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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, The Role Types ofof New Technologies Definition, of intervention, Concerns Gentrification in Design and Construction Concerns Georgios - Spyridon C. ATHANASOPOULOS ByUniversity Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard Graduate School of Design Harvard University, Graduate School of Master of Architecture inDesign, UrbanStudent, Design

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Technical University of Crete Student of the School of Architecture Bachelor Architecture Technicalof University of Crete

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek From Renaissance to the 21stphilosopher, Century ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise he left us, he established a great the One of theheritage main characteristics of the design profession is the among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. ability to adapt to its synchronical changes in society.

These changes acquisition of knowledge starts with thein definition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term takeBased, placetherefore, in various such as isin the economic realm or the the social 1 (and on fields this “principle” a first, if (in notthe final, approach, term urban gentrification) indicated area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 organization of a state, as well as in technology and the sciences.

Since gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various the ages of ancient Egypt and its Pyramids, the role of the architect, a Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, term that can be translated from the greek language as the primary the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation arttry galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising ofmaterial land prices (and theof engineer, wasofto to invent tools, processes, or techniques whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and to the potential relative speculation). that would serve common needs and would provide solutions potential relative speculation).

The termproblems. gentrification at way, first inthis the is UK in early 1960sofand it refers to particular In is a found similar also the role technology The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor inthe general, and thattrend would wealthy be the creation knowledge, materials andof then observed people toofthere buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents are methods that aimthem, to facilitate life. sometimes there and thus old residents are London, upgrade stay themselves being indirectly “squeezed”.

One fundamental changeis included that happened the timeRuth of being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon in the work at of Sociologist Renaissance wasofperiod, the of isthe perspective drawing.

Thismajor was A description this invention phenomenon included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in other GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major seen in asWestern a cutting-edge and it altered the way in which space cities countries,technology by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has scholars and for itsbemore was perceived.

An equivalent shift that several takes place today would the Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various extensive use of digital tools in design and architecture. Digital tools comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thedesign following: offer a wide range of options in reinterpreting and in creating interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense,architectural theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, aand trendsyntaxes. of a new of social particular languages However, theygroups also to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money provide the opportunity to simulate the structure of a desirable and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the building in order explore theRuth performable aspects of the design.

Inin 1.of The term from Sociologist GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the to distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where sheofmade her firstattempts studies. In of 1932 sheessay published anargue important study entitled: that way, one the main this is to that the new services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for tools not canin be used asfrom form-finding thatto would explore lower living cost of, “withdrawal” private easier access markets, etc.where studies andonly research Geneva, Prague, London and car Newvehicles York she came back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 she teacher the new aesthetics, but atapproach, the same time, they can contribute to in the to another the is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying development of new tectonic principles. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

70

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Simulation tools GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, As the role of the designer and architect is to try to adopt the Definition, intervention, Concerns of Gentrification new tools that continuouslyTypes emerge, itof should be noted that his role would also be to critically engage with the new techniques and being Concerns able to accept or decline the outcomes of the digital world. As the new

simulation tools may enable the designer to interpret his design in

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS terms of functionality, weather and light conditions, and stability, the Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, results of that should not be accepted per se. They should be critically

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect filtered in order to provide feedback for Student the design.

The generation of of the School of Architecture statistical analysis and data should only be usedTechnical as way to redefine the University of Crete strategies and principles that guide the design process.

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, Greek philosopher, Computationthevsancient Computerization | The Traces of Computational ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the Design among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts.

At this point there is with an important distinction thatofneeds to be acquisition of knowledge starts theindefinition the content concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term made between the terms “computational” and “computerized” design.

1 (and Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 One aspect of the “computerized” design method would be the exact gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various replication of an analytical set of information.

In addition to that, and Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, according to Achim Menges, computerized design follows the the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results alsothe rising of land of prices (and theof traditional methods of design, just through interface a computer. whatever other consequences has, results rising land prices (and the potential relative speculation).

On the other hand computational design also shifts the of discourse of design, potential relative speculation). term gentrification is found at first in the UKand in early 1960s andofit refers to

by The challenging the conventional methods processes design The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor through the introduction of parametric and directly through the then observed trend wealthy peoplemodels, to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof the programming language of the computer.

London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth computation the broaderinwere range of of allSociologist relevant A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work Ruth GLASSDesign at the same whileand similar inits other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major toolsinwas primarily adopted by the fields of naval and aerospace cities Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Since then,The the issue target has severalmodels scholars for its more engineering. main wasResearchers. to generate of and simulation that Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various through analysis and interpretation of their results would lead to more the comprehensive approach are being summarized from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: increase in performance and efficiency of structures.

The outcomes of interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: a sense, theof phenomenon dueof togentrification, a trendsciences of a new of social groups theInuse of applied physics isand applied also introduced new to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money techniques and methods in fabrication and construction. The first and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the attempts to follow the advancements came from industries, asbetter theyin 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS for was born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside townthe centres, search Berlin,to where she made her first studies.

In 1932 shecustomization published an important study entitled: tried respond to market demands for of products.

At services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for that particular point, the fordist model ofcar the assembly-line production lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private easier access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In could 1950 she teacher in the was questioned and redefined.

Interventions take place during to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying the production process in order to broaden the variety of the products. her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252171 11

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Nevertheless, the discourse computational design dates way GENTRIFICATION Definition, Typesof of Intervention, back to the invention of analytical geometries and third degree Definition, Types of beintervention, Concerns of Gentrification algebraic equations form Leibniz.

It could argued that, at a certain degree the emergence of the new tools came as the outcome of applied Concerns mathematics through the extensive use of computer resources. In other

words, computers offered the possibility to represent non-euclidean Byamount Mr. George-Sp. C.to ATHANASOPOULOS geometries that would take a great of effort produce by hand.

Harvard University, Graduate School Design, Student, Computer offered a wide range of potentials to mapof analytical and

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect complex geometries and this was about Student to bringoffundamental changes the School of Architecture in the way space could be perceived, and as result in the way it could be Technical University of Crete built.

72

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, Redefining Tectonics ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the At this point, before shifting to an understanding of the new among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. design and of simulation tools in terms of their practical values, it might acquisition knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term worth to interpret their outcomes in is terms of ifdesign and aesthetics.

1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, notthe final, approach, theThe term gentrification) (in area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 new design techniques have offered new ways to design space and can gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various be criticized for form-finding obsessions.

The result of that could be the Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe thethis placement of artists, fetishization the architectural object.

But idea that there architecture the operation ofofart galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences alsoits rising of land prices (and the theof should demonstrate itself has, andresults expose ambitions to lead whatever other consequences has, results also rising oftime. land prices (and the potential relative speculation). aesthetics discourse is a perception that goes back in It dates back potential relative speculation). term gentrification firstway in the UK in earlyto1960s it refers to to The the Renaissance and is it found even at goes more back the and construction The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor ofthe the Parthenon.

From thatwealthy point of view to thebuy new designintools are justof then observed trend people areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes thereproperty and thus oldpoor residents are being used as the contemporary that enables architectLondon, upgrade them, stay themselvesvehicle sometimes there and thusthe old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. designer to express his aesthetic language and vocabulary.

In other being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth words, aatcomputational design language is notinwere necessarily ainpremise for A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS the same while similar other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major an expressive vocabulary, and the computer just happens cities in Western architectural countries, by other Researchers. in Western countries, other Researchers.

Since then, issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more tocities be the latestthe method ofby designing.

Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: What is important, however is to seekthethe way in which any interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon togentrification, a trend of expression a new social groups design-artistic obsession oris due performative is ofrelated to a to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money crucial aspect of architecture, and that would be the one of tectonics. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Structure was always a parameter in architecture and design thatin 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS wasbetter born sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, search for Berlin, where she made her first studies.

In contemporary 1932 she publisheddiscourse, an importantthe studyuse entitled: defined the final outcome.

In the of services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for digital technologies can greatly contribute toeasier theshe field ofto tectonics.

Even lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc. studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car New York came back to London, where 1943 seems she published regarding cityphenomenon planning. Inwas 1950 sheto became in the ifinthis bestudies obvious, asthe engineering always a teacher discipline According toto another approach, is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying closely related to computation and mathematics, it could be claimed her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit.

Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: that it is actually happening for different reasons.

Structure and Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ atectonics variety ofare ways, in order Abstract. to achieve theof “assisted”, (actually redefined, not because the use “voluntary”, of wetzel/gentry.htm the new tools by

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns engineers, but basically because of the use of these tools by the designers. The new tools have offered the designers the possibility of

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, an architectural vocabulary that conventional tectonics cannot calculate

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect by simplistic simulation and analytic models. As an extension to that, Student of the School of Architecture form-finding techniques have definitely lead to Technical the emergence of ofwhat University Crete could be named as “tectonic-finding” techniques. This would be an 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept investigation of principles that, through the engagement of the digital 1.

Introductory approach: Defining the concept ANTISTHENIS, Greekof philosopher, (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), tools, could lead tothe theancient realization any unconventional design, and at the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BCissues.

-“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the the ANTISTHENIS, same time would manage to overcome construction It should among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. be pointed out, however, that the collaboration between the engineer acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term andBased, the architect, ason well as the blurring of the boundaries between 1 (and urban therefore, this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in not final, approach, the the term gentrification) is the area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 disciplines is a crucial factor for success.

And this could only have gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (in various happened through the use of a common language between the fields, Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, which would the one of mathematics.

In words, itthere might be of a ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andother thethis placement of artists, the operation ofbe art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless point in other history where it’s has, not results tectonics but actually whatever consequences also define rising ofdesign, land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). design informs tectonics and in that way it challenges engineering and potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found firstaninirony the UK early 1960sthe andfact it refers science.

And probably this couldatbe ofinour times, that to a The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor discipline cannot any longer challenge itself on its own, but only the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stayother themselves and thus old residents areof through feedback disciplines.

London,the upgrade them,of stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are

being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth may worth to recall van Rohe’s A description ofperiod, thisitphenomenon is situations included inwere theMies work of Sociologist Ruth GLASSConcludingly, at the same whilebe similar recorded inder other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major words regarding the advancements that were taking place, back in the cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. beginning of the twentieth century.

Even if thescholars great architect’s Since then, the issue has several and for itswords more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach his are ideas beingmight summarized below, from refer to industrialization, be still relevant today: comprehensive approach are itbeing summarized from theorvarious interpretations of the phenomenon ofexists, gentrification, thebelow, following: “The new era is a fact: irrespective of our “yes” “no.” interpretations the phenomenon gentrification, thecategory following: theof phenomenon is dueof to a trend a new of social groups YetInitaissense, neither better nor worse than anyofother era. [...] One thing will to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money be decisive: the way we assert ourselves in the face of circumstance. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Here the problems of the spirit begin.

The 1912-1940. important question to ask is termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, wherebut she made herWhat first studies.

1932 she published an important study entitled: not “what” “how.” goodsInwe produce or what tools we use are services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for not questions of spiritual value. [...]

Yet it is just the question of value lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, that is decisive.

Westudies must set upthe new values,Infix goalsin so in According 1943 she published regarding cityphenomenon planning.

1950 sheultimate teacher the to another approach, isour due tobecame a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying that we may establish standards.

For what is right and significant for her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of of the urban web, in any era — including the new era — 2009. is this: topart give the spirit the 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aopportunity variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually for existence.”

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

74

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the BIBLIOGRAPHY acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification Carpo, Mario.

The Alphabet and the Algorithm. Cambridge, 1 (and gentrification urban gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2011.

Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of Carpo, Mario.

Ten Years of Folding, in Greg Lynn (ed.), the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof Foldingrelative in Architecture, Architectural Chichester, whatever other consequences has, resultsDesign. also rising of land prices (and the potential speculation). potential relative speculation).

1993 revised edition Chichester: Wiley-Academy, 2004.

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof Frampton, Kenneth. Modern Architecture : A Critical London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”.

History. Rev. and enl. ed. London: Thames and Hudson, being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth 1985.

A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Kara, etcountries, al.

Interdisciplinary Design: Lessons cities inHanif, Western bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has severalNew scholars and for its more from Architecture and Engineering.

Cambridge, Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, MA: from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various Barcelona: Harvard UniversityofGraduate School Design, interpretations of the phenomenon gentrification, theof following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: Actar, 2012.

In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from Digital the purlieus to downtown, work place is, lack of the Luca Caneparo.

Fabrication inwhere Architecture, 1.of The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Engineering Construction.

Heidelberg, Berlin, where she and made her first studies. In Dordrecht, 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth The same year 2014. she left Germany and after continuous movements for New Unemployment.

York, London: Springer, lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research.

Her public and Menges,informal Achim, and Sean Ahlquist.

Computational Design long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Thinking.

Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. and selling real estate, etc., for the depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

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