Overseas Field Trip Workbook (Kyushu 2010) by Patrick Lui

Cheung Chuk Shan College Humanities Subjects

FIELD TRIP TO KYUSHU 13-18 JULY 2010

CONTENT Purpose of the trip..........3 Itinerary...........................3 Maps of Kyushu.............4 Geography of Kyushu....5 History of Kyushu...........9 Tourism of Kyushu.........10 Economy of Kyushu......13 List of participants.........15 Reference List................16 Checklist........................18

FIELD TRIP TO KYUSHU 2010

PURPOSE OF THE TRIP The overseas field trip can provide students with experiences that cannot be duplicated in the school but are nonetheless the integral part of the general knowledge which are worthwhile for the students. It can enable teachers to expand studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; learning beyond the walls of classroom into the vast community outside.

REGIONAL STUDY - AN INTEGRATED HUMANITIES APPROACH Kyushu is one of the most developed regions in Japan. Geographers study a very wide range of issues utilizing the spatial perspective. Regions are one way to organize and simplify this vast amount of information. Organizing a field trip to Kyushu aims at applying various knowledge acquired from Geography, History, Chinese History, Economics and Tourism & Hospitality Studies. To understand the regional development of Kyushu, it is important to study its historical background since World War II. The economy of Kyushu is comparatively less developed than Tokyo-Yokohama Areas (Kanto) and OsakaKobe-Kyoto Areas (Kansai). However, the development of tourism is still significant due to the presence of natural assets in Kyushu being one of the largest volcanic regions in Japan.

ITINERARY !

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FIELD TRIP TO KYUSHU 2010

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SCENIC SPOTS TA K E A L O O K AT T H E S C E N I C S P O T S I N K Y U S H U

HAKATA 博多

After landing on the largest city in Kyushu, Japan, it’s already at night. The only place we can visit is the night market where different sorts of Japanese delicacies are waiting for us!

NAKASU NIGHT

Fukuoka 福岡 Fukuoka is a major city with the largest population in Kyushu. From shopping to gourmet and sightseeing, there are just so many popular spots in this area. Such popular shopping areas are Tenjin where you can find an underground shopping center as well as Hawks Town, Canal City Hakata, and Marinoa City Fukuoka. nnn

Kyushu ramen

The most famous food in Kyushu area is of course the ramen (noodles). You must try it out at Nakasu this day.

As for food, Kyushu's biggest nightlife district called Nakasu is well known for its many eating/ drinking establishments and food stalls. Hakata Ramen (noodles served in broth) and Karashi Mentaiko (spicy marinated roe of pollock) are some of the popular edible delights. You will find many people at such sightseeing spots as Fukuoka Tower, Ohori Park, and Uminonakamichi Seaside Park and also at the Hakata Dontaku Festival held in May.

entertainment joints. Many food stalls can also be found.

Nakasu which is sandwiched between Hakata and Naka Rivers has very many eating/drinking establishments and adult

Kyushu style ramen is notibly different from other style of ramens because of it’s rich, cloudy and hearty broth that’s mostly done with Tonkotsu (pork bone) broth and sometimes combined with a chicken and/or vegetable broth. Kyushu broth is deep,

flavorful and it is balanced nicely with a beautiful sheen of fat on top. The depth of flavor and richness of Kyushu ramen broth is definitely for the hungry and the hearty.

Nagasaki 長崎

Nagasaki Peace Park 平和公園 It was built near the epicenter of the atomic bomb explosion that devastated the city on August 9, 1945. It was made to pass down the painful story of the damages caused by the bombing and to pray for peace to prevail on earth. The atomic bomb that was detonated over the city, the second one in the history of the world, instantly killed approximately 74,000 people and caused a catastrophic damage to the city of Nagasaki. The tall Peace Statue standing in the park which sure is to catch your eye symbolizes the atomic bomb with its right hand and peace with its left while the face expresses prayer for the bomb victims' souls. There also are many other peace-themed monuments and remains from the bombing found throughout the park.

Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum 長崎原爆資料館

It is is in the city of Nagasaki,Japan. The museum remembers the explosion of the atomic bomb that devastated Nagasaki at 11:02:35am on 9 August 1945. The first atomic bomb museum was built in 1955 to show the world the horror of the bombing and the need to eliminate all nuclear weapons. The present museum was opened in April 1996 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the bombing. The museum covers the history of the event as a story, focusing on the attack and events leading up to it. It also covers the history of nuclear weapons development. The museum displays photographs, relics and documents related to the atomic bombing. Videos are also shown.

Unzen 雲仙

Unzen eruptions 1991-1993

Unzen, a large volcano on Kyushu near Nagasakai, erupted catastrophically in 1792. An earthquake triggered by the eruption and the collapse of a lava dome sent an entire mountain side sliding into the ocean. The ensuing 100-meter-high tsunami submerged coastal villages, killing about 15,000 people. Unzen, whose main peak is Mt. Fugendake, was mostly quiet for the next two centuries then it erupted suddenly on November 17, 1990. A total of 44 people died and 2,500 houses were crushed from pyroclastic flows and mudslides. The eruption wasn't declared over until May, 1996. Trouble began in May 1991 as tons of ash piled up in the crater producing a swelling lava dome that was capable of causing a huge explosion if it collapsed. The 40,000 people in Shimabara, a coastal resort near Unzen, didn't seem too worried. One resident told Reuters, "We actually thought, 'Aha, a new tourist attraction.' We all brought our kids out to see it, things like that." On June 3rd, 1991, a violent volcanic eruption produced a pyroclastic flow—a huge fire-ball-like wall of incandescent gas— that killed 43 people including two of the world's most famous volcanologists, the French husband and wife team, Maurice and Katia Krafft. Despite warnings to evacuate, the mountain was filled with firemen, police, scientists, journalists and farmers. The Kraffts ascended the mountain from Shimabara to film small pyroclastic flows breaking loose from the lava dome on the peak of Unzen. On June 3rd they, an American volcanologist and several members of the Japanese media walked up an eroded valley on the side of the volcano, which had just begun erupting a few days before. During the four years that followed the violent eruption, 200 million cubic meters of lava poured out of Unzen’s crater, creating a lava dome that increased the height of Mt. Fugendake from 1,359 meters to 1,486 meters.

Shimabara 島原

Mt. Unzen is an active volcano composed of a string of eight peaks, the highest of which is Fugendake, and it stands near the middle of the Shimabara Peninsula. Hot springs like Unzen Hot Spring and Obama Hot Spring steam with an abundance of hot water at the foot of the mountain. Unzen Hot Spring Town, which looks out on Fugendake, grew as a summer resort for foreign guests during the Meiji period. In addition to hotels and inns, visitors can enjoy touring the communal baths. The Unzen Hot Spring is located near the center of the Shimabara Peninsula that juts out into the Ariake Sea. This hot spring resort can be found at the foot of Mt. Unzen, an active volcano. There are about 30 areas called "Unzen Jigoku" (Unzen hell) where the water is very hot with lots of high-temperature steam. Indeed, the steam gets so dense at times, traveling to the the roads nearby as well.

雲仙地獄雲仙是島原有名的溫泉區，而雲仙地獄的水溫高達攝氏一百三十度，帶著濃烈硫

味的蒸氣

沸騰，景象十分嚇人，之所以被稱為地獄，相傳是因為

兒當年也是基督教徒殉教的舞台之

一，見證著的基督教徒受難的歷史。相傳明治時期(1868-1912)仍是處刑場之一。雲仙地獄地形奇異，由賽河原地獄、大叫喚地獄、八幡地獄等30多個噴泉孔組成，除去了它的歷史背景，也可說是一個有趣的自然觀光景點。觀光完畢，還可以到雲仙古湯享受溫泉浴，洗掉一整天的疲勞。

土石流被災家屋保存公園雲仙普賢岳相隔約200年，於平成2年(1990年) 再度發生火山爆發，造成44名人士死亡或失蹤，超過2500楝房屋損毀，經濟損失高達2300 億日元。在

個佔地約6200平方米的公園內，

就展示了11楝被火山土石流破壞的民房，來推廣火山防災工作的重要性。

Aso 阿蘇

In Aso located on the northeastern side of Kumamoto Prefecture is Mt. Aso, the symbol of "Kumamoto the Land of Fire". It is an active volcano that is still showing signs of volcanic activity today. The area around Mt. Aso is designated as Aso-Kuju National Park, one of the most popular sightseeing spots in the prefecture where many hot springs and leisure facilities are found. The caldera basin formed as a result of the major eruption of Mt. Aso is one of the largest in the world in terms of size. Indeed, it has a rare type of geological formation that lets you really understand that you are actually standing in the caldera when looking at Mt. Aso's somma from the town located at its base. The fertile soil made from the volcanic ash fall deposit is perfect to grow flowers and conduct agriculture and cattle breeding, allowing you to enjoy a variety of seasonal scenic features.

阿蘇山阿蘇山位於九州的中央，是橫跨熊本縣和大分縣的阿蘇國立公園的中心，包括周長爲 128 公里的遼闊的外輪山，分

著7個

村鎮的破火山口及阿蘇五嶽。阿蘇五嶽位於以現在仍有時噴火的中嶽爲中心的火口附近。阿蘇山是一個典型的複式火山 (Composite Cone)。

阿蘇國立公園阿蘇國立公園內外，有垂玉、地獄、阿蘇、湯之谷等許多溫泉，其中阿蘇內牧溫泉有 100 個以上泉眼，是阿蘇最大的溫泉

。阿蘇中嶽是世界上屈指可數的活火山 (Active

Volcano)，海拔 1506 米的山頂彌漫著硫黃氣味，利用纜道可登上山頂。在看南北長約 1 公里、東西火山，所以周圍分

裏可近距離地觀

約 400 米、口徑 4 公里的火山口濃煙翻滾的壯觀景象。因爲是活

著許多避難壕。在阿蘇火山博物館可以通過遙控設置在中嶽火口的 2 台

攝像機來觀察火山裏面的狀況。

Supervolcanoes in Japan

The 24-km-wide Aso caldera was formed during four major explosive eruptions from 300,000 to 90,000 years ago. These produced voluminous pyroclastic flows that covered much of Kyushu. The last of these, the Aso-4 eruption, produced more than 600 cu km of airfall tephra and pyroclastic-flow deposits. A group of 17 central cones was constructed in the middle of the caldera, one of which, Naka-dake, is one of Japan's most active volcanoes. It was the location of Japan's first documented historical eruption in 553 AD. The Naka-dake complex has remained active throughout the Holocene. Several other cones have been active during the Holocene, including the Kometsuka scoria cone as recently as about 210 AD. Historical eruptions have largely consisted of basaltic to basaltic-andesite ash emission with periodic strombolian and phreatomagmatic activity. The summit crater of Naka-dake is accessible by toll road and cable car, and is one of Kyushu's most popular tourist destinations.

Questions: Can you describe the distribution pattern of volcanoes in Japan? What are the common locational characteristics of these volcanoes?

Distribution of volcanoes in Japan

There are nearly 800 active volcanoes in the world at the present time, and Japan harbors 10 percent of them. Volcanic areas in Japan make up 10 percent of our land. Japan is often called a volcanic country. Why does Japan have so many volcanoes? According to the plate tectonic theory, there are ten or more tectonics plates making up the earth's surface, and each plate is shifting some centimeters a year. The theory explains that collisions of these shifting plates on boundaries or subduction zones trigger volcanic activities and earthquakes. Japanese archipelago sits in where four plates such as Eurasian Plate, Philippine Sea Plate, Pacific Plate, and North American Plate meet each other. This means that we have more volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Volcanoes in Japan are distributed into the west Japan volcanic belt and the east Japan volcanic belt. The west one runs from Kyushu to Chugoku district, and the east one runs from Tohoku to Hokkaido district.

Questions: How are the volcanoes formed in Kyushu? Can you draw diagrams to show the formation?

Aso as a caldera

It is thought that the current Mt. Aso was created by four large eruptions in the ancient past. These occurred about 270,000 years ago, about 140,000 years ago, about 120,000 years ago, and about 90,000 years ago. The last eruption about 90,000 years ago was particularly large, The deposits generated by the pyroclastic flows from that eruption have been confirmed to have traveled across the sea to Shimabara, Amakusa, and Yamaguchi Prefecture. The most distant location of these deposits has been confirmed to be Akiyoshidai in Yamaguchi Prefecture. Deposits of volcanic ash from this eruption more than 10 centimeters deep still remain in the eastern part of Hokkaido.

This volcanic activity spewed an enormous amount of underground magma to the surface. This created a large underground space that resulted in the collapse of the ground. That is thought to be the reason the large caldera in Aso was created. After the formation of the caldera about 70,000 years ago, the central crater group was created in its center. Today, the five peaks that make up Mt. Aso are arrayed in the center of this large caldera. Questions: What is the average size of the craters in Aso region? Try to observe this during the trip.

Delimit the area of the caldera of Aso. How big is it?

What can you see inside the craters? Describe the characteristics of the volcanoes you see in Aso. Consider the vegetation cover, rock / soil characteristics, colour, texture and relief.

What is a caldera?

A caldera is a circular depression in the earth that is larger than an ordinary crater. Generally speaking, most craters do not exceed one kilometer, but a caldera is much larger than that. A caldera is distinguished from a crater because the large depression is not thought to have been created by a simple eruption or explosion. There are three types of calderas classified by the way in which they were created: explosive, nonexplosive, and non-volcanic. The Aso caldera, which extends 17 kilometers from east to west and 25 kilometers from north to south, is a non-explosive caldera. It is one of the largest calderas in the world, roughly equal in size to the Aira caldera.

ANNOTATED DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE FORMATION OF ASO Complete the diagram below to show the formation of volcanoes in Aso.

Questions: Besides volcanic eruptions, what other types of tectonic activities occur in Kyushu? Using the theory of plate tectonics, explain how these tectonic activities occur. How far can the evidence on the sea floor support the existence of plate movements?

Takachiho Gorge 高千穗峽

Takachiho Gorge (Takachiho-kyo) is a narrow chasm cut through the rock by the Gokase River. The nearly sheer cliffs lining the gorge are made of slow forming volcanic basalt columns which resemble the scales of a dragon where the stone twisted and flowed as it formed. Partway along the gorge is the 17 meter high Minainotaki waterfall cascading down to the river below, and it is truly impressive to see the waterfall against a backdrop of dense green foliage and the surrounding grey cliffs. There are two perspectives from which to enjoy the gorge. The first is from below which is done by rowing down the river. Rental boats are available at the south end of the gorge, and the water is calm and easy to navigate. This highly recommended route offers a close up view of the cliffs and waterfall. The second perspective, from above, is done by walking the paved path that runs along the edge of the gorge.

Geological characteristics of Takachiho area 1.

Study Table 1. Table 1 Classification of igneous rocks

Formation process

Types of Cooling igneous rock rate

Size of crystals

Jointing

Silica content Higher------------Lower Colour Lighter------------Darker Acidic rock

Extrusive vulcanicity Intrusive vulcanicity 2.

Extrusive (volcanic) Intrusive

Fast Slow

Small/ columnar jointing Examples: Fine-grained Rhyolite, tuff Large/ three sets of Example: Coarse-grained joints Granite

Basic rock Example: Basalt Example: Gabbro

How can we classify igneous rocks? Igneous rocks can be classified according to ___________________________________ ! When rocks are formed by intrusive vulcanicity, it is called __________________ rocks. When rocks are formed by extrusive vulcanicity, it is called __________________ rocks or__________________ rocks.

! When the cooling rate is slow, the rocks have large crystals, or are __________________-grained. To the opposite, fast cooling rate produces __________________ crystals, forming fine-grained rocks.

! Igneous rocks with high silica content are called __________________ rocks. They have a ( lighter / darker ) colour. Those with low silica content are called __________________ rocks. They have a ( lighter / darker ) colour.

Questions: Observe the rock characteristics of Takachiho Gorge region. Draw a sketch diagram to show the rock characteristics.

Refer to table 1 and check which type of rock in Takachiho Gorge belongs to. Is it granite, basalt, rhyolite or tuff ?

Fluvial characteristics of Takachiho Gorge Complete the table below to show the three courses of a river and its characteristics.

Figure 2 The three courses of a river

Characteristics

Takachiho Gorge area

River course 3

River course Channel gradient Size of catchment area

Large

Amount of channel water Discharge Channel shape and roughness Channel path

Largest Small and ____________, with rough bed and banks

__________ and deep, with smooth bed and banks Big bends occur

Amount and size of load

Speed of water flow

High (but low when the river enters the sea)

Amount of energy

Large (except at lakes or river mouth)

Valley shape

Major fluvial process All the fluvial processes can occur at any course

Formation of Takachiho Gorge

Below is a series of annotated diagrams showing the formation of gorges in Takachiho. Fill in the descriptions for each diagram with the statements provided.

Kumamoto ç&#x2020;&#x160;ć&#x153;Ź Kumamoto is the third largest city in Kyushu with a population of approximately 680,000. In the old days, the city flourished as a castle town of the Kumamoto Castle, one of the three greatest castles in Japan. Currently, it serves as a central city of the prefecture and is prospering as an academic town of Kumamoto University which is a national university known for its engineering department. The three rivers of Shirakawa, Tsuboigawa, and Iserigawa flow into the gently sloping geological formation made by Mt. Aso's volcanic ash fall deposit, actualizing an array of beautiful greenery. Therefore, Kumamoto is also called a "forest city". You can see many parks here and there that are abundantly blessed with groundwater and beautiful trees. In terms of sightseeing, there are such places of interest as the Suizenji Park. This park is popular among tourists as one of the best scenic spots in the city. Sometime around the end of 2010, the opening of Kumamoto Station on the Kyushu Shinkansen (bullet train) line is scheduled. Therefore, further development of the city can be expected.

Kumamoto Castle

Kumamoto Castle was built by Kiyomasa Kato, a famous warlord. Construction began in 1601 and the castle was completed in 1607. Along with Osaka Castle and Nagoya Castle, it is considered as one of the three famous castles in Japan. The beautiful, glossy-black castle tower was restored in 1960. Inside, you will find documents on display that are related to Kumamoto during the Edo to Meiji eras while the observation deck on the uppermost floor provides a sweeping view from Kumamoto City all the way to the mountains of Aso. There indeed are many places of interest on the castle grounds such as the uniquely-designed stone wall called Mushagaeshi and the five-story Uto Turret (important cultural asset) with three levels and one floor below ground. Additionally, construction work is now being conducted to restore and maintain the entire castle to bring back its buildings that were destroyed by fire and other disasters to their original state.