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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Computation vs Computerization Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification The Traces of Computational Design Concerns
Georgios - Spyridon C. ATHANASOPOULOS PhD Candidate Cambridge University,
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Engineering Department Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Master of Architecture in UrbanArchitect Design By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Harvard Graduate School of Design Student of the School of Architecture Bachelor of Architecture Technical University of Crete Technical University of Crete
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1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: Definingphilosopher, the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient From Renaissance to the Greek 21st Century ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other heritage he left us, he established a great the One ofwise the main characteristics ofphilosopher, the design profession is the ability to among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. adapt to its synchronical changes in society. These changes take place in acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term various fields such as the economic realm or the social organization of a state, 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is in a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) of Planning) (or gentrification as well as in technology and the sciences. indicated Since the ages ofarea ancient Egypt and 1 (and urban gentrification gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various its Pyramids, the role of the architect, a term that can be translated from the Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually ofengineer, low-income theto placement thereprocesses, of artists, greek language as the primary wasand to try invent tools, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of orthematerial techniques that restaurants, would serveetc. common needs and would provide operation of art galleries, However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the solutions toother particular problems. Inresults a similar way, this is also the (and role of whatever consequences has, also rising of land prices the potential relative speculation). technology in general, and that would be the creation of knowledge, materials potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to and The methods that aim to facilitate term gentrification foundlife. atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor One fundamental change thatpeople happened at the time of Renaissance the then observed trend wealthy to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof was the invention of thestay perspective drawing. Thisthere wasand seen as old a cutting-edge London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes thus residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. technology and it“squeezed”. altered the way in which space was perceived. An equivalent being indirectly A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth shift that takes place would be the extensive use ofofdigital tools in A description ofperiod, thistoday phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major design and architecture. tools situations offer a wide range ofinoptions in GLASS at the same period, while were recorded other major cities in Western countries, byDigital othersimilar Researchers. reinterpreting design and in creating particular architectural languages and cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more syntaxes. However, they has also provide the opportunity toand simulate the Since then, the issue several scholars for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the structure of a desirable building in order to explore the performable aspects of comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: the Inthe that way, one ofisthe attempts this essay is argue that interpretations of the phenomenon of the following: Indesign. a sense, phenomenon duemain togentrification, a trend of a of new category ofto social groups the new tools not only can be used as form-finding vehicles that would explore to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money newtime aesthetics, at the the purlieus same time, they can contribute toplace the development and to travelbut from to downtown, where work is, lack of the of new tectonic principles. 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Simulation lower living cost of, tools “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, role of studies the approach, designer and architect isIn to1950 try to adopt theteacher new tools in According 1943As shethe published regarding city planning. she in the to another the phenomenon is due tobecame a systematic and University College of emerge, London, where she continued her socialhis research. Her public and that continuously itorganized should be noted that role would also be to long-term informal effort by groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. critically withetc., thefor new and being able accept or decline and selling realCOLLINS estate, thetechniques depreciation initially of parttoof the urban web, in 10th edit. engage Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm outcomes of ALEXANDRI: theindigital As the new simulation tools may enable the athe variety of ways, order world. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification designer to interpret his design in terms of functionality, weather and light Concerns conditions, and stability, the results of that should not be accepted per se.
They should be critically filtered in order to provide feedback for the design. The generation of statistical analysisByand should C. only be used as way to Mr. data George-Sp. ATHANASOPOULOS redefine the strategies and principles that guide the design process. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect
Computation vs Computerization | TheStudent Traces of Design of Computational the School of Architecture Technical University Crete At this point there is an important distinction that needs to be of made between the terms “computational” and “computerized” design. One aspect of Introductory approach: the concept the1.1. “computerized” design Defining method would be the exact replication of an Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, - 370 BC,toAthens), analytical set of information. In addition to that,(444 andBC according Achim ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the Menges, computerized design follows the traditional methods of design, just among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. through the interface of a computer. On the other hand computational design acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term shifts the discourse of design, by challenging the conventional methods and 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification processes of (and design through the introduction of parametric models, and 1 (and urban gentrification gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various directly through theasprogramming language of the computer. Sociology as well), the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of Designof computation and the broader range of this all its relevantregardless tools wasof the operation art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the primarily adopted by the fields of naval and also aerospace The main whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results rising engineering. of land prices (and the potential relative target wasrelative to generate models of simulation that through analysis and potential speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to interpretation of their results would lead tothe theUK increase performance andto The term gentrification found atpeople first in in earlyin1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor of efficiency of structures. The outcomes of the use of applied physics and the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof applied sciences also introduced new techniques and methods in fabrication London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. and construction. The first attempts to follow the advancements came being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist from Ruth the industries, as they to respond to marketinwere demands customization A description ofperiod, thistried phenomenon is situations included the recorded work for of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major of products. At that particular point, the fordist model of the assembly-line GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. production wasthe questioned and Interventions take place cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherredefined. Researchers. Since then, issue has several scholars could and for its more during the production process in order to broaden the variety of the products. Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations thethe phenomenon the following: Nevertheless, discourse of computational design dates way back to In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new category of social groups the invention of analytical geometries and third degree algebraic equations to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money formtime Leibniz. It could that, at a certainwhere degree theplace emergence and to travel frombe theargued purlieus to downtown, work is, lack of of the the 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in new tools came as the outcome of applied mathematics through the extensive sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Berlin, where she made her firstIn studies. 1932 she published an entitled: use of computer otherInwords, computers the study possibility services of health,resources. education, entertainment “at the heartoffered ofimportant the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for tostudies represent non-euclidean geometries thatcar would take a to great amount of lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access markets, etc.where and research Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, in According 1943 published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she teacher in the effort to she produce by hand. Computer offered a wide range oftobecame potentials to map to another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued social research. Her public and analytical and complex and thisher was about to bring fundamental long-term effortgeometries by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially part in of the urban in changes theCOLLINS way space could be perceived, andWIKIPEDIA: as of result the way itweb, could 10th edit.in Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm abe variety in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually built. of ways,
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Redefining Tectonics At this point, before shifting to an understanding of the new design Definition, Types of intervention, Concerns Gentrification and simulation tools in terms of of their practical values, it might worth to interpret their outcomes in terms of design and aesthetics. The new design Concerns techniques have offered new ways to design space and can be criticized for
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form-finding obsessions. The result of that could be the fetishization of the By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS architectural object. But the idea that architecture should demonstrate itself Graduate School Student, and expose its ambitionsHarvard to lead University, the aesthetics discourse is of a Design, perception that By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect goes back in time. It dates back to the Renaissance and it even goes way more Student of the School of Architecture back to the construction of the Parthenon. From that point of view the new Technical University of Crete design tools are just being used as the contemporary vehicle that enables the architect-designer to expressDefining his aesthetic language and vocabulary. In other 1. Introductory approach: the concept words, a computational design language is not necessarily premise for an 1. Introductory approach: the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, (444 BC -a370 BC, Athens), expressive architectural and the computer toAthens), be the ANTISTHENIS, the vocabulary, ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BChappens -“principle”: 370 BC, among other wise heritage he left us, he established a just great the latest method of designing. among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term What important, however is to seek way inarea which any design1is Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first,the if (in not final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) is the of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and artistic obsession orthe performative is tofrom a crucial aspect of gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as “refining” ofexpression a cityisarea, therelated removal this, (in various architecture, and that would be the one of tectonics. Structure was always a Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, parameter in architecture and design that defined the final outcome. In the ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, etc. However “change”, regardless contemporary discourse, the restaurants, use of digital technologies greatly contribute whatever other consequences has, results also risingthis ofcan land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the to the field of tectonics. Even if this seems to be obvious, as engineering was potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). always a discipline closelyis related computation mathematics, it could The term gentrification found atto first in the UK inand early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first for in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers be claimed that it is actually happening different reasons. and the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in Structure poor ofto the then observed trend wealthy people buyuse property innew poor areas tectonics are redefined, not because of tothe theold tools byof London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there andof thus residents are London, upgrade them, because stay themselves sometimes old residents are engineers, but basically of the use of thesethere toolsand by thus the designers. The being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. new tools have ofoffered the designers the possibility architectural A description this phenomenon is included in the workofofan Sociologist Ruth A description ofconventional this phenomenon is situations included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at thethat same period, while similar recorded in other major vocabulary tectonics cannot calculate by simplistic GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western other Researchers. simulation andcountries, analytic by models. As an extension to that, form-finding cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, issue has preoccupied severalofscholars and be fornamed its more techniques havethe definitely lead to the emergence what could as Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various “tectonic-finding” techniques. This would be an investigation of principles comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: that, through the engagement of the digital tools, could lead to the realization the phenomenon of the following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is due togentrification, aattrend a new category of social groups ofinterpretations any unconventional design, and the of same time would manage to to “return” construction to the city, leaving the It purlieus reasons: costs in money overcome issues. shouldforbeseveral pointed out, high however, that the and time to travel from the downtown, whereaswork lack of the collaboration between the purlieus engineertoand the architect, wellplace as theis,blurring of 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, the boundaries between the disciplines is a crucial factor for success. And this Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “ata the heart of the city”,movements (possibly) could have happened through the of common thefor Youthonly Unemployment. The same year she leftuse Germany and afterlanguage continuousbetween lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. studieswhich and research Geneva, Prague, London and New In York she came back it to might London, where fields, wouldinbe the one of mathematics. other words, be a in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and point in history where it’s not tectonics define design, but actually design University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying informs and inbyby that way for it justice. challenges engineering and science. And her work tectonics are characterized a passion See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, theCo initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. this Wil. SONS AND Ltd. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: probably could beetc., an for irony ofdepreciation our London times, 2009. the fact that a discipline cannot G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
any longer challenge itself on its own, but only through the feedback of other disciplines.
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Concludingly, it may be worth to George-Sp. recall Mies C. van der Rohe’sArchitect words By Mr. ATHANASSOPOULOS regarding the advancements that were taking place, back in the beginning of Student of the School of Architecture the twentieth century. Even if the great architect’s words refer to Technical University of Crete
industrialization, his ideas might be still relevant today: 1. Introductory approach: Defining concept of our “yes” or “no.” Yet it “The new era is a fact: it exists,the irrespective 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept is neither better northe worse thanGreek any other era. [...] (444 One BC thing willBC, be decisive: ANTISTHENIS, ancient philosopher, - 370 Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370problems BC, Athens), among wise ourselves heritage he us, he a great the the wayother we assert in left the face of established circumstance. Here the of among wise leftthe us,definition hetoestablished a greatbut the acquisition of knowledge startshe with ofnot the “what” content of“principle”: concepts. the spiritother begin. Theheritage important question ask is “how.” What acquisition of knowledge starts with the content of concepts. Based, onwhat this “principle” indefinition aare first, not final, approach, thevalue. term goods we therefore, produce or tools wethe use notif of questions of spiritual 1 (and urban Based, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, thenew term gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification [...] Yet it istherefore, just the question of value that is decisive. We must set up 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various values, fix our ultimate goals so that we may establish standards. For what is Sociology as well), asfor the “refining” of a city area, this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of— low-income and theremoval placement there artists, right and significant any era including thethe new era —from is this: toof give the ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of spirit the opportunity for existence.” the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However regardless whatever other has, results risingthis of “change”, land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor BIBLIOGRAPHY the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. Mario. Alphabet and the Cambridge, ACarpo, description of thisThe phenomenon is included in theAlgorithm. work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2011. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major citiesCarpo, in Western countries, by other Mario. Ten Years of Researchers. Folding, in Greg Lynn (ed.), Folding in cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Architecture, Architectural Design. Chichester, 1993 revised edition Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from Chichester: Wiley-Academy, 2004. comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: Frampton, Kenneth. Modern Architecture : A Critical History. Rev. interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups and enl. ed. London: Thames and Hudson, 1985. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Kara, Hanif,from et the al.purlieus Interdisciplinary New Lessons from and time to travel to downtown,Design: where work place is, lack of the 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in Architecture and Engineering. Cambridge, MA: Barcelona: Harvard sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for better Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) University Graduate Schoolentertainment of Design, Actar, 2012. Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc. Luca Digital Fabrication inNew Architecture, and studies andCaneparo. research in Geneva, Prague, London and York she cameEngineering back to London, where in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Construction. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer, 2014. University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Menges, Achim, and Design DICTIONARY. Thinking. her work are characterized by a Sean passionAhlquist. for justice. Computational See also: COLLINS ENGLISH and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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