September 2016 final

Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin

Newsletter Date : 30 September 2016

Volume No: 05 Issue : 09

Sagar R. S., Maruthi S.T., Prasad C.K. and Arun George College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala-673 576 Email-id : drsagarrs@gmail.com Vaccines are biological preparations which provide active acquired immunity to a specific disease.

It consists of agents that resemble a disease-causing micro-organism vaccines are prepared from killed or weakened microbes, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. Vaccinology was born in 1796 as Edward Jenner discovered vaccine for small pox which changed the world of medicine forever.

History of vaccines The word “vaccine” comes from the latin word vaccinus, which means “pertaining to the cows”.

The history of Vaccine explores the role of immunization in the field of human medicine and veterinary medicine, experience and examines its continuing contributions to the public health. In 429 B.C the Greek historian thucydides noticed that population who survived the smallpox plague in Athens didn’t become re -infected with the disease. In 900A.D Chinese first started using first primitive form of vaccination called as variolation. Chinese exposed healthy people to small pox scabs as a part of variolation. In 1796 Edward Jenner discovered vaccination for small pox. In 1880s Louis Pasteur developed rabies vaccine. In 1890, Shibasaburo Kitasato discovered the antitoxins of diphtheria and tetanus and injected animals with small amount of the tetanus toxin, this made immune to the disease. Vaccines for tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough and tuberculosis was developed by the end of 1920s, In 1955 Polio vaccine was available to the people. By 1960 to 2015 there were huge number of vaccines with respect to human and veterinary medicines.

Properties of ideal vaccine:     

Should elicit both cellular and humoral immunity.

Provide long lasting immunity.

Should not induce autoimmunity or hypersensitivity.

Vaccines should be stable and safe.

Should be inexpensive to produce, easy to store and administer.

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Volume No : 05 Issue : 09

Types of vaccines 1. Killed Vaccines These are preparations from the normal (wild type) infectious pathogenic microorganisms that have been extracted non-pathogenic, usually by treatment with using heat, formaldehyde or gamma irradiation so that they cannot reproduce at all. Such killed vaccines vary greatly in their efficiency.

Advantages:  Safe to use and can be given to pregnant and immune deficient animals.  Storage not as critical as live vaccine.  Killed vaccines are cheaper than live attenuated vaccine.

Disadvantages:  Since the microorganisms cannot multiply, a large number are required to stimulate immunity.  Periodically boosters should be given to maintain immunity.  Humoral immunity can be induced.

2. Live Attenuated Vaccines These contain live, attenuated microorganisms that cause a partial infection in their hosts which is sufficient to induce an immune response, but in sufficient to cause disease. To produce attenuated vaccine, the pathogens are grown in foreign host such as tissue culture, animals or embryonated eggs under conditions that make it less virulent and the strains are altered to a non-pathogenic form.

Advantages  Since these can multiply in the host, only small amount of vaccine must be injected to induce protection.  Infectious microbes can stimulate generation of memory cells and as well as humoral immune response.  Oral preparations are less expensive than giving injections.  They can primefor the elimination of wild type virus from the community.

Disadvantages  Live vaccines cannot be given safely to immune suppressed animals.  May revert back to its virulent form and cause disease.  Since they are live and their activity depends on their viability, proper storage is important.

3. Subunit Vaccines Subunit vaccines consists of purified antigens instead of whole organisms. Such preparations consists of antigens that can produce protective immunity. Subunit vaccines are composed of toxoids, cellular or sub cellular fragments or surface antigens.

Advantages  They are less likely to induce side effects.  They can safely be given to immune suppressed people.

Disadvantages:  Isolated protein sometimes do not stimulate the immune system as that of immune system elicited by the whole organism.  Antigens may not retain their built-in conformation, so that antibodies produced against the subunits may not recognize the same protein on the surface of the pathogen.

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4. Conjugate Vaccines Conjugate vaccines are created against capsulated bacteria. Purified capsular antigen can act as subunit vaccine, they stimulate humoral immunity. Polysaccharide antigens are T independent that generates short-lived immunity. Immunity to the organisms requires opsonizing antibodies. Young animals cannot mount T-independent cell responses to polysaccharide antigens. Protein carriers covalently link the polysaccharides to and they are converted into T-dependent antigens and protective immunity is prompted.

5. Recombinant Vaccines The vaccines are produced using genetic engineering and recombinant-DNA technology.

Recombinant vaccines are those vectors produced by inserting genes for desired antigens of a microbe.

Different strategies are:  The engineered vector is made to express the antigen, such vectorsare grown and the antigen is purified produced as a subunit vaccine.  Using the engineered vector that is expressing desired antigen as a vaccine  Live attenuated vaccines can also be produced by reassortment of virulent and avirulent strain genomes.  Introduction of a mutation by deleting or adding a portion of DNA such that they revert back and can produce an attenuated live vaccine.

Advantages:  Antigens which do not produce protective immunity or which produce damaging responses can be eliminated from the vaccine.  Vectors are safe, easy to grow.

Disadvantages:  Desired antigens of the genes must be located, cloned, and expressed efficiently in the new vector and hence the cost of production is too high.  When engineered virus vaccines used to vaccinate, precaution must be taken to spare immunodeficient individuals.

6. DNA Vaccines These vaccines are still in experimental stage. Like recombinant vaccines, genes for the required antigens are located and cloned. The DNA is inserted into the muscle of the animal being vaccinated using a "gene gun". DNA can be introduced into tissues by bombarding the skin with DNA-coated gold nano particles. It is also possible to introduce DNA into nasal tissue in nose drops. DNA vaccines induce both humoral and cellular immunity.

Advantages:  DNA sequence can be changed easily in the laboratory.  DNA is stable, it resists extreme temperature and hence storage and transport are easy.  There is no protein component and so there won’t be immune response against the vector itself.  The inserted DNA does not replicate and encodes only the proteins of interest.  Because of the way the antigen is presented, there is a cell-mediated response which may be directed against any antigen in the pathogen.

Disadvantages:  Induction of immunologic tolerance.

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

Potential integration of DNA into host genome leading to insertional mutagenesis.

Future prospective of Veterinary Vaccines Advancement in science, technology and our detailed knowledge of microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics and in understanding microbial pathogenesis have defined to new directions of vaccine development strategies and also have led to production of a wide variety of new approaches for developing safer and more effective vaccines and resulted in developing new vaccines and improving the quality of existing ones. The application of proteomics, genetic engineering along with other new technologies are playing a major role in introducing innovative ideas in vaccinology, DNA vaccines, recombinant vaccines, Subunit vaccines and vectored vaccines are gaining scientific and public recognition as the new generation of vaccines and are seriously considered as alternatives to current conventional vaccines.

Veterinary vaccinology is a very motivating and rapidly developing field. Veterinary vaccines are not only used in the prevention of infectious diseases in the animal health sector, but also aid to solve problems of public health which is also used in reduction of environmental impact of other veterinary drugs, improvement of animal welfare, control of animal pests, etc.

Public concern for food security has been replaced by a major concern for food safety. This concern has overwhelmingly increased after the mad cow crisis. People are concerned with food poisoning, the presence of drug residues after the treatment of food-producing animals and the possible bacterial transfer of resistance to antibiotics from animal to man. Veterinary vaccines may help to solve many of those problems. Veterinary vaccine used for public health purposes is the vaccination of wildlife against rabies; the primary goal is not for the protection of wildlife species from rabies but ultimately to avoid human exposure and contamination as well.

Live vaccines have a number of advantages over inactivated ones above all in respect of the stimulation of cell-mediated immune reactions. Various live vaccines, based on virus, bacteria, fungi or parasites, have been approved for use in animals used as a source of food. Live vaccines will remain an important research field in the long term, with efforts focused on developing deletion mutants and vector vaccines.

Conclusion The use of vaccines in veterinary medicine has progressed from an experimental adventures for a routine safe practice relatively. The use of efficacious vaccines has been accountable for the control and eradication of several diseases. In the face of progress in research technologies, diagnostic capabilities, and production methods, there are many infectious diseases for which no effective vaccines exist. Easy availability, field compliance, effectiveness, and safety are also major concerns.

Difficulties in production of veterinary vaccines     

Scientific obstacles Eg. African fever has more than one anti parasitic vaccines Poor investment returns for the companies involved in this business.

The existence of conditions of minor importance Regulatory requirements for vaccine registration The existence of interdiction due to animal health regulation.

A fusiform incision is created

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G. Malasri Dept. of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College Hebbal, Bengaluru Email ID: malasrigond5@gmail.com Uterine torsion is defined as the twisting of the uterus on its longitudinal axis.

Incidence  Higher in buffaloes compared to cows  Higher in pleuriparous animals  Animals maintained on mountainous areas.

Predisposing factors  Anatomical factors (deep capacious and pendulous abdomen of buffalo, inherently weaker muscles of the broad ligaments)  Close confinement,  External injury  Hilly tracts  Wallowing habits of the buffaloes,  The lowering of front legs by the animal first, when lying down.

Nature of torsion  A pregnant uterine horn may rotate at mid to late gestation, at normal parturition time.  The horn may rotate to its right (clock-wise) or left side (anti-clockwise).  If the point of torsion being the anterior vagina caudal to the cervix -post cervical torsion. Less commonly the point of torsion is cranial to the cervix - pre-cervical torsion.

Clinical Signs  Onset of labor without delivery of fetus and/or fetal membranes .  Rocking horse stance with colic pain.  One or both lips of the vulva are pulled.  Vaginal examination reveals twisting of the vaginal mucous membranes and the hand cannot be passed deeper into the anterior vagina.  On rectal examination, the twisted horn is felt and the broad ligament on the side of torsion is rotated and the ligament on the opposite side is tense and stretched and crossing to the opposite side.

Management The choice of the method to be adopted depends on the nature and intensity of the torsion, the viability of the fetus and the time lapse since dystocia onset.  Rotation of the fetus per vaginum  Rolling the cow or buffalo  A modification of the rolling technique called Schaffer’s method, and widely used for detorsion of uterus in cows and buffaloes. Wooden plank of 9 to 12 feet long and 8 to 12 inches wide is placed on

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the recumbent cows flank with the lower end of the plank on the ground. An assistant stands on the plank while the cow/buffalo is slowly turned. The advantages of this technique is uterus is fixed, less assistance is required and it is easy.  Laparotomy with manual intra-abdominal detorsion.

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Pashubandha 2016 2014 2015

Volume VolumeNo No: 05 :4 3 Issue Issue::09 01 08

J. Shilpa Shree, S. Mohankumar, K. Satyanarayan and V. Jagadeeswary Dept. of V&AHE, Veterinary college, Hebbal.

Email.id:-shilpashreej23@gmail.com Livestock census is a complete count of the livestock and poultry at a pre -defined reference point of time. The livestock sector alone contributes nearly 25.6% of value of output at current prices of total value of output in agriculture, fishing & forestry sector. The overall contribution of livestock sector in total GDP is nearly 4.11% at current prices during 2012-13. Realizing the importance of this sector and also of timely availability of data, many improvements have been brought in census.

Karnataka has made considerable progress across all sectors of the economy. During the 11 th Plan ending 2011-12, the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) grew at 6.7 %, in which the “services” sector grew at 8.7 %, the “industrial” sector grew at 4.8 % and the “agriculture” sector at grew at 5.1 %.

Karnataka is the 9th largest state in cattle and buffalo population in the country, accounting for 4.3% of the total population as per the latest livestock census, 2012. About half of the total bovine population is indigenous cattle and the rest is almost equally shared by crossbred cattle and buffalo population. The share of crossbreds to bovine population has increased from 4% in 1992 to 22 per cent in 2012, while that of buffalo has marginally increased from 24% to 27%. Both indigenous cattle and buffalo population registered an annual decline of 4.5% and 4.3% respectively between 2007 and 2012 census periods, while that of crossbred cattle increased by 5.8%. Farmers in the districts of Bangalore, Kolar, Chikkaballapura, Dakshina Kannada, Chamarajanagar, Mandya and Ramanagara have more than 40% crossbred animals in their herds, which have helped them generate substantial income through dairying.

Pashubandha 2016 2014 2015

Volume VolumeNo No: 05 :4 3 Issue Issue::09 01 08

Table 1: Livestock Population census in Karnataka Year

Cattle

1951

8815269 8965693 (1.7) 9673001 (7.9) 9685581 (0.1) 10018717 (3.4) 10221960 (2.0) 11300223 (10.5) 10175501 (-10.0) 10831134 (6.4) 9595930 (-11.4) 10507325 (9.5) 9516484 (-9.4)

1956 1961 1966 1972 1977 1983 1990 1997 2003 2007 2012

Buffalo 2565959 2668713 (4.0) 3025890 (13.4) 2946027 (-2.6) 3036873 (3.1) 3278128 (7.9) 3647967 (11.3) 4037193 (10.7) 4367184 (8.2) 4023832 (-7.9) 4329096 (7.6) 3470505 (-19.8)

Sheep

Goat

Pig

Poultry

Others

4192078 4059473 (-3.2) 4764972 (17.4) 4747964 (-0.4) 4662420 (-1.8) 4536481 (-2.7) 4791650 (5.6) 4727238 (-1.3) 8003078 (69.3) 7272241 (-9.1) 9565696 (31.5) 9583761 (0.2)

2676408 2583995 (-3.5) 2894355 (12.0) 2813682 (-2.8) 3726016 (32.4) 3388139 (-9.1) 4546928 (34.2) 3888799 (-14.5) 4874759 (25.4) 4491473 (-7.9) 6157134 (37.1) 4796147 (-22.1)

161889 185493 (14.6) 206513 (11.3) 207078 (0.3) 261125 (26.1) 296368 (13.5) 318862 (7.6) 303969 (-4.7) 405444 (33.4) 320433 (-21.0) 279763 (-12.7) 304798 (8.9)

5705132 7667845 (34.4) 8840927 (15.3) 8276797 (-6.4) 10163177 (22.8) 9696012 (-4.6) 12096535 (24.8) 15693580 (29.7) 21398756 (36.4) 24450809 (14.3) 42433692 (73.5) 53442030 (25.9)

134580 102851 (-23.6) 103456 (0.6) 115160 (11.3) 82211 (-28.6) 79128 (-3.8) 1542755 (1849.7) 1835301 (19.0) 2206468 (20.2) 2654625 (20.3) 2044257 (-23.0) 1329089 (-35.0)

* Value given in parentheses indicates percentage growth rate between the periods.

As per the table and figure, the cattle population had increased from 1951 to 1983 but later it started to decline. There is a decline of 9.4% in total cattle population during the latest inter-censal period (2007 and 2012). The buffalo population has also decreased tremendously by 19.8%.The population of sheep and pigs have increased during the latest two inter-censal period (2003-07 & 2007-12) by 31.5% and 0.2% respectively.

As per the goat population is concerned, the trend shows wavy direction that the percentage variation has increased and decreased from 1951onwards. At present, the goat population has decreased by 22% during the period 2007-12. The pig population showed increasing trend from 1951 to 1983 but later started to decline till 2007. At present, the pig population has increased by 9% during the period 2007-12.

The poultry population in Karnataka has increased tremendously from 1951 to 2012.

Pashubandha 2016 2014 2015

Volume VolumeNo No: 05 :4 3 Issue Issue::09 01 08

Conclusion: Livestock sector is an important sub sector of agriculture on which a majority of poor farmers depend their livelihood. As per the data given above, it has revealed that, there is negative growth rate in goat population followed by buffalo and cattle population. So the state government has to take necessary actions by creating awareness among goat farmers, as goat farming is highly remunerative enterprise and also by providing full hand support to farmers in all the management aspects like breeding, feeding, housing, health care for improving and expanding the livestock population.

monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru.

Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru (Ex-Officio)

Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)

Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in

Pashubandha 2016 2014 2015

Volume VolumeNo No: 05 :4 3 Issue Issue::09 01 08