Veterinary College, Bengaluru
Monthly e-Bulletin
Newsletter Date : 31 October 2015
Volume No: 4 Issue : 10
Sunilchandra. U., Santhosh.P.S1 and Ravikumar.C1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Veterinary College, Bidar.1 Dept. of VMD, Veterinary College, Bengaluru 2Veterinary College, Hassan (email: suilvet29@gmail.com) Glucocorticoids (GC) potentially affect every cell in the body and produce a wide spectrum of effects depending on tissue concentration and cell type. GC act indirectly by inducing lipocortin synthesis, which in turn inhibits phospholipase A2, the enzyme responsible for cleaving arachadonic acid from damaged cell membranes. Thus GC inhibit both the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways of inflammation, blocking the formation the leukotrienes, prostaglandins and thromboxane. Important Pharmacological effects
Alteration of water and electrolyte balance: manifested by polyuria,polydipsia
CNS effects : mood,behavioral changes, diminished response to pyrogens,
Blood pressure increased, potentiate beta-adrenergic agonists actions Decrease absorption of calcium and iron from GIT
Enhance lipolysis and mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue; stimulates hyperinsulinemia and results in lipogenesis, decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in degradation,: muscle atrophy, thin skin, and delayed healing can result. Inhibit osteoblasts and stimulate osteoclasts, thereby inhibiting bone healing; reduce the proliferation connective tissue,slowing scar tissue production and wound healing
Inhibit virus-induced interferon synthesis; diminish functional capacity of monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils through inhibition of interleukins . ACTH, beta-lipotropin, TSH, FSH, and growth hormone synthesis is suppressed. Hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA) suppression: The suppression of the inhibition of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland, suppresses subsequent stimulation of cortisol production depending on GC type, the dose, and duration of therapy; suppression lasting from one or two weeks to as long as several months . Prevention of hypoadrenal crisis require gradual withdrawal of medication. Animals at risk are generally considered to be those that were on greater than physiological replacement dosing for more than 2 weeks, whose treatment discontinued in the last 6 weeks, and that are under some form of
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Certain ophthalmic preparations combine antibiotics and a corticosteroid (e.g.Neomycin-polymyxin B,bacitracin with hydrocortisone or dexamethasone) to treat conjunctivitis. GC are also included in topical preparations (most of which contain antibiotics) used to treat minor cuts, scratches, hot spots, or inflammation due to contact dermatitis or allergies, ear infections or inflammations in which GC component helps to decrease the itching.
Clinical Indications of GCs 1.
Adrenocortical insufficiency (acute,chronic): acute adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease).Hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and prednisone produce minor mineralocorticoid effects in addition to their GC effects and may adequately reverse electrolyte imbalances when administered in conjunction with IV sodium chloride solution; however, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and prednisone are considered insufficient for long-term control of the potassium-retention or sodium and chloride losing effects of most cases of primary adrenocortical insufficiency and a mineralocorticoid-specific medication is generally indicated. In acute adrenocortical insufficiency, a rapidly acting parenteral corticosteroid with the most mineralocorticoid effect available should be administered in conjunction with vascular volume expansion using isotonic saline. Relative mineralocorticoid effect from the most to the least potency is hydrocortisone > prednisolone/prednisone > methylprednisolone > dexamethasone.
2. Allergic disorders: For anaphylactic reactions, corticosteroids play a secondary role to epinephrine and fluid therapy. Dexamethasone injection, methylprednisolone acetate injectable suspension, methylprednisolone tablets prednisolone sodium succinate, triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension and triamcinolone tablets are indicated in the treatment of allergic conditions such as bee stings, drug allergy, pruritic dermattoses and allergic lung (rhinitis, astma) and GI diseases. In acute case of atopic/flea allergy dermatitis an initial anti-inflammatory dosages alleviate pruritus and self trauma from scratching.. If continued, the lowest dose necessary or, if possible, alternate day therapy with either prednisolone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, or triamcinolone should be instituted. .Topical forms are commonly used for allergic conditions like eczema, psoriasis, pemphigus. 3.
Ocular and Aural Inflammtion(otitis externa): Topical steroids -for conditions of the anterior chamber; systemic steroids for posterior chamber. Contraindicated in viral infections, fulminant bacterial infections, fungal infections, injuries (ulcers) and glaucoma.
4. Musculoskeletal Inflammation,including osteoarthritis, bursitis, tendonitis, immune mediated rheumatoid arthritis, myositis;used in conjunction with therapies that target the underlying cause 5.
Adjunct therapy of cardiogenic and hemorrhagic shock: The primary treatment of shock is the administration of large volumes of crystalloid solutions. High doses of GC may aid in reversing some of the effects when administered in conjunction with IV fluids. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate and prednisolone sodium succinate are recommended Short-acting soluble steroids such as the succinate esters are routinely used in the treatment of circulatory shock. When given IV in the early stages of shock, GC and aggressive fluid therapy may improve hemodynamics and survival rates. The use of GC in the treatment of septic shock (endotoxaemia) is controversial and the primary treatment includes antimicrobial therapy and supportive parenteral fluid therapy. High doses of a rapidly-acting
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physiologic stress, such as surgery Classification:
Short acting (duration of action < 12 hours) eg: cortisone, hydrocortisone (1 *)
Long acting (duration of action > 48hours)eg: dexamethasone (30*), betamethasone (30*), paramethasone (120*), and flumethasone (120*)
Intermediate acting(duration of action: 12–36hours) eg: prednisone(4*) methylprednisolone(5*), isoflupredone(50*) and triamcinolone(5 *)
prednisolone(4*),
* Antiinflammatory potency as determined by comparison to a cortisol a value of 1.0.
Injectable glucocorticoids:
To treat shock, doses of GC are 50 to 100 times the physiological level; phosphate and succinate esters are used IV. Eg: Μethylprednisolone sodium succinate, Prednisolone sodium succinate, Dexamethasone sodium phosphate To suppress the immune system, doses are about 20 times the physiological level; solutions of free steroid alcohols administered IVor IM; Egs include: Dexamethasone, Flumethasone
To inhibit inflammation, doses are 10 times the physiological levels.Preparations are acetate and acetonide esters; given IM,SC or intra-articular (into the joint). Absorption of the drug into the systemic bloodstream occurs slowly, over days to weeks. Egs of long-acting formulations include: methylprednisolone acetate, triamcinolone acetonide, isoflupredone acetate, betamethasone dipropionate. Intra-articular GC should not be given if infection is present, or if there is detectable structural damage or instability in the joint.. Surgery should not be performed on GC injected joints for two months following injection Oral corticosteroid formulations are well absorbed.
Prednisone and prednisolone tablets are the most commonly prescribed products and are frequently administered for long-term therapy of adrenal gland insufficiency (hypoadrenocorticism) or immunemediated diseases.
Duration of action (DOA) of steroid esters following IM administration is as follows.
Soluble short acting: sodium phosphate, sodium succinate;DOA is 30-120 minutes
Very insoluble long acting: acetonoide, adamantoate: DOA- several weeks
Insoluble intermediate acting: acetate, undecanoate,phenyl propionate, pivalate: DOA-2-14 days
Topical corticosteroids: the potencywise classification of different topical GC: Mild: e.g. hydrocortisone 0.5-1%, prednisolone, dexamethasone ; Moderate: e.g. betamethasone valerate 0.02-0.05%, triamcinolone acetonide 0.02%, fluocinolone acetonoide. Potent: e.g. betamethasone dipropionate 0.05%,betamethasone valerate or triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%, diflorasone diacetate. Very potent: e.g. clobetasol propionate, halobetasol propionate,, betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% in optimised vehicle. Topical corticosteroids are used in ophthalmology to treat chronic superficial keratitis.
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GC, preferably of short duration, given in conjunction with fluid and electrolyte therapy within a short period of time, possibly less than 1 hour, after the onset of sepsis.
6. As immunosuppressive in immune mediated haematopoietic and skin diseases: immune-mediated: hemolytic anemia,thrombocytopenia,neutropenia(Dexamethasone, prednisolone, and prednisone) skin diseases like Systemic lupus erythematus, pemphigus complexus and myasthenia gravis of dogs and cats that do not respond well to anticholinesterase treatment, should initially be given GC at anti-inflammatory dose, which may be increased to immunosuppressive levels over a 1-2 week period. 7. GIT diseases: Ulcerative colitis,inflammatory bowel disease, nonsuppurative cholangitis, feline gingivitis, stomatitis- oral therapy with hydrocortisone/prednisolone
8. Respiratory conditions: in acute respiratory distress syndrome in cattle, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses, feline asthma syndrome, aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary oedema from drowning, inhalation injury etc 9. In Organ transplantation: combined with other immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), prednisolone/ methylprednisolone are preferred as they have an intermediate duration of action,easily tapered or converted to alternate day regimens
10. Malignancies/Neoplasia: As a component of most combination regimens for malignancies, in acute lymphocytic leukaemias, CNS tumors, lymphosarcoma, mast cell tumor, multiple myeloma. Anti-inflammatory doses of GC provide the basis for the palliative management of brain and spinal cord neoplasms. They result in resolution of signs; with a direct effect in reducing the size of some CNS tumors (e.g., lymphoma).
11. Termination of pregnancy/ Induction of abortion: Dexamethasone injection generally administered after the 100th to 150th day of gestation, in conjuction with prostaglandins. Mummification, retained placentas, metritis or dystocia are the possible complications 12. Induction of Parturition: Dexamethasone, betamethasone and flumethasone have been used; generally in conjunction with a prostaglandin. Retained placentas are a common sequale. Parturition may be induced in the last few weeks of gestation involves much less risk to the fetus than earlier termination of pregnancy. Administration of GC more than 1 month before expected gestation often leads to poor neonatal survival.
13. Cerebral oedema/ Hydrocepahlus due to CNS neoplasms/parasites, sarcoidosis, spinal cord injury due to acute trauma: Considerable controversy exists concerning the most appropriate management methods for acute spinal cord injury and cerebral oedema as the functional outcome following spinal cord injury may be influenced by management of systemic blood pressure and by use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate administered within 8 hours of an acute spinal cord injury.
14. Infectious CNS disease: GC may contraindicated in infectious diseases affecting the nervous system, but anti-inflammatory doses of corticosteroids have been recommended for short periods at low doses when neurological signs are severe.
15. Intervertebral disc disease: Dexamethasone and flumethasone injection; Methylprednisolone, prednisolone, or prednisone, administered at an anti-inflammatory dosage, are indicated as supportive therapy in intervertebral disk disease (Hansen type:1;disk syndrome). However, acute paralysis due to
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intervertebral disk disease is an emergency usually requiring surgery and/or higher anti-inflammatory doages of GCs.
16. Ketosis in Cattle: Dexamethasone,flumethasone,isoflupredone acetate and prednisolone acetate injectable suspension are likely to be more effective when administered with IV glucose solutions. For secondary bovine ketosis, other therapies for underlying disease, including local and systemic antibacterials to treat primary bacterial infections is followed..A significant decrease in milk production is expected in lactating cattle. 17. Mastitis: Dexamethasone is used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of selected cases of acute coliform mastitis to relieve some of the systemic signs (due to endotoxin) and mammary gland inflammation. It should be administered in conjunction with primary treatments, such as IV fluids, antimicrobials.
18. Other less common uses: The use of GC for snakebite may be inappropriate as it may mask signs while not improving outcome. Though sometimes used for stimulation of appetite especially in cats, debilitated animals do not show an increase in appetite and other medications, such as cyproheptadine or a benzodiazepine, are more accepted choices Side effects: of GC are mainly due to two types: from abrupt withdrawal or after chronic therapeutic use of high doses.
The longterm use of supraphysiologic doses to control inflammatory or immunologic disorders may lead to iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome, characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, bilaterally symmetric alopecia, increased susceptibility to infection, peripheral myopathy and muscle atrophy, and redistribution of body fat. Longterm suppression of HPAA may cause adrenal gland atrophy and resultant iatrogenic secondary hypoadrenocorticism (acute adrenal insufficiency/ Addisons disease) characterized by lethargy, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea particularly in dogs and horses.
Other adverse effects: flare up of underlying diseases, fluid and electrolyte disturbances (negative nitrogen balance, potassium loss, sodium retention, and fluid retention), inhibition of bone growth, collagen synthesis, decreased growth rate, delayed wound healing, gastrointestinal irritation/ulceration/ perforation. hematopoietic changes; weight gain or weight loss, precipitation of diabetes mellitus, increased susceptibility to infections,immune response suppression,osteoporosis, myopathy, cataracts etc. The side effects of longterm (>2 wk) therapy can be diminished using an alternate-day treatment regimen.
Contraindications: GC are contraindicated in:
Infectious diseases , GIT/ peptic and corneal ulcers, diabtes mellitus, demodicosis, osteoporosis, epilepsy, CHF, renal failure, late pregnancy ,recent major surgery , hypertension, ulcerative colitis and pancreatitis Principles of GC therapy
Administered at the lowest dose known to be effective or the smallest dose that achieves the desired effect in order to limit adverse side effects. Drugs with primarily GC activity and minimal dose to achieve the desired effect is chosen. Topical or local therapy is preferred whenever possible. A fusiform incision is created
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Once-daily dosing is usually preferred.High doses are administered in divided doses to reduce local GIT effects. Animal should not have been vaccinated several weeks before/ after GC therapy.
In order to mimic the normal diurnal cycle and reduce the risk of adrenal suppression, GC should be given in morning between 6–10AM. Alternate day therapy: every other day treatments are used to maintain remission without side effects of daily or twice daily administration such as HPAA suppression. Pulse therapy: parenteral administration of supra pharmacological doses of short acting steroids for shorter periods of time.
Short term therapy: ( <2weeks) : short acting steroids, administered in divided doses, bid, till the condition is controlled (4-7days) and discontinuing therapy once the condition is controlled.
Long term therapy: Starting as above for 2 weeks, then bringing the dosage to the lowest possible single dose per day or doubling the dose and give every other day. Giving adjunctive therapy like antihistaminics, to keep steroid dose as low as possible.
Tapering the dose and gradually withdrawing before stopping therapy in order to avoid iatrogenic hypoadrenocortisism. And the antiinflammtory effect is palliative, routine use in inflammations should be avoided.
Short/Intermediate acting GC: more flexible dosing schedules, potent GC effects, lesser suppression of HPAA and less GIT irritation, are generally preferred over long acting ones.
Dr. Ranjith D1, Dr. Kotresh Prasad2 Dr. Maruthi S T2 Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode. 2MVSc Scholars, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode (email: ranjith946@gmail.com) The natural beauty and fragility of the Indian flora is one of the most pristine in the whole world. India, comprise of seven percent of worlds flora and were divided in to eight floristic regions namely Western Himalaya, Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Indus plain, Ganga plain, The Deccan, The Malabar and The Andaman. The flora of India is one of the richest of the world due to wide range of environment, topology and climate in the country. There are over 15,000 species of flowering plants in India, accounts for 6 percent in the world. There are more than 3,000 officially documented plants in India which holds medicinal potential. Ayurveda, a holistic alternative medicine has special category of drugs called rasayana which signifies the plant property to rejuvenate the system besides used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases, immunomodulation, aphrodisiacs and tonics. Investigation of traditionally used medicinal plants valuable on two parts - one is as source of potential chemotherapeutic agent and as safety measures for continued use. Gokshura/Gokantaka whole plant, seeds and Kshar are used for traditional medicinal purpose in
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sexual disorders like premature ejaculation, nocturnal emissions, urinary disorders like renal stones, urinary incontinence and as anti-inflammatory in rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Also plant leaf helps to promote bile secretions and stimulates liver, hence beneficial in hepatitis and liver diseases, the cursor is best for sites and urinary stones. The whole plant juice reduces burning sensation and quenches the thirst. Also used for the treatment of premeham (diabetes) and athisaram (dysentery). Synonyms Hygrophila auriculata (Schum. Heine Syn., Hygrophila spinosa T. Anders., Asteracantha longifolia (Linn) Nees. (Acanthaceae) Vernacular names Sanskrit: Ikshura, Bengali: Kuliyakhara, Gujarati: Ekharo, Hindi: Talmakhana, Malayalam: Nirmulli, Vayal chulli, Marathi: Talimakhana, Tamil: Golmidi, Kannada: Gokantaka, Gokshura Taxonomical information
Class: Equisetopsida C. Agardh
Subclass: Magnoliidae Novák ex Takht. Superorder: Asteranae Takht. Order: Lamiales Bromhead Family: Acanthaceae Juss.
Genus: Asteracantha Nees
Species: Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees Geographical sources
The plant is widely distributed throughout India, Srilanka, Burma, Malaysia and Nepal. General description:
It is a spiny, stout, annual herb, common in water logged and marshy places. Leaves are sessile, oblong-lanceolate or linear lanceolate, spines yellowish brown, 2-3 cm long, flower yellowish brown, fruit two celled and linear oblong, compressed about 8 cm long, pointed, 4-8 seeded (Fig.1). Seed ovate, flat or compressed, 0.2-0.25 cm long and 0.1-0.15 cm wide, hairy, but appearing smooth; when soaked in water immediately get coated with mucilage, light brown: taste slightly bitter and odour not distinct. Phytochemical studies:
Phytochemical studies have shown that different part of the plant have different chemical constituents they are as follows: Seeds: Fatty acids - 72% of linoleic, 10% of oleic, 12% of stearic, and 6% of palmitic and myristic acids.
Minerals – Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zinc), Calcium (Calcium), Iron (Fe), Nickle (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and Aluminium (Al). Aasterol I, II, III and IV, asteracanthine and asteracanthicine, lupeol and β-sitosterol. Amino acids - histidine, lysine and phenyl alanine
Whole plant: Lupeol, stigmasterol, isoflavone glycoside, alkaloids and small quantity of uncharacterized bases. Fresh flower: Apigenin 7-O-glucoside
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Roots: Stigmasterol, lupeol, lupenone and β-sitosterol.
Leaves: The aliphatic esters 25-oxo-hentriacontanyl acetate and methyl 8-n-hexyltetracosanoate.
Butelin.
Lupeol at 0.051%
Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (0.069%)
Stem: Lupeol and β- sitosterol
Phytochemical screening of methanolic and aqueous extract of Asteracantha longifolia leaf and aerial parts: Tests
Methanolic fraction
Aqueous fraction
Wagner’s reagent
+
+
Mayer’s reagent
+
+
Alkaloids
Hager’s reagent
Saponins
+
+
Foam test
-
-
Molish’s test
+
+
Benedict’s test
+
+
Carbohydrates
Barfoed’s test
Glycosides
Borntrager’s test
+
+
-
-
+
+
Ninhydrin test
-
-
Ferric chloride test
+
+
Lead acetate test
+
+
Proteins
Legal’s test
Biuret reagent
Millon’s reagent
Aminoacids
Phenolic compounds Gelatin test
Flavonoids
Alkaline reagent test
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
Quantitative standards Foreign matter: Not more than 2.0 percent. Ash: Not more than 8.5 percent.
Acid-insoluble ash: Not more than 3.5 percent.
Ethanol soluble extractive: Not more than 13.0 percent Water soluble extractive: Not more than 17.0 percent
Once-daily dosing is
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Biological activities of Asteracantha longifolia:
Antitumor activity: Methanol extract of seed shows inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Petroleum ether extract from A. longifolia root exhibited antitumor activity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and Sarcoma-180 bearing mice and hydroalcoholic extract of aerial part could prevent or delay the development of breast cancer in the rats. Hypoglycaemic activity: Ethanolic extract of aerial parts of A. longifolia administered to rats for three weeks showed significant reduction in blood glucose level indicative of its hypoglycaemic activity.
Hepatoprotective activity: The aqueous extract of whole plant and root of A. longifolia possess hepatoprotective and antioxidative properties. Antimicrobial activity: Methanol extracts of A. longifolia show antimicrobial activity especially against Burkholderia pseudomallei which causes the disease melioidosis. Haematopoietic activity: Ethanolic extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) of the aerial parts and leaves of H. spinosa significantly increased the haemoglobin, haematocrit, RBC and total WBC, as compared with vehicle treated control rat. Aphrodisiac activity: The ethanolic extract of seeds shows androgenic as well as improvement of sexual behaviour of rat in dose dependent manner, it also improve the histoarchitecture of testis and increase the concentration of sperm count in epididymis and also increase testosterone level. Antioxidant activity: The methanolic extract of leaves contain phenolic and flavonoid shows promising antioxidant activity.
Anti-inflammatory activity: Chloroform and alcoholic extracts significantly reduced carrageenaninduced rat paw oedema in a dose dependant manner indicative of anti-inflammatory activity. Antipyretic activity: Chloroform and alcoholic extracts significantly decreases the elevated rectal temperature in rats.
Diuretic activity: The alcoholic extracts of A. longifolia significantly increases the total urine volume and concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl- in the urine of rats. This finding supports its traditional use as a diuretic. Anthelminthic activity: Petroleum ether, chloroform and Alcoholic extracted from A. longifolia produces significant anthelminthic activity.
Analgesic activity: The analgesic activity of A. longifolia leaves was studied using hotplate and tail flick by thermal method and acetic acid induced writhing test in chemical method in mice. This reveals its analgesic activity by central as well as peripheral mechanisms.
Anti-motility activity: A. longifolia showed a dose dependant decrease in the distance travelled by charcoal meal through the gastrointestinal tract. This supports its role in the treatment in the diarrhoea and dysentery. Miscellaneous activity: Petroleum ether extract of root potentiated the sedative-hypnotic action of chlorpromazine, diazepam, pentobarbitone, and chlordiazepoxide and protected against strychnine-induced convulsions. Aqueous extract of root and leaves cure patient suffering from dropsy.
Conclusion: The pharmacological studies conducted on Asteracantha longifolia (Gokshura / Gokantaka)
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indicate the immense potential of this plant in various conditions like inflammatory ailments, diarrhoea, liver and kidney disorder, microbial and bacterial infections, cancer and others. As the global interest towards traditional medicines over the conventional treatment is increasing, due to safe and well tolerated remedies provided by them for illness with lesser side effects, A.longifolia can emerge as a potentially safe and effective plant with important medicinal values and benefits.
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Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 10 01
EgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. VtÄÚ ºÁ°£À ¥ÉÆæÃnãï CA±ÀªÀÅ ºÉZÁÑV “UÁè§Äå°£ï” JA§ fêÀ ¤gÉÆÃzsÀPÀvÉAiÀÄ CA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢zÀÄÝ, EzÀjAzÀ, EzÀÄ PÀgÀÄ«UÉ ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸À§ºÀÄzÁzÀ gÉÆÃUÀUÀ¼À «gÀÄzÀÝ ºÉÆÃgÁqÀ®Ä ‘fêÀ¤gÉÆÃzsÀPÀ’ ±ÀQÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀUÁð¬Ä¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
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Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 10 01
Dr. Pavan Belakeri and Dr. K. Satyanarayan Dept of VAHEE, Veterinary college Bengaluru (email: pavanbelakeri@gmail.com) NAPIER GRASS (ELEPHANT GRASS) Botanical Name : Pennisetum purpureum Schumach Family : Poaceae (alt. Gramineae)
It has a very high productivity, both as a forage grass for livestock and as a biofuel crop.
The elephant grass grows well at sea level and upto 2000 m and grows best in high-rainfall areas (in excess of 1500 mm/year), but its deep root system allows it to survive in drought times. It provides good hay if cut at early stage. It is usually made into silage of high quality without additives. Varieties
IGFRI-3, 7 DHN- 6, NB-21, CO-3, CO-4
Seed rate Productivity of green forage
10,000 root slips or stem cuttings/Ha are required for planting 70-100 (tonnes/ha)
Recommended Spacing
90 CM X 90 CM
Manuring and fertilizer dose
5 tonnes per acre NPK=4:2:1
Harvest Green fodder yield per annum
50-55 days after planting. yearly 5-6 cuts 50 to 60 tons per hectare.
Hybrid Napier (NB Hybrid)
It is an inter-specific hybrid between Pennisetum glaucum and Pennisetum purpureum. It gives the highest forage yield per unit area and time among the grasses.
Performs very well under irrigated conditions. Feeding this grass along with legumes like cowpea or Lucerne will improve the nutritive value of the fodder. It grows well on deep, retentive soils of moderate to fairly heavy texture and also grows on light textured with sandy loam to loamy soils.
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 10 01
Phenomenal yields are obtained from very deep fertile soil rich in organic matter. less fibrous and more acceptable. It can withstand drought for a short spell and It tolerates pH ranging from 5 to 8.
High yielding varieties Propagation/seed rate
Productivity of green forage Recommended Spacing Manuring Fertilizer dose Harvest Green fodder yield per annum
APBN-1, NB-21, IGFRI-10, CO-1 and 3, BH-18, IGFRI- 3,6,7 and 10, Yeshwant, PBN-83 and Pusa giant 40,000 root slips or stem cuttings/Ha are required for planting 70-100 (tonnes/ha) 50 CM X 50 CM 15 to 20 t/ha of farm yard manure need to be incorporated into the soil at the time of last ploughing 50: 50: 40 kg of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (PO) and Potash (KO) per hectare. N @ 100 kg /ha is to be applied 30 days after sowing and also, after each cut.
60-75 days after planting, the subsequent cuts can be done once in 45 to 50 days. yearly 5-6 cuts 50 to 60 tons per hectare.
Disadvantage:
The oxalate content of some of the varieties may be high. It can be mitigated if harvested at longer intervals (45 to 60 days).
Cattle fed with sole diet of hybrid napier with high oxalate develop negative Ca balance and may lead to hypocalcemia resulting in convulsions and tetany in severe cases. The marked hypocalcemia is accompanied by an increase in plasma phosphorus, magnesium and sodium. This can be ameliorated by provide ca containing forages like berseem, lucerne, cowpea along with napier.
Narasimhamurthy, Shwetha K. S, Sudha G, Sahadev A, Sunitha Behera Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore. (email: dr.murthy32@gmail.com) A three and half years old HF cross bred heifer was presented to the Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore. According to the owner the heifer
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 10 01
was showing regular estrous cycles and was inseminated during every estrus period but did not conceive even after 10 times and natural service was also done in this animal. Owner was informed by the local veterinarian that the cervix was not open and was unable to pass the AI gun beyond the mid cervix and hence, the case was referred to this Department. Clinico-gynecological examination
Rectal examination revealed that the left uterine horn could be palpated till the tip and the left ovary was of normal size and with well developed corpus luteum. The right uterine horn could not be located. Upon thorough examination it was found that the entire right uterine horn was missing right from the bifurcation to the tip of the horn. The right ovary could be palpated in the pelvic cavity. On trans-rectal ultrasonography only one horn could be detected. Left ovary revealed the presence of hypoechoic structure on the left ovary suggestive of corpus luteum, the right ovary had a small anechoic structures suggestive of small follicles. Based on per rectal evaluation and ultrasonography the case was diagnosed as UTERINE UNICORNIS.
As there was an active corpus luteum on the left ovary, the heifer was induced for estrus by injecting 500 micrograms of Cloprostenol sodium, intramuscularly. The heifer showed estrus signs around 48 hours after the PG injection. Rectal examination revealed tonic uterus with follicle on the left ovary. When Artificial insemination was tried the gun could not be passed through the cervix. Since there was no patency of the cervix, trans-vaginal insemination was attempted. Trans-vaginal artificial insemination
3 ml of frozen thawed semen was loaded into 5 ml sterile dispovan syringe. Through trans-rectal manipulation, the uterine horn was brought close to the vaginal fornix and the loaded syringe was passed through the vagina, 18G needle was penetrated through the fornix and the semen was deposited into the uterine cavity.
After trans-vaginal insemination the heifer was admitted as inpatient in the department for observation. The animal did not show any signs of estrus for next 30 days post insemination. On pregnancy diagnosis per rectally and ultrasonographically she was confirmed as 30 days pregnant. Again pregnancy was reconfirmed on 45th day post insemination. She was discharged on 90 days of pregnancy. Owner was advised about the care and management of this animal as she may be susceptible to abortions and other complications of pregnancy.
Horses share some surprisingly similar facial expressions to humans and chimps, according to new University of Sussex research
Mammal communication researchers have shown that like humans, horses use muscles underlying various facial features including their nostrils, lips and eyes - to alter their facial expressions in a variety of social situations. The findings, published in PLOS ONE, suggest evolutionary parallels in different species in how the face is used for communication. The study builds on previous research showing that cues from the face are important for horses to communicate, by developing an objective coding system to identify
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 10 01
different individual facial expressions on the basis of underlying muscle movement. The Equine Facial Action Coding System (EquiFACS), as devised by the Sussex team in collaboration with researchers at the University of Portsmouth and Duquesne University, identified 17 "action units" (discrete facial movements) in horses. This compares with 27 in humans, 13 in chimps and 16 in dogs.
A) Flaring their nostrils, curling their lip B) Showing the whites of their eyes
The researchers analyzed video footage of a wide range of naturally occurring horse behaviours to identify all the different movements it is possible for horses to make with their face. They also carried out an anatomical investigation of the facial muscles that underpin these movements. Each individual facial movement that was identified was given a code. Through the development of EquiFACS, however, it's apparent that horses, with their complex and fluid social systems, also have an extensive range of facial movements and share many of these with humans and other animals. This contributes to a growing body of evidence suggesting that social factors have had a significant influence on the evolution of facial expression.
Published and circulated by Veterinary Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Dr. S. Yathiraj (Ex-Officio)
monthly e-Bulletin
College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
Pashubandha 2015 2014
Volume No : 43 Issue : 10 01