92 koumparoulis

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Military Spending and Economic Growth in Greece, GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Cyprus and Turkey

Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification ConcernsBy Dim. KOUMPAROULIS

148

Abstract

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS The relentless question of hierarchizing and allocating limited national Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,becomes Student, resources to unlimited uses and demands faced by most countries,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect even more painful in times of economic crisis. Arms purchases find important Student of the School of Architecture buyers in Turkey, Greece and Cyprus, as the balance of University the SouthofEast Technical Crete Mediterranean remains thin.

Keywords: Defense Spending, Growth, External Debt, Greece, 1. Introductory approach: DefiningEconomic the concept 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept Cyprus, Turkey ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: Jelother Classification: H50,he H56, H60, H63, O40, acquisition of knowledge starts with of O49 the content concepts. the acquisition ofTurkey knowledge starts with the content of concepts.

Greece, and Cyprus arethe three that spend large amounts Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a countries first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based,defense, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, of if (in not final, approach, the term on their despite the generalis trend reducing global defense gentrification) the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification spending after theasCold War. In this particular research is Sociology as well), the “refining” of acontext, city area,ofthe removal from this, interest (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various the relationship between defense spending, economic growth and external ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. conducted However “change”, regardless of debt, while several studies have been with datathere fromof these the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever has, results rising of land prices (and theof countries, other eitherconsequences in total or individually.

In aalso recent study of Stylianou (2012), whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (andthe the potential relative speculation). there were examined Greece, Turkey and Cyprus altogether, investigating potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is foundexpenditure at first in theand UK in early 1960s and it refers to relationship between defense economic growth for the The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of period between 1960 and 2006. According to the empirical results of theto the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy relationship property in poor areas London, them, staythere themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof survey, itupgrade was found that is a long-term causal between the London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. two variables examined for all three countries. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description this(2016) phenomenon in theofwork of Sociologist Paparas etof al studiedis included the impact defense spendingRuth on A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major economic growth in Greece and Turkey for the years between 1957 and 2013, GLASS at the same period, while situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, othersimilar Researchers. in order to investigate theby validity of the "weapon war" case between the two cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and leads for itstomore states, namely if the military climate between both countries the Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from excess growth in defense spending that jeopardizes their growth prospects. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: However, on the basis of the research results, the hypothesis was not interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of social groups confirmed, although defense spending was found to have a negative impact on to “return” to the city, leavingsomething the purlieus fordoesn’t severalexist reasons: high costs in money Greece's economic growth, that for Turkey. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Chletsos & Kollias (1995) found that defense spending in Greece may termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, have a relatively small positive impact on its financial numbers, however, this Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment.

The same year she left Germany and after continuous is based mainly on the wages attributed to military personnel rather than lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, production.

Kollias (1994) concluded that investment in defense equipment in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and had a negative impact budget deficits and on research.

GDP growth.

The same University College of London, where she continued her social Her public and long-term informal effort on by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work arehas characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. researcher examined what the defense spending both Greece and and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially ofwas partin of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Turkey for the period 1963-1990 and found that they has a positive impact on G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually economic growth through increased demand, arguing however that this is

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

negligible and for this reason the two countries should come to a bilateral agreement on reducing defense spending (Kollias, 1995).

Kollias & Paleologou (2003) point out that the increase in defense expenditures in Greece stems mainly from external threats from Turkey and before them Antonakis (1997) found that the defense expenditure of the country during the period 1960-1990 had a negative effect on economic growth, supporting the redefinition of the allocation of public revenues

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS towards more productive activities. Manamperi (2016) studied the impact of Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, defense spending on the growth rate ofGeorge-Sp. Greece andC. Turkey and Architect found a

By Mr. ATHANASSOPOULOS negative impact on Turkey's long-term and Student short-term situation, but had no of the School of Architecture statistically significant impact in the case of Turkey Greece.

Technical University of Crete Dunne & Nikolaidou (2001) examined the factors that influenced high 1. Introductory concept defense spending approach: in Greece Defining and theirthe effect on the country's poor economic 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the conceptconclusion performance in thethe period Their is that defense ANTISTHENIS, ancient1960-1996.

Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, among other heritage he left us, he agrowth great the spending has wise a direct negative impact onestablished economic(444 and alsoAthens), it has among other wise heritage he left us,definition he established astudy greatof “principle”: acquisition of knowledge starts with the of theacontent concepts. indirect negative effects on the trade balance.

Also, by Kollias et the al acquisition of knowledge starts with thein definition the content ofcompared concepts.

Based, therefore, this “principle” adefense first, if of not final, approach, the term (2004) showed thatonthe percentage of expenditure to 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, thethat term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification Greece's GDP is positively related to the external debt, as itapproach, was found 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various between 1960 and 2001, as this percentage increases, so is its debt country.

Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city from this, (inartists, various ways), ofNikolaidou social groups, usually low-income andthe theremoval placement there of Finally, (2016) hasofshown thatarea, defense spending has contributed ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operationto of the art galleries, However “change”, regardless of significantly increaserestaurants, of Greece'setc. public debt this in the 1970-2011 period, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the while it affects negatively the trade balance. Similar studies have beenof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative conducted exclusively in the case of Turkey, with conflicting findings. potential relative speculation).

TheFor term gentrification found at first in the out UKthat in early 1960sspending and it refers example, Sezginis(1997) has pointed defense hasto a The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor positive impact on the economic growth of the country, Ozsoy (2000) has the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof shown that this effect not statistically significant, while al (2001) London, upgrade them,isstay themselves sometimes there andDunne thus oldetresidents are being indirectly “squeezed”. revealed that the relationship between defense spending and economic being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description phenomenon is included in studied the workthis of Sociologist Ruth growth in Turkeyofof isthis negative.

Also, Sezgin (2000) for A description this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work ofrelationship Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major the period between 1956 and 1994 and found out that defense spending had a GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. positive effect on GDP growth but had no effect on the trade balance.

Yildirim cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more & Sezgin (2003) concluded that defense spending have a and positive impact Since then, the issue has severalcan scholars for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the on economic growth, which however stems from the increase in employment comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: ininterpretations this sector, both in short-term and ingentrification, long-term. the following: the phenomenon In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof to a trend of a new category of social groups In addition, Karagol & Palaz (2004), focusing on the period between to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money 1955 and 2000, found that there is a long-term causal relationship between and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the defense spending and GDP growth in Turkey, while Gunluk-Senesen & Sezgin 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for was born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Berlin, where she madethat her first studies.

In 1932 she published an important studyon entitled: (2003) have found defense spending do not an upward impact the services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) Youth Unemployment.

The same year she left Germany and after continuous for country's external debt, in their study for a 20-year period (1980-2000). lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, Karagianni Pempetzoglu (2009) confirmed thatIndefense spending is linked in According 1943 she & published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public and to Turkey's economic growth with a long-term non-linear causal relationship. long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. More recently, Gokmenoglu et aldepreciation (2015) used data from 1988-13 period and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the initially of partthe of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: and have made similar conclusions, pointing out, however, that there is a oneG. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

150

way relationship between economic growth and defense expenditure, but not the opposite, ie GDP growth to an increase in defense spending, which does not, however, contribute significantly to the country's economic growth.

Concerning the impact of defense spending on foreign debt, Karagol (2005) found that this was positive for the period 1955-2000, and Karagol & Turhan (2008) later came to similar findings.

Finally, a study has also been conducted in the case of Cyprus. In

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS particular, Kollias et al (2004) examined the relationship between defense Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, expenditure and growth rate in Cyprus for the periodC.1965-1999 and found

By Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect out that the two variables are linked to each Student other byofathe causal long-term twoSchool of Architecture way relationship.

Technical University of Crete Overall, the surveys carried out in Greece, Turkey and Cyprus show, in 1. Introductory approach: the concept their majority, that there Defining is a long-term relationship between defense 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the power, conceptform spending and economic growth, but the and- direction of this ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the unclear. ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among otheriswise heritage he left us, he established a great relationship relatively Empirical findings (444 differ significantly duethe to among other wiseperiods heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of time knowledge starts with ofinto the content concepts. the different considered, also taking account the alternative acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, thethere term methodological approaches used.

Asthe far as external debt isapproach, concerned, Based, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if and notthe final, approach, gentrification) is (in area ofin Planning) (or gentrification appears to therefore, be1 (and a linkurban between defense expenditure inflation the the caseterm of 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Greece as well as in Turkey.

Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the References whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

Antonakis, N. (1997). Military expenditure and economic growth in potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is Peace found Research, at first in the UK 89-100. in early 1960s and it refers to Greece, 1960-90.

Journal of 34(1), The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers to the then observed trend of to buy property inand poor Chletsos, M., & Kollias, C. (1995). Defense expenditure growth of in the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof Greece 197490: some preliminary econometric results.

Applied Economics, London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

27(9), 883-890. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description ofNikolaidou, this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist J. P., E., & Vougas, D. (2001).

Defence spendingRuth and ADunne, description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major economic growth: A causal analysis for Greece and Turkey.

Defence and Peace GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Economics, 12(1),countries, 5-26. cities in Western bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Dunne, P., the & Nikolaidou, E. (2001). Military expenditure andfor economic Since then, issue has several scholars and its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the various growth: A demandapproach and supplyare model forsummarized Greece, 1960–96.

Defence andvarious Peace comprehensive being below, from the interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Economics, 12(1), 47-67. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Gokmenoglu, K. K., Taspinar, N., & Sadeghieh, M. (2015). to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs inMilitary money Expenditure and from Economic Growth: Case ofwhere Turkey.

Procedia and time to travel the purlieus to The downtown, work place is,Economics lack of the and 1.

Finance, 25, 455-462. term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense ofThe safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,Günlük-Şenesen, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: G., & Sezgin, S. (2003).

Turkey’s defence expenditures services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment.

The same year she left Germany and after continuous and debt burden.

Ankara: Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation. lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, Karagianni, S.,studies & approach, Pempetzoglu, M. (2009). in According 1943 she published regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 sheto became teacher and in the to another the isDefense due a Spending systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Linear and Non‐Linear Granger Causality long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Approach.

Defence and Peace Economics, 20(2), 139-148. and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

Karagol, E. T., & Turhan, A. (2008). External debt, defence expenditures and political business cycles in Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 19(3),

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS 217-224.

Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Karagol, E. T., & Turhan, A. (2008). debt, expenditures

By Mr.External George-Sp. C.defence ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect and political business cycles in Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 19(3), Student of the School of Architecture 217-224.

Technical University of Crete Karagol, E., & Palaz, S. (2004). Does defence expenditure deter economic 1. Introductory Defininganalysis. the concept growth in Turkey?approach: A cointegration Defence and Peace Economics, 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), 15(3), 289- 298.

ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the Is ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 Athens), among other wise heritage he left he established a great the Kollias, C. (1994). there a us, Greek–Turkish arms-race?

TheBC, view from amongCyprus other wise heritage he leftthe us, he 52-62. established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge with definition of the content concepts. the Athens.

Journal ofstarts Economics, 7(1), acquisition ofC. knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first,ofif of not final, approach, term Kollias, (1994).

The economic effects defense spending inthe Greece 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1963-90: some1 preliminary econometric findings. Spoudai, 44(3-4), 114-130. gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Kollias, C. (1995). Preliminary findings on the economic effects of Greek Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), ofexpenditure. social groups,Applied usually Economics of low-income and the placement military Letters, 2(1), 16-18. there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually ofS.low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation ofC., art restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of Kollias, &galleries, Paleologou, (2003).

Domestic political and external the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the security determinants of the demand for Greek military expenditure. Defenceof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative & Peace Economics, 14(6), 437-445. potential relative speculation).

TheManamperi, term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to N. (2016).

Does military expenditure hinder economic The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor growth? Evidence from Greece and Turkey. Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(6), the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents areof 1171-1193.

London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

Ozsoy, O. (2000).

The defence growth relation: Evidence from Turkey. In being indirectly “squeezed”. description ofregional this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth TheAA economics of security: NATO, the Mediterranean, Africa description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work ofSouthern Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major (pp.

139-159).

London: Harwood Academic.

GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Paparas, D.,countries, Richter, by C.,other & Paparas, A. (2016). Military Spending and cities in Western Researchers.

Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more economic in issue Greece and the Arms Race between Greece Turkey.

Since growth then, the has several scholars andand for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the Journal of Economics Library,are 3(1), 38-52. comprehensive approach being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Sezgin, S. (1997).

Country survey X: Defence spending in Turkey. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups Defence and Peace Economics, 8(4), 381-409. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Sezgin, S. from (2000).

A causal analysis where of Turkish defence-growth and time to travel the purlieus to downtown, work place is, lack of the relationships.

Ankara University Journal ofoutside Political Research, (2), 113-123.

1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth55 GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies town centres, search for Berlin,Stylianou, where she made her first studies. InGrowth 1932 sheand published an Spending important study entitled: T. (2012).

Economic Defense in Greece, services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment.

The same year she left Germany andPanel after continuous Turkey andcost Cyprus: Evidence from Cointegrated Analysis.

Romanian lower living of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, Economic Journal, 15(44), 163-182. in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University CollegeJ.,of& London, where she continued her social research.

Her public action and Yildirim, Sezgin, S. (2003).

Introduction: Symposium onofdefense long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. economics.

Defence Peace Economics, 14(2), 3-9.of part of the urban web, in and selling real estate,and etc., for the depreciation initially 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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