Despite the high investment in fire suppression efforts, wildfires are becoming larger and more intense, with faster spread rates, which offers only few opportunities for the fire suppression systems [2]. This is known as the Fire Paradox or the Firefighting trap.
1.3.2. From tactics to strategy According to the ‘Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa’ report for the year 2020, over 3400 km2 of land were burnt. The 2021 fire season has already been the second worst in the EU territory after 2017, with another 0.5 million ha land and vegetation in flames and, sadly, a high number of killed firefighters and civilians. [...] Europe is not spared from the global trend that fires no longer affect the ‘traditional’ southern states only but that they are an already existing and still growing threat also for central and northern Europe [3]. The forest fire season in 2020 was characterized by a large number of wildfires during the first half of the year, in winter over the Danube delta and in the Pyrenees, and in spring mainly over the Balkan region. During summer and autumn, the most affected areas were the Mediterranean countries, which recorded the largest fire events of 2020 in the EU, specifically in Spain and Portugal. The largest fire events were of particular interest and concern, as they took place near the Chernobyl nuclear reactor [3]. Organisations face an increase in complexity of vegetation fire emergencies due to global change, which involve an increase in highly populated vegetation-urban interphase areas, increasing amounts of available accumulated fuel in landscapes and climate change conditions leading to an increase in large wildfire events, increasingly complex, highly dynamic and uncertain. With the aim to select the scenario that will allow us to solve the situation without collapsing, it is necessary to set a path from reacting to what the fire is doing, towards operational and tactical planning based on expected fire behaviour, with its opportunities and impacts, and towards the inclusion of uncertain collapse sources and landscape values into strategic scenarios. The tactical level decides the allocation of efforts (manoeuvres) in time and space while the strategic level has a broader vision and chooses the result of a fire event, encapsulating uncertainty by fixing gains and losses for each opportunity and creating a scenario of resolution where tactics and operations can succeed [4]. For example, tactics can focus on selecting where to deploy resources to be able to close a fire or develop a specific manoeuvre in a specific location (site A); while strategic can focus on checking if the objectives being pursued are consistent with existing needs and their linkages assuring that action 1 (site A) is
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