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Combating unemployment: GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, A simulation of policy implementation within a Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification postgraduate lesson1 Concerns
Andreas N. Lytras Professor of the Department of Sociology By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS at Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences (Athens-Greece)
Abstract
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
This article regards the organization a research-focused 1. Introductory approach: postgraduate lesson. TheDefining subjectthe ofconcept the lesson is on employment 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, structure and the unemployment. The research examines the ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -known 370 BC,models Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a most great “principle”: the characteristics and the effectiveness either of the among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. either new innovative proposals for combating unemployment. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term Theoretical modelson from the past mainapproach, aim the 1 (and Based, therefore, “principle” inindicated a have first, if as notthe final, the full term urbanthis gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 employment. The newer models regard the restrictions of the fiscal gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various policy, but the reduction of unemployment or the aim of full Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, employment minor meaning. After crisis ofthis 2007-8 there was an the operation ofhas art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless explosiveother increase of unemployment in some countries, while they have whatever consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences results alsofor rising land prices (and the potential relative not the capability of using thehas, proper tools the of effective combating potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to unemployment. A new proposal has been presented for combating The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor unemployment recently. The innovative interference regards both the the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof method of the funding the procedure and the type of employment of the London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. unemployed people. During the research implementation, the students being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth haveA used the empirical data,similar andiselaborated comparatively, withmajor the description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while situations recorded in other GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major tools of the different theoretical models, on the target of full cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied othercountries. Researchers. employment the selected The scholars results and show the Since then, for the issue has several forthat its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various serious social issue could, definitely, be eliminated and there are the comprehensive approach are being summarized from of thecrucial various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: people who of have the scientific skills for the resolution interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups problems of the employment. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Key Words: collaboration of private and public sector, termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, whereunemployment, she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: combating comparative analysis, research-lesson, services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 1 Acknowledgment: I for would to thank the analysts ofofthe research, namely Eleni and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., theCo depreciation initially part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Delikanidi, Anastasia Georgakopoulou, Agni Hantzi, Olga Karali, Spiros Keramas, G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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Sebastian-Alexandros Kizito, Eleni Papadopoulou, Elias Papapoulios, and Sebastian Voda. 2521 11
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The subjectGENTRIFICATION of the article Definition, Types of Intervention, This elaboration has as a subject the organization of a Definition, Types Concerns of Gentrification postgraduate lesson on research basis.of Theintervention, content of the lesson has been focused on the resolution of the crucial problem of Concerns unemployment. The aim of the teaching approach was the proper
preparation of students for tackling the unemployment rate, using an Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS effective method from the pool By either of the wellC.known suggestions Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, either of the innovative models for combating unemployment. This By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect approach gives the opportunity for the academic study of Student of the School of Architecture the theoretical debate, while calls the students toTechnical have theUniversity experience of of Crete practical test of the consequences of implementation (under 1. Introductory approach: of Defining the concept hypothetical conditions) the different models. The design of the 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, lesson gives to the students the pathway to, strongly, understanding the ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wisethe heritage he left us,the he established a great the structure and operation of labor market, along with the among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. preconditions and the limitations fordefinition employability. Duringofthe research acquisition of knowledge starts with the the content concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if of not final, approach, the term implementation, the students haveisinindicated used datathe from 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, the if (in notstatistical final, approach, term gentrification) the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 international organizations, and elaborated comparatively, with the gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various tools of the different models, the target of full employment for the Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), ofcountries. social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, selected Their obligation, as aHowever working team, wasthere to deliver a the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever consequences results rising According of land prices (and theof collectiveother volume, which has has, the form ofalso a report. to my view whatever otherhas consequences has, results The also team rising working of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). the procedure achieved its targets. produced a potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to quasi-research group, very well, theoretically and empirically, informed The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy totobuy property in poor on the field of employment, and capable make the diagnosis of the the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof problem of unemployment for each modern country, while it could London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. manage the design of alternative models (with the empirical being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth dimensions) the effective unemployment. After the above A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the for same whilecombating similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major experience, they could or work immediately on the treating cities in Western countries, byeven otherwould Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issuemaybe has several scholars and for its more this serious issue and on any relevant too. Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, the following: Unemployment during of crisis interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is duea to a trend of a new after category social groups Unemployment has had heavy increase theofexplosion of to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money crisis (2007-8). The relative rate has had an enormous upward moving and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the for 1.several (about five) in the countries with serious fiscal termyears from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense ofThe safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where(between she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: problems them are the following countries: Greece, Italy, services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Portugal, andof, in Spain). Some of andthem the lower living cost “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London Neweasier Yorkhave she cameconfronted back to London, in According 1943 she published regarding city planning. 1950 she teacher and in the implementation ofstudies memoranda of fiscal In policy (e.g. Greece to another approach, the phenomenon is due tobecame a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal organizedatgroups, manufacturers, brokers duration of buying Portugal) and theeffort rate by remained very high point for longer her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.1). Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: (Graph Spain has not the torture of a2009. memorandum of fiscal policy, Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm abut variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually its unemployment rate is relevant to the Greek rate (Lytras, 2017).
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The orbit of GENTRIFICATION the crisis has been of remarked by some special events Definition, Types Intervention, on the policy for combating unemployment. In USA and Japan the Types of intervention, Concerns ofunemployment Gentrification answerDefinition, to the pressure of the was the increase of the public funding of economy (Lytras, ibid) via the impressive increase of Concerns their already large public debt (in Japan the enormous debt is now even
larger). This move has undoubtedly contributed to a very significant Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS reduction in unemployment andBy then to its tolerable restraint for the Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, two societies. In European Union and especially in Euro-zone theStudent, choice By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect was the stability of the single currency and, therefore, the austerity. The Student of the School of Architecture difference of the impacts of both policies is obvious. Technical University of Crete
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1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term (or gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Graph1Source: ILO, ILOSTAT Unemployment A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of(www.ilo.org). Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while(Database), similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied scholars andthe forfor its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from various The aforementioned differences several put the restrictions the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: future policyofespecially in Europe under the conditions of single interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense, theinvention phenomenon is due togentrification, a trendpolicy of a new of social groups currency. The of an alternative is an absolute necessity. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the The background and choices forsearch combating termat comes from Sociologist Ruth new GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: unemployment services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Theresearch necessity to control the growth of unemployment and the lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she of published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In of 1950 sheto became teacher in the reduction the relevant rate, after the crisis has created to another approach, the is 1929-30, due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informalofeffort by organized“therapy”. groups, manufacturers, brokersmodel of buying the motivation the Keynesian The well known is her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. LondonThe 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The based onWil. enhanced aggregate demand. prerequisite ofFree theEncyclopedia: method G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. wetzel/gentry.htm aisGentrification: variety of ways, in orderwith to achieve “assisted”,of“voluntary”, (actually the state interference, all http://www.uncanny.net/ thethe instruments fiscal and monetary
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
policy, in economy [Keynes 2007 (1936)]. The target is the restoration of market arrhythmias, after the strong public funding of economy. The Keynesian model has achieved its target in the USA, during 1930’s. The state has increased the public expenses and the rate of unemployment has been reduced (Baran, Sweezy, 1968, 146, 232-233) to a tolerable percentage. By Mr. ATHANASOPOULOS In Europe, during the after warGeorge-Sp. period, a C. similar to Keynesian Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, model, which has been invented basically by W. Beveridge (1942a; By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect 1942b), has been implemented. The state’s interference has the form of Student of the School of Architecture a wide net of social protection and supporting (e.g. national Technical Universityhealth of Crete system, social security system, public education system, many benefits 1. Introductory approach: Defining thepoor concept policies for the unemployed and the people). The W. Beveridge’s 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, model is accompanied by the aim of full employment (Beveridge, 1944, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wisehas heritage us, he established a great the 10-12), which beenhealeft reality for at least two decades. The among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. intervention the statestarts in this of policy has as aofprerequisite acquisition of of knowledge withmethod theindefinition the content concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term the Based, establishment ofonlarge public structures, with their necessary 1 (and urban therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first, along if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 personnel. The heavy cost of these structures is paid by the tax system, gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various which is a significant economic burden of modern citizens (Galbraith, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, 1993, 182-183). the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences results alsoeconomic rising of land prices (and theof The supporters of thehas, neoclassical approach and the whatever other consequences has,posed resultsnegative also rising of land prices (andthe the potential relative speculation). neoliberal political parties have arguments against potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to prerequisites of both the aforementioned models, during the period of The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor fatigue (Hayek 2009; 2011;wealthy Friedman 2002). According tointhe new andof the then observed trend people to there buy property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are prevailed theoretical and political trend, the tackling of unemployment London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. follows the general on competition, with the enhancement the being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of thislogic phenomenon is included in the work of SociologistofRuth competitiveness of labor. The supporters of neoliberals’ approach have A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, were recorded other major the estimation that thebywhile increase ofsituations wage-earners' levelsinwould be cities in Western countries, othersimilar Researchers. cities in Western countries, byof other Researchers. Since then, issue has preoccupied several scholars and its more formed by thethe extension entrepreneurship. The aim forforextensive Since the issue has severalsupporting scholars and forbenefits its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various social cutsthen, reduces the grants for employment’s and comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon the following: of the poor people. The "loweroforgentrification, basic guaranteed income", with the interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a“negative sense, the phenomenon due to aistrend a new category of social form income tax”is (NIT), the ofalternative scheme of groups social to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money policy, which would replace all the previous benefits (Friedman, ibid, and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the 192-195). 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her studies. In 1932 she of published an important study entitled: The proposal of first “state as employer last resort” (ELR) [Minsky, services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for 2008 (1986)] the belief thatand thecar state employ the major lower living costexpresses of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London New Yorkcould she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she in the part of the unemployed persons, during the difficult periods ofteacher high rate to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying ofherunemployment. The by wage of the new employees in public institutions work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate,the etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: is10th the same with regular basic salary. Minsky suggests the public Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm afunding variety of of the ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually relevant programs, either with the supply of additional 252115 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
16
currency mass in the system either with the issuing new public bonds. The state must have full sovereignty in the control of monetary and fiscal policy. In H.P. Minsky’s approach, the required currency mass is a small percentage of GDP. This model of policy has been used in Argentina the period of crisis and achieved the restoration of the rate of unemployment to tolerable levels (Tcherneva 2012, 6-12). By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS The “workfare” (welfare-to-work) policy C.has been politically Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, supported by the B. Clinton’s administration and has the dynamic for By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect the revision of the welfare state. This method of social supporting is Student of the School of Architecture partly based on M. Friedman’s idea for the “negative income tax”of and Technical University Crete definitely imposes obligations for the beneficiaries to deliver cheap 1. Introductory Defining the concept wage labor as a approach: rather counterweight for their benefits. The relevant 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, law [Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other 1996] wise heritage left us, he established a support great the (PRWORA), and thehenew program of social [Temporary among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Assistance forknowledge Needy Families (TANF)] (Patterson 2012) is synthesis acquisition of starts with theindefinition the content of aconcepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term of aBased, general program of the new practical framework 1 social therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a age first,and if (in notathe final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 for combating unemployment (Béland, Vergniolle de Chantal, Waddan gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various 2002, 25). The analogous to the “workfare” (welfare-to-work) policy Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and placement artists, has been implemented inrestaurants, United Kingdom too.thethis The generalthere planofwas a the operation of art galleries, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other interferences consequences has, results also rising land prices (andThis theof set of smaller for various groups ofofthe population. whatever consequences has,had results rising of land (andthe the potential relative speculation). scheme ofother policy actions has a also contribution in prices tackling potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to problems of unemployment of younger age categories of the population The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor through flexible forms of work. The dissemination, then in after, ofareas part-of the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property poor London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are time employment is absolutely clear (Van Reenen 2004; Zaidi 2009). London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. A new proposal has presented by A.N. Lytras 2017a) in being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work (2016; of Sociologist Ruth two different texts. The very meaning of the proposition (Reconciliation A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major at the same period, while similar situations recorded in other ofGLASS the Holders of Stock andwere New Activation in major the cities in Western countries, bywith otherEmployment Researchers. cities in Western countries, byis other Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and forwhich its more Regions-Re.Ho.St.E.N.A.R) the Researchers. formation a future network, is Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various similar to a big and regular private enterprise, in the regions of a comprehensivethe approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations phenomenon of gentrification, thetwo following: modern state,ofwith public supporting. There are major innovations. interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In athe sense, the phenomenon is due totheir a trend of a newincategory of social groups First, stock holders do not risk capitals a personal economic to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money adventure, but they invest their capitals to a common deposit for a year and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the time1.ofThe insafety commercial They would receive a valuable (and term from banks. Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born in sense atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where sheprofit made her first studies. Ininterest 1932 she published an important studyof entitled: competitive) (through the rate) and the yields the services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for program. deposits are going to be asshe the guarantee for the lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, etc.where studies and The research in Geneva, Prague, London andused, Neweasier York came back to London, in According 1943 she studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she teacher in the issuing of published coupons, which arethe partly composed by deposited to another approach, phenomenon is due tobecame athe systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort manufacturers, brokers capitals. The other partbyisorganized the valuegroups, of coupon which is going toofbebuying paid her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part they of the urban web,at in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. delivery London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: by the citizens/consumers for the of WIKIPEDIA: services could buy Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm alow variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually prices by the beneficiaries of the program. Second, the beneficiaries
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
of the program (from the official pool of the unemployed persons) do not work as wage-earners. They participate as autonomous workers (freelancers or own-account workers). They are going to be paid at the end of each month after the delivery of their personal services to consumers, for a ten months period. In this program the state adds with the equivalent of the withdrawals, each month, but these grants are By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS mostly returnable, because the coupons conclude the relevant taxes and Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,that Student, the contributions to the social security system. It is remarkable the By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect cooperatives and the already own-account workers could cooperate Student of the School of Architecture with the beneficiaries of the program. The local authorities have the Technical University of Crete official responsibility for running the regional programs. This is 1. Introductory approach: of Defining concept but does not require a definitely an expression socialthe solidarity, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, - 370 BC, Athens), change of the everyday transactional behavior. (444 ThisBC attempt unifies the ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the elements of entrepreneurship, in a way of effective co-operation, when among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. they are divided and ineffective 2016).of the content of concepts. acquisition of knowledge starts with(Lytras the definition
Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban The design of research gentrification gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various During the first informative sessions the students have taken the Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually low-income anddesign thethis placement of artists, framework of bibliography ofofthe lesson, the of theirthere team-study the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has,research results also of land prices (and theof and the characteristics of the forrising the full semester. In this whatever other consequences has,data results also(digitals) rising of land (and the potential relative procedure theyspeculation). took analytical files fromprices recognized potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to institutions. The employment and unemployment data which regard The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, in and Portugal, the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof have as a source the International Labor Organization’s (ILO 2016) London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Databases and Estimations. The GDP’s (Gross Domestic Product) data being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth haveA description asat the a source the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS same while similar in other2017) major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Databases. Thecountries, subject by of other the research was the next: The achievement cities in Western Researchers. Western countries, byofpreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more ofcities theinfull employment unemployed people, in 2016, using the Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various different theoretical models (for the aforementioned countries). The comprehensivethe approach are being summarized from the various interpretations phenomenon gentrification, thebelow, following: dimensions ofofthe elaboration of were the following: the number of the interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, positions the phenomenon is due to a trend newpublic categorystructures of social groups necessary of workers eitherof ain or to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money institutions either in private enterprises, the number of the needed and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the enterprises thedistributed full Sociologist absorption national unemployment, thebetter costin 1.of The termfor from RuthofGLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for was born sense safety atcomes the residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first(with studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: of the national programs the same cost per worker: 600 USD) for services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for the remuneration of beneficiaries, the operational cost of etc. their lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access markets, studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and Neweasier York she came to back to London, where in According 1943 she (200 published regarding city planning. In 1950 she teacher and in the activation USDstudies perapproach, worker), the total budget each country, to another the phenomenon is for due tobecame a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort(%) by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying its analogy as analogy of GDP and actual public expenses. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially ofalternative part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: The students made aCo group study2009. of the theoretical Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm amodels varietyand of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually prepared their personal contributions on the national case-
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
studies. The procedure has walked normally the demanding path and at the end the research-group, has made the collective and the personal presentations in the plenum, the two last weeks of the semester. The discussion was very constructive. The elaboration has been concluded, with the delivery of a collective volume, which includes both the cooperative theoretical review and the personal contributions. In my By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS opinion the conclusions are cautious, with critical comments and, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, therefore, useful for every reader. We expose then some of the main By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect results of their effort. Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
Findings and results 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept We can point out that the research certifies the adequacy and 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, effectiveness of the most known applied models, even those of the ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wiseInheritage he left us, he established(444 a today, great the rather far past. fact, their non-implementation as if they are among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. not useful, of is knowledge due to thestarts “concern” modernof policy-makers, with their acquisition with theof the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if not final, approach, the term analogous results to institutions' opinion, toofdeprive 1 (and urban Based, therefore, onthe this “principle” inindicated aofficial first, if (in not final, approach, theany term gentrification) is the area Planning) (or gentrification 1 potential governmental intervention from, almost, all financial gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various instruments and technical tools, which are necessary for the Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, of low-income and thethis placement of artists, demonstration ofgalleries, the usually effectiveness of the aforementioned models for the operation of art restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof combating unemployment. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising land prices the potential relative Effective combating unemployment, with of methods that(and have potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to been created in the past, is therefore a perceptible and present reality The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor inthemodern times too. Based on past events, considered that weof then observed trend wealthy people to there buywe property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are should not adopt the most recent and perhaps more innovative policy London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. proposals with“squeezed”. ease, since the countries question are Ruth not being indirectly A description of this phenomenon is included in theinwork of Sociologist distinguished from very high and uncontrolled unemployment. Since A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major theseincountries can handle the Researchers. tested tools, they can simply use them cities Western countries, by other cities in Western countries, byto other Researchers. Since then, issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more without beingthe submitted institutional or administrative tests and Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various other “expenses” (like the waste of time). Innovative options and comprehensivethe approach are being summarized from the various interpretations phenomenon thebelow, following: proposals areofthe alternative of forgentrification, countries with an “explosive” and interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon due to a trend of arate, new category groups uncontrolled increase in theis unemployment while it of is social impossible to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money for them to manage creatively the known means of exercising fiscal and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the policy (e.g. the devaluing theresidencies currency, the 1912-1940. increasing thesearch inflation, andin 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth GLASS wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed outside town centres, for Berlin, where she of made her first studies. In the 1932cautious she published an important study entitled: the increasing public debt with managing the deficit of services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for the state lower living cost of, etc.). “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies andbudget, research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
18
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In fact, the GENTRIFICATION research suggestsof that an effective fight against Definition, Types Intervention, unemployment by the modern state is entirely feasible, with relatively Types of Concerns of Gentrification limited Definition, public financing requirements forintervention, the economy and society (Graph 2). It is evident from the analyses and comparisons that, even in Concerns the most difficult cases, there are satisfactory alternatives, with the
even more limited state expenses for unemployment programs. In these By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS alternatives there are the possibilities for interventions with phases Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, and thus for managing a corresponding fraction or analogy of (annual) By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect public expenses (Graph 3). Student of the School of Architecture Graph 2
Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term (or gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first the UK in earlyIntelligence 1960s and it Agency refers to Source: Lytras (ed.) (2017b), 14; IMFin 2017; Central The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor 2017. the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Graph 3 being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and Source: Lytras (ed.) (2017b), 15;continued IMF 2017; Central Intelligence Agency University College of London, where she her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying 2017. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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ConclusionsGENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, This article presents the procedure and the results of the Definition, of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification research elaboration ofTypes alternative models for combating unemployment, in selected countries, within a postgraduate lesson. It is Concerns a culmination of the postgraduate course: Social Structure and Work,
within Master’s Program of the Department of Sociology at Panteion Mr.created George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS University (Athens). The attemptByhas collective and individual Harvard University, Graduate School of Student, experiences on one of the most complex issues ofDesign, the modern By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect employment. The effort has enhanced collaboration and team efficiency Student of the School of Architecture in studying and managing important theoreticalTechnical approaches, combined University of Crete with the use of available measurements for employment, 1. Introductory GDP approach: Defining the concept unemployment, and government budgets of the countries, which 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, are under consideration. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us,ishe established athe great the This collective procedure inspired by(444 intent of linking among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. postgraduate educationstarts and with research and formsthe a useful framework of acquisition of knowledge theindefinition content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term comparative investigations that could be useful for policy making. 1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Interestingly, these processes, coming from the policy analysis gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various framework, have high abstraction requirements. In their reader, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, however, they are likely to give theetc. impression of a strongthere moment of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results to also rising ofonly landon prices (andside theof empiricism. It is, however, problematic highlight the one otherspeculation). consequences has,on results landproject prices (and the potential ofwhatever theserelative aspects. In fact and the also one rising hand,ofthe is an potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to intellectual test of theoretical models, in order to make their proposals The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor and theirobserved components clear during implementation. The purpose of the then trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof their further elaboration is to construct a research step, which is used London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residentsin are being indirectly “squeezed”. order to combat unemployment effectively. On the other hand, the being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth empirical management of data, andrecorded quasi-forecasts is A description ofperiod, this phenomenon isprocesses included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major intended to help the clarity ofResearchers. the practical limits of the theoretical cities in Western countries, by other cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied othertherefore Researchers. Since then,on the issue has several scholars forcost, its more perceptions the issue and to make clearand the the Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various sources of the funds and the capability, for the inclusion of the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: unemployed persons in the employment. Thethe analysis as a whole has interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: a sense, the the phenomenon to a trend ofof a new social notIntarget examinationis due (thoroughly) thecategory causesofof thegroups very to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money serious labor phenomenon and to identify the economic components of and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the the 1.problem. As distributed afrom political analysis in 1912-1940. the context sociological termat comes Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruthof GLASS wasbetter born in sense ofThe safety the residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where the she made her first studies. In 1932 to she published an important study entitled: approach, whole analysis aims clarify, in a coherent and services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for technically viable way, the process and conditions forto the lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back toimmediate London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became in the absorption oftothe unemployed persons during the periods ofteacher the very another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort by organized large increase of the relative rate. groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
20
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According toGENTRIFICATION the comments results, in some cases, the Definition, TypesonoftheIntervention, combination of the well-known and workable methods of addressing Definition, Types ofof intervention, Concerns of Gentrification the difficult labor and social issue and the innovative models for combating unemployment can multiply the capacity to prevent Concerns uncontrolled and unpredictable economic phenomena, owing to the
rapid growth of the relevant index and its preservation, albeit temporarily, at high levels. Let usBy Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard the University, Graduate School of Design, explain, with two examples, synergy of both, namely the Student, known By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect forms of government intervention and the proposal for the leverage of Student of the School of Architecture private and public funding: At a time when the unemployment Technical University ofrate Crete moves to tolerable levels (e.g. between five and eight per cent of the 1. Introductory approach:intervention Defining the concept labor force), government is stepped up or curtailed with a 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, target to squeeze the rate to the level of 3% of the labor force. At this ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among wiseprogram heritage he left us,created he established a great the stage, aother parallel is being for vulnerable groups of the among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. working population, such as people who are interested in acquisition of knowledge starts withyoung theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term entering laborurban market for the first women suffering from 1 (and Based,the therefore, on this “principle” inindicated atime first,and if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 the market fluctuations and the frequent adventures of unemployment. gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various With this combination, both the variance of the rate in general and the Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, individual problems ofusually therestaurants, categories ofHowever workers could be addressed. the operation of art galleries, etc. “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other the consequences results also rising of and land uncontrollable prices (and theof During periods of has, unusual, unpredictable whatever otherin consequences also rising prices (and the potential relative speculation). developments the economyhas, andresults employment in of theland same countries, potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the innovative method for combating unemployment may take on the The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor position of the firsttrend choice,wealthy as in that momentum the public revenues the then observed people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof necessarily being decreased. It is more logical, at that moment, to use London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. private funds (with a motivation their profitability) for financing (at being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth leastA description in thesame first programs for ofperiod, this step) phenomenon is situations included in the tackling work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the whileof similar were recorded inthe otherrising major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major unemployment, with less supporting from public spending (the state cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities incannot Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more budget afford the economic burdening). Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, In my view, the whole process has delivered tofrom the students a comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: high level of of understanding about the perception of various forms of interpretations the phenomenon the following: In a sense, theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trend of a new social groups feasible policy. In addition,is their experience in category researchof project has to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money contributed to the development of empirical and, in some way, and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the technical skills fordistributed the of any relevant within the actual 1.of The term from managing Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense safety atcomes the residencies outside towntopic centres, search for better Berlin, wherein sheemployment. made her first studies. Inskills 1932 she published an important study entitled: conditions These are useful for any national and services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for international the employment andshe social There lower living costinstitution of, in “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva,for Prague, London and car Neweasier York camestructure. back to London, in According 1943 shedoubt published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher and in the isn’t any that the new skills are related the creative to another approach, the iswith due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort groups, manufacturers, buying critical thinking; this by is organized the proper mixture for the brokers modernof policy her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: making. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, References Definition, of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification [The Congress of the UnitedTypes States] (1996). Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act-PRWORA. Public Law 104Concerns 193, Aug. 22.
Baran, P.A., Sweezy, P.M. (1968). Monopoly Capital. An essay on the By Mr.order. George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS American economic and social New C. York, Modern Reader, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, (1966). By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Béland, D., Vergniolle de Chantal, F., Waddan, Α. (2002). Third way Student of the School of Architecture social policy: Clinton’s legacy? Policy & Politics, Vol. 30, No of 1, Crete pp. Technical University 19-30. 1. Introductory approach:Social Defining the concept Beveridge, W. (1942a). Insurance and Allied Services, London: 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, H.M. Stationary Office, Cmd. 6404. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among otherW. wise heritage he left us, he established aServices: great the Beveridge, (1942b). Social Insurance and Allied Memoranda among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. fromofOrganizations. London: H.M. Stationary Office, Cmd. 6405. acquisition knowledge starts with thein definition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Beveridge, W. (1944). Full“principle” Employment in a ifFree Society. A Summary. 1 (and Based, therefore, on this inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 London: The New Statesman and Nation-Reynolds News. gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Central Intelligence Agency (USA) (2017). The World Factbook. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever has, results alsoFreedom. rising of land prices (and theof Friedman,other M. consequences (2002). Capitalism and Chicago. Chicago whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative University Press (1962). potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early The 1960s and it refers of to Galbraith, J.K. (1993). American Capitalism. Concept The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Countervailing Power. New Brunswick N.J.: in Transaction the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof Publishers. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Hayek, F.A. (2009). Individualism and Economic Order. Auburn being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth (Alabama): The Ludwig von isMises Institute A description ofperiod, this phenomenon included inwere the (1948). work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Hayek, F.A. (2011). Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: Chicago cities in Western countries,The by other Researchers. cities inUniversity Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue several scholars and for its more Presshas (1960). then,Unemployment the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from ILO,Since ILOSTAT. 1997-2014 (http://www.ilo.org). comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the interpretations the phenomenonrate-ILO of gentrification, theestimates, following: Nov. various ILO (2016), of Unemployment modeled 2016 interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups (http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money /pagehierarchy/Page3.jspx?MBI_ID=2). and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2017), World Economic Outlook 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for was born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, search better Berlin, where she made her GDP. first studies. In 2017 1932 she published an important study entitled: Database, 2016 20 July (data), (http://www.imf.org/). services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Keynes, J.M. [2007 (1936)]. The General Employment, Interest lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London andTheory Neweasier York of she came to back to London, in According 1943and she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Money. London: Macmillan. to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort An by organized groups, of buying Lytras, A.N. (2016). alternative formanufacturers, combating brokers unemployment. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: Journal of Sociology and Social Work, 4 WIKIPEDIA: (2),ofpp. 59-71. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the Lytras, A.N. (2017a). A radical policy for combating unemployment. The among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. future network: starts Autonomous workers, ofstock holders, consumers acquisition of knowledge with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term andtherefore, the State. Athens: Papazissis 1 (and Based, on this “principle” inindicated aPublishers. first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Lytras, A.N. (ed.) (2017b). Combating Unemployment during the of gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in Age various Crisis (in Greek). The Socials. Selections from Greek Sociology. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, Athens: Panteion University (http://pandemos.panteion.gr/ the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, resultscreator&q=%CE%9B%CF%8D% also rising of land prices (and theof index.php?op=record&type= whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82,%20%CE%91%CE%BD%CE potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to %B4%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82%20%CE%9D.&page The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor =1&scope=&lang=el&pid=iid:18041). the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof Minsky, H.P. [2008 (1986)]. Stabilizing an Unstable Economy. York: London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus oldNew residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. McGraw-Hill. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Patterson, E.G. (2012). Mission Dissonance in therecorded TANF Program: Of A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar were in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Work, Self-Sufficiency, cities in Western countries, by otherReciprocity, Researchers. and the Work Participation cities inRate. Western countries, by other Since then,Harvard the issue has several and for its more Law &preoccupied PolicyResearchers. Review, Vol. 6,scholars pp. 369-405. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from Tcherneva, P.R. (2012). Beyond Full Employment: The Employer of Last comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations theEconomics following: Institute of Resortofasthe anphenomenon Institution of forgentrification, Change. Levy interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new Bard College, Working Papers, No. 732, (September).of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Van Reenen, J. (2004). Active Labor Market Policies and the British New and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Deal for thedistributed Young Unemployed in Context. Card, Blundell, R.,in term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. RuthD., GLASS wasbetter born sense1.ofThe safety atcomes the residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she made herSeeking first studies. In 1932 she published The an important study entitled: Freeman, R.B. a Premier Economy: Economic Effects services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for of Economic Reforms, 1980-2000. Chicago: University of lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies andBritish research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943Chicago she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Press, pp. 461-496. to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal Welfare-to-Work effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers buying Zaidi, A. (2009). Programmes in the UK and of Lessons her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theEuropean depreciation initially part of the urban web, in 10th edit. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: forWil. Other Countries. Centre forofSocial Welfare Policy G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of Research, ways, in order to Brief, achieve the “assisted”, (actually and Policy Vienna (October).“voluntary”,
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