. Lead poisoning is most common in dogs and cattle. The relatively high frequency of lead ingestion in cattle is likely associated with their natural curiosity, propensity to lick, and lack of oral discrimination. Young cattle are most commonly affected. Bratton and Zmudzki in 1984 estimated that annually about 150,000 cattle are exposed to toxic levels of lead and that at least 20,000 acute deaths occur. Common sources of lead include old lead acid batteries, old paint and roofing shingles. The lead battery cases become brittle over time and are easily broken by inquisitive cattle. In one report single broken tractor battery was fatally poisoned 28 cattle over several weeks. Other causes of lead poisoning in stock include: licking and eating lead based paint from old paint tins, buildings or other painted materials; eating ashes left after burning old painted materials; eating linoleum; and drinking sump oil. Silage contaminated by lead shot, automotive grease and oil filters and even access to leadlight windows have caused fatal lead poisoning in stock. HOW LEAD AFFECTS ANIMALS? Absorbed lead that is not excreted is exchanged primarily among the following 3 compartments: •
Blood
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Soft tissue (liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, spleen, muscles, and heart)
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Mineralizing tissues (bones and teeth)
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1. Blood: Lead in the blood is primarily found within red blood cells (RBCs). Although the blood generally carries only a small fraction of the total lead body burden, it serves as the initial receptacle of absorbed lead and distributes lead throughout the body, making it available to other tissues or for excretion. Approximately 99% of the lead in blood is associated with RBCs; the remaining 1% resides in blood plasma, which transfers lead between the different compartments. Lead is a well known to inhibit the biosynthesis of hemoglobin and decreases the life span of circulating red blood cells. 2. Soft tissue: Lead moves quickly in and out of soft tissues. The blood distributes lead to various organs and tissues. Studies indicated that the Lead severely damages the kidney, lungs and liver. The brain is a site of distribution as well. It damages the small blood vessels, causing bleeding and deprives the nerves, the brain and other organs for oxygen. 3. Mineralizing tissue: Most retained lead in the body is ultimately deposited in bones. Lead in mineralizing tissues is not uniformly distributed, with accumulation in bone regions undergoing the most active calcification at the time of exposure. Skeletal development and the regulation of skeletal mass are ultimately determined by the four different types of cells: osteoblasts, lining cells, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. These cells are responsible for matrix formation, mineralization and bone desorption, under the control of both systemic and local factors. Systemic components of regulation include parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin (D3) and calcitonin. Lead intoxication directly and indirectly alters many aspects of bone cell function such as •
Lead may directly alter bone cell function by perturbing the ability of bone cells to respond to hormonal regulation.
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Lead may indirectly alter bone cell function through changes in the circulating levels of those hormones, particularly 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which modulate bone cell function.
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Lead may impair the ability of cells to synthesize or secrete other components of the bone matrix, such as collagen or bone sialoproteins (osteopontin).
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Lead may directly effect or substitute for calcium in the active sites of the calcium messenger system, resulting in loss of physiological regulation.
Bone-to-blood lead mobilization increases during periods of pregnancy, lactation, physiologic stress, chronic disease, and fractures. Lead readily crosses the placenta, with the fetus retaining lead cumulatively throughout gestation. Specific health problems, such as malnutrition and iron deficiency, may result in higher lead absorption during pregnancy. In ruminants, particulate lead lodged in the reticulum slowly dissolves and releases significant quantities of lead. Lead has a profound effect on sulfhydryl-containing enzymes, the thiol content of erythrocytes, antioxidant defenses, and tissues rich in mitochondria, which is reflected in the clinical syndrome. In addition to the cerebellar hemorrhage and edema associated with capillary damage, lead is also irritating, immunosuppressive, gametotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic and toxic to the hematopoietic system. COMMON CLINICAL SIGNS OF LEAD POISONING Poisoning may be acute, sub acute or chronic. A combination of gastro-intestinal and nervous sings
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usually occurs in varying degree. The gastro-intestinal effects may produce either constipation or diarrhoea. Acute poisoning: Acute lead poisoning is more common in young animals. In cases of acute poisoning, stock may be found dead or display combinations of several signs for a few hours before death, including: ataxia, blindness, salivation, spastic twitching of eyelids, jaw champing, bruxism, staggering gait, excessive response to external stimuli, muscle tremors and convulsions. Sub acute poisoning: Sub acute lead poisoning most commonly seen in older animals. Animals with sub acute poisoning may display: anorexia, rumen stasis, colic, dullness, and transient constipation, frequently followed by diarrhoea, blindness, head pressing, bruxism, hyperesthesia, and in-coordination. Chronic poisoning: Chronic lead poisoning is rarely seen in cattle. In this condition animal shows anaemia, constipation, recumbency, breathing difficulty, wasting and loss of appetite. DIAGNOSIS: Diagnosis of lead poisoning is based on a history of access to lead and the clinical signs. Post mortem examination will usually reveal lead particles in the reticulum of affected ruminants. In the nervous system, edema, congestion of the cerebral cortex, and flattening of the cortical gyri are present. Lead accumulates in liver, kidneys, and bone. It is filtered from the blood by the liver and kidneys, and is then gradually transferred to bone through equilibration. Only 2% to 10% of ingested lead is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The gastroenteritis of the sub acute form is caused by the direct effect of lead salts on the alimentary mucosa or by vehicles such as oil, which carry the lead. After lead ingestion, lead is excreted in the urine, faeces, milk and bile. Lead can also be transferred across the placenta. Lead poisoning can be confirmed by testing tissue samples taken at post-mortem or by testing blood from live animals. Whole blood should be collect in a lithium heparin or sodium heparin vacutainer tube. Hematologic abnormalities, which may be indicative but not confirmatory of lead poisoning, include anemia, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, polychromasia, basophilic stippling, metarubricytosis, and hypochromia. Venous Blood Lead Level (BLL) testing is the most useful screening and diagnostic test for recent or ongoing lead exposure as opposed to past exposures. Blood or urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid and Erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP), commonly assayed as zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), was previously considered the best test for screening for asymptomatic cases, however, is not sufficiently sensitive at lower BLLs and therefore is not as useful a screening test for lead exposure as previously thought. Serum is not a good diagnostic sample because lead is transported as a proteinate on red blood cell membranes. Fresh or frozen kidney and Fresh or frozen liver is collected approximately about 50 grams. Freeze the sample if it cannot be submitted promptly and keep cool. Fluorescent and colorimetric sensors, atomic absorption spectrophotometer are used to detect lead in from these organs. Contents of the reticulum may be collected for close examination to identify lead particulate matter. Hairs are subject to external environmental contamination, assaying their lead content is an uncertain estimate of body burden and is not recommended.
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WHAT IS THE LINE OF TREATMENT? In acute lead poisoning or when tissue damage is extensive, particularly to the nervous system treatment is seldom effective. Treatment only stops or lessens the clinical signs of lead poisoning and must be begun early if an animal is to be saved. Treatment is complicated, costly and requires several days of therapy. In cattle, calcium disodium edetate (Ca-EDTA) is given IV or SC @110 mg/kg/day divided bid for 3 days along with Thiamine@ 2–4 mg/kg/day, SC. Surgery to remove particulate lead material from the reticulum after the ingestion of batteries is rarely successful. HOW TO PREVENT? Prevention of lead poisoning is very important and should be emphasized. Prevention is easier, cheaper and more effective than treatment. The risk of exposure in cattle can be reduced with a few simple precautions: •
Dispose of used batteries without spilling their contents. Do not leave batteries in barns, pastures or the farmyard.
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Use lead-free paint on barns, fences or other structures in areas accessible to livestock. Keep paint cans closed, and do not discard them in areas used by livestock.
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Balanced nutrition and regular feeding is very important. This will minimize pica or abnormal feeding behavior in livestock.
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Do not park farm machinery in the shed or near areas used by livestock. Service farm machinery in areas those are completely separate from animals.
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Avoid holding animals in a yard. No matter how clean the yard is, it may be difficult to eliminate all toxic substances or to ensure that others take the same precautions.
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Inspect all areas carefully before introducing animals to them.
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Keep garbage out of pastures and other sites that are used by animals. Fence dump sites and bury the waste. A single dump site is safer than several sites. Burning garbage does not reduce the amount or toxicity of lead. The lead is still present in the ash and cattle commonly ingest this.
Dr. Rashmi, R, Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Veterinary College, Bengaluru (email: rashmirvet7@gmail.com) AMINOGLYCOSIDES On the basis of antibacterial spectrum, aminolgycosides are classified as NARROW SPECTRUM AMINOGLYCOSIDES BROAD SPECTRUM AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin Neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paramomycin and arbekacin
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Active against aerobic, gram-negative bacteria Several aerobic gram-positive , gram-negative aerobic bacteria but not against Pseudomonas sp
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EXTENDED SPECTRUM AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, sisomicin and netilmicin
Several aerobic grampositive, gram-negative aerobic bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Drug interactions Synergism Aminoglycosides show synergistic antibacterial effect with beta lactam antibiotics. PK-PD interactions •
Concurrent administration of two or more aminoglycosides increases the risk of ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neuromuscular blockade.
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Concurrent administration of aminoglycosides with calcium channel blockers viz., verapamil, diltiazem, Nifedipine, amlodipine etc increases the risk of neuromuscular blockade.
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Concurrent administration of aminoglycosides with non- depolarizing or competitive neuromuscular blocking agent like d- tubocurarine and halothane inhalant anesthetic produce additive effect on neuromuscular blockade. Edrophonium, a reversible anticholinesterase agent reverses the effect of non- depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
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Concomitant administration of iron supplements and aminolgycosides increases the incidence of auditory and renal toxicity.
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Concurrent use of Aminoglycosides with loop diuretics (eg- furosemide) and osmotic diuretics (eg- mannitol) aggravate the nephrotoxic and ototoxic effects of Aminoglycosides.
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Concomitant use of Aminoglycosides and halothane aggravates cardiovascular depression.
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NSAIDs potentiate the nephrotoxic effect of aminoglycosides.
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Calcium supplementation decreases nephrotoxicity associated with aminoglycosides and also reverse neuromuscular blockade effect.
TETRACYCLINES Tetracyclines are classified according to their duration of action Drug interactions SHORT- ACTING TETRACYCLINES INTERMEDIATE ACTING TETRACYCLINES LONG ACTING TETRACYCLINES
Oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline Demeclocycline, metacycline
t1/2 = < 8 h t1/2 = < 8 - 16 h
Doxycycline, minocycline, tigecycline
t1/2 = >16 h
Antagonism: Tetracyclines with bactericidal drugs like penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides produce antagonistic effect.
A fusiform incision is created
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PK- PD interactions •
Antacids, iron preparations, saline purgatives, kaolin, pectin and sodium bicarbonate forms insoluble complexes with tetracyclines in turn decreases its absorption. Thus, tetracyclines are administered 1 to3 hour prior to or after administration of antacids, iron preparation and purgatives.
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Microsomal enzyme inducers like Phenobarbital and phenytoin decrease the plasma half- life of lipid soluble Tetracyclines (doxycycline and minocycline) by hastening their metabolism.
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Concurrent administration of nephrotoxic drugs like methoxyflurane hastens renal damage.
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Concurrent use of Tetracyclines and oral anticoagulant aggravate bleeding by depressing plasma prothrombin activity.
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Tetracyclines should not be administered by mixing with IV fluids, particularly ringer lactate and calcium preparations.
Sandeepa, K.H., Rudresh, G.N., Chethana, D.H. and Debajyothi, S. Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. (Email id :- drsandeepakh@gmail.com) • Artificial insemination (AI) is the process of collecting semen and depositing it through artificial means into the vagina of the receptive female dog. •
Dog breeders and veterinarians have found artificial insemination (AI) to be available tool. Many of them see it as a way to increase the quality of a breed by overcoming limitations of both time and space.
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AI is reserved for valuable purebred dogs that are unable to conceive through natural means due to various problems in the female dog, abnormal vulvar or vaginal conformation, such as narrowing, which prevent coitus. Aggressive female dogs which are not allow breeding.
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In the male poor sex drive, weakness or pain when mounting due to arthritis or prostatic disease, their genetics are unaltered and artificial insemination allows them to continue to contribute to their breed or aggression toward the female.
Collecting semen •
Collecting semen from a stud dog is simple. Female in heat is brought together with the male.
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When he tries to mount her, his penis is redirected into an artificial vagina and stimulated to cause an ejaculation. The presence of the female is useful to excite the male ( pheromones are excreted from the female's vagina cause excitation) and makes collection easier.
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Once the male is mounted, the person collecting the semen firmly grasps the penis through the prepuce (sheath) and begins rapid massage.
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Semen collection in male
If a female dog is not used, the person collecting the semen begins the procedure by grasping the penis and beginning the massage.
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The penis and collecting cone are firmly held in place with the collector's hands, which stimulating the constriction of the female during a normal breeding.
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Ejaculation occurs in 3 parts. The first part is a small amount of clean fluid that does not contain semen. The next part is the sperm rich cloudy fluid. Typically, vigorous thrusting is associated with this part of the ejaculation and results in 0.5 to 3mls of semen. The final phase of the ejaculation is clear prostatic fluid.
Semen evaluation •
After collecting the semen, microscopic evaluation of sperm cells for concentration, motility and normal appearance.
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In infertile males may have abnormal sperm cells, which are unable to travel through oviducts of the female, or cannot penetrate the ovum for fertilization.
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>70% of the sperm with normal forward motility with 150 to 200,000 normal appearing sperm per sample can use for insemination.
Female Dog Preparation • The goal of breeding is to inseminate the female dog four days before ovulation and then every two days until the final insemination. Insemination two days after ovulation results in the maximum litter size. Determination of ovulation can be done in a variety of ways •
Microscopic evaluation of vaginal tissue cell for cornification and progesterone levels estimation in blood sample are used to determine the time of ovulation.
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Cells of the vagina should be evaluated daily where >80% Cornified cells indicates ovulation is near.
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Blood samples are drawn every 2 to 3 days to evaluate progesterone levels. serum progesterone is <1ng/ml until 2 days before ovulation, the level of progesterone will rise to 1 to 2ng/ml on the following day (one day before ovulation), the progesterone level will be 2 to 4ng/ml (On the day of Inseminating with fresh semen into ovulation), the progesterone will be 4 to 10ng/ml after female dog ovulation, the progesterone levels rapidly rise and can be anywhere between 15 to 90ng/ml.
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Insemination is performed by using fresh or chilled semen.
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The semen can be deposited either in the vagina just in front of the cervix or just inside the uterus by using long plastic pipette or glass tube.
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Appropriate amount of semen drawn into a sterile syringe and attach this to the appropriate pipette.
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The pipette is then guided into the upper vagina by a gloved, Sterile syringe and pipette using for lubricated finger inserted into the vaginal canal. Once insemination positioned, the semen is deposited.
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The syringe is then filled with air, which is used to inject the remaining semen that remained in the pipette after the initial push of the syringe and pipette is removed.
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Rear of the dog is elevated for 5 to 10 minutes, which is done by elevating the dog by grabbing the lower rear legs.
Success rate: •
AI using fresh semen 62 to 100 percent, AI using chilled semen 59 to 80 percent.
Conclusion: Artificial insemination is a useful tool in improving the overall quality of all canine breeds, allowing a wider range of potential breeding partners. If it is used to genetically eliminate undesirable characteristics or to improve or potentiate desirable ones, it will have a positive effect whenever used.
Dr. Naveen Kumar T.J, Dr. Ranjith D., Dr. Sagar R.S. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala – 673 576 (Email : ranjith946@gmail.com) Meat and meat products are generally considered as highly nutritious foodsprovides valuable amount of high quality proteins having all essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins mainly B complex (Vit B12); minerals (iron, zinc and manganese) with higher bioavailability and other bioactive compounds. Though helpful in optimal muscle growth and development, the drawback of meat is the lack of dietary fiber and risk associated with consumption of red and processed meat for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, obesity and Type 2 diabetes.Hence, strategies have been developed for meat based functional foods to reduce the health related risk factors and to promote beneficial effects. These may basically affect animal production practices (Genetic and nutritional) and meat transformation systems (Reformulation process). Animal Production Practices: The composition of the animal tissues, carcasses and commercial cuts varies between species, breed and also according to age, sex, feeding type of animals. Animal production practices are classified into: 1. Genetic strategies: Genetic changes for the production of healthy food for human diet that are favorable for economic and productive prospect are as follows, • Selection and inter-breeding • Biotechnological approaches like cloning, transgenesis or transgenesis followed by cloning eg: improvement of fatty acid profile by manipulating the gene associated with n-3 fatty acid desaturase enzyme. • In-vitro meat production: Meat produced in-vitro has been proposed as a humane, safe and environmentally beneficial alternative to slaughtered animal flesh and as a source of nutritional muscle tissue 2. Nutrition and feed management: Feeding strategies involving plant and marine sources (fish or algae) have been used for significantly increase PUFA (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid) levels in lamb, beef and pork. Dietary supplementation like green grass has been used to enrichpork, beef and lamb with conjugated linolenic acid.
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Reports also indicated that an increased CLA (Conjugated Linolenic Acid) level in beef from cattle fed with linseed meal. Supplementation with vitamin E, selenium, magnesium or iron has been employed to increase the concentration of these healthy elements in meat. Lambs fed with concentrates having a rich source of carotenoids and fat soluble vitamins like retinol and tocopherol had been observed to contain significantly higher retinol and tocopherol levels in their body fat and meat products with healthy beneficial effects. Meat transformation systems: A number of approaches used to remove, reduce, increase, add and/or replace different bioactive components in meat. 1.Improving fat content: Improving able-bodied fat is achieved by reduction in total fat, energy, cholesterol and modification of fatty acid profiles in meat.Replacement of fats already present in the meat with the health oriented fats like MUFAs (Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids) and PUFAs by using naturally available vegetable sources like olive, cottonseed, corn, soybean, peanut, algal oil,fish and fish oil. etc. Low-fat meat products had been formulated by using fat substitutes like konjac gel (Suvarna gedde), agar and k-carrageenan (edible sea weed). Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLA) present in ruminant milk and flesh from grass fed ruminants on constitution with meat and meat products produces various beneficial effects viz anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulative and anti-obesity properties and helps in regulating bone metabolism and reduces the risk of diabetes. 2. Incorporation of plant proteins: Proteins from plant sources have been used in meat products to balance lysine/arginine ratios and have health beneficial effects.Soy protein has been used as functional ingredients in various foods of specific health use and meat products (such as low fat sausage). Protein derived from vegetable origin were useful in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and osteoporosis and in the relief of menopausal symptoms. Replaced meat protein with black eye bean(Alasande kalu), chickpea (Kadalekaalu,) and lentil (Bele) at the level of 10 percentage in meatballs produce a new sensory appeal for the productswith additional health benefits. 3. Incorporation of Probiotics: Probiotic sources like yoghurt, curd, misti dhai, Cheese, butter milk, lassi prepared from yoghurt, pickles and soya are commonly used to improve quality of meat and meat products. Organisms like Enterococcus faecium PCD71 and Lactobacillus fermentum ACA-DC179 were applied as protective cultures in chicken meat against L. monocytogenes and S. enteritidisand the former organism significantly reduced the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Reports also indicated that Lactobacillus paraceasei LTH 2579 incorporated into sausages modulates host immunity. Upon 5 weeks consumption of probiotic sausages contained probiotic bacteria resulted in higher titer of antibodies against oxidized LDL cholesterol. 4. Incorporation of prebiotics and dietary fiber: Different prebiotics and dietary fibers have properties like anti-diabetic, favoring blood lipid regulation, reducing serum cholesterol level, preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), colon cancer, constipation and regulating intestinal transit. The insoluble fraction of the fiber (IF) is related to
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intestinal regulation, whereas the soluble fiber (SF) is associated with a decrease of cholesterol levels and the absorption of intestinal glucose. Orange, apple, peach, olive, vegetable oat bran etc. are rich sources of dietary fiber. Currently, innumerable number of studies regarding incorporation of different concentration of prebiotics in meat and meat products like inulin, dietary fibre and fibre rich ingredients from cereals like oats, rice, wheat, kidney bean, black bean, white bean etc.; fruits like apple, lemon, orange, banana, tomato etc.; legumes like soy, peas etc.; roots like carrot, onion, sugar beet, konjac (suvarna gedde) etc., tubers like potato and seaweeds like red and brown algae in the formulation of fresh, cooked and fermented meat products. 5. Enrichment with minerals: Now a days there is an increased trend of enrichment of meat products with some of the essential minerals like selenium, calcium, zinc etc, even though meat contain minerals like iron and meat factor characteristics. The commercially available sources like calcium citrate, malate and lactate could be used as functional ingredients in meat products like hamburger and bologna sausages to enhance the calcium levels in meat, so the percentage of calcium availability and transportation through cell membrane when these products were consumed were similar to that of milk consumption. Not only minerals as such, but some non-meat ingredients like walnut, Cashew, seaweed etc. are added to processed meat to increase the levels of minerals like copper, magnesium, manganese and potassium. 6. Incorporation of vitamins and antioxidants: Meat is an excellent source of vitamins but it is deficient in certain vitamins like vitamin C and also has lower levels of vitamin E. Hence to improve the vitamin status of meat, it can be added either in the form of commercial preparations (isolate) or as components of non-meat ingredients like walnut, wheat, honey, citrus by products etc. Fortified chicken meat nuggets with ground carrot and sweet potato had been recently developed to increase the level of carotene. Carotenoids have been used in meat products, because of their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Pulp, dried peel or juice of tomato are rich in lycopene had been used in different meat products. Since, lycopene is having anti-oxidant, anti-cancerous (especially, prostate cancer) and reduce the risk of myocardial infarction. 7. Other added compounds /ingredients: Apart from above compounds, some other ingredients incorporated in to meat for health benefits like sterols and taurine. These are incorporated either as purified compounds or as non-meat ingredient like walnut, soybean, seaweed, carrot and herbs which contain these compounds.Bioactive peptides have been identified from different food stuffs including milk and meat and these peptides have antihypertensive, opioid, anti-oxidant and anti-thrombotic properties. These bioactive peptides also can be incorporated in preparing healthier functional meat products. 8. Reduction of unhealthy exogenous components: Unhealthy exogenous components (sodium, phosphate, nitrite, allergens) bearing negative health effects should be minimized in meat and meat products. High dietary intake of cured meat products increased the risk of gastro intestinal cancers due to in-vivo formation of carcinogenic chemicals. Increased intake of sodium has been found to increase the incidences of hypertension and different low sodium meat products have been formulated by replacing a part of sodium chloride by other safe compounds like phosphates which mimic the effects of sodium chloride.
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To prevent the development of disease, the concept of nutrigenomics (an understanding of how nutrients related to genetics) is now given priority for research, which includes personalized nutrition to an individual according to his genetic makeup. Specific functional ingredients may be incorporated into foods that can improve the health of consumers of different genetic makeup. Also, researches were carried out towards substantiating the functional effects of healthy meat products in man so that the availability of bioactive components in functional foods can be assessed. Conclusion: In our country, although there are a few functional products especially of milk and egg in market, meat based functional products are still in the research stage only. Consumers should know the importance of natural ingredients having the functional properties can be used for the preparation of healthy meat and meat products. Efforts are to be taken to standardize and market functional meat products especially traditional meat products containing bioactive compounds. There had been several laws and regulations covering the food market in India. However, there had been no single law that significantly regulated the functional foods in market even in the recent past. Now, a new set of regulations namely Food Safety and Standards (Food or Health Supplements, Nutraceuticals, Foods for Special Dietary Uses, Foods for Special Medical purpose, Functional Foods, and Novel Food) Regulations, 2015 is under process which may help to integrate and stream line the many regulations covering the nutraceuticals, foods and dietary supplements.
qÁ.PÁAvÀgÁdÄ, JA.PÉ., qÁ.«. dUÀ¢Ã±Àéj, qÁ.PÉ.¸ÀvÀå£ÁgÁAiÀÄuï ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÀªÀ£ï ¨É¼ÀPÉÃj ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ ¥À±ÀĸÀAUÉÆÃ¥À£Á «¸ÀÛgÀuÁ ²PÀët «¨sÁUÀ, ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ ªÀĺÁ«zÁå®AiÀÄ, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ. (Email: kanthavet520@gmail.com) UËj©zÀ£ÀÆgÀÄ vÁ®ÆèQ£À aPÀÌ PÀÄgÀÄUÉÆÃqÀÄ UÁæªÀÄzÀ UÀAUÁzsÀgÀ¥Àà M§â ¸ÀtÚ gÉÊvÀ. ºÉÊ£ÀÄUÁjPÉAiÀÄÄ DvÀ£À fêÀ£ÀzÀ DzÁAiÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®. PÉêÀ® JgÀqÀÄ «Ä±Àæ vÀ½ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ½AzÀ ªÀµÀð ¥ÀÆwð vÀ£Àß PÀÄlÄA§zÀ RZÀð£ÀÄß ¤¨sÁ¬Ä¸ÀĪÀ eÉÆvÉUÉ ªÀÄPÀ̼À «zÁå¨sÁå¸ÀªÀ£ÀÄß SÁ¸ÀV ±Á¯ÉAiÀÄ°è PÉÆr¸ÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ºÉÊ£ÀÄUÁgÀ. PÀrªÉÄ Rað£À°è ºÉaÑ£À ºÁ®Ä GvÁàzÀ£É ªÀiÁr ºÉZÀÄÑ ºÀt G½vÁAiÀÄ ªÀiÁqÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ §Ä¢ÞªÀAvÀ gÉÊvÀ. PÉêÀ® JgÀqÀÄ UÀÄAmÉ d«Ää£À°è §ºÀĪÁ¶ðPÀ ¢ézÀ¼À PÀÄzÀÄgÉ ªÀĸÁ¯É ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß ¨É¼ÉzÀÄ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ½UÉ w¤ß¹ ºÁ®Ä GvÁàzÀ£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉZÀÄÑ ªÀiÁrPÉÆArgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ FvÀ£À ºÉUÀνPÉ. gÁªÀÄZÀAzÀæ¥ÀÄgÀ UÁæªÀÄzÀ «zÁåªÀAvÀ ¤gÀÄzÉÆåÃVAiÀiÁVzÀÝ £ÀgÀ¹AºÀªÀÄÆwð FUÀ PÀrªÉÄ zsÁt «Ä±Àæt ºÁUÀÆ EvÀgÉ »ArAiÀÄ£ÀÄß G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¹, PÀÄzÀÄgÉ ªÀĸÁ¯É ªÉÄë£À ¥ÀÆgÉÊPɬÄAzÀ ºÉZÀÄÑ ºÁ®Ä »AqÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ªÀiÁzÀj gÉÊvÀ. ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ ªÀµÀðUÀ½AzÀ LzÁgÀÄ «Ä±ÀævÀ½ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À ¸ÁPÁtÂPÉ ªÀiÁr £ÀµÀÖzÀ°èzÀÝ E£ÉƧâ gÉÊvÀ- ºÀÄzÀÄw UÁæªÀÄzÀ ¸ÀÄgÉñÀÄ̪ÀiÁgï EwÛÃZÉUÉ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ LzÀÄ UÀÄAmÉAiÀÄ°è PÀÄzÀÄgÉ ªÀĸÁ¯É ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß ¨É¼ÉzÀÄ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ½UÉ w¤ß¹ ¥Àæw ºÀ¸ÀÄ«¤AzÀ ¢£ÀPÉÌ 3-4 °Ãlgï UÀÄtªÀÄlÖzÀ ºÉZÀÄÑ ºÁ®£ÀÄß GvÁࢹ ¯Á¨sÀzÀvÀÛ ¸ÁVzÁÝgÉ. F J¯Áè gÉÊvÀgÀ®èzÉ UËj©zÀ£ÀÆgÀÄ vÁ®ÆèQ£À E£ÀÆß ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ gÉÊvÀgÀ C£ÀĨsÀªÀªÉãÉAzÀgÉ, ºÉZÀÄÑ ¥ÉÆõÀPÁA±À«gÀĪÀ PÀÄzÀÄgÉ ªÀĸÁ¯É ªÉÄë£À ¸ÁUÀĪÀ½¬ÄAzÀ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄë£À PÉÆgÀvÉ ¤ÃVgÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ eÉÆvÉUÉ zsÁt «Ä±ÀætzÀ CªÀ±ÀåPÀvÉAiÀÄÄ PÀrªÉÄUÉÆAqÀÄ ºÉZÀÄÑ ºÁ®Ä GvÁࢸÀ®Ä ¸ÁzsÀåªÁVzÉ. DVAzÁUÉå §gÀUÁ® ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄwÛgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ªÀļÉAiÀiÁ²ævÀ PÀȶ ºÁUÀÆ PÉƼÀªÉ ¨Á«UÀ¼À ¤Ãj£À ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É DzsÁgÀªÁVgÀĪÀ gÉÊvÀgÀ §zÀÄPÀÄ zÀĹÛgÀ. ¤gÀAvÀgÀ DzÁAiÀÄ vÀgÀĪÀ ºÉÊ£ÀÄUÁjPUÉ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀÅ CvÀåªÀ±ÀåPÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 11 01
GvÀÛªÀÄ ¥Ë¶×PÁA±ÀzÀ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß MzÀV¸À®Ä ¸ÁzsÀåªÁUÀzÀ ¥Àj¹ÜwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §gÀUÁ®ªÀÅ vÀAzÀÆrvÀÄÛ. zsÁt «Ä±ÀætzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É DzsÁgÀªÁVzÀÝ ºÉÊ£ÀÄUÁjPɬÄAzÀ PÀrªÉÄ Rað£À°è ºÉZÀÄÑ ºÁ®Ä GvÁࢸÀĪÀÅzÀÄ C¸ÁzsÀåªÉA§ ¥Àj¹ÜwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÁtĪÀAvÁVvÀÄÛ. F J¯Áè ¸ÀªÀĸÉåUÀ½UÉ ¥ÀjºÁgÀªÁV gÉÊvÀgÀÄ d«Ää£À°è ¸ÁA¢æÃPÀÈvÀªÁV PÀÄzÀÄgÉ ªÀĸÁ¯É ªÉÄêÀ£ÀÄß ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄĪÀ PÉÊAPÀAiÀÄðPÉÌ ¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ ªÀĺÁ«zÁå®AiÀÄzÀ «¸ÀÛgÀuÁ ZÀlĪÀnPÉUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄSÉãÀ ZÁ®£É ¤ÃqÀ¯ÁVvÀÄÛ. PÉ® gÉÊvÀgÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ gÉÊvÀ ªÀÄÄRAqÀgÀ£ÀÄß ºÀÄgÀÄzÀÄA©¹, PÀÄzÀÄgÉ ªÀĸÁ¯É ªÉÄë£À ¸ÁUÀĪÀ½ ªÀiÁr¹, ºÉZÀÄÑ ºÁ®Ä GvÁàzÀ£ÉAiÀiÁUÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÁævÀåQëPÉAiÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ vÉÆÃj¸À¯ÁVvÀÄÛ. EzÀjAzÀ EvÀgÉ gÉÊvÀgÀÄ ¥ÉæÃgÉÃ¥ÀuÉUÉÆAqÀÄ F «zsÁ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß C¼ÀªÀr¹PÉÆAqÀgÉAzÀÄ w½zÀÄ §A¢vÀÄ. ¥Àæw ¢£À MAzÀÄ «Ä±ÀævÀ½ gÁ¸ÀÄ«¤AzÀ ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 3-4 °Ãlgï ºÉaÑ£À ºÁ®Ä GvÁàzÀ£É ¸ÁzÀåªÁVvÀÄÛ. PÀÄzÀÄgÉ ªÀĸÁ¯É ªÉÄë£À ¥ÀæªÀÄÄR UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ: •
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Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 11 01
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Cats can interpret their owner's emotions Scientists from Oakland University are suggesting that cats are more receptive to human emotions than we've previously surmised. This conclusion is based on their recent study involving 12 cats and their owners which showed that felines behave differently based on whether their owners are smiling or frowning. While similar behaviors have previously been documented in domestic dogs researchers were interested to see if domestic cats – who mostly appear uninterested in their human owners – possess similar abilities. During their study, researchers observed that cats exhibited more frequent "positive" behaviors – purring, rubbing or sitting on their owner's lap and spending more time with them – when their owner was smiling. Frowns seemed to produce the opposite effect in the cats. All of this suggests that cats can learn how to read owner specific facial expressions over time.
The World’s Rarest Ape Lives—and Sings—on a Chinese Island By Sarah Lazarus, National Geographic PUBLISHED SUN NOV 29 07:00:00 EST 2015 An adult Hainan gibbon moves through the tree tops of Bawangling National Nature Reserve, on Hainan Island off the south coast of China.
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 11 01
A solitary male Hainan gibbon lounges in a treetop.
Hainan gibbons
Therapy dogs have calming effect on children having cancer treatment The new study , part of the Canines and Childhood Cancer (CCC) research project run by the American Humane Association and funded by Zoetis - an independent global animal health company. Measures of blood pressure, pulse rates and anxiety levels are collected before and after a weekly visit from the therapy dog. During the visits, the children pet or talk to their therapy dog, brush its coat, look at photos of the dog, watch it perform tricks and obey commands and learn about dog breeds. Preliminary results show that blood pressure readings in the groups receiving AAT (animal-assisted therapy) interventions remained more stable across all sessions than in the control group that did not receive AAT. So the therapy dog may have a calming effect on the patient.
monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary
Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Dr. S. Yathiraj (Ex-Officio)
College, Hebbal, Bengaluru.
Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 11 01