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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Διεθνείς οικονομικές εξελίξεις Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,
By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
Tου Δρος. Γεώρ. ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΙΔΗ
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1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Οικονομολόγου 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise ακράδαντα heritage he left us,οικονομολόγος he established(444 a great the Πιστεύω ως ότι στο σημερινό among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. παγκοσμιοποιημένο οικονομικό σύστημα η οικονομία προπορεύεται acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term της πολιτικής. Η παγκοσμιοποίηση έχει οδηγήσει σε εξάρτηση της 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification οικονομίας από την πολιτική. Οργανωμένα οικονομικά συμφέροντα 1 (and gentrification urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various έχουν την ικανότητα να αναδείξουν πολιτικούς ηγέτες. Ισχύει, βέβαια, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, και το αντίστροφο σε usually αρκετές συγκροτήματα ways), of social groups, of περιπτώσεις. low-income andΟικονομικά thethis placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless μπορούν να παραγκωνίσουν πολιτικές ηγεσίες, εάν δεν συμπλέουν ταof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the whatever other consequences συμφέροντα καιspeculation). οι επιδιώξεις has, τους.results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). TheΑυτά term gentrification found at first inτη theθεωρία. UK in early 1960s and itόμως refers οι to εν συντομίαis όσον αφορά Στην πράξη The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of καταστάσεις είναι διαφορετικές. Τα φαινόμενα ορισμένες φορέςto the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof απατούν. Οι προβλέψεις των μεγάλων οίκων αξιολόγησης ενίοτε δεν London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. επαληθεύονται. Αυτό οφείλεται στον μεγάλο αριθμό προβλέψιμων και being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth μη παραγόντων που το διεθνές οικονομικοπολιτικό A description of thisσυνδιαμορφώνουν phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major γίγνεσθαι και σε επιμέρους μακροοικονομικούς δείκτες, όπως είναι, για GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. παράδειγμα, αυτός της ανταγωνιστικότητας. Τα μέτρα που λαμβάνουν Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more Since then, ηγεσίες the issueστις has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various itsκάθε more οι οικονομικές αποσκοπούν στηfrom βελτίωση comprehensive approach areμέρες beingμας summarized comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of theόρους phenomenon of gentrification, theκαι following: οικονομίας σε ανταγωνιστικότητας καινοτομίας. Οι interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category social groups διαθέσιμοι πόροι (εργασία, κεφάλαιο, γη, of τεχνολογία, to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money επιχειρηματικότητα) χρειάζεται να ανακατανέμονται αποτελεσματικά and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the και αποδοτικά, ώστε να μεγιστοποιείται η κοινωνική ευημερία. Ωστόσο termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, προϋπόθεση, συγκαταλέγεται μια οικονομία ανάμεσα στις Berlin, where she για made να her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous ανταγωνιστικές, αποτελεί η from ύπαρξη ισχυρής βιομηχανικής βάσης και lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, πετυχημένου παραγωγικού προτύπου, στηρίζεται in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.που In 1950 sheto became teacher στα in the to another approach, the is να due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and ανταγωνιστικά και by συγκριτικά πλεονεκτήματα της εκάστοτε long-term effort organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in οικονομίας. 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Πίνακας 1: Παρουσιάζει την κατάταξη των κορυφαίων 10 σε σύνολο 144 χωρών με κριτήριο την καινοτομία (innovation) για την περίοδο 2014 – 2015. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless Πηγή: Διαδίκτυο. whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). TheΘα termαναφερθώ gentrification is found at first in theπαραδείγματα, UK in early 1960sγια and itνα refers to σε συγκεκριμένα γίνω The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor απόλυτα κατανοητός. Θα ξεκινήσω με την μεγαλύτερη οικονομική the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade stay of themselves and thusΠολιτείες old residents areof δύναμη που, them, αδιαμφισβήτητα, οι Ηνωμένες της London, upgrade them, stay themselvesείναι sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Αμερικής. Όταν το 2008 εκδηλώθηκε η κρίση των στεγαστικών being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth δανείων στην άλλη πλευρά του Ατλαντικού Ωκεανού, αρκετοί A description of this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major οικονομικοί αναλυτές πίστεψαν πως επρόκειτο για το τέλος του cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. καπιταλισμού, όπως γνωρίζουμε. Όμως,scholars όπως and όλαforδείχνουν, Since then, the issue τον has several its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive are being summarized below, from διαψεύστηκαν. approach Οι Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής συνεχίζουν να comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: αποτελούν τη μεγαλύτερη υπερδύναμη σε διεθνές επίπεδο. Το ισχυρό interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, theνόμισμά phenomenon a trend ofη aισχυρή new of social groups αποθεματικό τους,is due το to δολάριο, βιομηχανική τους to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money παραγωγή και οι τεράστιες επενδύσεις στην τεχνολογική πρόοδο και and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the στην καινοτομία, ενεργοποίησαν τα αντανακλαστικά τηςGLASS αμερικανικής termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for οικονομίας, η οποία διατήρησε την πρωτοκαθεδρία μέσα από πολύ Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published anτης important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for δύσκολες συνθήκες. Βέβαιαfrom οιprivate πιθανότητες να ανακάμψει μια lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, οικονομία, όπως ηstudies αμερικανική, είναι περισσότερες από μία άλλη in According 1943 she published regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public and μικρότερη σε μέγεθος και λιγότερο εξωστρεφή οικονομία, οσοδήποτε long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in ισχυρό σοκ και αν δεχθεί. 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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Ας μεταφερθούμε, όμως, στο στενότερο σύμμαχο των Ηνωμένων GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Πολιτειών της Αμερικής, το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο. Παραδοσιακά συνιστά Definition, of intervention, Concerns of Gentrification μια μεγάλη οικονομική και Types πολιτική δύναμη. Η έξοδος όμως από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, όπως αποφασίστηκε με δημοψήφισμα, εγείρει Concerns διάφορα ερωτηματικά και προβληματισμούς σχετικά με το μέλλον του.
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Κατά πόσο θα επηρεαστεί η βρετανική οικονομία από αυτήν την By Mr. George-Sp. C.Ποια ATHANASOPOULOS εξέλιξη; Θα χειροτερεύσουν οι οικονομικοί δείκτες; ή ποιες χώρες Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, θα επηρεαστούν αρνητικά περισσότερο; Είναι περισσότερο ευάλωτες By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect οι μικρές ευρωπαϊκές οικονομίες όπως, Student για παράδειγμα, η ελληνική ή of the School of Architecture όχι; Αυτά τα ερωτήματα δεν είναι εύκολο να απαντηθούν. Θα εξαρτηθεί Technical University of Crete η απάντησή τους από τον τρόπο που θα γίνει και την πορεία που θα 1. Introductory approach: Defining λάβει η έξοδος της Αγγλίας από the τηνconcept Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. Πάντως η 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, philosopher, Μεγάλη Βρετανία the ως ancient μεγάληGreek οικονομική και βιομηχανική δύναμη θα ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great αντεπεξέλθει με επιτυχία στη μεταβατική (444 αυτή εποχή και the θα among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. διατηρήσει την ισχύ της περίπου για τους ίδιους λόγους που ανέκαμψε acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term και Based, η αμερικανική οικονομία μετά τηνisinκρίση 2008. 1 (and urban therefore, on this “principle” a first,του if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 Οι πολιτικές της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης και gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in theσχεδιάζονται areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal from (in various κατευθύνονται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από τη Γερμανία. Οι χώρες του Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually ofηlow-income and placement of artists, κέντρου, όπως ηgalleries, Γερμανία, Ολλανδία, η the Αυστρία, τοthere Βέλγιο, το the operation of art restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising land prices (and the Λουξεμβούργο, συσσωρεύουν πλούτο και of συγκεντρώνουν ταof whatever otherτων consequences has, results also rising land prices (and the potential relative speculation). πλεονάσματα χωρών της περιφέρειας, όπωςofείναι η Ελλάδα, η potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to Πορτογαλία, η Ισπανία και άλλες. Αυτές οι ισχυρές και λιγότερο ισχυρές The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor χώρες ανήκουν σε μια Ευρωπαϊκή που βάλλεται απόof the then observed trend wealthy people Ένωση to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are οικονομικά και πολιτικά ζητήματα, καθώς καιthus απόold τοresidents τεράστιο London, upgrade them, stayθεσμικά themselves sometimes there and are being indirectly “squeezed”. προσφυγικό πρόβλημα που έχει ανακύψει τα τελευταία χρόνια. Η being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth κρίση που ξεκίνησε από την αμερικανική ήπειρο το 2008 επεκτάθηκε A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major ταχύτατα σε ολόκληρη τηνother Ευρώπη. Η Γερμανία και οι δορυφόροι της, cities in Western countries, by Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issueη has several scholars andτόσο for its more δηλαδή η Ολλανδία, Αυστρία κ.ά., δεν αντιμετώπισαν έντονα Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various οικονομικά προβλήματα λόγω της ισχυρής βιομηχανικής βάσης που comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, following: διαθέτουν σε of σύγκριση με τις υπόλοιπες χώρεςthe- μέλη της Ευρωπαϊκής interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new of socialμεgroups Ένωσης. Το ισχυρό βιομηχανικό υπόβαθρο σε συνδυασμό την to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money εξωστρέφεια των επιχειρήσεων προσδίδουν ένα σημαντικό συγκριτικό and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the πλεονέκτημα στις χώρες του κέντρου της 1912-1940. Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Έτσι 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies.και In 1932 she published an λιγότερες important study entitled: εξηγείται το πως καταφέρνουν βγαίνουν με τις δυνατές services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for απώλειες την τρέχουσα οικονομική κρίση. Ως ισχυρότεροι δίνουν lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and από research in Geneva, Prague, London and car New York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher the τις κατευθυντήριες γραμμές στις χώρες της για in να to another approach, the is περιφέρειας, due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying αντιμετωπίσουν αποτελεσματικά τα οικονομικά τους προβλήματα και her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theΔεν depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: να εξέλθουν από την κρίση. είναι όμως αλάνθαστοι. Άλλωστε αυτό Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: wetzel/gentry.htm aαποδεικνύεται variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually περίτρανα στηνhttp://www.uncanny.net/ Ελλάδα, η οποία μετά από επτά
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
μνημονιακά χρόνια ακόμη ταλανίζεται, χωρίς να έχει επιτύχει οικονομική ανάπτυξη και την πολυπόθητη έξοδο στις αγορές. Η Ρωσία αποτελεί μια οικονομική δύναμη που αντλεί την ισχύ της κυρίως από τις πλουτοπαραγωγικές της πηγές, τα κοιτάσματα φυσικού αερίου και πετρελαίου που διαθέτει, την παραγωγή υδρογονανθράκων και τα υπέρογκα κέρδη από τις εξαγωγές τους. By της Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Λόγω αυτών των πλεονεκτημάτων και του εθνικού της νομίσματος Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, (ρούβλι) έχει την ικανότητα να «απομονώνει» την οικονομία τηςStudent, και να By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect απορροφά ένα μεγάλο τμήμα των νομισματικών ή ενεργειακών Student of the School of Architecture κρίσεων που την επηρεάζουν, αμβλύνοντας έτσι τις επιπτώσεις τους. Technical University of Crete Αν κινηθούμε ανατολικότερα, τόσο η Κίνα όσο και η Ιαπωνία 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept παρεμβαίνουν στην ισοτιμία των εθνικών τους νομισμάτων, γουάν και 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, γιεν αντίστοιχα, υποτιμώντας ή ανατιμώντας την αξία τους ανάλογα με ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a ισχυρή great the τις οικονομικές συνθήκες. Επιπλέον διαθέτουν βιομηχανική among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. βάση, μεταποίηση και starts παραγωγική ικανότηταtheτέτοια, που να τους acquisition of knowledge with theindefinition content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term διασφαλίζει εξαγωγές προϊόντων τους. 1διευρυμένες Based, therefore, on this “principle”των inindicated aεγχώριων first, if (in notthe final, approach, theΆρα term (and urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 μπορούν να ξεπεράσουν ποικίλες οικονομικής μορφής κρίσεις, gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various περιορίζοντας τις «απώλειές» τους σε οικονομικούς όρους. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, Στο πολυπολικό διεθνές οικονομικό σύστημα νέες αναδυόμενες the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other has, also rising of land prices theof οικονομίες, πουconsequences ανήκουν στις 20results ισχυρότερες οικονομίες του (and κόσμου whatever otherspeculation). consequences results also risingστις of landεξελίξεις prices (and the potential relative (G-20), έχουν αποκτήσει has, βαρύνοντα ρόλο του potential relative speculation). The term gentrification at first in the in early andΚορέα, it refers to οικονομικού γίγνεσθαι.is found Κράτη όπως η UK Ινδία, η 1960s Νότια η The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor Ινδονησία, η Βραζιλία, η Αργεντινή, το Μεξικό, η Σαουδική Αραβία, η the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Τουρκία κ.ά. διαδραματίζουν σήμερα σημαντικό ρόλο όρους London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old σε residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. διεθνούς παραγωγής, αφού έχουν αναπτυχθεί βιομηχανικά, being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth τεχνολογικά καιofperiod, εξάγουν ένα ποσοστό προϊόντων τους major στις A description this phenomenon is situations includedτων inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar recorded in other GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major διεθνείς αγορές αποκομίζοντας εξαγωγικά κέρδη, τα οποία cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. Since then, the issue preoccupied several and forκαι its more επανεπενδύονται στιςhas παραγωγικές τους scholars διαδικασίες έτσι Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various βελτιώνονται διαρκώς τα τελικώς παραγόμενα προϊόντα καιmore οι comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: υπηρεσίες τους, γεγονός που συντελεί στην ενδυνάμωση της interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, the following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof to trendαυτές of a new of social groups εκβιομηχάνισής τους. Ορισμένες δεaαπό τιςcategory χώρες πρωτοπορούν to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money και σε θέματα καινοτομίας, όπως είναι η Νότια Κορέα, η οποία με τις and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διεθνώς αναγνωρισμένες εταιρείες ομίλους εταιρειών που διαθέτει 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruthκαι GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: π.χ. Hyundai, Samsung, LG κτλ. κατακτά ολοένα και μεγαλύτερα μερίδια services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for αγοράς προσφέρει ιδιαίτερα καινοτομικά και επιτυχημένα lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car access to markets, etc.where studies andκαι research in Geneva, Prague, London and Neweasier York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher the προϊόντα. Τέλος, η approach, περίπτωση του Ισραήλ συνιστά το in πιο to another the is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα κράτους που στηρίζει εμπράκτως και her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free αποτελεσματικά τιςetc., νεοφυείς (startup) επιχειρήσεις και τηEncyclopedia: νεανική Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aεπιχειρηματικότητα, variety of ways, in order to achieve the “voluntary”, (actually καθώς επενδύει με“assisted”, σοβαρό στρατηγικό σχεδιασμό 252185 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
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Introductory approach: Defining the conceptδράσεις και πρωτοβουλίες τα 1.διαθέσιμα κονδύλια προς τις καινοτόμες 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, Greek philosopher, που αναλαμβάνουνthe οι ancient νέοι επιχειρηματίες και οι φοιτητές. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the Η πορεία του Ακαθάριστου Εγχώριου Προϊόντος (Α.Ε.Π.) μιας among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. οικονομίας ανάλογα ή αντιστρόφως ανάλογα από acquisition of εξαρτάται knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term διάφορους παράγοντες, εσωτερικούς ήa first, εξωτερικούς, προβλέψιμους ή 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 απρόβλεπτους. Διαχρονικά οι ισχυρές οικονομίες διακρίνονται για τη gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various συνέπεια της δημοσιονομικής, νομισματικής και συναλλαγματικής Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and placement of artists, πολιτικής που εφαρμόζουν ιδιαίτερα σε the περιόδους κρίσης και the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences also rising of land prices (and theof αβεβαιότητας. Τα οικονομικάhas, σοκresults μικρότερης ή μεγαλύτερης διάρκειας whatever otherspeculation). consequences rising of land prices (and the potential relative δεν προβλέπονται εύκολαhas,μεresults τα also οικονομικά μοντέλα των potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in theφορές UK in early and it refers to χρηματοπιστωτικών οργανισμών. Πολλές μόνο1960s η συσσωρευμένη The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor εμπειρία των οικονομικών αναλυτών, των τραπεζιτών, τωνof the then observed trend wealthy people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are επιχειρηματιών και των συμβούλων και ο νόμος London, upgrade them, stayχρηματοοικονομικών themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. των πιθανοτήτων μπορούν να οδηγήσουν, ως ένα βαθμό, σε «ασφαλή» being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth συμπεράσματα σχετικά με similar την isεξέλιξη και major ενός A description of this phenomenon includedμιας inwere theοικονομίας work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while situations recorded in other GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major περιφερειακού ή τουby διεθνούς οικονομικού περιβάλλοντος. Τα cities in Western countries, other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied otherολοένα Researchers. Since then,μοντέλα the issueγίνονται has several scholars and for its more οικονομικά και πιο σύνθετα, περίπλοκα, Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various επειδή οφείλουν: comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations the phenomenonόλο of gentrification, the following: και περισσότερες μεταβλητές στην - 1ον να ofενσωματώνουν interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend a new social groups ανάλυσή τους, για να περιλαμβάνουν τηνofπλειοψηφία, ανofόχι όλες, τις to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money «συνισταμένες» δυνάμεις – παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν και τελικά and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the διαμορφώνουν μιαdistributed δεδομένη ή μελλοντική οικονομική κατάσταση. 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the residencies outside town centres, search ον να Berlin, where she χαρακτηρίζονται made her first studies. In 1932τους she published an important study entitled: 2 από οικονομολόγους και τους services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for εξειδικευμένους αναλυτές ως πιοand car ρεαλιστικά, lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London Neweasier York she cameπαρουσιάζοντας back to London, in According 1943 she τις published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher ένα in the σφαιρικά οικονομικές εξελίξεις παρέχοντας to τρέχουσες another approach, the is και due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying αξιόπιστο πλαίσιο ανάλυσης των πιθανών μελλοντικών «σεναρίων» her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. οικονομία Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: για μια ή ένα σύνολο οικονομιών, καθώς και για έναν ή Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aπερισσότερους variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually μικροοικονομικούς ή μακροοικονομικούς δείκτες.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Διάγραμμα 1: Αποτυπώνει την εξέλιξη του ονομαστικού Ακαθάριστου Εγχώριου Προϊόντος (nominal GDP) σε 10 από τις συνολικά 20 ισχυρότερες οικονομίες διεθνώς (G-20) κατά την περίοδο 2010 – 2014. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Πηγή: Διαδίκτυο. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth Συμπερασματικά, μέσαsimilar σε ένα ραγδαία μεταβαλλόμενο διεθνές GLASS at the same while recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. επιχειρηματικό και εμπορικό περιβάλλον μόνο τα σοβαρά και cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, κράτη the issue scholars andαξιοκρατικά for its more οργανωμένα θαhas καταφέρουν ναseveral κινητοποιήσουν Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from τους διαθέσιμους ανθρώπινους πόρους, το κεφάλαιο και την comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: γνώσηvarious τεχνολογία τους, προτάσσοντας την πιστοποιημένη και interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups τεχνογνωσία, την επιχειρηματική ευελιξία, την εξωστρέφεια, την to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money καινοτομία καιfrom αξιοποιώντας επαρκώς ταwork ανταγωνιστικά and time to travel the purlieus to downtown,όλα where place is, lack ofκαι the συγκριτικά τους πλεονεκτήματα. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο θαsearch θωρακίσουν 1. The term comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS wasbetter born in sense of safety at the distributed residencies outside town centres, for Berlin,το where she made first studies.τους In 1932 she περιφερειακές study entitled: κατά τιςher οικονομίες από ή παγκόσμιες services ofδυνατό health, education, entertainment “at published the heartan ofimportant the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for κρίσεις, οι οποίες, κατά τη γνώμη μου, υπάρχουν και θα συνεχίσουν να lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, 1 in 1943 she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 she became teacher in the According to another approach, the phenomenon is due to a systematic and υπάρχουν πιθανόν και με αυξανόμενο ρυθμό… University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: 1 Άλλα στοιχεία βλ. στο Δρ. Γ. ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΙΔΗΣ: «Συσσώρευση Κεφαλαίου και G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually Παγκοσμιοποίηση στην Τουρκία Διαχρονικά», εκδόσεις Παπαζήση
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